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  • Lepidoptera  (652)
  • Ultrastructure  (647)
  • Evolution  (410)
  • CR: 5.17
  • Seismology
  • Springer  (1,818)
  • Birkhäuser  (9)
  • Division of Earthsciences, Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
  • Dover Publ.
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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Core-mantle boundary topography: seismology (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: n/a
    Description: Published
    Description: 125-127
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Core-mantle boundary topography ; Seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.03. Mantle and Core dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of new and old association hosts for the development of selected microgastrine parasitoids of gramineous stemborers (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host suitability ; acceptance ; biological control ; new associations ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; New World ; Old World ; stemborers ; Braconidae ; larval parasitoids ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the acceptability and suitability of Old World stemborers (Chilo partellus and C. orichalcociliellus) for the development of New World parasitoids (Apanteles deplanatus and A. minator) and New World stemborers (Diatraea saccharalis and D. grandiosella) for the development of Old World parasitoids (Cotesia sesamiae, C. flavipes and C. chilonis). Results revealed that acceptance and suitability were high in old associations. In new associations, parasitoids accepted about 60% of the new association hosts. In addition, 10 out of 17 new associations were successful. Apanteles species appeared to be more physiologically host specific than Cotesia species. For example, two of four new association hosts were accepted by A. deplanatus and only one (D. saccharalis) was partially suitable for progeny development. Among the Cotesia species, Cotesia flavipes appeared to have a wider host range than the two other species. It attacked all hosts offered and successfully parasitized all but one (D. grandiosella). Diatraea saccharalis was accepted and was a suitable host for the development of all parasitoid species tested, whereas D. grandiosella was unsuitable for the development of four out of five parasitoid species tested. No clear pattern was observed as behavioral acceptance did not always agree with the pattern of physiological suitability. Implications of these findings for importation biological control of stemborers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026435617979
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ostrinia spp. in Japan: their host plants and sex pheromones (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host plant range ; sex pheromone ; Ostrinia furnacalis ; Ostrinia latipennis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Ostrinia orientalis ; Ostrinia palustralis ; Ostrinia scapulalis ; Ostrinia zaguliaevi ; Ostrinia zealis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To contribute to the understanding of the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in Japan, we collected larvae of Ostrinia spp. from known host plants and plants not recorded as hosts, and we examined the morphology and sex pheromones of the adults obtained. Consequently, the host plant ranges of the 7 Ostrinia spp. in Japan were clarified, and the sex pheromones of the 5 species O. scapulalis, O. zealis, O. zaguliaevi, O. palustralis and O. latipennis were identified in addition to that of the Asian corn borer O. furnacalis. The phylogenetic relationships of Japanese Ostrinia spp., with reference to the European corn borer O. nubilalis, are discussed based on these findings and results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003601407578
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of visual cues and interaction with host odour during the host-finding behaviour of the cabbage moth (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; host-finding behaviour ; visual cues ; host-choice ; interaction ; odour ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The approach and landing responses of female Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to visual cues from artificial plant leaves of different shapes and presence/absence of cabbage plant odour were investigated in a laboratory wind tunnel. The leaves were painted with cadmium yellow colour and observed under dim red light. Females showed oriented flight towards plant odours but landed significantly more often when the odour was presented with an artificial leaf. In three-choice tests, the shape of the leaf targets (circle, square or triangle) did not influence the female response. However, the size of the target did influence the insect response: the females preferred landing on square targets with sides of 5 or 10 cm rather than on the largest target, with sides of 15 cm. The orientation of the target influenced the insects' response: females landed significantly more often on the target positioned vertically than horizontally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003605125191
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vive la variance: a functional oviposition theory for insect herbivores (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; strategy ; catastrophe ; theory ; clutch ; Lepidoptera ; optimization ; dynamic ; bet hedging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed state-dependent life-history theory to explain the variance in clutch size decisions made by insect herbivores under a variety of ecological scenarios. An important aspect of our theory is explicit representation of the distribution of host quality and frequency of occurrence. Examination of the theory suggests that clutch size decisions can be highly non-linear with respect to host quality and variability. We then use our theory to explore the potential for bet-hedging strategies to evolve as a function of unpredictable catastrophic events that decimate entire clutches. Our analysis suggests that the benefits to employing such a strategy will frequently be outweighed by costs brought on by delayed oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003622703384
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of volatiles from cruciferous plants and pre-flight experience in the foraging behaviour of the specialist parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Plutella xylostella ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia plutellae ; foraging behaviour ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The braconid Cotesia plutellae is an important larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of crucifers in the tropics and sub-tropics. The in-flight searching behaviour of C. plutellae was investigated in a wind tunnel and the close-range attack behaviour observed in cages. The relative importance of volatile stimuli emanating from the plant-host-complex, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) – P. xylostella, in the long-range attraction of C. plutellae was investigated. Plants that were mechanically damaged, or damaged by P. xylostella larvae, were attractive to the parasitoid. Host-damaged leaves remained attractive to the parasitoid after removal of the host larvae. These results indicate that C. plutellae predominantly uses plant derived stimuli in its in-flight searching behaviour. An oviposition experience or contact with a host-damaged leaf prior to the bioassay significantly increased the response to these volatile cues. The foraging behaviour of C. plutellae is compared with other braconid larval parasitoids attacking lepidopteran hosts on crucifers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003822208843
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adult female and neonate larval plant preferences of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; host selection ; correlation ; lightbrown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polyphagous leafroller moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a pest of many fruit crops in New Zealand. Since the larva is highly mobile, host selection in this insect may involve both the adult female and the larva. In order to test the relative importance of the adult female and the neonate larva in the selection of host plants, the ovipositional preferences of females, and the preferences or acceptances of neonate larvae towards 26 plant species, consisting of 15 plants considered hosts and 11 not considered hosts, were investigated. In the ovipositional tests, the mean preferences of females for hosts and non-hosts were very similar. In contrast, larvae showed a significantly greater mean preference or acceptance towards hosts than to non-hosts, in both choice and no-choice bioassays, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between the preferences and acceptances of larvae for plants in the choice and no-choice tests. In the no-choice tests, there was a highly significant correlation between the acceptances of neonate larvae towards plants after one and three days (i.e., acceptances changed little over time). Moreover, in these no-choice tests, there was a significant negative correlation between larval acceptance at 1 day and larval mortality after 3 days; that is, the less acceptable a given plant at 1 day, the more likely larvae would fail to establish, feed, and survive on it by three days. Female and larval preferences towards the various plants were also negatively correlated. Together, these data suggest that the selection of a plant for the neonate larva to feed on is largely governed by the preferences of the larva, rather than by the preferences of the female. However, selection of a plant for oviposition by the female, may be important in host selection for reasons unrelated to larval preferences, for example, by encouraging dispersal, perhaps to other plant species, of the neonate larvae and thereby decreasing intersibling competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003760529540
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reidentification of the female sex pheromone of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella: evidence for a four-component pheromone blend (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Plodia interpunctella ; Indian meal moth ; pheromone components ; GC-EAD ; stored-product pest ; behaviour ; flight tunnel ; trapping ; Ephestia kuehniella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone gland extracts from calling female Plodia interpunctella contained at least seven compounds that consistently elicited electroantennographic responses from male antennae upon gas chromatographic analysis. Three of these compounds were found to be the previously identified gland constituents, i.e., (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:OAc), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal (Z9,E12-14:Ald) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienol (Z9,E12-14:OH). A fourth EAD-active compound was identified as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc). The homologue (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) was also identified in the extracts, but showed no EAD activity. The identity of all five compounds was confirmed by comparison of GC retention times and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In flight tunnel tests there were no significant differences in response of male P. interpunctella to the bait containing all four EAD-active compounds and the responses to female gland extacts. A behavioural assay of different two-compound blends in the flight tunnel showed that only addition of the corresponding aldehyde to the major pheromone component Z9,E12-14:OAc raised the male response. A subtractive assay, however, revealed that the exclusion of any of the compounds from the complete four-compound blend reduced its activity significantly. We thus conclude that the female-produced sex pheromone of P. interpunctella consists of at least four components, i.e., Z9,E12-14:OAc, Z9,E12-14:Ald, Z9,E12-14:OH and Z9-14:OAc. In a field trapping test performed in a storage facility, the four-component blend attracted significantly more males of P. interpunctella than traps baited with Z9,E12-14:OAc alone. In contrast, the highest number of Ephestia kuehniella males was found in the traps baited with this major component, suggesting that the secondary pheromone components contribute to the species specificity of the blend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003703724011
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of avocadofurans on larval survival, growth, and food preference of the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; avocadofurans ; Spodoptera exigua ; avocado ; idioblast ; oil cell ; food preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of two avocadofurans, 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, from avocado idioblast oil cells on maturation and larval feeding behavior of a generalist insect herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Experiments were conducted using two larval sizes: early-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with neonates while late-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with third instars. In order to use selected sublethal doses for developmental and behavioral studies on early- and late-stadium larvae, log-dose probit lines were determined using diet incorporation bioassays. Both avocadofurans had similar toxicities to early-stadium larvae [LC50=2.2 and 1.9 μmoles/g of diet for 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, respectively] and late-stadium larvae (LC50=3.0 and 3.4 μmoles/g of diet, respectively). In diet bioassays extending from egg hatch to adult emergence, the avocadofurans significantly prolonged larval developmental times and reduced S. exigua pupal weights. In 7 d no-choice bioassays initiated with cohorts of newly-molted third instars, the avocadofurans significantly reduced larval weights at various sublethal concentrations (below LC50 values). To test larval feeding deterrence effects of these avocadofurans, choice tests were conducted using early and older instar larvae. A significantly higher proportion of early-stadium larvae preferred control diet over diet treated with either avocadofuran at several sublethal concentrations. Similarly, choice tests with late-stadium larvae showed greater proportions of larvae on control diet than treated diet even at concentrations below the LC50. Moreover, late-stadium larvae consumed significantly more of the control diet than the treated diet. Thus, the avocadofurans may act as feeding deterrents as well as toxicants in plant protection against non-adapted insect herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003595730600
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromone-mediated mating disruption of Choristoneura rosaceana: is the most attractive blend really the most effective? (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Choristoneura rosaceana ; obliquebanded leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; mating disruption ; mechanisms ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An attractive four-component pheromone blend containing a major component Z11-tetradecenyl acetate, and three minor components, E11-tetradecenyl acetate, Z11-tetradecenyl alcohol, and Z11-tetradecenyl aldehyde was tested as a mating disruptant against western Canadian populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in organic apple orchards in British Columbia. Efficacy of this four-component blend was compared to that of partial pheromone blends containing the major component plus one or two minor components. A trapping experiment confirmed that, Conrel® fibre disruption dispensers containing the four-component blend were more attractive than disruption dispensers containing the two- or three-component partial blends. A small-plot protocol was followed to compare atmospheric treatments with these blends as mating disruptants at a release rate of 10 mg ha−1 h−1 and from 1000 dispensers ha−1. Mechanisms of mating disruption, such as false-trail following and camouflage of pheromone plumes, that may be evoked to a greater degree by an attractive blend, did not appear to augment the effectiveness of mechanisms invoked by the less attractive blends, as the proportion of mating among tethered females was equal in plots treated with these blends and was reduced by 85–90% compared to the nontreated control. When the four-component pheromone blend was tested at different release rates, mating disruption in small plots began to break down at a release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 using a dispenser density of 1000 ha−1. Above 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 there was no dose response in release rates tested and at release rates below this dose the proportion of tethered females mating was the same as in the nontreated control. The four-component pheromone blend was tested against, and found to be no more effective than, the two-component partial blend at the threshold release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 when it was released from 1000 or 250 disruption dispensers. Our results suggest that disruption mechanisms evoked by the attractive blend did not enhance the mating disruption effect provided by the simple blend, therefore a two-component blend may be useful in an operational mating disruption program for C. rosaceana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003598114512
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diapause syndrome in the seed-eating caterpillar of Coleophora alticolella (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rush moth ; Juncus squarrosus ; fluctuating food resources ; ‘bet-hedging’ ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult emergence in Coleophora alticolella held at 15 °C was accelerated by exposure to L18:D6 in autumn and midwinter. The effect decreased during winter and exposure of individuals, held at low temperature over winter, to L18:D6 or L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March resulted in the same mean emergence date. Long daylength experienced at 5 °C did not promote emergence nor did exposure to low temperature during winter. The number of adults emerging increased with the length of time cultures were held on short day but was always below 50% of the larvae. When larvae were exposed to L18:D6 and L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March, on long day 61% adults emerged and 39% remained in diapause, whereas on short day, 25% became adult and 75% remained diapausing larvae. The possibility of cohort splitting, with some individuals undergoing prolonged diapause, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003868005283
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of plant lectins on larval development of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: artificial diet ; insecticidal activity ; legume pod borer ; Lepidoptera ; Maruca vitrata ; plant lectins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The legume pod-borer Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] is a major constraint restricting increased cowpea production in tropical Africa and Asia. Since lectins are known to have insecticidal properties against several pests, a survey was undertaken to screen for the effects of 25 lectins from 15 plant families on the development of Maruca pod borer (MPB) larvae. The list included 8 galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-, 7 mannose-, 5 complex glycan-, 2 sialic acid- and 3, N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. Feeding bioassays using artificial diet were carried out at 2% (w/w) topical levels. Although a total of 16 lectins had detrimental effects pertaining either to larval survival, weight, feeding inhibition, pupation, adult emergence and/or fecundity, only the Listera ovata agglutinin (LOA) (Orchidaceae) and Galanthus nivalis (Amaryllidaceae) agglutinin were effective against MPB larvae for all six parameters examined. Larval mortality and feeding inhibition caused by the most active lectin (LOA) was above 60%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003801120192
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    The effects of mating, age at mating, and plant stimuli, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; oviposition ; host deprivation ; lightbrown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of mating, age at mating, the presence or absence of a plant leaf, and the deprivation of a suitable ovipositional substrate during when the first ovipositional bout after mating would normally take place, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility (percentage of fertile eggs laid) of female Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. Mating had a significant effect on lifetime fecundity, with mated females laying 2.5 times more eggs than virgin females. Age at mating had a significant effect on both fecundity and fertility, both declining with increasing age when the female was mated. In the presence of a leaf of C. japonica, mated females had a greater lifetime fecundity than when no leaf was present; females in the presence of a C. japonica leaf consistently laid more eggs each day during the first 4–6 days after mating than females without a leaf. When females were deprived of a suitable ovipositional substrate, for the first 22 h after mating, they were significantly less fecund over their lifetime than were control females. Finally, in no-choice tests with three plants of different acceptability to females, the fecundity of females differed in the order C. japonica 〉 Urtica ferox 〉 Tibouchina multiflora. This different fecundity appeared to be inversely related to the pubescence of the leaves, suggesting that leaf texture may be a suitable antixenotic resistance factor for crops to be protected from this insect. These results suggest that strategies whereby mating is delayed or oviposition reduced within a critical period after mating, may result in significant reductions in pest populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003674529752
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Modulation of Flight Activity in Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Females Studied in a Wind Tunnel (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; flight activity ; wind tunnel ; atmospheric pressure ; flight experience ; mating ; age ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied modulations of flight activity in European grapevine moth females (EGVM) by individual observations in a wind tunnel. The effect of different factors was analyzed: variation in atmospheric pressure prior to the experiments, time of day, first experience of flight, age, mating, and odor of tansy, which attracts females. The circadian flight activity showed a peak the hour preceding the onset of scotophase and sustained activity occurred during the 6 h around this peak. Females with a flight experience in the tunnel took off more quickly than naive ones (3.9 ± 7.4 vs 20.3 ± 22.8 s). Three-day-old unmated females subjected to negative variations of atmospheric pressure (10 hPa) during the 4 h prior to the experiments increased their duration of flight (12.1 ± 8.7 vs 5.3 ± 3.4 s) compared to those not subjected to variation. One-day-old females were less active than older ones; flight was shorter than in 2-day-old females (2.7 ± 6.7 vs 5.1 ± 9.5 s) and fewer of them took off (28 vs 63%). Mating also affected the flight activity of 2-day-old females; mated females flew longer than virgins (12 ± 16.8 vs 5.1 ± 9.5 s) and took off more quickly (6.5 ± 14.4 vs 19.3 ± 20.1 s). Tansy odor in the tunnel did not significantly affect the flight behavior of virgin females, but it increased the proportion of mated females that initiated flight (87 vs 70%) and duration of flight (11.2 ± 24.4 vs 7.2 ± 13.7 s), and it reduced the latency to takeoff (2.1 ± 7.4 vs 8.1 ± 19.1 s). Flight duration in tansy odor was inversely correlated with the total number of eggs laid during the female's whole life. Our experimental settings did not allow observation of movements directed toward the odor source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020914800170
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Purification and characterization of an ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase from Thermococcus zilligii (1999)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 3 (1999), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Thermococcus ; Pyrococcus ; Thermophilic ; Phosphofructokinase ; Evolution ; ADP ; Glycolysis ; ATP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase (PFK) from Thermococcus zilligii has been purified 950 fold; it had a specific activity of 190 U mg−1. The enzyme required Mg2+ ions for optimal activity and was specific for ADP. The forward reaction kinetics were hyperbolic for both cosubstrates (pH optimum of 6.4), and the apparent K m values for ADP and fructose-6-phosphate were 0.6 mM (apparent V max of 243 U mg−1) and 1.47 mM (apparent V max of 197 U mg−1), respectively. Significantly, the enzyme is indicated to be nonallosteric but was slightly activated by some monovalent cations including Na+ and K+. The protein had a subunit size of 42.2 kDa and an estimated native molecular weight of 66 kDa (gel filtration). Maximal reaction rates for the reverse reaction were attained at pH 7.5–8.0, and the apparent K m values for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and AMP were 0.56 mM (apparent V max of 2.9 U mg−1) and 12.5 mM, respectively. The biochemical characteristics of this unique ADP-dependent enzymatic activity are compared to ATP and pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920050107
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Isolation of a chymotrypsinogen B-like enzyme from the archaeon Natronomonas pharaonis and other halobacteria (1999)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 3 (1999), S. 153-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key wordsNatronomonas pharaonis ; Natronobacteria ; Archaea ; Serine protease ; Chymotrypsinogen ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A protease of a molecular mass of approximately 30 kDa was isolated and purified from the haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronomonas (formerly Natronobacterium) pharaonis. The enzyme hydrolyzed synthetic peptides, preferentially at the carboxyl terminus of phenylalanine or leucine, as well as large proteins. Hydrolysis occurred over the range of pH from 6 to 12, with an optimum at pH 10. The temperature optimum was 61°C. The enzyme was nearly equally active over the range of salt concentration from 0.5 to 4 M (NaCl or KCl). A strong cross-reaction with a polyclonal antiserum against human chymotrypsin was observed. Enzymatic activity was inhibited by typical serine protease inhibitors. There was significant homology between N-terminal and internal sequences from autolytic fragments and the sequence of bovine chymotrypsinogen B; the overall amino acid composition was similar to that of vertebrate chymotrypsinogens. Evidence for a zymogen-like processing of the protease was obtained. Cell extracts from other halobacteria exhibited similar proteolytic activity and immunoreactivity. The data suggested a widespread distribution of a chymotrypsinogen B-like protease among halo- and haloalkaliphilic Archaea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920050111
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    Multiple class I loci expressed by the quail Mhc (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 456-460 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Antigen processing ; Evolution ; Cell surface molecules ; Mhc ; Class I antigens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050519
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    Identification and characterization of a fish natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) cDNA (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 60-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words NRAMP ; Fish ; Carp ; Evolution ; Expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The mouse Lsh/Ity/Bcg locus regulates natural resistance to intracellular pathogens, and the Nramp1 gene was isolated as its candidate. Nramp is part of a small family of at least two genes, Nramp1 and Nramp2. In the present study, a full-length cDNA for carp NRAMP has been isolated and characterized. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analysis indicate that the carp NRAMP encodes a 548 amino acid membrane protein with 12 putative transmembrane domains, two N-linked glycosylation sites, and an evolutionarily conserved consensus transport motif. The peptide sequence identity among carp and human NRAMP2 is 78%, and 65% with human NRAMP1. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that carp NRAMP is ubiquitously expressed. Phylogenetic analysis, using neigbor-joining, showed that the carp NRAMP protein clustered together with mammalian NRAMP2 proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050686
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    Diversity and evolution of T-cell receptor variable region genes in mammals and birds (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 301-308 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words T-cell receptors ; Variable region genes ; Evolution ; Phylogeny ; Diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The receptor of a T lymphocyte (TCR) recognizes nonself antigens in the company of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules presented to it by the antigen-presenting cell. The variable region of TCR is encoded by either a concatenation of variable region (TCR-V), diversity region (TCR-D), and joining region (TCR-J) genes, or a concatenation of TCR-V and TCR-J genes. The TCR-V genes exist as a multigene family in vertebrate species. Here we study the evolutionary relationships of TCR-V genes from humans, sheep, cattle, rabbits, mice, and chicken. These six species can be classified into two groups according to the frequency of γδ T-cells in their peripheral T-cell populations. The "γδ low" group of species includes humans and mice, in which γδ T-cells constitute very limited portion of the T-cell population. The "γδ high" group includes sheep, cattle, rabbits, and chicken, in which γδ T-cells comprise up to 60% of the T-cell population. Here, we compiled TCR-V sequences from the six species and conducted a phylogenetic analysis. We identified various TCR-V gene subgroups based on the analysis. We found that humans and mice have representatives from nearly all of the subgroups identified, while other species have lost subgroups to different extent. Therefore, the γδ low species have a high degree of diversity of TCR-V genes, while γδ high species all have limited diversity of TCR-V genes. This pattern is similar to that found for immunoglobulin variable region (IGV) genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050606
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    Marsupial light chains: IGK with four V families in the opossum Monodelphis domestica (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 329-335 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Marsupials ; Light chains ; Variable regions ; IGK ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A full-length and several partial cDNAs encoding IGK light chains from the marsupial South American opossum, Monodelphis domestica, were isolated and characterized. Using these clones as a starting point, the expressed IGKV repertoire was sampled by anchored polymerase chain reaction using an IGKC-specific primer. Based on nucleotide sequences of twenty unique, expressed IGKV-J combinations, there are at least four IGKV families and two J segments. Southern blot analysis revealed each IGK-V family contains multiple gene segments totaling at least thirty-five IGKV in the opossum genome. No evidence for particular, recurrent IGKV-J combinations in the opossum IGK repertoire was seen, rather the V-J combinations appeared random and diverse. Each of the four IGKV families appear more closely related to V segments from placental mammals than to each other, suggesting the duplication of the IGKV families prior to the separation of marsupials and placental mammals more than one-hundred-million years ago. Overall, the complexity of opossum light chain V segments appears greater than that found in the heavy chain, and light chains are likely to contribute significantly to Ig diversity in this species.With this report, the homologues encoding all three classes of eutherian Ig chains, IGH, IGL, and IGK, have been described in a non-placental mammal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050609
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    Major histocompatibility complex-linked MIC genes in rhesus macaques and other primates (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 358-362 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC ; MIC ; Nonhuman primates ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050614
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    Isolation and mapping of the rabbit DM genes (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 295-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Major histocompatibility complex ; Class II ; Antigen processing ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Proper peptide presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded class II antigens is dependent on the products of the MHC DM loci. We identified the rabbit orthologues (RLA-DMA and -DMB) of human HLA-DMA and -DMB and found that they have 76.9% and 78.8% identity with HLA-DMA and -DMB, respectively. Like classical class II MHC genes, RLA-DM genes are more closely related to human HLA-DM genes than to mouse H2-DM. Among the DM family, there is a high degree of variability at the amino terminus of the DMa chains, and length variability in the cytoplasmic tails of both DMα and DMβ. The rabbit DM genes are coexpressed with class II genes in lymphoid tissues, as are the DM genes of other mammals. The RLA-DM locus maps to the class II region of the rabbit MHC, and is flanked by the DP and DOB loci. Despite having some similarities to class II genes of bony fishes, the DM family represents a separate branch of the MHC class II family.
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    New family of Mhc class II A genes identified from cDNA sequences in the cichlid fish Aulonocara hansbaenschi (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 544-548 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Mhc ; Class II A ; Cichlid ; Fish ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050533
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    Characterization of beta2-microglobulin in a primitive fish, the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 79-83 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Beta2-microglobulin ; Evolution ; Sturgeon ; cDNA ; Genomic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050690
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    Fine-scale resolution of closely spaced pheromone and antagonist filaments by flying male Helicoverpa zea (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key wordsHelicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Sex pheromone ; Antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The limits of a male moth's ability to resolve closely spaced odor filaments have been investigated. Male Helicoverpa zea normally respond to their conspecific sex pheromone blend by exhibiting an upwind flight, which culminates in source contact by at least 50% of the bioassayed individuals. When loaded onto the same filter paper source containing this hitherto attractive pheromone blend, or onto a separate filter paper and co-emitted from the same pipette source with pheromone, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate severely reduced upwind flight and source contact by male H. zea. A similar level of upwind flight inhibition was recorded when the antagonist (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was emitted from its own point source placed 1 mm upwind of the pheromone point source, both plumes being simultaneously emitted in a continuous mode to form a confluent strand. However, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was less effective in reducing upwind flight and source contact when it was isolated and pulsed from its own source, placed 1 mm either upwind, downwind or cross-wind of a pipette source from which pheromone was simultaneously being pulsed, such that both filaments were separated in time by 0.001–0. 003 s. These results suggest that male H. zea are able to distinguish between odor sources separated by as little as 1 mm in space and 0.001 s in time.
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    A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye: the unusual mechanosensory system of the star-nosed mole (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 367-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Cortical magnification ; Somatosensory cortex ; Development ; Evolution ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) has a snout surrounded by 22 fleshy and mobile appendages. This unusual structure is not an olfactory organ, as might be assumed from its location, nor is it used to manipulate objects as might be guessed from its appearance. Rather, the star is devoted to the sense of touch, and for this purpose the appendages are covered with thousands of small mechanoreceptive Eimer's organs. Recent behavioral studies find that the star acts much like a tactile eye, having a small behavioral focus, or “fovea” at the center – used for detailed explorations of objects of interest. The peripheral and central nervous systems of the mole reflect these behavioral specializations, such that the small behavioral focus on the nose is more densely innervated in the periphery, and has a greatly enlarged representation in the somatosensory cortex. This somatosensory representation of the tactile fovea is not correlated with anatomical parameters (innervation density) as found in other species, but rather is highly correlated with patterns of behavior. The many surprising parallels between the somatosensory system of the mole, and the visual systems of other mammals, suggest a convergent and perhaps common organization for highly developed sensory systems.
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    Peripheral frequency mis-match in the primitive ensiferan Cyphoderris monstrosa (Orthoptera: Haglidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 543-551 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Auditory physiology ; Insect ; Frequency discrimination ; Evolution ; Song recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Peripheral auditory frequency tuning in the ensiferan insect Cyphoderris monstrosa (Orthoptera: Haglidae) was examined by comparing tympanal vibrations and primary auditory receptor responses. In this species there is a mis-match between the frequency of maximal auditory sensitivity and the frequency content of the species' acoustic signals. The mis-match is not a function of the mechanical properties of the tympanum, but is evident at the level of primary receptors. There are two classes of primary receptors: low-tuned and broadly tuned. Differences in the absolute sensitivity of the two receptor types at the male song frequency would allow the auditory system to discriminate intraspecific signals from sounds containing lower frequencies. Comparisons of tympanal and receptor tuning indicated that the sensitivity of the broadly tuned receptors did not differ from that of the tympanum, while low-tuned receptors had significantly narrower frequency tuning. The results suggest that the limited specialization for the encoding of intraspecific signals in the auditory system of C. monstrosa is a primitive rather than a degenerate condition. The limited specialization of C. monstrosa may reflect the evolutionary origin of communication-related hearing from a generalized precursor through the addition of peripheral adaptations (tympana, additional receptors) to enhance frequency sensitivity and discrimination.
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    Comparison of morphology and physiology of two plurisegmental sound-activated interneurones in a bushcricket (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Hearing ; Orthoptera ; Phaneropteridae ; Cercal system ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The unusual morphology of a sound-activated plurisegmental ascending interneurone (AN5-AG7) in an insect (Ancistrura nigrovittata, Ensifera, Phaneropteridae) is described. This neurone's soma is located in the penultimate abdominal ganglion. The most prominent arborisations with smooth endings are found in the prothoracic ganglion. The neurone terminates with numerous beaded endings in the brain (protocerebrum). All abdominal ganglia including the penultimate contain only tiny side branches of beaded appearance. The neurone's morphology is compared to the morphology of a `typical' sound-activated plurisegmental neurone of bushcrickets with its soma in the prothorax. In the prothoracic ganglion and in the brain the arborisations of the two cells are very similar. Graded potentials and action potentials are generated in the prothoracic portion of both neurones. Both receive excitation mainly by ultrasound, and inhibition by soma-ipsilateral stimuli. Neither wind, substrate vibration nor touch of the abdomen evoke responses in AN5-AG7. It is assumed that early in evolution this neurone had its dendrites in the ganglion which houses the cell body (like cercal interneurones of this neuromere). Profound evolutionary changes probably have taken place to bring about this neuron's modern morphology.
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    Trichromatic colour vision in the hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum L. (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 535-541 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Insects ; Lepidoptera ; Macroglossum stellatarum ; Colour vision ; Red receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hymenopterans have long been shown to choose colours by means of the spectral distribution and independently of the intensity (true colour vision). The same ability has only very recently been proven for two butterfly species. We present evidence for the existence of true colour vision in the European hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum. Moths were trained in dual-choice situations to spectral lights of a rewarding and an unrewarding wavelength. After training, unrewarded tests were performed during which the intensities of the lights were changed. The results confirm that the species has three spectral receptor types and uses true colour vision when learning the colour of a food source. If colour vision is not possible since only one receptor type is receiving input from both stimuli, the moths learn to associate some achromatic cue correlated to the receptor quantum catch, with the reward. The moths learn spectral cues rapidly and choose correctly after one to several rewarded visits even when trained to different colours in sequence.
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    Spatial discrimination of pheromones and behavioural antagonists by the tortricid moths Cydia pomonella and Adoxophyes orana (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key wordsCydia pomonella ; Adoxophyes orana ; Sex pheromone ; Interspecific interruption ; Evolution ; AbbreviationsZ9-14:Ac (Z9)-tetradecenylacetate Z11-14:Ac (Z11)-tetradecenylacetate ; E8, E10-12:OH (E8, E10)-dodecadienol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male moths responding to their species-specific sex pheromone, may cease their upwind flight when pheromone components of sympatric species are added to the mixture. The interspecific interaction between the pheromone response of the tortricid moths Cydia pomonella and Adoxophyes orana was investigated in field-trapping and wind-tunnel studies. Addition of the A. orana pheromone [(Z9)-tetradecenylacetate and (Z11)-tetradecenylacetate] to a source containing the C. pomonella pheromone [(E8, E10)-dodecadienol] resulted in a significant inhibition of attraction by male C. pomonella. It is demonstrated that this behavioural antagonist for C. pomonella must be emitted from the same point source to induce this inhibitory effect. A spatial separation of the two interspecific pheromones (at 14 cm, 5 cm and 0.5 cm crosswind) restored the attraction of the conspecific pheromone for male C. pomonella. In contrast to C. pomonella, male A. orana were not inhibited by point sources releasing both the C. pomonella and A. orana pheromone. We suggest that the discrepancy in the interspecific pheromone interaction between these two tortricids can be explained if we consider the evolutionary ecology of interspecific pheromone communication in C. pomonella and A. orana.
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    Torch-light Transect Surveys for Moths (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: census ; conservation ; Lepidoptera ; population monitoring ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of light traps in sampling moth populations is an established technique used by entomologists and ecologists. However, trap data partly reflect the variable attractiveness of UV light to different species of moth. There are also potential problems of the practicality and expense of running traps in certain locations. An alternative method of recording moth populations is developed, using a modification of the transect count technique used for butterflies (Pollard and Yates, 1993) and recently applied to moths (Spalding, 1997). During transects, moths were observed by torch-light in a 5 by 5 m box, before the recorder walked on for 10 paces, and recorded moths in the next 5 m box. The transect approach was tested in the field, alongside traditional light trap and sugar methods. Transects recorded moth species for relatively little effort, produced repeatable measures of relative density, and provided habitat-specific data. This approach is likely to provide a valuable addition to light trapping in biodiversity inventories, species surveys, and in monitoring the effects of habitat management for conservation.
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    Bias in Butterfly Distribution Maps: The Effects of Sampling Effort (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 33-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: mapping ; database ; bias recording ; monitoring ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Data from the Greater Manchester Butterfly Atlas (UK) reveal a highly significant and substantial impact of visits on both species' richness and species' incidence in squares. This effect has been demonstrated for three different zones mapped at different scales. The significant impact of number of visits persists when data are amalgamated for coarser scales. The findings demonstrate that it is essential for distribution mapping projects to record data on recording effort as well as on the target organisms. Suggestions are made as to how distribution mapping may be improved, including a geographically and environmentally representative structure of permanently monitored squares and closer links between distribution mapping and the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS), which primarily monitors changes in butterfly populations. The benefit to conservation will be data that can be better used to analyse the reasons for changes in ranges and distributions, fundamental for determining priorities and policy decisions.
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    Risk and evolution (1999)
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    Economic theory 13 (1999), S. 329-343 
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    ISSN: 1432-0479
    Keywords: Keywords and Phrases: Risk ; Evolution ; Entrepreneur. ; JEL Classification Numbers: C72 ; D81.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Summary. I examine a Knightian (1921) model of risk using a general equilibrium model of investment and trade. A population of agents with various preference types can choose between a safe production technology and a risky production technology. In addition, the distribution of types of agents changes through a standard evolutionary dynamic. For a given population distribution, the equilibrium is in general inefficient, however, by allowing the population distribution to change in response to market generated rewards, the population will converge to one where the equilibrium is efficient and where the population as a whole behaves as if all agents were risk neutral.
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    Evolution of groundwater chemical composition under human activity in an oilfield (1999)
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    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 34-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Alkaline/acid/neutral water ; Acid rain ; Geochemical modeling ; Brine ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Analysis and hydrogeochemical modeling of hydrocarbonate groundwater, including its buffering geochemical properties, have demonstrated that this water has undergone a geochemical transformation almost throughout the whole of one industrial region. It is known that hydrocarbonate groundwater possesses a high protective natural geochemical potential, supporting neutralization of acid atmospheric precipitation. Natural hydrocarbonate water undergoes three stages of anthropogenic transformation caused by acid atmospheric precipitation over more than 50 years. The first stage is transformation of neutral hydrocarbonate water into alkaline water, accompanied by calcite precipitation and sodium carbonate dissolution from the unsaturated zone. The second stage is transformation of alkaline water into neutral hydrocarbonate water; the hydrocarbonate content, being less than the lower limit for background concentrations, showed reduced water buffering properties or protective potential relative to acid precipitation. The third stage is transformation of neutral hydrocarbonate water into acidic water, with a complete loss of protective geochemical potential. This unfavorable ecological situation with natural geochemically hydrocarbonate groundwater shows that natural groundwater less protected from the impact of acid atmospheric precipitation is in a worse ecological condition, which is confirmed by observations in northern and Western Europe and other regions of the world.
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    Evolution of homeobox genes: Q50 Paired-like genes founded the Paired class (1999)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 186-197 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Cnidaria ; Paired class ; Paired-like ; Homeobox gene ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The genes belonging to the Paired class exert primary developmental functions. They are characterized by six invariant amino acid residues in the homeodomain, while the residue at position 50 can be a serine, glutamine or lysine as in the Pax-type, Q50 Paired-like or the K50 Paired-like homeodomains respectively. Genes in this class emerged early in animal evolution: three distinct Pax genes and two Q50 Paired-like genes have recently been characterised from cnidarians. Phylogenetic molecular reconstructions taking into account homeodomain and paired-domain sequences provide some new perspectives on the evolution of the Paired-class genes. Analysis of 146 Paired-class homeodomains from a wide range of metazoan taxa allowed us to identify 18 families among the three sub-classes from which the aristaless family displays the least diverged position. Both Pax-type and K50 families branch within the Q50 Paired-like sequences implying that these are the most ancestral. Consequently, most Pax genes arose from a Paired-like ancestor, via fusion of a Paired-like homebox gene with a gene encoding only a paired domain; the Cnidaria appear to contain genes representing the ’before’ and ’after’ fusion events.
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    Larva-adult relationships in an ancestral dipteran: A re-examination of sensillar pathways across the antenna and leg anlagen of Chaoborus crystallinus (DeGeer, 1776; Chaoboridae) (1999)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Imaginal disc ; Axonal trajectories ; Ultrastructure ; Chaoborus (Insecta ; Diptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In one of his classical studies on insect metamorphosis, Weismann compared the imaginal anlagen of the ancestral phantom midge, Chaoborus, with those of advanced brachycerans. We have expanded his findings on the relationships between larval and imaginal organs using electron microscopy and cobalt backfilling of the antenna and leg anlagen and the axonal trajectories of corresponding larval sensilla. We show that both primordia are confluent with the larval antennae and ”leg” sensilla (an ancestral Keilin organ), respectively. These fully developed larval organs represent the distal tips of the imaginal anlagen rather than separate cell clusters. The axons of the larval antenna and leg sensilla project across the corresponding anlagen to their target neuromeres within the central nervous system (CNS). Within the discs, nerves composed of these larval axons, developing afferent fibres and efferences ascending from the CNS are found. Both the structure of the primordia and the axonal trajectories thus relate the situation found in advanced brachycerans with that seen in more ancestral insects. In addition, the larval antennae, legs, wings and even the eyes possess very similar afferent pioneer trajectories supporting the idea that the described pattern is generally used in the ontogeny of sensory systems.
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    Rapid divergence in the course of Drosophila evolution reveals structural important domains of the Notch antagonist Hairless (1999)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Notch pathway ; Antagonist ; Hairless ; Orthologue ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Hairless is a member of the Notch signalling pathway, where it acts as antagonist by binding to Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)], thereby inhibiting Notch target gene activation. The pathway and its members are highly conserved in metazoans from worms to humans. However, a Hairless orthologue from another species has not yet been identified. The identification of Hairless in largely diverged species by cross-hybridization has failed so far probably due to a low degree of conservation. Therefore, we turned to D. hydei where a Hairless mutation has been described before. The D. hydei Hairless orthologue is reasonably well conserved with regard to gene structure and expression. The prospective Hairless protein orthologues share several highly conserved regions which are separated by quite diverged stretches. As to be expected, the largest region of high conservation corresponds to the Su(H) binding domain. This region is also functionally conserved, since this D. hydei protein domain binds very strongly to the D. melanogaster Su(H) protein. The other conserved regions support our earlier structure-function analysis since they nicely correspond to previously defined, functionally important protein domains. Most notably, the very C-terminal domain which is very sensitive to structural alterations, is nearly identical between the two species. In summary, this evolutionary study improves the knowledge on functionally significant domains of the Hairless protein, and may be helpful for the future identification of homologues in other animals, especially in vertebrates.
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    Maternal factors and the evolution of developmental mode: Evolution of oogenesis in Heliocidaris erythrogramma (1999)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 209 (1999), S. 275-283 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Echinoid ; Oogenesis ; Development ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Evolutionary change in developmental mode in sea urchins is closely tied to an increase in maternal provisioning. We examined the oogenic modifications involved in production of a large egg by comparison of oogenesis in congeneric sea urchins with markedly different sized oocytes and divergent modes of development. Heliocidaris tuberculata has small eggs (95 µm diameter) and the ancestral mode of development through feeding larvae, whereas H. erythrogramma has large eggs (430 µm diameter) and highly modified non-feeding lecithotrophic larvae. Production of a large egg in H. erythrogramma involved both conserved and divergent mechanisms. The pattern and level of vitellogenin gene expression is similar in the two species. Vitellogenin processing is also similar with the gonads of both species incorporating yolk protein from coelomic and hemal stores into nutritive cells with subsequent transfer of this protein into yolk granules in the developing vitellogenic oocyte. Immunocytology of the eggs of both Heliocidaris species indicates they incorporate similar levels of yolk protein. However, H. erythrogramma has evolved a highly divergent second phase of oogenesis characterised by massive deposition of non-vitellogenic material including additional maternal protein and lipid. Maternal provisioning in H. erythrogramma exhibits recapitulation of the ancestral vitellogenic program followed by a novel oogenic phase with hypertrophy of the lipogenic program being a major contributor to the increase in egg size.
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    Identification and genetic mapping of Xenopus TAP2 genes (1999)
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 171-182 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC ; Transporter ; Evolution ; PCR cloning ; Allelic lineage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The amphibian Xenopus laevis is one non-mammalian vertebrate in which the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been analyzed extensively. Class IIβ, class Ia, LMP2, LMP7, HSP70, C4, Factor B, and Ring3 genes have been identified and mapped to the MHC. Here, we report the isolation of a transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) gene, TAP2, and demonstrate its linkage to the MHC. While the ATP-binding region of Xenopus TAP2 is highly conserved in evolution, amino acid identity to other vertebrate TAP proteins was not detected in the N-terminal region. Segregation analysis of 34 individuals from two families showed exact restriction fragment length polymorphism matching between the MHC class Ia gene and the one TAP2 gene demonstrating linkage conservation since the mammalian/amphibian divergence ∼350 million years ago. In addition, one non-MHC-linked TAP2–hybridizing fragment was detected in approximately half of the individuals tested. Interestingly, TAP2 allelic lineages appear to match those of LMP7 and classical class I, which previously were categorized into two highly divergent groups that emerged at least 60 million years ago. Similar to LMP7 and class Ia,TAP2 is expressed ubiquitously with highest levels in intestine and spleen.
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    Organization of the genes encoding the human proteasome activators PA28α and β (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 438-445 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words PA28 ; Proteasome ; Gene structure ; Evolution ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two proteasome activators PA28α and β, which have been implicated in antigen processing for loading class I MHC molecules, are synthesized in response to Ifn-γ. The human genes encoding these activators (PSME1 and PSME2, respectively) were analyzed by sequencing. Each gene comprised 11 exons, consistent with gene duplication during vertebrate evolution. The intron/exon organization of both genes was highly conserved, the major difference being the absence of the exon encoding the lysine and glutamic acid-rich 'KEKE' motif in PA28β. Two other genes of relevance to the immune system were located close to those for PA28 at 14q11.2 including ISGF3G, a protein involved in transcription after IFNα signalling. These sequences were also characterized.
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    Variation in the number of expressed MHC genes in different cattle class I haplotypes (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 50 (1999), S. 319-328 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Cattle ; MHC class I ; Haplotypes ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Analysis of cattle major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (BoLA) class I gene expression using serological and biochemical methods has demonstrated a high level of polymorphism. However, analysis of class I cDNA sequences has failed to produce conclusive evidence concerning the number and nature of expressed genes. Such information is essential for detailed studies of cattle immune responses, and to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of MHC evolution. In this study a selective breeding programme has been used to generate a number of MHC homozygous cattle expressing common serologically defined class I specificities. Detailed analysis of five class I haplotypes was carried out, with transcribed class I genes identified and characterized by cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and transfection/expression studies. Surface expression of the gene products (on lymphocytes) was confirmed using monoclonal antibodies of defined BoLA specificity. Phylogenetic analysis of available transcribed cattle MHC class I sequences revealed complex evolutionary relationships including possible evidence for recombination. The study of individual haplotypes suggests that certain groupings of related sequences may correlate with loci, but overall it was not possible to define the origin of individual alleles using this approach. The most striking finding of this study is that none of the cattle class I genes is consistently expressed, and that in contrast to human, haplotypes differ from one another in both the number and composition of expressed classical class I genes.
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    A divergent non-classical class I gene conserved in salmonids (1999)
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 479-490 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Comparative immunology ; Evolution ; MHC class I ; Molecular biology ; Salmonids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Complementary DNA for two class I genes of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were characterized. MhcOnmy-UBA*01 is similar to Onmy-UA-C32 and the classical major histocompatibility complex class I genes of other fish species, whereas Onmy-UAA*01 is divergent from all class I genes so far characterized. Onmy-UAA*01 is expressed at lower levels than Onmy-UBA*01. Although Onmy-UAA*01 exhibits restriction fragment length polymorphism on Southern blotting, the encoded protein is highly conserved. Two allotypes, which differ only by substitution at amino acid position 223 of the α3 domain, have been defined. Onmy-UAA*01 has an exon-intron organization like other class I genes and contains a Tc1-like transposon element in intron III. Orthologues of Onmy-UAA*01 have been characterized in four other species of salmonid. Between four species of Oncorhynchus, UAA*01 proteins differ by only 2–6 amino acids, whereas comparison of Oncorhynchus with Salmo trutta (brown trout) reveals 14–16 amino acid differences. The Onmy-UAA*01 gene has properties indicative of a particularly divergent non-classical class I gene.
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    Evolution of the Mhc class I region: the framework hypothesis (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 362-367 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Major histocompatibility complex ; Class I region ; Evolution ; Orthology ; Olfactory receptor genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A comparison of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) region between human and mouse highlights both stability and differences. The class II and class III regions are orthologous; they probably existed in the ancestor in a similar organization and were not subjected to major rearrangement. The class I genes, by contrast, are definitely paralogous, having been reorganized several times. As long as only class I genes were identified, the class I regions of human and mouse were difficult to compare directly. The identification of non-class I genes has allowed a comparative map to be drawn, which shows that the class I region is orthologous between human and mouse as well. The lack of orthology specifically applies to the class I sequences. However, the comparative map shows that the non-orthologous class I sequences occupy homologous locations with regard to the conserved genes. I propose a model to explain this paradox. The conserved genes may represent samples of a dense "framework" of genes whose alterations are deleterious. The homologous positions occupied by class I genes would thus represent the few permissive places allowing major perturbations. The evolution of the class I sequences, by duplication and deletion, independently in the two species, has taken place within the scope defined by the framework: insertion at the permissive places, and expansion by creation of class I-related DNA by duplication, thus pushing back the boundaries of the framework.
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    Gene organization of the quail major histocompatibility complex (MhcCoja) class I gene region (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 384-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Antigen processing ; Evolution ; Cell surface ; molecules ; Mhc ; Transporters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Class I genomic clones of the quail (Coturnix japonica) major histocompatibility complex (MhcCoja) were isolated and characterized. Two clusters spanning the 90.8 kilobase (kb) and 78.2 kb class I gene regions were defined by overlapping cosmid clones and found to contain at least twelve class I loci. However, unlike in the chicken Mhc, no evidence for the existence of any Coja class II gene was obtained in these two clusters. Based on comparative analysis of the genomic sequences with those of the cDNA clones, Coja-A, Coja-B, Coja-C, and Coja-D (Shiina et al. 1999), these twelve loci were assigned to represent one Coja-A gene, two Coja-B genes (Coja-B1 and -B2), four Coja-C genes (Coja-C1-C4), four Coja-D genes (Coja-D1-D4), and one new Coja-E gene. A class I gene-rich segment of 24.6 kb in which five of these genes (Coja-B1, -B2, -D1, -D2 and -E) are densely packed were sequenced by the shotgun strategy. All of these five class I genes are very compact in size [2089 base pairs (bp)–2732 bp] and contain no apparent genetic defect for functional expression. A transporter associated with the antigen processing (TAP) gene was identified in this class I gene-rich segment. These results suggest that the quail class I region is physically separated from the class II region and characterized by a large number of the expressible class I loci (at least seven) in contrast to the chicken Mhc, where the class I and class II regions are not clearly differentiated and only at most three expressed class I loci so far have been recognized.
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    MHC class I genes in a New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), have evolved by an active process of loci turnover (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 196-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words New world primates ; MHC ; Evolution ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Lymphocytes of a New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), express classical G–related major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with unusually limited polymorphism and variability. Three G-related loci, an F locus, an E locus, and two pseudogenes (So-N1 and So-N3) have been identified by cDNA library screening and extensive PCR analysis of both cDNA and genomic DNA from the cotton-top tamarin. Furthermore, each genus of the subfamily Callitrichinae (tamarins and marmosets) appears to express its own unique set of MHC class I genes, likely due to a rapid turnover of loci. The rapid emergence of unique MHC class I genes in the Callitrichinae genera, resulting from an active process of duplication and inactivation of loci, may account for the limited diversity of the MHC class I genes in the cotton-top tamarin. To determine the nature of the entire complement of MHC class I genes in the cotton-top tamarin, we synthesized a genomic DNA library and screened it with MHC class I-specific probes. We isolated nine new MHC class I pseudogenes from this library. These newly isolated tamarin G–related MHC class I pseudogenes are not closely related to any of their functional counterparts in the tamarin, suggesting that they do not share a recent common ancestral gene with the tamarin's currently expressed MHC class I loci. In addition, these tamarin sequences display a high rate of nonsynonymous substitutions in their putative peptide binding region. This indicates that the genes from which they have derived were likely subject to positive selection and, therefore, were once functional. Our data support the notion that an extremely high rate of loci turnover is largely responsible for the limited diversity of the MHC class I genes in the cotton-top tamarin.
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    Evolution of a new nonclassical MHC class I locus in two Old World primate species (1999)
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 86-98 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC ; Primates ; Reproduction ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA-G is a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule that is expressed only in the human placenta, suggesting that it plays an important role at the fetal-maternal interface. In rhesus monkeys, which have similar placentation to humans, the HLA-G orthologue is a pseudogene. However, rhesus monkeys express a novel placental MHC class I molecule, Mamu-AG, which has HLA-G-like characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis of AG alleles in two Old World primate species, the baboon and the rhesus macaque, revealed limited diversity characteristic of a nonclassical MHC class I locus. Gene trees constructed using classical and nonclassical primate MHC class I alleles demonstrated that the AG locus was most closely related to the classical A locus. Interestingly, gene tree analyses suggested that the AG alleles were most closely related to a subset of A alleles which are the products of an ancestral interlocus recombination event between the A and B loci. Calculation of the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution at the AG locus revealed that positive selection was not acting on the codons encoding the peptide binding region. In exon 4, however, the rate of nonsynonymous substitution was significantly lower than the rate of synonymous substitution, suggesting that negative selection was acting on these codons.
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    Opposite orientation of the α- and υ-chain constant region genes in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of the duck (1999)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 692-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Duck ; Immunoglobulin genes ; IgH locus ; Class switching ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Sequences and evolution of mammalian RH gene transcripts and proteins (1999)
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 15-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Rh blood group system ; Phylogenesis ; RH genes ; Evolution ; Nonhuman primates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The presence of Rh30-like polypeptides with an apparent relative molecular mass of 33 000 in the erythrocyte membranes from nonhuman primates and nonprimate mammals (mouse, rat, and dog) was demonstrated by immunoblotting. Nonhuman primates (orangutan, baboon, New World monkeys, lemur) and mouse Rh-like transcripts were amplified and sequenced. Analysis of the deduced amino acids sequences allowed us to determine the amino acid variability of Rh-like polypeptides which correlated with the hydrophylicity indexes. Hence, the putative transmembrane domains exhibited low indexes of variability, while the highest indexes were observed on extramembrane loops with a maximum on the sixth external loop. The cDNA sequences were compared with those previously reported in human, nonhuman primates, and cattle. The time of coalescence of mammalian Rh cDNA sequences was estimated by phylogenetic analysis to be 100 million years.
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    Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 565-571 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsVespula ; Lepidoptera ; Phenology ; Shared predator ; Ecological impact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an “ecological damage threshold” for large, free-living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90–0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10−78 to 10−40) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated.
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    Megasporogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana L.: an ultrastructural study (1999)
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    Sexual plant reproduction 12 (1999), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Arabidopsis thaliana ; Megasporogenesis ; Meiosis ; Ultrastructure ; Cellular polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In this study, megasporogenesis of the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated by electron microscopy for the first time. The data described here could constitute a reference for future investigations of Arabidopsis mutants. During the beginning of meiosis the megaspore mother cell shows a polarity created by unequal distribution of organelles in the cytoplasm. Plastids accumulate in the chalazal region and long parallel saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, small vacuoles and some dictyosomes are found in the micropylar region. Plasmodesmata are abundant in the chalazal cell wall. The nucleus is almost centrally localized and contains a prominent excentric nucleolus and numerous typical synaptonemal complexes. After the second division of meiosis the four megaspores are separated by thin cell walls crossed by numerous plasmodesmata and do not show significant cellular organization. The young functional megaspore is characterized by a large nucleus and a large granular nucleolus. The cytoplasm is very electron dense due to the abundance of free ribosomes and contains the following randomly distributed organelles: mitochondria, a few short saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and undifferentiated plastids. However, there is no apparent polarity, except for the distribution of some small vacuoles which are more abundant in the micropylar region of the cell. The degenerating megaspores are extremely electron dense and do not show any substructure.
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    The catalytic group-I introns of the psbA gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii : core structures, ORFs and evolutionary implications (1999)
    Springer
    Current genetics 36 (1999), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key wordsChlamydomonas ; Chloroplast ; Evolution ; Group-I introns ; psbA gene ; Self-splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sequences and predicted secondary structures of the four catalytic group-I introns in the psbA gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Cr.psbA-1–Cr.psbA-4, have been determined. Cr.psbA-1 and Cr.psbA-4 are subgroup-IA1 introns and have similar secondary structures, except at the 3′ end where Cr.psbA-1 contains a large inverted-repeat domain. Cr.psbA-4 is closely related to intron 1 of the Chlamydomonas moewusii psbA gene, with which it shares the same location, high nucleotide identity in the core, and an identically placed ORF that shows 58% amino-acid identity. Cr.psbA-2 is a subgroup-IA3 intron, and shows similarities to the Chlamydomonas eugametos rRNA intron, Ce.LSU-1. Cr.psbA-3 is a subgroup-IA2 intron, and is remarkably similar to the T4 phage intron, sunY. Interestingly, a degenerate version of Cr.psbA-3 is located in the intergenic region between the chloroplast petA and petD genes. All four introns contain ORFs, which potentially code for basic proteins of 11–38 kDa. The ORFs in introns 2 and 3 contain variants of the GIY-YIG motif; however, the Cr.psbA-2 ORF is free-standing, whereas the Cr.psbA-3 ORF is contiguous and in-frame with the upstream exon. The Cr.psbA-4 ORF contains an H-N-H motif, and possibly a GIY-YIG motif. These data indicate that the C. reinhardtiipsbA introns have multiple origins, and illustrate some of the evolutionary DNA dynamics associated with group-I introns in Chlamydomonas.
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    Isolation and characterization of a Clostridium sp. with cinnamoyl esterase activity and unusual cell envelope ultrastructure (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 172 (1999), S. 139-149 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsClostridium xylanolyticum ; Cinnamic acid ; Esterase ; Lignocellulose ; Sporogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Cell envelope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microorganisms that hydrolyse the ester linkages between phenolic acids and polysaccharides in plant cell walls are potential sources of enzymes for the degradation of lignocellulosic waste. An anaerobic, mesophilic, spore-forming, xylanolytic bacterium with high hydroxy cinnamic acid esterase activity was isolated from the gut of the grass-eating termite Tumilitermes pastinator. The bacterium was motile and rod-shaped, stained gram-positive, had an eight-layered cell envelope, and formed endospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA indicated that the bacterium is closely related to Clostridium xylanolyticum and is grouped with polysaccharolytic strains of clostridia. A wide range of carbohydrates were fermented, and growth was stimulated by either xylan or cellobiose as substrates. The bacterium hydrolysed and then hydrogenated the hydroxy cinnamic acids (ferulic and p-coumaric acids), which are esterified to arabinoxylan in plant cell walls. Three cytoplasmic enzymes with hydroxy cinnamic acid esterase activity were identified using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. This bacterium possesses an unusual multilayered cell envelope in which both leaflets of the cytoplasmic membrane, the peptidoglycan layer and the S layer are clearly discernible. The fate of all these components was easily followed throughout the endospore formation process. The peptidoglycan component persisted during the entire morphogenesis. It was seen to enter the septum and to pass with the engulfing membranes to surround the prespore. It eventually expanded to form the cortex, verification for the peptidoglycan origin of the cortex. Sporogenic vesicles, which are derived from the cell wall peptidoglycan, were associated with the engulfment process. Spore coat fragments appeared early, in stage II, though spore coat formation was not complete until after cortex formation.
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    The [2Fe-2S] protein I (Shetna protein I) from Azotobacter vinelandii is homologous to the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum (1999)
    Springer
    JBIC 4 (1999), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 1432-1327
    Keywords: Key words Iron-sulfur ; Nitrogen fixation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  The [2Fe-2S] protein from Azotobacter vinelandii that was previously known as iron-sulfur protein I, or Shethna protein I, has been shown to be encoded by a gene belonging to the major nif gene cluster. Overexpression of this gene in Escherichia coli yielded a dimeric protein of which each subunit comprises 106 residues and contains one [2Fe-2S] cluster. The sequence of this protein is very similar to that of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from Clostridium pasteurianum (2FeCpFd), and the four cysteine ligands of the [2Fe-2S] cluster occur in the same positions. The A. vinelandii protein differs from the C. pasteurianum one by the absence of the N-terminal methionine, the presence of a five-residue C-terminal extension, and a lesser number of acidic and polar residues. The UV-visible absorption and EPR spectra, as well as the redox potentials of the two proteins, are nearly identical. These data show that the A. vinelandii FeS protein I, which is therefore proposed to be designated 2FeAvFdI, is the counterpart of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin from C. pasteurianum. The occurrence of the 2FeAvFdI-encoding gene in the nif gene cluster, together with the previous demonstration of a specific interaction between the 2FeCpFd and the nitrogenase MoFe protein, suggest that both proteins might be involved in nitrogen fixation, with possibly similar roles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007750050317
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    Synergistic Sex Pheromone Components of White-Spotted Tussock Moth, Orgyia thyellina (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1091-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; white-spotted tussock moth ; Orgyia thyellina ; (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one ; (Z)-6-heneicosen-9-one ; (Z)-6,(E)-8-heneicosadien-11-one ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; quarantine insect ; international trade ; eradication ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; microbial insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In 1996, the exotic white-spotted tussock moth (WSTM), Orgyia thyellina (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was discovered in Auckland, New Zealand. Because establishment of WSTM would threaten New Zealand's orchard industry and international trade, eradication of WSTM with microbial insecticide was initiated. To monitor and complement eradication of WSTM by capture of male moths in pheromone-baited traps, pheromone components of female WSTM needed to be identified. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analysis of pheromone gland extract revealed several compounds that elicited responses from male moth antennae. Mass spectra of the two most EAD-active compounds suggested, and comparative GC-MS of authentic standards confirmed, that they were (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one (Z6–11-one) and (Z)-6-heneicosen-9-one, the latter termed here “thyellinone.” In field experiments in Japan, Z6–11-one plus thyellinone at a 100:5 ratio attracted WSTM males, whereas either ketone alone failed to attract a single male moth. Addition of further candidate pheromone components did not enhance attractiveness of the binary blend. Through the 1997–1998 summer, 45,000 commercial trap lures baited with 2000 μg of Z6–11-one and 100 μg of thyellinone were deployed in Auckland towards eradication of the residual WSTM population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020833909739
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    Detecting self-organisational change in economic processes exhibiting logistic growth (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 9 (1999), S. 109-133 
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    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Key words: Discontinuity ; Evolution ; Logistic diffusion ; Non-linearity ; Non-stationarity ; Self-organisation ; Spectral methods ; JEL-classification: C4; C5; N1; N2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper offers an econometric methodology for the detection of self-organisational change (defined in terms of the presence of time irreversibility, structural change and fundamental uncertainty) in economic processes that follow logistic diffusion growth paths in historical time. The approach we adopted is built upon recent developments in `moving window' spectral methods which are applied to the scaled residuals generated by estimated logistic diffusion models. We illustrate the use of such methods by examining the case of a financial instrument, namely, the Australian Building Society Deposit, which experienced logistic growth in its market share until bank deregulation was enacted in the 1980s. We show that there is clear evidence that self-organisational change is present over the historical period considered.
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    A note on evolutionary stability of Bertrand equilibrium (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 9 (1999), S. 367-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Key words: Bertrand ; Oligopoly ; Evolution ; Evolutionary stability ; JEL-classification: D43 ; L13 ; C72
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. It is shown that the equilibrium notion of an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) does have predictive power for standard models of Bertrand competition. This is in contrast to a recent claim by Qin and Stuart (1997). The claim is based on the observation that the solution concept ESS behaves discontinuously when finite (discrete) action games approach an infinite (continuous) action game in the limit. Furthermore, it is argued that from a model-theoretic point of view evolutionary stability in prices (i.e. in the Bertrand model) is quite different from evolutionary stability in quantities (i.e. in the Cournot model).
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    Phylogenetic classification and molecular evolution of knotted1 homeobox genes (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Homeobox gene ; KNOTTED1 ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Homeobox genes encode a family of DNA-binding regulatory proteins which are crucial for development. The first plant homeobox gene identified was knotted1 which plays a major role in leaf development. The knotted1 gene has a homeobox which encodes a homeodomain (HD) and HD proteins have been shown to function as transcription factors. A phylogenetic classification of the KNOTTED1 HD is presented. Here, we report six kn1 HDs from the cereals oat, barley, wheat, rye and rice. The KN1 class-I and -II genes can be divided into two distinct clades. Further, we hypothesize that KN1 and BELL1/MEIS HDs, (the closest non-KN1 class HDs) evolved from a common ancestor after divergence from the common precursor of all the homeobox genes. Our analysis clearly shows the presence of an ancestral KN1 HD from which all the known plant kn1 class of genes evolved.
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    Identification of genetic factors controlling domestication-related traits of rice using an F2 population of a cross between Oryza sativa and O. rufipogon (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Common wild rice ; Cultivated rice ; Evolution ; Genetic analysis ; Molecular marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Domesticated rice differs from the wild progenitor in large arrays of morphological and physiological traits. The present study was conducted to identify the genetic factors controlling the differences between cultivated rice and its wild progenitor, with the intention to assess the genetic basis of the changes associated with the processes of rice domestication. A total of 19 traits, including seven qualitative and 12 quantitative traits, that are related to domestication were scored in an F2 population from a cross between a variety of the Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) and an accession of the common wild rice (O. rufipogon). Loci controlling the inheritance of these traits were determined by making use of a molecular linkage map consisting of 348 molecular-marker loci (313 RFLPs, 12 SSRs and 23 AFLPs) based on this F2 population. All seven qualitative traits were each controlled by a single Mendelian locus. Analysis of the 12 quantitative traits resolved a total of 44 putative QTLs with an average of 3.7 QTLs per trait. The amount of variation explained by individual QTLs ranged from a low of 6.9% to a high of 59.8%, and many of the QTLs accounted for more than 20% of the variation. Thus, genes of both major and minor effect were involved in the differences between wild and cultivated rice. The results also showed that most of the genetic factors (qualitative or QTLs) controlling the domestication-related traits were concentrated in a few chromosomal blocks. Such a clustered distribution of the genes may provide explanations for the genetic basis of the “domestication syndrome” observed in evolutionary studies and also for the “linkage drag” that occurs in many breeding programs. The information on the genetic basis of some desirable traits possessed by the wild parent may also be useful for facilitating the utilization of these traits in rice-breeding programs.
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    Structural chromosome differentiation between Triticum timopheevii and T. turgidum and T. aestivum (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 744-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Chromosome pairing ; Translocations ; T. timopheevii ; T. turgidum ; T. aestivum ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract.  Chromosome pairing at metaphase-I was analyzed in F1 hybrids among T. turgidum (AABB), T. aestivum (AABBDD), and T. timopheevii (AtAtGG) to study the chromosome structure of T. timopheevii relative to durum (T. turgidum) and bread (T. aestivum) wheats. Individual chromosomes and their arms were identified by means of C-banding. Homologous pairing between the A-genome chromosomes was similar in the three hybrid types AAtBG, AAtBGD, and AABBD. However, associations of B-G were less frequent than B-B. Homoeologous associations were also observed, especially in the AAtBGD hybrids. T. timopheevii chromosomes 1At, 2At, 5At, 7At, 2G, 3G, 5G, and 6G do not differ structurally from their counterpart in the A and B genomes. Thus, these three polyploid species inherited translocation 5AL/4AL from the diploid A-genome donor. Chromosome rearrangements that occurred at the tetraploid level were different in T. turgidum and T. timopheevii. Translocation 4AL/7BS and a pericentric inversion of chromosome 4A originated only in the T. turgidum lineage. The two lines of T. timophevii studied carry four different translocations, 6AtS/1GS, 1GS/4GS, 4GS/4AtL, and 4AtL/3AtL, which most likely arose in that sequence. These structural differences support a diphyletic origin of polyploid wheats.
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    p-SINE1-like intron of the CatA catalase homologs and phylogenetic relationships among AA-genome Oryza and related species (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 853-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Catalase ; Oryza ; Rice ; Evolution ; p-SINE1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Intron-2 of the Oryza sativa CatA catalase gene is similar in nucleotide sequence to p-SINE1, a retroposon, and seems to have been added to the ancestral genome of rice. To examine when the p-SINE1-like intron was inserted into CatA during the evolutionary divergence of Oryza species, and to elucidate the evolutionary relationships among Oryza species using the sequence of the intron as a marker, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses of 32 accessions of 17 Oryza species with various genome types. Agarose-gel electrophoresis of the PCR products revealed that all the Oryza species with an AA genome have the CatA homolog with the intron, whereas other Oryza species have the CatA homolog without the intron. These results indicate that intron-2 of CatA is a good marker for distinguishing species with an AA genome among Oryza species. Sequencing of the PCR products showed that all the introns are similar to p-SINE1, though with slight variations in length. We also performed PCR analyses using four accessions of three species in genera related to Oryza, and found that there is an intron in the CatA homolog of Leersia perrieri. On the other hand, the CatA homolog of Porteresia coarctata has no intron. Sequence data showed that the L. perrieri homolog has a p-SINE1-like intron similar to that in Oryza species with an AA genome. These results suggest that the p-SINE1-like intron was already present in the common ancestor of Oryza and L. perrieri and was then lost in the ancestors of P. coarctata and of the Oryza species other than those with an AA genome. The phylogenetic tree of Oryza species with an AA genome based on the nucleotide sequences of the introns leads us to propose that Oryza species with an AA genome evolved from an ancestor of Oryza longistaminata.
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    Uses and usefulness of endosperm balance number (1999)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 478-484 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Endosperm development ; Evolution ; 2n gametes ; Breeding ; Potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) hypothesis was developed in the early ’80s to explain the basis for normal seed development after intra- and inter-specific crosses, first in the potato and then in several other crop species. According to this hypothesis, each species has a genome-specific effective ploidy, the EBN, which must be in a 2 : 1 maternal to paternal ratio in the hybrid endosperm for normal development of the endosperm itself. This paper reviews how the EBN may act as a powerful isolating mechanism in sexual reproduction, maintaining the genome integrity of the species and playing an important role in the speciation of polyploids from diploids. We also provide further evidence that EBN is more important than chromosome ploidy in determining the success or failure of interspecific crosses. In fact, results from inter-ploidy and inter-EBN crosses to infuse 1EBN Solanum commersonii into 4EBN S. tuberosum demonstrated that the knowledge and manipulation of EBN is a useful tool in designing breeding schemes and in predicting the offspring ploidy and EBN. In this paper we also discuss the exceptions to the 2 : 1 EBN ratio, and report the evidence for endomitosis in the polar nuclei to explain exceptions to the EBN model in the potato.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051095
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    Mating system evolution in response to search costs in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria (1999)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 45 (1999), S. 424-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Mate choice ; Search theory ; Costs and benefits ; Satyrinae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A general and intuitive prediction from models of mate preference is that when the cost of searching for mates increases, individuals should become less choosy. Here, we test this prediction by comparing the mating propensity of females in two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria. The populations originated from southern Sweden and Madeira and due to different adult emergence patterns throughout the year, the average density of males per female is likely to be lower on Madeira. Therefore, we expected that the cost of searching should be greater on Madeira and, consequently, that the Madeiran females should be less choosy. In line with predictions, the Madeiran females mated significantly sooner after the first interaction with males than did females from southern Sweden. This difference may reflect a weaker preference for territorial males over non-territorial patrollers in the Madeiran population, because of the greater costs of searching. The Madeiran females also showed a shorter time lag between mating and the start of oviposition. We discuss this unexpected result and propose that the same mechanism could also explain this population difference, i.e. different costs of searching for suitable host plants. Both search processes are fundamental for female reproductive success and we find it plausible that they can be generalised into the same theory of optimal search behaviour.
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    Evolution of extreme polyandry in the honeybee Apis mellifera L. (1999)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 45 (1999), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Polyandry ; Evolution ; Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Task allocation ; Division of labor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of multiple mating in the honeybee queen. In particular, the consequences of reduced intracolonial relatedness provide plausible explanations for multiple mating with up to ten drones, but fail to account for the much higher mating frequencies observed in nature. In this paper, we propose an alternative mechanism which builds on non-linear relationships between intracolonial frequencies in genotypic worker specialization and colony fitness. If genes for any worker specialization confer an advantage on colony fitness only when they are rare, this would require a stable mix of sperm from a few drones which contribute that trait, and many which do not. To ensure both specific, low within-colony proportions of “rare specialist” genes, and to reduce random variation of these proportions would require mating with high numbers of drones. The quantitative implementation shows that moderate to very high numbers of matings are required to exploit colony advantages from genotypic allocation of workers to rare tasks. Extreme polyandry thus could result from colony selection dependent on the intracolonial frequency of rare genetic specialists.
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    Hox genes in digit development and evolution (1999)
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 19-25 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key wordsHoxA ; HoxD ; Limb ; Development ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Homeobox genes located in the 5’ part of the HoxA and HoxD complexes are required for proliferation of skeletal progenitor cells of the vertebrate limb. Specific combinations of gene products determine the length of the upper arm (genes belonging to groups 9 and 10), the lower arm (groups 10, 11 and 12) and the digits (groups 11, 12 and 13). In these different domains, individual gene products quantitatively contribute to an overall protein dose, with predominant roles for groups 11 and 13. Quantitative reduction in the gene dose in each set results in truncations of the corresponding anatomical regions. The physical order of the genes in the HoxA and HoxD complexes, as well as a unidirectional sequence in gene activation, allow for completion of the process in a precise order, which in turn makes possible the sequential outgrowth of the respective primordia. While the skeletal patterns of upper and lower limb are relatively stable throughout the tetrapods, more variation is seen in the digits. Molecular analysis of the underlying regulatory processes promises further exciting insights into the genetic control of development, pathology and the course of evolution.
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    Origin of neuronal-like receptors in Metazoa: cloning of a metabotropic glutamate/GABA-like receptor from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 395-404 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Metabotropic glutamate/GABA-like receptor ; Evolution ; Geodia cydonium (Porifera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To date, no conclusive evidence has been presented for the existence of neuronal-like elements in Porifera (sponges). In the present study, isolated cells from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium are shown to react to the excitatory amino acid glutamate with an increase in the concentration of intracellular calcium[Ca2+]i. This effect can also be observed when the compounds L-quisqualic acid (L-QA) or L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP-4) are used. The effect of L-QA and L-AP-4, both agonists for metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), can be abolished by the antagonist of group I mGluRs, (RS)-α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine. These data suggest that sponge cells contain an mGluR-like protein. A cDNA encoding rat mGluR subtype 1 has been used to identify the complete nucleotide sequence of G. cydonium cDNA coding for a 528-amino-acid-long protein (59 kDa) that displays marked overall similarity to mGluRs and to γ-amino-butyric acid B receptors. The deduced sponge polypeptide, termed putative mGlu/GABA-like receptor, displays the highest similarity to the two families of metabotropic receptors within the transmembrane segment. The N-terminal part of the sponge sequence shows similarity to mGluR4 and mGluR5. These findings suggest that the earliest evolutionary metazoan phylum, the Porifera, possesses a sophisticated intercellular communication and signaling system, as seen in the neuronal network of higher Metazoa.
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    Articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes in a co-culture system: influence on reactive oxygen species-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 555-563 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chondrocyte ; Synoviocyte ; Co-culture ; Proliferation ; Lipid peroxidation ; Cytotoxicity ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: A new co-culture system of rat articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes (HIG-82; cell line) was incubated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), H2O2 or a combination of Fe2+ and ascorbic acid to simulate inflammation-like radical attacks in articular joints. Methods: Chondrocytes were characterized by immunocytochemistry against collagen type II, transmission electron (TEM) and light microscopy. Lipid peroxidation was investigated by measuring thiobarbituric-acid-reactive material in the supernatants, cytotoxicity by determining release of lactate dehydrogenase and proliferation by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation, culture protein and DNA. Results: PMA or Fe2+ and ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in chondrocytes and synoviocytes that was decreased significantly in co-cultures. PMA and H2O2 dose dependently induced release of lactate dehydrogenase in chondrocytes, which was lowered in co-cultures or in previously co-cultured chondrocytes to a nearly basal level. In contrast, conditioned media of synoviocyte cultures showed no lowering effect on the radical-induced toxicity. Protection against H2O2-induced damage of cellular membranes by co-culturing was also shown by TEM. Synoviocytes released chondrocyte-stimulating growth factors spontaneously without previous interaction. Conclusion: Chondrocytes establish protective mechanisms against reactive oxygen species via an interaction with synoviocytes. Our co-culture model presents a possible way to study mechanisms of inflammation in articular joints under defined conditions.
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    Ultrastructure and distribution dynamics of chloride cells in tilapia larvae in fresh water and sea water (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 119-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chloride cells (mitochondria-rich cells) ; Teleost larvae ; Osmoregulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantification ; Ultrastructure ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Integumental and branchial chloride cells of tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. Total numbers and distribution of chloride cells were quantified after immunostaining of cross sections of the entire larvae with an antibody against the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. The majority (66%) of Na+/K+-ATPase-immunoreactive (ir) cells, i.e. chloride cells, of freshwater tilapia larvae were located extrabranchially up to 48 h after hatching. Five days after hatching, the majority (80%) of chloride cells were found in the buccal cavity. Transfer of 24-h-old larvae to 20% sea water speeded up this process; 24 h after transfer (i.e. 48 h after hatching), the majority (59%) of chloride cells were located in the buccal cavity. The branchial chloride cell population of 24-h- and 120-h-old larvae consisted of immature, mature, apoptotic and necrotic chloride cells. However, relatively more immature chloride cells were observed in freshwater larvae (42–63%) than in (previously studied) freshwater adults (21%), illustrating the developmental state of the gills. After transfer to sea water, the incidence of degenerative chloride cells did not change. Furthermore, the incidence of immature cells had decreased and a new subtype of chloride cells, the ”mitochondria-poor” cells, appeared more frequently. These mitochondria-poor chloride cells were characterised by an abundant tubular system and relatively few mitochondria, which were aligned at the border or concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm. Most of these cells did not contact the water. The function of their enhanced appearance after seawater transfer is unknown.
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    Peripheral synapses at identifiable mechanosensory neurons in the spider Cupiennius salei : synapsin-like immunoreactivity (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Mechanoreceptors ; Synaptic proteins ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Slit sensilla ; Hair sensilla ; Cupiennius salei (Chelicerata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Indirect immunocytochemical tests were used at the light- and electron-microscopic levels to investigate peripheral chemical synapses in identified sensory neurons of two types of cuticular mechanosensors in the spider Cupiennius salei Keys.: (1) in the lyriform slit-sense organ VS-3 (comprising 7–8 cuticular slits, each innervated by 2 bipolar sensory neurons) and (2) in tactile hair sensilla (each supplied with 3 bipolar sensory cells). All these neurons are mechanosensitive. Application of a monoclonal antibody against Drosophila synapsin revealed clear punctate immunofluorescence in whole-mount preparations of both mechanoreceptor types. The size and overall distribution of immunoreactive puncta suggested that these were labeled presynaptic sites. Immunofluorescent puncta were 0.5–6.8 μm long and located 0.5–6.6 μm apart from each other. They were concentrated at the initial axon segments of the sensory neurons, while the somata and the dendritic regions showed fewer puncta. Western blot analysis with the same synapsin antibody against samples of spider sensory hypodermis and against samples from the central nervous system revealed a characteristic doublet band at 72 kDa and 75 kDa, corresponding to the apparent molecular mass of synapsin in Drosophila and in mammals. Conventional transmissionelectron-microscopic staining demonstrated that numerous chemical synapses (with at least 2 vesicle types) were present at these mechanosensory neurons and their surrounding glial sheath. The distribution of these synapses corresponded to our immunofluorescence results.Ultrastructural examination of anti-synapsin-stained neurons confirmed that reaction product was associated with synaptic vesicles. We assume that the peripheral synaptic contacts originate from efferents that could exert a complex modulatory influence on mechanosensory activity.
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    Androgen-induced changes in Leydig cell ultrastructure and steroidogenesis in juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 291-299 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Teleost fish ; Puberty ; Testes ; Sex steroids ; Ultrastructure ; Steroidogenesis ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present report focuses on the mechanism(s) involved in the steroid-induced decrease of androgen production in immature African catfish testes that was observed in previous studies. Juvenile animals were implanted with Silastic pellets containing different 11-oxygenated androgens (11-ketotestosterone, KT; 11β- hydroxyandrostenedione, OHA; 11-ketoandrostenedione, KA), testosterone (T) or estradiol-17β (E2). Control groups received steroid-free pellets. Two weeks later, testis tissue fragments were either incubated with increasing concentrations of catfish luteinizing hormone (LH), or incubated with [3H]-pregnenolone ([3H]-P5) or [3H]-androstenedione ([3H]-A). Tissue fragments were also prepared for the quantitative assessment of Leydig cell morphology. Most of the parameters studied were not affected significantly by implantation of E2. Implantation of all androgens inhibited both the basal and the LH-stimulated androgen secretory capacity in vitro. This was associated with a reduced size of the Leydig cells and loss of half of their mitochondria. The studies on the metabolism of tritiated steroid hormones indicated that steroidogenic steps prior to 11β-hydroxylation, probably C17–20 lyase activity, were affected by all androgens. Although the effects of 11-oxygenated androgens and T on Leydig cells were mostly similar, previous work showed that only the 11-oxygenated androgens stimulated spermatogenesis, suggesting that distinct mechanisms of action are used by 11-oxygenated androgens and T. These mechanisms, however, seem to merge on the same target(s) to impair Leydig cell androgen production. Such a negative feedback mechanism may be of relevance in the context of the decline in androgen secretion per milligram testis tissue that accompanies the first wave of spermatogenesis in pubertal African catfish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051357
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    The distribution and ultrastructure of class II MHC-positive cells in human dental pulp (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Class II MHC-positive cells ; Human leukocyte antigen-DR ; Dental pulp ; Dendritic cells ; Macrophages ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and ultrastructure of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-positive cells were investigated in human dental pulp, employing immunohistochemistry using an anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-monoclonal antibody. HLA-DR-immunopositive cells, appearing spindle-like or dendritic in profile, were densely distributed throughout the dental pulp. Under the electron microscope, these cells exhibited various sizes of vesicles containing clear or opaque contents, multivesicular bodies and characteristic fine tubulovesicular structures in their cytoplasm. Some reactive cells possessed coated pits and vesicles including electron-dense materials, indicating an active endocytosis. At the periphery of the pulp tissue, the HLA-DR-immunopositive cells were predominantly situated in the subodontoblastic layer, with some located in the odontoblast layer and/or predentin and extending their cytoplasmic processes into the dentinal tubules. Cell processes of these cells occasionally made contact with several odontoblast processes in the same way as the nerve fibers in the predentin. These cells never contained the typical phagosomes frequently observed in the HLA-DR-immunoreactive macrophages in the subodontoblastic layer and the pulp core. The results suggest that the HLA-DR-immunopositive cells in the odontoblast layer and/or predentin have some regulatory function on the odontoblasts under physiological conditions, in addition to their involvement in the initial defense reaction after tooth injury.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051221
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    Effect of high-level oxygen exposure on the peroxidase activity and the neuromelanin-like pigment content of the nerve net in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neuromelanin ; Neuron ; Peroxidase ; Oxygen metabolism ; High-definition light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Substantia nigra ; Lumbricusterrestris (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Histochemical examination of 1-μm tissue sections from the dorsal nerve plexus of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, reveals multiple brown intraneuronal granules. These granules contain material morphologically and histochemically consistent with neuromelanin. When viewed with transmission electron microscopy, these were seen as single membrane-enclosed biphasic granules with diameters of 370–730 nm. Exposure of L. terrestris to high-level environmental oxygen resulted in an increase in the number of neuromelanin-like pigment granules within the neurons of the circular muscle layer. As measured by ortho-phenylenediamine hydrochloride, the endogenous peroxidase activity of extracts from worms incubated in high-level environmental oxygen was 51% more than controls. The endogenous peroxidase activity was localized in situ with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and was found to increase in and around the neuromelanin-like pigment-containing neurons within the circular muscle layer. These studies suggest that the nerve net of L. terrestris may serve as a model to study the role of neuromelanin production in oxidative stress and its relationship to endogenous peroxidases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051241
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    Survival of rat MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone) neurons in hypothalamus slice culture: histological, pharmacological and molecular studies (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons ; Lateral hypothalamic slice culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; In situ hybridization ; Competitive RT-PCR ; Leptin assay ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hypothalamic slices containing the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were prepared from 6- to 8-day-old rats and maintained in stationary culture for up to 35 days in order to analyse how well the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons survived. As previously reported for other brain areas, this method yielded a long-term well-preserved organotypic organization. Light- and electron-microscopic investigations showed that differentiation continued and that synaptic contacts developed in vitro. After a period of elimination of damaged cells and fibres, most of the remaining neurons and glial cells retained a normal morphology throughout the culture period. MCH neurons, in particular, survived well as attested by the strong immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization signals still observed after several weeks. In a comparison with the day of explantation, competitive reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the remarkable stability of the level of MCH mRNA at least until the 20th day in culture; after 30 days, the clear decrease in this level seemed to be correlated with a loss of MCH neurons, rather than with a decrease in MCH expression. After 10 days of culture, the incubation of slices in the presence of the hormone leptin (50 ng/ml) resulted in a strong decrease of MCH gene expression, suggesting that MCH neurons retained their physiological properties. Thus, the LHA slice stationary culture, especially between one and three weeks (i.e. after tissue stabilization and before extensive cell loss), appears to be a suitable method for physiological and pharmacological studies of these neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051330
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    Effects of reserpine on ECL-cell ultrastructure and histamine compartmentalization in the rat stomach (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words ECL cells ; Gastrin ; Reserpine ; Organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histamine-storing ECL cells in the stomach play a key role in the control of acid secretion. They contain granules, secretory vesicles and microvesicles, and sustained gastrin stimulation results in the additional formation of vacuoles and lipofuscin bodies. The cells are rich in the vesicle monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT-2), which can be inhibited by reserpine. The present study examines the effect of reserpine on ECL-cell ultrastructure and histamine compartmentalization. Rats received reserpine and/or gastrin. Reserpine was given twice by the intraperitoneal route (25 mg/kg once daily). Gastrin-17 was given by subcutaneous infusion (5 nmol/kg/h), starting at the time of the first reserpine injection and continuing for 4 days when the rats were killed. At this stage, histamine in the oxyntic mucosa was unaffected by reserpine but elevated by gastrin. Immunocytochemical analysis (confocal microscopy) showed ECL-cell histamine in control and gastrin-treated rats to be localized in cytoplasmic organelles (e.g., secretory vesicles). After treatment with reserpine alone or reserpine+gastrin, ECL-cell histamine occurred mainly in the cytosol. Planimetric analysis (electron microscopy) of ECL cells showed reserpine to increase the number, size and volume density of the granules and to reduce the size and volume density of the secretory vesicles. Gastrin reduced the number and volume density of granules and secretory vesicles, increased the number and volume density of microvesicles and caused vacuoles and lipofuscin bodies to appear. Reserpine+gastrin increased the number, volume density and size of the granules. Reserpine prevented the effects of gastrin on secretory vesicles, vacuoles and microvesicles, but did not prevent the development of lipofuscin. Our findings are in line with the views: (1) that preformed cytosolic histamine is taken up by granules/secretory vesicles via VMAT-2, that histamine is instrumental in the transformation of granules into secretory vesicles and in their consequent enlargement and (2) that vacuoles are formed by the fusion of large secretory vesicles.
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    Isolation and functional characterisation of a novel type of carotenoid biosynthetic gene from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 262 (1999), S. 453-461 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Phytoene synthase ; Lycopene cyclase ; Complementation ; Astaxanthin ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The red heterobasidiomycetous yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (perfect state of Phaffia rhodozyma) contains a novel type of carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme. Its structural gene, designated crtYB, was isolated by functional complementation in a genetically modified, carotenogenic Escherichia coli strain. Expression studies in different carotenogenic E. coli strains demonstrated that the crtYB gene encodes a bifunctional protein involved both in synthesis of phytoene from geranylgeranyl diphosphate and in cyclisation of lycopene to β-carotene. By sequence comparison with other phytoene synthases and complementation studies in E. coli with various deletion derivatives of the crtYB gene, the regions responsible for phytoene synthesis and lycopene cyclisation were localised within the protein.
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    Structure and function of the human oocyte-cumulus-corona cell complex before and after ovulation (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 270-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cumulus oophorus ; Ovarian follicle ; Fertilization ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the human cumulus oophorus has been reviewed on the basis of scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations as well as of immunofluorescence data. Tissues sampled from preovulatory ovarian follicles and cumulus-enclosed oocytes and fertilized eggs (collected from the oviduct or obtained during in vitro fertilization procedures) have been evaluated from a microtopographic and morphodynamic point of view in order to better clarify the possible role of this population of cells. In particular, the following aspects have been studied and discussed: the presence of multiple close contacts (modulated by the interposition of the zona pellucida) between the oocyte surface and the long microvillous evaginations projecting from the inner aspect of corona cells surface (through these structures the intraovarian cumulus oophorus may control oocyte growth and metabolism up until the time of ovulation); the occurrence of different subpopulations of cells (steroid-synthetic cells, cells producing adhesive proteins, leukocytes, macrophages) in the postovulatory, extraovarian cumulus oophorus surrounding oocytes, zygotes and early developing embryos. All these elements found in the cumulus mass may positively act, through their paracrine activities, on the chemical composition of the microenvironment in which fertilization occurs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01288215
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    Ultrastructural study of the relationship between generative and vegetative cells inMagnolia ×soulangeana Soul.-Bod. pollen grains (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 87-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plasmalemmic cord ; Pollen grain ; Ultrastructure ; Magnolia ×soulangeana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InMagnolia ×soulangeana pollen grains the generative cell (GC) does not become totally free within the vegetative cell (VC), at least until the pollen tube emergence. Due to a deviation in its detachment process from the sporoderm, the opposing ends of the VC plasmalemma do not fuse themselves when the GC moves away from the intine. Consequently, the interplasmalemmic space surrounding the GC does not become isolated but rather maintains continuity with the sporoderm through a complex formation that we have called plasmalemmic cord. The real existence of this formation was confirmed through serial sectioning showing the plasmalemmic cord to consist of the VC plasmalemma. In its initial portion it is occupied by a reasonably accentuated wall ingrowth of the inner layer of the intine (intine 3). In the remainder portion, neither of the cytochemical tests used in this work have revealed the presence of a significant amount of wall material. However, ultrathin sections of samples processed either chemically or by cryofixation showed the existence of an intricate system of tubules and vesicles, some of which are evaginations of the VC plasmalemma. The hypothesis that the plasmalemmic cord may have a role in the complex interactions between the two pollen cells is discussed.
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    Anatomical and ultrastructural changes of the floral nectary ofPisum sativum L. during flower development (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 206 (1999), S. 57-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Floral nectary ; Modified stomata ; Phloem ; Pisum sativum ; Stereology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The floral nectary ofPisum sativum L. is situated on the receptacle at the base of the gynoecium. The gland receives phloem alone which departed the vascular bundles supplying the staminal column. Throughout the nectary, only the companion cells of the phloem exhibited wall ingrowths typical of transfer cells. Modified stomata on the nectary surface served as exits for nectar, but stomatal pores developed well before the commencement of secretion. Furthermore, stomatal pores on the nectary usually closed by occlusion, not by guard-cell movements. Pore occlusion was detected most frequently in post-secretory and secretory glands, and less commonly in pre-secretory nectaries. A quantitative stereological study revealed few changes in nectary fine structure between buds, flowers secreting nectar, and post-secretory flowers. Dissolution of abundant starch grains in plastids of subepidermal secretory cells when secretion commenced suggests that starch is a precursor of nectar carbohydrate production. Throughout nectary development, mitochondria were consistently the most plentiful organelle in both epidermal and subepidermal cells, and in addition to the relative paucity of dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and their associated vesicles, the evidence suggests that floral nectar secretion inP. sativum is an energy-requiring (eccrine) process, rather that granulocrine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279253
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    The cost of selfing inEncyclia cochleata (Orchidaceae) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 219 (1999), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Evolution ; Encyclia cochleata ; inbreeding depression ; isozymes ; Orchidaceae ; outcrossing ; phenotype ; population genetics ; selfing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To determine whether inbreeding depression accounts for the maintenance of outcrossing in populations of the self-compatible orchidEncyclia cochleata, the estimated selective advantage of selfing was compared to a measure of inbreeding depression. Individuals from three populations ofE. cochleata and some of their progeny were phenotyped using isozyme analysis. The electrophoretic data were used to estimate the outcrossing rate and the theoretical cost of outcrossing. Inbreeding depression was estimated by comparing the fitness of the progeny resulting from both types of pollinations. The seeds from outcrossed and selfed hand-pollinations and naturally pollinated seeds from a population of the triandrous form ofE. cochleata were grown aseptically on culture media, and their development over the next three years recorded. Inbreeding was common, particularly in one population (outcrossing rate 40%). However, the level of inbreeding depression was only 1–2%, considerably less inbreeding depression than expected.
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    The species fitness method for the evolution of cooperative behavior in a group task (1999)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 3 (1999), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Evolution ; Cooperative behavior ; Communication ; Species fitness ; Reciprocative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the evolution of cooperative behaviors as the interaction among agents using a genetic algorithm to improve the performance of the task in a group (group performance). Previous research often usedthe group fitness method, which evaluates group performance for the evolution of multiple groups in parallel. However, this entails large simulation costs and the evolution speed is slow.The individual fitness method that evaluates theindividual performance of the task entails a smaller simulation cost. However, it can not improve the group performance since each agent behaves selfishly. To optimize the group performance, it is important to include bothcompetition andsharing. Therefore, this paper presentsthe species fitness method, which shares the individual performances of agents belonging to the same species in a group that all have the same chromosomes. We show comparative experiments on these three methods on the evolutionary simulation of a foraging task in a group. To test the interaction among the agents, four kinds of species are evolved which show their communication ability by demonstrating whether the agent can send or receive the signal for food. Experimental results show that evaluating the species variance fitness leads the agents into reciprocative actions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02481127
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    Computational evolution of human bipedal walking by a neuro-musculo-skeletal model (1999)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 3 (1999), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Bipedal walking ; Evolution ; Neuro-musculoskeletal model ; Genetic algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The acquisition process of bipedal walking in humans was simulated using a neuro-musculo-skeletal model and genetic algorithms, based on the assumption that the shape of the body has been adapted for locomotion. The model was constructed as 10 two-dimensional rigid links with 26 muscles and 18 neural oscillators. Bipedal walking was generated as a mutual entrainment between neural oscillations and the pendulous movement of body dynamics. Evolutionary strategies incorporated, for example, as fitness in the genetic algorithms were assumed to decrease energy consumption, muscular fatigue, and load on the skeletal system. An initial population of 50 individuals was created, and an evolutionary simulation of 5000 steps was conducted. As a result, the shape of the body changed from that of a chimpanzee to that of a modern human, and the body size nearly reached the size of a modern human. These simulation results show that improving locomotive efficiency and reducing the load on the musculo-skeletal system are important factors affecting the evolution of the human body shape and bipedal walking. Such computer simulations help us to understand the process of evolution and adaptation for locomotion in humans.
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    Concanavalin A inhibits development of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) and peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) when expressed in transgenic potato plants (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 153-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: lectins ; insect resistance ; transgenic plants ; potato (Solanum tuberosum) ; Lepidoptera ; Homoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of concanavalin A (ConA), a glucose/mannose-specific lectin from jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), on insect crop pests from two different orders, Lepidoptera and Homoptera, were investigated. When fed to larvae of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) at a range of concentrations (0.02–2.0% of total protein) in artificial diet, ConA decreased survival, with up to 90% mortality observed at the highest dose level, and retarded development, but had only a small effect on larval weight. When fed to peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae) at a range of concentrations (1–9μM) in liquid artificial diet, ConA reduced aphid size by up to 30%, retarded development to maturity, and reduced fecundity (production of offspring) by 〉35%, but had little effect on survival. With both insects, there was a poor correlation between lectin dose and the quantitative effect. Constitutive expression of ConA in transgenic potatoes driven by the CaMV 35S promoter resulted in the protein accumulating to levels lower than predicted, possibly due to potato not being able to adequately reproduce the post-translational processing of this lectin which occurs in jackbean. However, the expressed lectin was functionally active as a haemagglutinin. Bioassay of L. oleracea larvae on ConA-expressing potato plants showed that the lectin retarded larval development, and decreased larval weights by 〉45%, but had no significant effect on survival. It also decreased consumption of plant tissue by the larvae. In agreement with the diet bioassay results, ConA-expressing potatoes decreased the fecundity of M. persicae by up to 45%. ConA thus has potential as a protective agent against insect pests in transgenic crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681705481
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    A Tourist element in the 5′-flanking region of the catalase gene CatA reveals evolutionary relationships among Oryza species with various genome types (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 262 (1999), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Catalase ; Oryza ; Rice ; Evolution ; Tourist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tourist-OsaCatA, a transposable element, was found in the 5′-flanking region of the rice gene CatA. The characteristics of this element are similar to those of the other Tourist elements so far found in Oryza sativa. PCR and sequence analyses of 37 accessions of 18 species revealed that all the Oryza species examined, except for one accession, have either a full-length or a partial Tourist element at this locus. Unlike the Tourist elements previously reported, this Tourist element is found in all four Oryza species complexes in the Oryzeae tribe. All AA genome Oryza species, except O. longistaminata, contain the full-length Tourist element. O. longistaminata and the species of the O. officinalis, O. meyeriana and O. ridleyi complexes contain the partial element. A phylogenetic tree of Oryza species based on the nucleotide sequences of these Tourist elements was constructed. The O. longistaminata accessions were placed near the neighboring cluster of the officinalis complex. We propose that the ancestor of O. longistaminata and that of other species with the AA genome diverged, and the ancestor(s) of the O. officinalis, O. ridleyi and O. meyeriana complexes then diverged from the ancestor of O. longistaminata in the course of the evolution of the Oryza species. The Tourist elements associated with CatA and its orthologs thus provide useful tools for examining evolutionary relationships among Oryza species.
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    Representational difference analysis identifies a strain-specific LPS biosynthesis locus in Bordetella spp. (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 262 (1999), S. 189-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsBordetella spp. ; Evolution ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis ; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ; Representational difference analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bordetella pertussis and B. bronchiseptica are genetically very closely related but differ significantly in their virulence properties. Using Representational Difference Analysis (RDA), 11 DNA fragments specific for B. pertussis Tohama I or B. bronchiseptica BB7865 were identified. All B. bronchiseptica BB7865-derived fragments also hybridized with chromosomal DNA from B. parapertussis but not from the B. pertussis strains Tohama I and W28, underlining the close phylogenetic relationship between B. bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis. The B. pertussis type strain BP18323 is a special case, as it contains DNA sequences characteristic for both B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica. As demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, several of the BB7865-derived fragments are present on a single 30-kb XbaI fragment. Based on the sequences of putative coding regions, four of these fragments may code for proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism or transport. In agreement with this notion, a mutant for one of these loci synthesizes a significantly altered lipopolysaccharide that lacks the O-specific side chains. The analysis of the corresponding genomic region in various Bordetella species showed that this locus is present in B. bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis but not in B. pertussis. This confirms that the RDA approach has identified a novel strain-specific LPS biosynthesis locus which accounts for the differences between the LPS structures elaborated by different Bordetella species.
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    Distribution and transmission of endosymbiotic microorganisms in the oocytes of the pig louse,Haematopinus suis (L.) (Insecta: Phthiraptera) (1999)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 209 (1999), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosymbiont ; Mycetocyte ; Mycetome ; Oocyte ; Transovarial transmission ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All anoplurans live symbiotically with prokaryotic microorganisms hosted in specialized cells, termed mycetocytes. In nymphs and males mycetocytes are distributed between midgut epithelial cells. In females, besides the midgut, mycetocytes are found in the reproductive organs where they are located at the base of ovarioles in contact with lateral oviducts. The mycetocyte-associated symbionts are transmitted from one generation to the next transovarially. Here, the results of histological and ultrastructural studies on the distribution and transmission of symbiotic microorganisms within the ovaries of the anopluranHaematopinus suis are presented. Interestingly, during advanced oogenesis (i.e., choriogenesis) of this species all symbionts are localized extracellularly and form a tight mass located at the posterior pole of the oocyte just below the hydropyle. In insects studied so far, such localization of transovarially transmitted microorganisms has been reported only in the closely related speciesHaematopinus eurysternus.
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    Pheromone Components and Diel Periodicity of Pheromonal Communication in Lymantria fumida (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2305-2312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Lymantria fumida ; Lymantria monacha ; nun moth ; sex pheromone ; periodicity ; calling behavior ; reproductive isolation ; disparlure ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane ; (+)-monachalure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of pheromone glands from female Lymantria fumida were analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and by coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS). The two compounds that elicited responses from male L. fumida antennae were identified as cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (disparlure) and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene (2me-Z7–18Hy). Field experiments in northern Japan demonstrated that synthetic (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure] and 2me-Z7–18Hy are synergistic sex pheromone components of L. fumida. (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(−)-disparlure] had no behavioral effect on male L. fumida. Traps baited with (+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7–18Hy captured male L. fumida between 21:00 and 24:00 hr, whereas traps baited with (+)-monachalure [(7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane], (+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7–18Hy attracted males of the nun moth, L. monacha L., between 02:00 and 04:00 hr. Both temporal separation of pheromonal communication and specificity of pheromone blends seem to contribute to the reproductive isolation of sympatric and coseasonal L. fumida and L. monacha.
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    A Novel Bioassay for Yponomeuta cagnagellus Oviposition in Response to Extracts of Host and Nonhost Plant Surface Compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2547-2559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; ermine moth ; Lepidoptera ; speciation ; specialization ; plant surface compounds ; oviposition ; host discrimination ; Euonymus europaeus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Yponomeuta cagnagellus is a phytophagous moth species specialized on Euonymus europaeus. Host discrimination by the adult female is an important aspect of host specialization and is based mainly on the distinctive secondary chemistry of host and nonhosts. This paper describes a bioassay that was developed to study the effect of isolated plant surface compounds on Yponomeuta oviposition. Adult moths recognize their hosts through chemical stimuli on the leaf or twig surface. Relatively apolar compounds extracted from the host twig surface by washing in dichlormethane do not stimulate oviposition. More polar, methanol-soluble compounds do, and this stimulation is dose dependent. Moths are able to recognize hosts solely by their surface compounds: females show a strong preference for artificial twigs treated with methanolic extracts of their hosts compared to those treated with methanolic extracts of nonhosts Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa (both of which are hosts for closely related Y. padellus). Shape and surface characteristics of the oviposition substrate also influence oviposition. The substrate needs to resemble the basic form of a twig (i.e., cylindrical), and females prefer a coarse surface with irregularities over a smooth one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020882326462
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    An Oviposition Stimulant for Spicebush Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio troilus, from Leaves of Sassafras albidum (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1233-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Swallowtail butterfly ; Papilionidae ; Papilio troilus ; Lepidoptera ; Lauraceae ; Sassafras albidum ; oviposition stimulant ; 3-trans-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female butterflies of the spicebush swallowtail, Papilio troilus, are specialists, ovipositing on plants in the family Lauraceae. Column chromatography and HPLC were used to isolate an oviposition stimulant from the leaves of one of its hosts, Sassafras albidum. The stimulant was identified as 3-trans-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid on the basis of FAB-MS and 1H NMR spectra as compared to a compound previously isolated from another plant. It was not active alone, but it increased the oviposition activity of butterflies when combined with other stimulant(s) at a concentration of 7 ng/mm2 leaf surface area. Other caffeoylquinic acid isomers tested did not have this effect. This is the first report of a swallowtail contact oviposition stimulant from a plant in the family Lauraceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020962422712
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    Behavioral Response of Female Codling Moths, Cydia pomonella, to Apple Volatiles (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1343-1351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant volatiles ; apple ; Malus domestica ; reproductive behavior ; codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Tortricidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Apple volatiles stimulated pheromone release, oviposition, and upwind orientation in female codling moths, Cydia pomonella. Green apples increased the percentage of virgin females calling, the duration of female calling, and advanced the onset of egg-laying in gravid females. In a tube olfactometer, both virgin and mated females were more active in the presence of apple volatiles than in clean air. They responded by walking while wing-fanning; mated females showed a stronger attraction response than unmated females.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020978826346
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  • 89
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    Volatile Stimuli Related to Feeding Activity of Nonprey Caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, Affect Olfactory Response of the Predatory Mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1585-1595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tritrophic interactions ; Lima bean ; Phytoseiulus persimilis ; Tetranychus urticae ; Spodoptera exigua ; Acari ; Lepidoptera ; infochemicals ; herbivore-induced plant volatiles ; nonprey herbivores ; feces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of volatiles related to feeding activity of nonprey caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, on the olfactory response of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis was examined in a Y-tube olfactometer. At a low caterpillar density (20 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators were significantly more attracted to volatiles from infested leaves on which the caterpillars and their products were present or from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed when compared to volatiles from uninfested leaves. The predators, however, significantly avoided odors from 20 caterpillars and their products (mainly feces) removed from bean leaves. In contrast, at a higher caterpillar density (100 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators avoided volatiles from caterpillar-infested bean leaves. Volatiles from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed were not preferred over volatiles from uninfested leaves. Volatiles from feces collected from 100 caterpillars were strongly avoided by the predators, while the behavior of the predatory mites was not affected by volatiles from 100 caterpillars removed from a plant. The data show that carnivorous arthropods may avoid nonprofitable herbivores. This avoidance seems to result from an interference of volatiles from herbivore products with the attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020888816525
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    Evolution and Adaptive Significance of Larval Midgut Alkalinization in the Insect Superorder Mecopterida (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1945-1960 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect–plant interaction ; midgut alkalinization ; phylogenetic distribution ; Mecopterida ; Diptera ; Lepidoptera ; Trichoptera ; polyphenolics ; alkylating agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic distribution of reported midgut pH values among larval Mecopterida supports a model in which the common ancestor of this group possessed an alkaline midgut, with subsequent loss of this trait in the lineage leading to the muscomorphan Diptera. The relationship between midgut pH and diet guild rank within the Lepidoptera and Diptera was tested by assigning numerical values to diet guilds (i.e., fruit, grasses, herbs, trees and shrubs, and organic detritus). Lepidopteran superfamilies were found to differ significantly in both midgut pH and in diet guild rank. Regression of mean superfamily midgut pH against mean superfamily diet guild rank yielded an R 2 of 0.79 (N = 10), whereas regression of species midgut pH against species diet guild rank yielded an R 2 of only 0.15 (N = 60). Species feeding on foliage of plant taxa high in tannins and on Solanaceae have midgut pH values above 9, and midgut pH in species feeding on these taxa is positively related to diet guild. In contrast, species feeding on the foliage of plant taxa containing terpenes, DIMBOA, glucosinolates, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids have midgut pH values near 8, and midgut pH of these species is either not related to diet guild (all species) or is negatively related to diet guild rank when the analysis is limited to the Noctuoidea. The data suggest that decreased midgut pH in species feeding on plants containing terpenes, DIMBOA, glucosinolates, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids may be an adaptive response that overrides selection for high pH in the presence of tannins and that midgut pH may be one factor contributing to the limitation of the host plant range of many species of lepidopteran herbivores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020946203089
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  • 91
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    Sex Pheromone Components of Casuarina Moth, Lymantria xylina (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2535-2545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Lymantria xylina ; Lymantria dispar ; Lymantria monacha ; Lymantria fumida ; sex pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane ; 2-methyl-Z7-eicosene ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methylnonadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methylnonadecane ; disparlure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane is a sex pheromone component of the Casuarina moth, Lymantria xylina Swinhoe. The compound was extracted from pheromone glands of female moths and was identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC–mass spectrometry. In field experiments in Taiwan, traps baited with either or both of (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (〉99% ee) [termed here (+)-xylinalure] and (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (〉99% ee) [termed here (−)-xylinalure] captured male L. xylina. Addition of further candidate pheromone components to xylinalure did not enhance its attractiveness. Demonstration of whether or not female L. xylina produce both optical isomers of xylinalure, and determination of the ratio, will require pheromone extract analyses on a chiral, enantiomer-separating column (as yet unavailable) or derivatization of epoxides in accumulated gland extracts. Attraction of male L. xylina to either enantiomer of xylinalure contrasts with enantiospecific production of, and/or response to, epoxy pheromones in congeners. With no other nocturnal lymantriid moth known in Taiwan to utilize xylinalure for pheromonal communication, enantiospecific “fine tuning” of xylinalure, or evolution of a more complex pheromone blend, may not have been necessary for L. xylina to maintain specificity of sexual communication. Racemic xylinalure will be appropriate for pheromone-based detection surveys of L. xylina in North America.
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    Identification and Field Evaluation of Components of Female Sex Pheromone of Millet Stem Borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2643-2663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coniesta ignefusalis ; Acigona ignefusalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol ; (Z)-5-decen-1-ol ; (Z)-7-dodecenal ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five active compounds were detected during analyses of ovipositor washings and effluvia from virgin female Coniesta ignefusalis moths by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennographic (EAG) recording from a male moth. These were identified as (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol (Z7–12:OH), (Z)-5-decen-1-ol (Z5–10:OH), (Z)-7-dodecenal (Z7–12:Ald), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14:OH) by comparison of their GC retention times, mass spectra, and EAG activities with those of synthetic standards. Laboratory tests of dispensers for these compounds showed that release rates from polyethylene vials increased to relatively uniform values after three to four days, but release from septa was very rapid and nonuniform and decreased to low levels after two to three days. Trapping tests in Niger showed that the major component, Z7–12:OH, and two of the minor components, Z5–10:OH and Z7–12:Ald, were essential for attraction of male C. ignefusalis moths. The most attractive blend contained these three components in a 100:5:3.3 ratio in a polyethylene vial, which emitted the components in similar proportions to those produced by the female C. ignefusalis moth. Water traps baited with this blend containing 1 mg of Z7–12:OH caught more male C. ignefusalis moths than traps baited with newly emerged female moths. Addition of up to 10% of the corresponding E isomers of the pheromone components had no effect on catches, but addition of the other two minor components detected, Z7–12:Ac and/or Z9–14:OH, to the attractive blend at naturally occurring levels caused significant reductions in trap catch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020839221609
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    Characterization of Pheromone Blend for Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana by Using Flight Track Recording (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 389-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; grapevine moth ; wind tunnel ; behavior ; flight track recording ; (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadienyl acetate ; (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadien-1-ol ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-9-docecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral responses of Lobesia botrana males to calling females, pheromone gland extracts, and synthetic sex pheromones were recorded in a wind tunnel. Gland extracts and synthetic pheromones were released from a pheromone evaporator. The numbers of males reaching the source and their flight tracks in response to calling females and pheromone gland extracts were compared to those of synthetic blends. Upwind flights to natural sex pheromone were straighter and faster than to a three-component blend of (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadienyl acetate (E7,Z9–12:Ac), (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadien-1-ol (E7,Z9–12:OH), and (Z)-9-docecenyl acetate (Z9–12:Ac) (100:20:5). The optimum ratio of E7,Z9–12:OH and Z9–12:Ac to E7,Z9–12:Ac was found to be 5% and 1%, respectively. An additional seven compounds identified in the sex pheromone gland were investigated for their biological activity. Two unsaturated acetates, i.e., (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12:Ac) and Δ11-dodecenyl acetate (Δ11–12:Ac), increased the number of males reaching the source as well as straightness, linear velocity, and decreased the track angle of upwind flight. Optimum response was obtained by releasing 10 pg/min E7,Z9–12:Ac in a mixture with 0.5 pg/min E7,Z9–12:OH, 0.1 pg/min Z9–12:Ac, 0.1 pg/min E9– 12:Ac and 1 pg/min Δ11-12–Ac. The saturated acetates previously identified in the female glands were biologically inactive.
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    Electrophysiological and ultrastructural correlates of cryoinjury in sciatic nerve of the freeze-tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1999), S. 351-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Freeze tolerance ; Sciatic nerve ; Cryoinjury ; Dehydration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated function and ultrastructure of sciatic nerves isolated from wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) endemic to the Northwest Territories, Canada, following freezing at −2.5 °C, −5.0 °C, or −7.5 °C. All frogs frozen at −2.5 °C, and most frogs (71%) frozen at −5.0 °C, recovered within 14 h after thawing began; however, frogs did not survive exposure to −7.5 °C. Sciatic nerves isolated from frogs frozen at −7.5 °C were refractory to electrical stimulation, whereas those obtained from frogs surviving exposure to −2.5 °C or −5.0 °C generally exhibited normal characteristics of compound action potentials. Frogs responded to freezing by mobilizing hepatic glycogen reserves to synthesize the cryoprotectant glucose, which increased 20-fold in the liver and 40-fold in the blood. Ultrastructural analyses of nerves harvested from frogs in each treatment group revealed that freezing at −2.5 °C or −5.0 °C had little or no effect on tissue and cellular organization, but that (lethal) exposure to −7.5 °C resulted in marked shrinkage of the axon, degeneration of mitochondria within the axoplasm, and extensive delamination of myelin sheaths of the surrounding Schwann cells.
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    Echinococcus granulosus: praziquantel treatment against the metacestode stage (1999)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 85 (1999), S. 999-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Key wordsEchinococcus granulosus ; Praziquantel ; Metacestode ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of praziquantel against the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus was studied by means of in vitro incubations or in vivo experiments. The results of in vitro incubations indicated that the effectiveness of praziquantel was higher when the parasite material comprised cysts from cyst masses than in the case of intact cysts that retained their adventitial layer. Ultrastructural alterations in the germinal layer of collapsed cysts incubated in vitro were detected. The results obtained in mice after 4 months of treatment demonstrated no significant difference between the control and treated groups with regard to the number and wet weight of developed cysts. However, ultrastructural alterations were detected in the cyst tissue that were similar to those described in the in vitro experiment. In contrast, the effect of chemoprophylaxis on the number and the wet weight of developed cysts was extremely significant as compared with the control value, the efficacy being 99.41% and 98.32%, respectively. Moreover, ultrastructural observations of the cyst tissue revealed loss of its integrity, and no intact cyton was observed in the germinal layer of the developed cyst.
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of the anterior adhesive areas of the capsalid monogenean parasites Benedenia rohdei from the gills and B. lutjani from the pelvic fins of Lutjanus carponotatus (Pisces: Lutjanidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 85 (1999), S. 399-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Key words Monogenea ; Capsalidae ; Benedenia rohdei ; B. lutjani ; Ectoparasites ; Lutjanus carponotatus ; Glands ; Ultrastructure ; Adhesion ; Attachment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The anterior adhesive areas of Benedenia rohdei from the gills and B. lutjani from the pelvic fins of Lutjanuscarponotatus at Heron Island, Australia, were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All specimens were fixed when detached from host tissue. Both monogenean species have two disc-like anteroventral attachment organs, each of which has an anterolateral adhesive area divided into three adjacent zones by tegument from the ventral surface of the attachment organ. A rod-shaped secretion and a smaller, roughly spherical secretion are associated with the anterior adhesive areas in both species; a third type of secretion occurs anteriorly but outside these adhesive areas. The electron-dense spherical secretory bodies released onto the anterior adhesive zones in these Benedenia spp. are of a single type and differ ultrastructurally from those previously reported in monogeneans living on teleost hosts. A correlation, therefore, between secretion morphology and host type is not supported. No relationship was found between parasite microhabitat and secretion morphology.
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    Are European White Butterflies Aposematic? (1999)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 709-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Anthocharis cardamines ; aposematism ; Lepidoptera ; palatability ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae ; P. napi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that the white coloration of Pieridae butterflies is a warning signal and therefore all white Pieridae could profit from a mimetic resemblance. We tested whether green-veined white (Pieris napi) and orange-tip (Anthocharis cardamines) butterflies benefit from white coloration. We compared their relative acceptability to wild, adult pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) by offering live A. cardamines and P. napi together with two non-aposematic butterflies on the tray attached to birds' nesting boxes. Experienced predators equally attacked white and non-white butterflies, and the order of attack among the Pieridae was random. If anything, there was a slight indication that the female A. cardamines was the least favoured prey. Since birds did not avoid white coloration, we compared the palatability of these two species against known palatable and unpalatable butterflies by presenting them to great tits (Parus major). Pieris brassicae, which has been earlier described as unpalatable, was also included in the palatability test. However, there were no significant differences in the palatability of the butterflies to birds, and even P. brassicae was apparently palatable to the great tits. Our results do not unambiguously support the hypothesis that the white coloration of Pieridae would signal unpalatability. Nevertheless, in our last experiment, pied flycatchers often rejected or left untouched free flying P. napi and A. cardamines. This suggests that other features in a more natural situation, such as the agile flight pattern or odours might still make them unprofitable to birds.
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  • 98
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    Die Erde im Visier - Geowissenschaften an der Schwelle zum 21. Jahrhundert (1999)
    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake hazard ; KTB ; ICDP ; IOcean Drilling Program ; climate ; Antarctica ; Nuclear explosion ; Volcanology ; GeodesyY ; satellites ; remote ; sensing ; gas ; hydrates ; Geothermics ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; potable ; water ; waste ; soils ; evolution ; Geol. aspects ; geotechnics ; Engineering geophys. ; ores
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 99
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    Earthquake induced damage in an historic area: the September–October 1997 seismic sequence which affected Assisi, Central Italy (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Assisi Earthquake ; Seismology ; Historic buildings ; Umbria-Marche ; Seismic microzonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La sequence sismique de septembre–octobre 1997 qui a affecté l'une des régions historiques les plus importantes d'Italie Centrale a mis en évidence que l'impact économique des tremblements de terre de magnitude modérée peut être considérable. En ce qui concerne la vulnerabilité du patrimoine artistique et architectural, on a constaté que des trésors inestimables pouvaient subir des dégâts importants même lors de secousses modérées. On attire l'attention sur le fait qu'un microzonage sismique ne pourra être efficace que si l'on prend en compte non seulement l'activité sismique passée mais aussi l'historique des développements urbains.
    Notes: Abstract  The September–October 1997 seismic sequence in one of the most important historic areas of Central Italy showed that the economic impact of earthquakes of only moderate magnitude can be high. In view of the vulnerability of the artistic and architectural heritage, priceless treasures in such towns as Assisi are very susceptible to damage as a consequence of such seismic events. Attention is drawn to the fact that for seismic microzonation to be effective, it is essential that not only the past seismic activity but also the history of the urban developments is taken into account.
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    Chemoreception of amino acids by female fourth- and sixth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spruce budworm ; amino acids ; chemosensilla ; electrophysiology ; gustation ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophysiological approach was used to record the responses of maxillary styloconic sensilla of fourth- and sixth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana to 14 amino acids. One cell in the lateral styloconic sensillum was identified as an amino acid-sensitive neuron. All of the amino acids tested, except l-proline and l-arginine, were detected by this cell. Arginine did not evoke a response from either the medial or lateral styloconic sensilla. Proline evoked responses from a cell in the medial styloconic sensillum. It is known from previous behavioural work that l-proline is a phagostimulant and l-valine inhibits feeding in Choristoneura; we thus further characterized the responses to these two amino acids. For both instars, l-proline was detected as low as 0.001 mmol/l and the maximal response was at 50 mmol/l. Stimulation of fourth- and sixth-instar larvae with l-valine showed that the maximum firing frequency was obtained at 1 mmol/l. Above and below this concentration, firing frequency decreases. Sensory responses to the amino acids stimuli did not correlate with known behavioral responses to similar stimuli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003136629671
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