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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Condition of Scots pine fine roots and mycorrhiza after fungicide application and low-level ozone exposure in a 2-year field experiment (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1998), S. 347-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Fungicides ; Ozone exposure ; Scots pine ; Fine root condition ; Mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In a 2-year experiment at an open-air ozone fumigation field, the effects of fungicide application and low-level ozone exposure, single and combined, on fine root and mycorrhiza condition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings were studied. Two different fungicides, copper oxychloride and propiconazole, with different modes of actions, were used. Propiconazole treatment reduced mycorrhizal infection in both years while copper oxychloride treatment and ozone exposure slightly stimulated mycorrhizal infection after the first year. Different mycorrhizal morphotypes showed different kinds of responses to the two fungicides. Light brown morphotype appeared to be the most sensitive one to propiconazole treatment. After the second year, ectendomycorrhizas disappeared in propiconazole treatment while in control treatment ectendomycorrhizas formed the majority of the light brown morphotype. The root biomass was not affected by fungicide treatments, but ozone exposure increased the total amount of short roots and the fresh weight of propiconazole treated roots. No significant differences in the concentrations of ergosterol, starch and total phenolics in pine roots between treatments were found. However, ergosterol concentration correlated positively with the mycorrhizal infection level. Both fungicides reduced the soil respiration compared to controls. At the ultrastructural level, both fungicides caused increased transparency and gradual granulation and degeneration of cytoplasm in the fungal symbiont of mycorrhizal short roots. Slightly elevated ozone did not have harmful effects on root ultrastructure. These results suggest that fungicides have deleterious effects on the quantity and quality of mycorrhizas in Scots pine roots and also side-effects on non-target soil fungi. Some of these deleterious effects were noticeable only at the ultrastructural level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050161
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass allocation, needle structural characteristics and nutrient composition in Scots pine seedlings exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations (2000)
    Springer
    Trees 14 (2000), S. 475-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Scots pine Carbon dioxide Ozone Growth Needle structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Three-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were exposed to ambient or elevated ozone (O3) (1.5×ambient) and carbon dioxide (CO2) (590 µmol mol–1) concentrations during two growing seasons in open-top field chambers (OTCs). Five different treatments were applied in the chambers: filtered air, ambient air, elevated O3, elevated CO2, and elevated O3 and CO2 combined. Ambient plots outside the OTCs were also included, but the chamber ambient was used as a control in O3 and CO2 treatments due to a significant chamber effect. Increases in yellowing and chlorotic mottling of previous-year (C+1) needles and in the amount of cytoplasmic ribosomes and electron density of the chloroplast stroma in current-year (C) and C+1 needle mesophyll cells were observed in elevated O3 at both CO2 concentrations. Elevated O3 alone caused a non-significant 10.9% decrease in plant total dry mass and a significant decrease in manganese (Mn) content of C needles. CO2 enrichment caused a significant increase in needle cross-sectional width after the first year of exposure, and an accumulation of starch and slight curling and swelling of the chloroplast thylakoids in the mesophyll tissue of C needles after the second year of exposure. Calcium and Mn contents were increased and copper and nitrogen contents were decreased, significantly, in CO2-exposed needles. A non-significant 19.1% increase in plant total dry mass was measured in elevated CO2 alone, whereas a 14.8% reduction in total dry mass, together with a significant reduction in current-year main shoot length, was found in the combined treatment. Overall, in spite of decreases in O3-induced visible injuries by CO2, elevated CO2 levels were not able to counteract the impact of O3 in this experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680000062
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated UV-B radiation alters fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide in peatland microcosms (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280–320 nm) reaching the earth have been estimated to continue until 2050s in the boreal and subarctic regions with an abundant peatland cover. Peatlands are significant sinks for carbon dioxide (CO2) and sources for methane (CH4). To assess whether the future increases in UV-B could affect the fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in peatlands via an impact on vegetation, we exposed peatland microcosms to modulated 30% supplementation of erythemally weighted UV-B at an outdoor facility for one growing season. The experimental design included appropriate controls for UV-A and ambient radiation. The UV-B caused a significant reduction in gross photosynthesis, net ecosystem CO2 exchange, and CH4 emission of the peatland microcosms. These changes in the carbon gas cycling can be partly explained by UV-B-induced morphological changes in Eriophorum vaginatum which acts as a conduit for CH4. Leaf cross section and the percentage of CH4-conducting aerenchymatous tissue in E. vaginatum were significantly reduced by UV-B. Methanol-extractable UV-B absorbing compounds decreased under both UV-B and UV-A in Sphagnum angustifolium, and tended to accumulate under UV-B in S. papillosum. Membrane permeability to magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) ions was higher in UV-B exposed S. angustifolium. Amount of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments was increased by UV-A in S. magellanicum. The observed changes in Sphagnum mosses did not coincide with those in carbon gas fluxes but occurred at the time of the highest UV intensity in the mid summer. Our findings indicate that increasing UV-B may have more substantial effects on gas exchange in peatlands than previously thought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00478.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil CO2 efflux of two silver birch clones exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 levels during three growing seasons (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: In the present open-top chamber experiment, two silver birch clones (Betula pendula Roth, clone 4 and clone 80) were exposed to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3), singly and in combination, and soil CO2 efflux was measured 14 times during three consecutive growing seasons (1999–2001). In the beginning of the experiment, all experimental trees were 7 years old and during the experiment the trees were growing in sandy field soil and fertilized regularly. In general, elevated O3 caused soil CO2 efflux stimulation during most measurement days and this stimulation enhanced towards the end of the experiment. The overall soil respiration response to CO2 was dependent on the genotype, as the soil CO2 efflux below clone 80 trees was enhanced and below clone 4 trees was decreased under elevated CO2 treatments. Like the O3 impact, this clonal difference in soil respiration response to CO2 increased as the experiment progressed. Although the O3 impact did not differ significantly between clones, a significant time × clone × CO2× O3 interaction revealed that the O3-induced stimulation of soil respiration was counteracted by elevated CO2 in clone 4 on most measurement days, whereas in clone 80, the effect of elevated CO2 and O3 in combination was almost constantly additive during the 3-year experiment. Altogether, the root or above-ground biomass results were only partly parallel with the observed soil CO2 efflux responses. In conclusion, our data show that O3 impacts may appear first in the below-ground processes and that relatively long-term O3 exposure had a cumulative effect on soil CO2 efflux. Although the soil respiration response to elevated CO2 depended on the tree genotype as a result of which the O3 stress response might vary considerably within a single tree species under elevated CO2, the present experiment nonetheless indicates that O3 stress is a significant factor affecting the carbon cycling in northern forest ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00841.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of secondary compounds from needle litter of Scots pine grown under elevated CO2 and O3 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Global change biology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations have both been shown to affect plant tissue quality, which in turn could affect litter decomposition and carbon (C) and nutrient cycling. In order to evaluate effects of climate change on litter chemistry, needle litter was collected from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings exposed to elevated CO2 or O3 concentration and their combination over three growing seasons in open-top chambers. The decomposition of needle litter was followed for 19 months in a pine forest. During decomposition, needle samples for secondary compound analysis were collected and the mass loss of needles was followed. Main nutrients and total phenolics were analysed from litter in the beginning and at the end of the experiment. After 19-month decomposition, the accumulated mass loss was about 34%; however, no significant differences were found in decomposition rates of needle litter between various treatments. Concentrations of total monoterpenes were about 4%, total resin acids 21% and total phenolics 14% of the initial concentrations in litter after 19-month decomposition. In the beginning of litter decomposition, concentrations of individual monoterpenes –α-pinene and β-pinene – were significantly higher in needle litter grown under elevated CO2. However, concentrations of total monoterpenes during the whole decomposition period were not significantly affected by CO2 or O3 treatments. Concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were higher in needle litter grown under elevated CO2 or O3 than under ambient air. There were no significant differences in concentrations of total phenolics as well as nitrogen (N) and the main nutrient concentrations between treatments during decomposition. High concentrations of monoterpenes and resin acids in needles might slightly delay C recycling in forest soils. It is concluded that elevated CO2 and O3 concentrations do not have remarkable impacts on litter decomposition processes in Scots pine forests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00555.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of elevated CO2 and O3 on fine roots and mycorrhizas of naturally growing young Scots pine trees during three exposure years (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 5 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Young Scots pine trees naturally established at a pine heath were exposed to two concentrations of CO2 (ambient and doubled ambient) and two O3 regimes (ambient and doubled ambient) and their combination in open-top field chambers during growing seasons 1994, 1995 and 1996 (late May to 15 September). Filtered ozone treatment and chamberless control trees were also included in the treatment comparisons. Root ingrowth cores were inserted to the undisturbed soil below the branch projection of each tree at the beginning of the fumigation period in 1994 and were harvested at the end of the fumigation periods in 1995 and 1996. Root biomasses were determined from different soil layers in the ingrowth cores, and the infection levels of different mycorrhizal types were calculated. Elevated O3 and CO2 did not have significant effects on the biomass production of Scots pine coarse (Ø 〉 2 mm) or fine roots (Ø 〈 2 mm) and roots of grasses and dwarf shrubs. Elevated O3 caused a transient stimulation, observable in 1995, in the proportion of tuber-like mycorrhizas, total mycorrhizas and total short roots but this stimulation disappeared during the last study year. Elevated CO2 did not enhance carbon allocation to root growth or mycorrhiza formation, although a diminishing trend in the mycorrhiza formation was observed. In the combination treatment increased CO2 inhibited the transient stimulating effect of ozone, and a significant increase of old mycorrhizas was observed. Our conclusion is that doubled CO2 is not able to increase carbon allocation to growth of fine roots or mycorrhizas in nutrient poor forest sites and realistically elevated ozone does not cause a measurable limitation to roots within a period of three exposure years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00274.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of low-level ozone exposure and mycorrhizas in chemical quality and insect herbivore performance on Scots pine seedlings (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The effects of low-level ozone exposure and suppression of natural mycorrhizas on the above-ground chemical quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles and insect herbivore performance were studied in a two-year field experiment. Seedlings were fumigated with the ozone doses 1.5–1.7 times the ambient, and natural mycorrhizal infection level was about 35% reduced in roots with fungicide propiconazole. On ozone-exposed seedlings the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) of Lygus rugulipennis Popp. nymphs was lower than on ambient ozone seedlings, but Gilpinia pallida Klug sawfly larvae grew better on elevated ozone seedlings than on ambient ozone seedlings. MRGR of Schizolachnus pineti Fabr. and Cinara pinea L. aphid nymphs or Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. sawfly larvae or the oviposition of L. rugulipennis and N. sertifer were not affected by ozone exposure. Although ozone exposure did not affect total phenolics, total terpene, total or individual resin acid, total free amino acid, nutrient or sugar concentrations in needles, MRGR of L. rugulipennis positively correlated with total terpenes and MRGR of G. pallida positively with total amino acids. In addition, ozone exposure increased serine and proline concentration and marginally also starch concentration in needles. When mycorrhizas were reduced with fungicide, only MRGR of L. rugulipennis nymphs increased, but performance of other insect herbivores studied was not changed. However, number of L. rugulipennis eggs correlated positively with mycorrhizal infection level and also with total sugars. Reduction of mycorrhizas did not strongly affect the concentrations of analysed compounds in needles, because only phosphorus and potassium and some individual resin acids were reduced by fungicide treatment. These results suggest that low-level ozone exposure and moderately declined mycorrhizal infection do not drastically affect either the above-ground chemical quality of Scots pine seedlings or performance of studied insect herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00290.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of elevated ozone and limited nitrogen availability on conifer seedlings in an open-air fumigation system: effects on growth, nutrient content, mycorrhiza, needle ultrastructure, starch and secondary compounds (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings were exposed to realistically elevated O3 levels in open-air experiments over three growing seasons. The total O3 exposure doses were 1.2 × (1991), 1.5 × (1992) and 1.7 × (1993) ambient levels. During the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons pine and spruce seedlings received two different levels of nitrogen supply. Effects on growth, mycorrhiza formation, needle ultrastructure, primary and secondary compounds were studied. Ozone exposure had only slight effects on biomass production, growth height and nutrient content of studied conifers. Higher nitrogen availability improved growth of the seedlings and resulted in higher concentration of nitrogen in needles. In Scots pine O3 exposure did not have effects on quantity of total mycorrhizas and short roots, while higher nitrogen availability decreased quantity of mycorrhizas and short roots. In both tree species O3 exposure induced O3-related ultrastructural symptoms, e.g. granulation and dark staining of the chloroplast stroma in the needle mesophyll cells, at both nitrogen availability levels. Ozone exposure and nitrogen availability did not have significant effects on starch concentrations in either tree species. Concentrations of some individual terpenes were higher in O3-exposed needles, while concentrations of individual and total resin acids, total phenolics and catechins were not affected by O3 exposure. Nitrogen availability did not have substantial effects on concentrations of monoterpenes. By contrast, concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were lower in pine needles and higher in spruce needles with higher nitrogen availability, while phenolic concentration in spruce needles decreased at higher nitrogen availability. The results suggest that realistically elevated levels of O3 in the field can have some negative effects on the mesophyll ultrastructure of conifer needles, but carbon allocation to root and shoot growth and secondary metabolites are not affected substantially.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00310.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of elevated O3 and CO2 concentrations on secondary metabolites of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) seedlings (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 7 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Terpene, resin acid and total phenolic concentrations in five-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were analysed after exposure to ambient and realistically elevated (2 × ambient) O3 and CO2 concentrations and their combination in open-top chambers during two growing seasons. Under O3 exposure, limonene concentration in needles and isopimaric concentration in stems decreased significantly. As a response to elevated CO2, α-pinene and total phenolic concentrations in needles increased significantly, while bornyl acetate concentration in needles and palustric + levopimaric and neoabietic acid concentrations in stems decreased significantly. Some terpenes and resin acids were found at lower concentrations in the combined O3 and CO2 treatment than in O3 exposure or elevated CO2. A negative chamber effect was found: seedlings growing inside the chambers with ambient air had significantly lower concentrations of some terpenes and resin acids than seedlings growing outside the chambers. There was a lot of between-tree variation in terpene and resin acid concentrations, which is typical of open-pollinated populations. The results of this study suggest that, at least in short-term experiments, Scots pine secondary metabolites are relatively insensitive to climate change factors. Total phenolics in the needles were the most responsive group showing about 25% increase in elevated CO2, and O3 exposure did not mitigate this CO2 effect. Terpenes and resin acids were less responsive, although some individual compounds showed notable responses, e.g. α-pinene in needles, which increased about 50% in response to elevated CO2. As a consequence, although there were only slight effects on total pools of needle secondary metabolites, considerable O3 and CO2 effects on certain individual compounds might have ecological significance via trophic amplification, e.g. in decomposing processes of needle litter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00408.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Below-ground responses of silver birch trees exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 levels during three growing seasons (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Field-growing silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones (clone 4 and 80) were exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 in open-top chambers for three consecutive growing seasons (1999–2001). At the beginning of the OTC experiment, all trees were 7 years old. We studied the single and interaction effects of CO2 and O3 on silver birch below-ground carbon pools (i.e. effects on fine roots and mycorrhizas, soil microbial communities and sporocarp production) and also assessed whether there are any clonal differences in these below-ground CO2 and O3 responses. The total mycorrhizal infection level of both clones was stimulated by elevated CO2 alone and elevated O3 alone, but not when elevated CO2 was used in fumigation in combination with elevated O3. In both clones, elevated CO2 affected negatively light brown/orange mycorrhizas, while its effect on other mycorrhizal morphotypes was negligible. Elevated O3, instead, clearly decreased the proportions of black and liver-brown mycorrhizas and increased that of light brown/orange mycorrhizas. Elevated O3 had a tendency to decrease standing fine root mass and sporocarp production as well, both of these O3 effects mainly manifesting in clone 4 trees. CO2 and O3 treatment effects on soil microbial community composition (PLFA, 2- and 3-OH-FA profiles) were negligible, but quantitative PLFA data showed that in 2001 the PLFA fungi : bacteria-ratio of clone 80 trees was marginally increased because of elevated CO2 treatments. This study shows that O3 effects were most clearly visible at the mycorrhizal root level and that some clonal differences in CO2 and O3 responses were observable in the below-ground carbon pools. In conclusion, the present data suggests that CO2 effects were minor, whereas increasing tropospheric O3 levels can be an important stress factor in northern birch forests, as they might alter mycorrhizal morphotype assemblages, mycorrhizal infection rates and sporocarp production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00970.x
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