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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and sporulation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus caledonium in dual culture with transformed carrot roots (2000)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 10 (2000), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Arbuscule-like structures (ALS) ; Branched absorbing structures (BAS) ; Dual culture ; Glomus caledonium ; Sporulation ; Transformed carrot roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glomus caledonium was established in a dual culture with Ri T-DNA-transformed carrot roots. A modification of the minimal M medium buffered at pH 6.50 with 10 mM MES and solidified with 0.4% unpurified gellan gum allowed spore germination and formation of the symbiosis, together with the development of an extensive extramatrical mycelium and sporulation. Spore production increased with culture generation and most spores were viable. These spores colonized carrot roots and completed the fungal life cycle. In many cultures, sporulation was accompanied by the formation of arbuscule-like structures on short and thickened lateral branches of main hyphae. Root colonization was of the Paris-type with hyphae spreading intracellularly. Most colonized root cells contained coils of thickened hyphae, sometimes surrounded by fine hyphae, but no typical arbuscules were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050283
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root respiratory quotient and nitrate uptake in hydroponically grown non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Hydroponics ; Nitrate uptake ; Root respiration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Oxygen and CO2 fluxes were measured in hydroponically grown mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hano roots. The NO3 – uptake of the plants was used to estimate the amount of root respiration attributable to ion uptake. Plants were grown at 4 mM N and 10 μM P, where a total and viable mycorrhizal root colonisation of 48% and 18%, respectively, by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) was observed. The O2 consumption and NO3 – uptake rates were similar and the CO2 release was higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal wheat. This resulted in a significantly higher respiratory quotient (RQ, mol CO2 mol–1 O2) in mycorrhizal (1.27±0.13) than in non-mycorrhizal (0.79±0.05) wheat. As the biomass and N and P concentrations in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal wheat were the same, the higher RQ resulted from the mycorrhizal colonisation and not differences in nutrition per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050263
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of plant nitrogen status on the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae to plant nitrogen uptake (1999)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Physiologia plantarum 105 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The contribution of hyphae of Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) to the acquisition of mineral nitrogen by Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hano (wheat) was tested under conditions of low P and high N (+N−P) or low N (−N−P). Mycorrhizal colonisation increased the shoot dry weight and plant tissue concentrations of P and cations. However, N tissue concentrations of mycorrhizal plants were not increased, although nitrate reductase activities were significantly higher (in vivo activity) in +N−P mycorrhizal compared to non-mycorrhizal roots. Severe plant N deficiency reduced the percentage root length colonised (but not the percentage viable colonisation), hyphal length, total N uptake by hyphae and dry weight of mycorrhizal plants. Although mycorrhizal colonisation did not affect the overall plant N status, hyphae transported 1% (−N−P) and 7% (+N−P) of the N-labelled NH4NO3 to mycorrhizal plants over 48 h. The higher rate of hyphal N uptake was apparently related to the more extensive hyphal growth at the higher level of plant N supply. However, the hyphal N supply was not sufficiently high to sustain adequate N nutrition of the plants supplied with very low amounts of N to the roots. Conversely, a sufficient N supply to the roots was important for the development of an extensive mycelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105414.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen distribution in young Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees as affected by pedospheric nitrogen supply (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 101 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In numerous locations in Europe spruce trees are exposed to high loads of nitrogen. The present study was performed to characterize the distribution of nitrogen compounds under these conditions. For this purpose Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) trees were cultivated under close-to-natural conditions of a forest understory in soil from an apparently nitrogen-limited field site in the Black Forest either with, or without supplementation of nitrogen as ammonium nitrate. After 11 and 20 months, growth, total nitrogen contents of the biomass, and total soluble non-proteinogenic nitrogen compounds (TSNN, i.e. nitrate, ammonium, soluble proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino compounds) in needles, xylem sap and phloem exudate were analysed. After 20 months of growth, N-fertilization had slightly enhanced the biomass of current-, but not of 1-year-old shoots. At both harvests, total N-content of 1-year-old needles was increased by N-fertilization, whereas current-year needles were not significantly affected. By contrast, TSNN was elevated by N-fertilization in both current-year and 1-year-old needles. The increase in TSNN was mainly attributed to an accumulation of arginine. Xylem sap analysis showed that the increase in TSNN of the needles was a consequence of enhanced nitrogen assimilation of the roots rather than the shoot. Since also TSNN in phloem exudates was enhanced, it appears that N-fertilization elevates the cycling pool of amino compounds in young Norway spruce trees. However, this pool seems to be subject to metabolic interconversion, since mainly glutamine and aspartate are transported in the xylem from the roots to the shoot, but arginine accumulated in the needles and the phloem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb01061.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonium and nitrate uptake rates and rhizosphere pH in non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 14-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Calcium ; Nitrate ; Picea abies ; Rhizosphere pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relationships between root zone temperature, concentrations and uptake rates of NH 4 + and NO 3 − were studied in non-mycorrhizal roots of 4-year-old Norway spruce under controlled environmental conditions. Additionally, in a forest stand NH 4 + and NO 3 − uptake rates along the root axis and changes in the rhizosphere pH were measured. In the concentration (Cmin) range of 100–150 μM uptake rates of NH 4 + were 3–4 times higher than those of NO 3 − The preference for NH 4 + uptake was also reflected in the minimum concentration (Cmin) values. Supplying NH4NO3, the rate of NO 3 − uptake was very low until the NH 4 + concentrations had fallen below about 100 μM. The shift from NH 4 + to NO 3 − uptake was correlated with a corresponding shift from net H+ production to net H+ consumption in the external solution. The uptake rates of NH 4 + were correlated with equimolar net production of H+. With NO 3 − nutrition net consumption of H+ was approximately twice as high as uptake rates of NO 3 − In the forest stand the NO 3 − concentration in the soil solution was more than 10 times higher than the NH 4 + concentration (〈100 μM), and the rhizosphere pH of non-mycorrhizal roots considerably higher than the bulk soil pH. The rhizosphere pH increase was particularly evident in apical root zones where the rates of water and NO 3 − uptake and nitrate reductase activity were also higher. The results are summarized in a model of water and nutrient transport to, and uptake by, non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce in a forest stand. Model calculations indicate that delivery to the roots by mass flow may meet most of the plant demand of nitrogen and calcium, and that non-mycorrhizal root tips have the potential to take up most of the delivered nitrate and calcium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225330
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA-mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcareous soil ; hyphal uptake ; phosphate ; VA-mycorrhiza ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To examine the influence of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi on phosphorus (P) depletion in the rhizosphere, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were grown for seven weeks in a sterilized calcareous soil in pots with three compartments, a central one for root growth and two outer ones for hyphae growth. Compartmentation was accomplished by a 30-μm nylon net. The root compartment received a uniform level of P (50 mg kg−1 soil) in combination with low or high levels of P (50 or 150 mg kg−1 soil) in the hyphal compartments. Plants were inoculated withGlomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe or remained uninfected. Mycorrhizal inoculation doubled P concentration in shoot and root, and increased dry weight, especially of the shoot, irrespective of P levels. Mycorrhizal contribution accounted for 76% of total P uptake at the low P level and 79% at the high P level, and almost all of this P was delivered by the hyphae from the outer compartment. In the non-mycorrhizal plants, the depletion of NaHCO3-extractable P (Olsen-P) extended about 1 cm into the outer compartment, but in the mycorrhizal plants a uniform P depletion zone extended up to 11.7 cm (the length of the hyphal compartment) from the root surface. In the outer compartment, the mycorrhizal hyphae length density was high (2.5–7 m cm−3 soil) at the various distances (0–11.7 cm) from the root surface. Uptake rate of P by mycorrhizal hyphae was in the range of 3.3–4.3×10−15 mol s−1 cm−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465218
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquisition of phosphorus and copper by VA-mycorrhizal hyphae and root-to-shoot transport in white clover (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; Glomus mosseae ; hyphal uptake ; phosphate ; Trifolium repens ; VA-mycorrhiza ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract White clover (Trifolium repens L.) plants were grown in a calcareous soil in pots with three compartments, a central one for root growth and two outer ones for growth of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae [Nicol. & Gerd.] Gerdemann & Trappe) hyphae (hyphal compartments). Phosphorus (P) was applied at three levels (0, 20 and 50 mg kg−1 soil) in the outer compartments in mycorrhizal treatments. Root and shoot dry weight were increased in mycorrhizal plants with hyphal access to outer compartments. Growth of the mycorrhizal hyphae in the outer compartments was not significantly affected by variation in P level in these compartments. However, both concentration and amount of P in roots and shoots sharply increased with increasing P supply in the outer (hyphal) compartments. With increasing P levels the calculated delivery of P by the hyphae from the outer compartments increased from 34% to 90% of total P uptake. Hyphal access to the outer compartments also significantly increased both concentration and quantity of Cu in the plants. The calculated delivery of Cu by the hyphae from the outer compartments ranged from 53% to 62% of total Cu uptake, irrespective of the P levels and the amounts of P taken up and transported by the hyphae. However, the distribution of Cu over roots and shoots was largely dependent on P levels. With increase in P level in the outer compartments the calculated hyphal contribution to the total amount of Cu in the shoots increased from 12% to 58%, but decreased in the roots from 75% to 46%. In conclusion, uptake and transport by VA-mycorrhizal hyphae may contribute substantially not only to P nutrition, but also to Cu nutrition of the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465219
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of varied soil nitrogen supply on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ectomycorrhiza ; fungus-specific compounds ; isocitrate dehydrogenase ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of carbohydrate metabolism in 3-year-old Norway spruce plants to an increased amount of nitrogen supply to a N-poor forest soil was investigated in a pot experiment. After 7 months of treatment we found a decreased amount of starch in both needles and roots, together with decreased amounts of sucrose in needles of those plants grown under an enhanced inorganic N supply. In addition, the activity and the protein amount of the anaplerotic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and the activity of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were clearly increased. The activity of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and the pool size of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP) were not affected by high supply of inorganic N. These data indicate a shift of carbon flow from starch formation towards an enhanced provision of carbon skeletons for N assimilation and shoot growth. In parallel, we found decreased contents of fungus-specific compounds (ergosterol, mannitol, trehalose) in roots, which are indicators of a decreased colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi, probably as a result of a changed allocation and partitioning of photoassimilates due to an increased N supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02415531
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and transport of organic and inorganic nitrogen by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Daucus carota ; Glomus mosseae ; Glomus intraradices ; monoxenic culture ; N uptake ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract New information on N uptake and transport of inorganic and organic N in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is reviewed here. Hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) were shown to transport N supplied as 15N-Gly to wheat plants after a 48 h labelling period in semi-hydroponic (Perlite), non-sterile, compartmentalised pot cultures. Of the 15N supplied to hyphae in pot cultures over 48 h, 0.2 and 6% was transported to plants supplied with insufficient N or sufficient N, respectively. The increased 15N uptake at the higher N supply was related to the higher hyphal length density at the higher N supply. These findings were supported by results from in vitro and monoxenic studies. Excised hyphae from four Glomus isolates (BEG 84, 107, 108 and 110) acquired N from both inorganic (15NH4 15NO3, 15NO3 − or 15NH4 +) and organic (15N-Gly and 15N-Glu, except in BEG 84 where amino acid uptake was not tested) sources in vitro during short-term experiments. Confirming these studies under sterile conditions where no bacterial mineralisation of organic N occurred, monoxenic cultures of Glomus intraradices Schenk and Smith were shown to transport N from organic sources (15N-Gly and 15N-Glu) to Ri T-DNA transformed, AM-colonised carrot roots in a long-term experiment. The higher N uptake (also from organic N) by isolates from nutrient poor sites (BEG 108 and 110) compared to that from a conventional agricultural field implied that ecotypic differences occur. Although the arbuscular mycorrhizal isolates used contributed to the acquisition of N from both inorganic and organic sources by the host plants/roots used, this was not enough to increase the N nutritional status of the mycorrhizal compared to non-mycorrhizal hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026500810385
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of varied soil nitrogen supply on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: foliar nutrient contents ; nitrogen ; Picea abies ; root growth ; root morphology ; root/shoot ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During a seven-month period the effect of different nitrogen (N) availability in soil on growth and nutrient uptake was studied in three-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) trees. The plants were grown in pots on N-poor forest soil supplied with various amounts and forms (inorganic and organic) of N. Increasing supply of inorganic N (as NH4NO3) increased the formation of new shoots and shoot dry weight. The root/shoot dry weight ratio of new growth was drastically decreased from 1.6 in plants without N supply to 0.5 in plants supplied with high levels of NH4NO3. This decrease in root/shoot dry weight ratio was associated with distinct changes in root morphology in favour of shorter and thicker roots. The addition of keratin as organic N source did neither affect growth nor root morphology of the trees. The amount of N taken up by plants was closely related to the supply of inorganic N, and trees supplied with highest levels of NH4NO3 also had the highest N contents in the dry matter of needles and roots. In contrast, N contents in needles of trees grown without additional N, or with keratin supply, were in the deficiency range. Supply of NH4NO3 decreased the contents of phosphate (P) and potassium (K) and therefore markedly increased N/P and N/K ratios in the needles. On the other hand, the contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) in the needles were increased in the plants supplied with inorganic N, suggesting high soil availability and promotion of uptake of these divalent cations by high nitrate uptake. The observed effects on root/shoot dry weight ratio, root morphology, and mineral nutrient composition of the needles indicated that high inorganic N supply may increase above-ground productivity but at the same time decrease the tolerance of trees against soil-borne (e.g. deficiency of other mineral nutrients) stress factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010458
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