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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil CO2 efflux of two silver birch clones exposed to elevated CO2 and O3 levels during three growing seasons (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: In the present open-top chamber experiment, two silver birch clones (Betula pendula Roth, clone 4 and clone 80) were exposed to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3), singly and in combination, and soil CO2 efflux was measured 14 times during three consecutive growing seasons (1999–2001). In the beginning of the experiment, all experimental trees were 7 years old and during the experiment the trees were growing in sandy field soil and fertilized regularly. In general, elevated O3 caused soil CO2 efflux stimulation during most measurement days and this stimulation enhanced towards the end of the experiment. The overall soil respiration response to CO2 was dependent on the genotype, as the soil CO2 efflux below clone 80 trees was enhanced and below clone 4 trees was decreased under elevated CO2 treatments. Like the O3 impact, this clonal difference in soil respiration response to CO2 increased as the experiment progressed. Although the O3 impact did not differ significantly between clones, a significant time × clone × CO2× O3 interaction revealed that the O3-induced stimulation of soil respiration was counteracted by elevated CO2 in clone 4 on most measurement days, whereas in clone 80, the effect of elevated CO2 and O3 in combination was almost constantly additive during the 3-year experiment. Altogether, the root or above-ground biomass results were only partly parallel with the observed soil CO2 efflux responses. In conclusion, our data show that O3 impacts may appear first in the below-ground processes and that relatively long-term O3 exposure had a cumulative effect on soil CO2 efflux. Although the soil respiration response to elevated CO2 depended on the tree genotype as a result of which the O3 stress response might vary considerably within a single tree species under elevated CO2, the present experiment nonetheless indicates that O3 stress is a significant factor affecting the carbon cycling in northern forest ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00841.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural characteristics and chemical composition of birch (Betula pendula) leaves are modified by increasing CO2 and ozone (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Impacts of ozone and CO2 enrichment, alone and in combination, on leaf anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics, nutrient status and cell wall chemistry in two European silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones were studied. The young soil-growing trees were exposed in open-top chambers over three growing seasons to 2 × ambient CO2 and/or ozone concentrations in central Finland. The trees were measured for changes in altogether 35 variables of leaf structure, nutrients and cell wall chemistry of green leaves, and 20 of the measured variables were affected by CO2 and/or O3. Elevated CO2 increased the size of chloroplasts and starch grains, number of mitochondria, P : N ratio, and contents of cell wall hemicellulose. Elevated CO2 decreased the total leaf thickness, specific leaf area, concentrations of N, K, Cu, S and Fe, and contents of cell wall α-cellulose, uronic acids, acid-soluble lignin and acetone-soluble extractives. Elevated ozone led to thinner leaves, higher palisade to spongy ratio, increased number of peroxisomes and mitochondria, reduced content of Mn, Zn, Cu, hemicellulose and uronic acids, and lower Mn : N and Zn : N ratios. In the combined exposure, interactions were antagonistic. Ultrastructural changes became more evident towards the end of the exposure. Young leaves were tolerant against ozone-caused oxidative stress, whereas oxidative H2O2 accumulation was found in older leaves. CO2 enrichment improved ozone tolerance not only through increased photosynthesis rates, but also through changes in cell wall chemistry (hemicellulose, in particular). However, nutrient imbalances due to ozone and/or CO2 may predispose the trees to other biotic and abiotic stresses. Down-regulation and up-regulation of photosynthesis under elevated CO2 through anatomical changes is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00938.x
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  • 3
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    Efficiency of night interruption treatments with red and far-red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in preventing bud set in Norway spruce seedlings (2018)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-01
    Description: Terminal bud set can be prevented by interrupting night with short pulses of light when the natural photoperiod is too short to maintain growth. Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings originating from 61°N and 64°N were grown in growth chambers under conditions that mimic growth conditions in a heated greenhouse in early spring in Finland (experiment 1) or under constant growth conditions (experiment 2). The seedlings were exposed to the following night interruption (NI) treatments using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that generated red (R, peak at 660 nm) and far-red (FR, peak at 735 nm) wavelengths in 20 s pulses at 15 min intervals: (i) red light alone (R); (ii) R combined with FR (R + FR); and (iii) control (no NI treatment). The R + FR treatment was more effective in preventing terminal bud set than the R treatment. Seedling responses depended on the provenance and growth conditions. The R treatment reduced the proportion of seedlings with terminal buds in the 61°N seedlings and delayed bud set in the 64°N seedlings. The fluctuating growth conditions or longer dark period between the photoperiod and NI treatments reduced the efficiency of the R + FR treatment. A combination of R and FR LEDs with adequate light intensity and duration is suitable for intermittent NI treatment in Norway spruce seedlings.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 4
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    Warming and elevated ozone differently modify needle anatomy of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) (2017)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-01
    Description: Acclimation of conifer needle anatomy to climate change is poorly understood. We studied needle anatomy, shoot gas exchange, current-year shoot length, and stem diameter growth in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings exposed to elevated ozone (1.35× to 1.5× ambient concentration) and elevated temperature (0.9–1.3 °C + ambient temperature) alone and in combination for two exposure seasons in two separate open-field experiments in central Finland. Pines grew also at two soil nitrogen levels. In spruce, warming increased mesophyll intercellular space and reduced gas exchange and shoot growth and made needles narrower and the epidermis and hypodermis thinner. In pine, warming made needles bigger, increased shoot and stem growth, stomatal row number, and proportions of vascular cylinder, phloem, and xylem and reduced the proportion of mesophyll. These responses indicate that pine benefited and spruce suffered from moderate warming. Ozone caused a thickening of epi- and hypo-dermis and a lower stomatal conductance in both species, reduced stomatal density in spruce, and increased proportions of phloem, xylem, and sclerenchyma and reduced growth in pine. Ozone responses suggest increased oxidative stress defense. Stomatal responses were affected by interactions of elevated temperature and ozone in both species. Nitrogen availability modified ozone and temperature responses, particularly in the vascular tissues in pine.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 5
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    Seasonal variation in physiological characteristics of two silver birch clones in the field (2003)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Seasonal changes in growth, photosynthesis, and related biochemical properties and leaf structure were determined for two clones (4 and 80, 20 trees per clone) of 7-year-old Betula pendula Roth trees during the growing season of 1998. Differences between the two genotypes were determined to characterize the physiological traits that might affect growth and productivity and that might differ between the genotypes. Net photosynthesis of the short shoot leaves varied between 11 and 15 µmol·m2·s1 and decreased only slightly towards the end of the summer. However, our results showed more marked decreases in the amount of Rubisco (ribulose biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) and leaf N and increases in the total leaf, palisade and spongy layer thickness, chloroplast and starch grain size, and diameter of plastoglobuli in both clones in response to leaf ageing and changes in growth environment. Height and biomass were greater in clone 80 than in clone 4. This was related to slightly more efficient net photosynthesis and higher stomatal conductance and density as well as higher activity of Rubisco and content of foliar nutrients (other than N). We conclude that clone 80 is characterized by faster gas exchange, higher Rubisco activity, stomatal conductance, and density, and earlier leaf ageing, which may be related to the higher ozone sensitivity determined previously in pot experiments with younger saplings.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 6
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    An Assessment of Storability of Norway Spruce Container Seedlings in Freezer Storage as Affected by Short-Day Treatment (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-18
    Description: Determination of safe times at which to transfer seedlings to freezer storage is problematic in forest tree nurseries. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between pre-storage frost hardiness (FH) of different plant parts, dry matter content (DMC), chilling hours (the sum of hours when temperature was between −5 °C and +5 °C), and post-storage vitality, and the impact of short-day (SD) treatment on these relationships. One and a half year old control seedlings and SD-treated seedlings of Norway spruce were transferred to freezer storage (−3 °C) on five occasions during autumn. On each occasion, the FH of buds, needles, stem, and roots, as well as DMC, were determined, and chilling hours were calculated. The vitality of the freezer-stored seedlings was determined through their root growth capacity in the subsequent spring, and through the field performance of the seedlings (shoot growth and seedling damage) at the end of the following two growing seasons. Seedlings were considered to be storable when the FH of the needles was at least −25 °C, and the FH of the roots was about −10 °C in both treatments. Early storage reduced the vitality of the seedlings. SD treatment did not advance the storability of the seedlings, although it alleviated some of the negative effects of early storage by improving the FH of needles and stem, but not that of the roots. The DMC value, indicating storability, was higher for SD-treated seedlings than for control seedlings. When data from five experiments conducted in Suonenjoki were combined, it was found that the relationship between accumulation of chilling hours and needle FH was dependent on nursery treatment and assessment year, which reduces the reliability of using chilling hours in predicting the storability of Norway spruce seedlings. The predicted climate change may complicate the fall acclimation of seedlings. New, user-friendly methods for determining storability of seedlings are urgently needed.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4907
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 7
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    Responses of Norway spruce seedlings to different night interruption treatments in autumn (2016)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Photoperiodic lighting can be used in late summer to prevent height growth cessation and terminal bud formation in nurseries growing forest tree species in Nordic countries. To create guidelines for using the method in container nurseries growing Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and to test the use of light-emitting diode (LED) technology, we exposed first-year, nursery grown seedlings to the following night interruption (NI) treatments from 10 July 2014 onwards (00:00–03:00): (i) no lighting, (ii) 1 min lighting at intervals of 30 min, (iii) 1 min lighting at intervals of 15 min, and (iv) 3 h continuous lighting. Light intensities (LI) of 10, 25, and 70 μmol photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) m−2·s−1 were used. Growth, formation of terminal buds, and winter damage of the seedlings were measured. All NI treatments prevented growth cessation at LI of 25 and 70 μmol PAR·m−2·s−1, but the intermittent treatments were less effective at a LI of 10 μmol PAR·m−2·s−1. The treatments of duration longer than 1 min at intervals of 30 min did not provide any additional increase in shoot growth but predisposed the seedlings to frost injury during autumn and winter. Both seed origins used in this experiment responded similarly to the NI treatments.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Interactive effect of elevated temperature and O3 on antioxidant capacity and gas exchange in Betula pendula saplings (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-31
    Print ISSN: 0032-0935
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-2048
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Chemical Composition and Decomposition of Silver Birch Leaf Litter Produced under Elevated CO2 and O3 (2006)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Pre-cultivation of Scots pine and Norway spruce transplant seedlings under four different light spectra did not affect their field performance (2016)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-26
    Print ISSN: 0169-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5095
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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