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  • Humans  (4,056)
  • Physics  (321)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (4,443)
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  • 1
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    [In Depth] Long-delayed nuclear center looks set for construction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: After many years of delays, the €1.7 billion Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, an extension of the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany, may finally get built. At a council meeting on 27 and 28 June, the partner countries—eight European Union members plus India and Russia—concluded that they have enough money to cover a €320 million budget gap; they will now seek building permits from the German government. Still, some countries have yet to commit their share of the missing cash, including Russia, which had agreed to bear about 18% of FAIR's total construction cost, the second largest contribution after Germany's 70%. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Physics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    [Editors' Choice] Watching phonons propagate (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    [Editors' Choice] Shaping the interaction potential (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    [Perspective] Demystifying the demise of paternal mitochondrial DNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: The vast majority of genes in sexually reproducing eukaryotes can recombine during the production of gametes. This reshuffling generates new genotypes that may provide selective advantages. However, reshuffling does not occur among the few genes in the genomes of cytoplasmic organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria). Instead, these organelles are almost always transmitted through maternal inheritance (1). Why is this phenomenon widespread and how is it achieved? On page 394 of this issue, Zhou et al. (2) solve part of this puzzle by identifying the enzyme that degrades sperm mitochondrial DNA after fertilization. Author: Alexander M. van der Bliek
    Keywords: Genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    [This Week in Science] Imaging electromagnetic waveforms (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    [Editors' Choice] Making sense of transport in WSe2 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    [Editors' Choice] When Mom or Dad's inheritance counts (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Author: Laura M. Zahn
    Keywords: Genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    [Perspective] A benchmark for materials simulation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Density functional theory (DFT) stands out from all first-principles quantum mechanical methods for the simulation of materials, as it enables very good approximations for the complicated components of electronic motion called exchange and correlation. DFT is the method of choice for many materials simulations because of the availability of general-purpose programs that can perform calculations on any material. Results obtained with one DFT program need to be reproducible by any of the other DFT programs, and this has not been straightforward up to now. On page 10.1126/science.aad3000 of this issue, Lejaeghere et al. (1) describe an extensive effort by developers of the major solid-state DFT codes to provide a unified and reproducible benchmark of precision for their calculations based on a reliable criterion, the so-called Δ gauge. Using the Δ gauge, the authors found that the level of precision that can be achieved today in DFT calculations of elemental crystalline solids is comparable to the precision of the most advanced techniques for experimental measurement of the properties of materials. The work leads to the conclusion that the DFT simulation of elemental crystalline solids is a (computationally) solved problem, but also poses the question of whether we can achieve the same levels of validation and reproducibility for more complex simulations of materials involving several elements and/or several methods. Author: Chris-Kriton Skylaris
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    [Perspective] Timing photoemission—Final state matters (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: The photoemission of electrons from atoms, molecules, and condensed matter provides the experimental basis of our understanding of electronic structure. During the process of photoemission, a sufficiently large quantum of electromagnetic radiation (a photon) is absorbed by matter and converted into an electronic excitation, promoting a bound electron into a final state above the vacuum energy Evac. In photoemission spectroscopy, the kinetic energy and momentum of electrons in such final states are analyzed after their propagation to a distant detector. To determine the electronic structure of the sample, the “sudden approximation” has to be fulfilled, whereby the photoelectron leaves the sample fast enough, without further interaction with the remaining electronic structure. On page 62 of this issue, Tao et al. (1) provide unprecedented insight into final-state dynamics by measuring the time a photoelectron takes to leave a solid material for characteristically different final states. By comparing an electron excited to a final state of a nickel solid Ψ Nif with one excited to a state of vacuum Ψ vacf, they establish that a photoelectron resides in the final state for 200 attoseconds (as) (2 × 10−16 s) before it leaves the nickel (see the figure). Such time scales would still allow for the electron to interact with its surroundings and, thus, are relevant for the validity of the sudden approximation. Authors: Uwe Bovensiepen, Manuel Ligges
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 10
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    [Editors' Choice] A partially protected surface state (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    [Book Review] The supercollider that wasn't (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-16
    Description: When a multibillion-dollar physics experiment is canceled, it's tempting to look for lessons that can be applied to future megascience projects. A new book on the rise and fall of the Superconducting Supercollider (SSC) by a trio of science historians takes on that challenge. And while the authors do an excellent job of describing what occurred in the decade from its inception to its demise, they stumble when trying to assign blame. Author: Jeffrey Mervis
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 12
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    [Book Review] Form. Function. Fate (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: "This missing science of heredity … is, in simple truth, ten times more important to humanity than all the chemistry and physics, all the technical and industrial science that ever has been or ever will be discovered," wrote H. G. Wells in 1903. Having dedicated more than 500 pages to the topic in his new book, The Gene, Siddhartha Mukherjee would seem to agree. The book examines human genetics, from its philosophical roots in the work of Aristotle, through Gregor Mendel's garden and Thomas Hunt Morgan's work on fruitflies, and including active work in genome editing. Author: Michael A. Goldman
    Keywords: Genetics
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  • 13
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    Poetic and polemic (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 14
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    Cranking up the field (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Physics
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 15
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    Scale-invariant magnetoresistance in a cuprate superconductor (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Description: The anomalous metallic state in the high-temperature superconducting cuprates is masked by superconductivity near a quantum critical point. Applying high magnetic fields to suppress superconductivity has enabled detailed studies of the normal state, yet the direct effect of strong magnetic fields on the metallic state is poorly understood. We report the high-field magnetoresistance of thin-film La 2– x Sr x CuO 4 cuprate in the vicinity of the critical doping, 0.161 ≤ p ≤ 0.190. We find that the metallic state exposed by suppressing superconductivity is characterized by magnetoresistance that is linear in magnetic fields up to 80 tesla. The magnitude of the linear-in-field resistivity mirrors the magnitude and doping evolution of the well-known linear-in-temperature resistivity that has been associated with quantum criticality in high-temperature superconductors.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 16
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    Time and place of electron exit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Keywords: Physics
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Tunable quantum criticality and super-ballistic transport in a "charge" Kondo circuit (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) are ubiquitous in strongly correlated materials. However, the microscopic complexity of these systems impedes the quantitative understanding of QPTs. We observed and thoroughly analyzed the rich strongly correlated physics in two profoundly dissimilar regimes of quantum criticality. With a circuit implementing a quantum simulator for the three-channel Kondo model, we reveal the universal scalings toward different low-temperature fixed points and along the multiple crossovers from quantum criticality. An unanticipated violation of the maximum conductance for ballistic free electrons is uncovered. The present charge pseudospin implementation of a Kondo impurity opens access to a broad variety of strongly correlated phenomena.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 18
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    Orientation-dependent stereo Wigner time delay and electron localization in a small molecule (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-22
    Description: Attosecond metrology of atoms has accessed the time scale of the most fundamental processes in quantum mechanics. Transferring the time-resolved photoelectric effect from atoms to molecules considerably increases experimental and theoretical challenges. Here we show that orientation- and energy-resolved measurements characterize the molecular stereo Wigner time delay. This observable provides direct information on the localization of the excited electron wave packet within the molecular potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that photoelectrons resulting from the dissociative ionization process of the CO molecule are preferentially emitted from the carbon end for dissociative 2 states and from the center and oxygen end for the 2 states of the molecular ion. Supported by comprehensive theoretical calculations, this work constitutes a complete spatially and temporally resolved reconstruction of the molecular photoelectric effect.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 19
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    Going beyond the first Chern number (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Heterogeneous to homogeneous melting transition visualized with ultrafast electron diffraction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: The ultrafast laser excitation of matters leads to nonequilibrium states with complex solid-liquid phase-transition dynamics. We used electron diffraction at mega–electron volt energies to visualize the ultrafast melting of gold on the atomic scale length. For energy densities approaching the irreversible melting regime, we first observed heterogeneous melting on time scales of 100 to 1000 picoseconds, transitioning to homogeneous melting that occurs catastrophically within 10 to 20 picoseconds at higher energy densities. We showed evidence for the heterogeneous coexistence of solid and liquid. We determined the ion and electron temperature evolution and found superheated conditions. Our results constrain the electron-ion coupling rate, determine the Debye temperature, and reveal the melting sensitivity to nucleation seeds.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 21
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    Observation of the topological Anderson insulator in disordered atomic wires (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: Topology and disorder have a rich combined influence on quantum transport. To probe their interplay, we synthesized one-dimensional chiral symmetric wires with controllable disorder via spectroscopic Hamiltonian engineering, based on the laser-driven coupling of discrete momentum states of ultracold atoms. Measuring the bulk evolution of a topological indicator after a sudden quench, we observed the topological Anderson insulator phase, in which added disorder drives the band structure of a wire from topologically trivial to nontrivial. In addition, we observed the robustness of topologically nontrivial wires to weak disorder and measured the transition to a trivial phase in the presence of strong disorder. Atomic interactions in this quantum simulation platform may enable realizations of strongly interacting topological fluids.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 22
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    Playing with particle physics (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-30
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    Making a practical valleytronics device (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 24
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    A valley valve and electron beam splitter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-07
    Description: Developing alternative paradigms of electronics beyond silicon technology requires the exploration of fundamentally new physical mechanisms, such as the valley-specific phenomena in hexagonal two-dimensional materials. We realize ballistic valley Hall kink states in bilayer graphene and demonstrate gate-controlled current transmission in a four-kink router device. The operations of a waveguide, a valve, and a tunable electron beam splitter are demonstrated. The valley valve exploits the valley-momentum locking of the kink states and reaches an on/off ratio of 8 at zero magnetic field. A magnetic field enables a full-range tunable coherent beam splitter. These results pave a path to building a scalable, coherent quantum transportation network based on the kink states.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 25
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    Wheat--the cereal abandoned by GM (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-03
    Keywords: Genetics
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  • 26
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    Detailed genome maps paths to better wheat (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Genetics
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  • 27
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    More to imaging than meets the eye (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-17
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 28
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    Cooperative quantum magnetism (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-08-24
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 29
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    Quantum entanglement of the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons using metamaterials (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metamaterials constructed from deep subwavelength building blocks have been used to demonstrate phenomena ranging from negative refractive index and -near-zero to cloaking, emulations of general relativity, and superresolution imaging. More recently, metamaterials have been suggested as a new platform for quantum optics. We present the use of a dielectric metasurface to generate entanglement between the spin and orbital angular momentum of photons. We demonstrate the generation of the four Bell states on a single photon by using the geometric phase that arises from the photonic spin-orbit interaction and subsequently show nonlocal correlations between two photons that interacted with the metasurface. Our results show that metamaterials are suitable for the generation and manipulation of entangled photon states, introducing the area of quantum optics metamaterials.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 30
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    Quantum metasurface for multiphoton interference and state reconstruction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-14
    Description: Metasurfaces based on resonant nanophotonic structures have enabled innovative types of flat-optics devices that often outperform the capabilities of bulk components, yet these advances remain largely unexplored for quantum applications. We show that nonclassical multiphoton interferences can be achieved at the subwavelength scale in all-dielectric metasurfaces. We simultaneously image multiple projections of quantum states with a single metasurface, enabling a robust reconstruction of amplitude, phase, coherence, and entanglement of multiphoton polarization-encoded states. One- and two-photon states are reconstructed through nonlocal photon correlation measurements with polarization-insensitive click detectors positioned after the metasurface, and the scalability to higher photon numbers is established theoretically. Our work illustrates the feasibility of ultrathin quantum metadevices for the manipulation and measurement of multiphoton quantum states, with applications in free-space quantum imaging and communications.
    Keywords: Physics
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  • 31
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    Measurement of a superconducting qubit with a microwave photon counter (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2018-09-21
    Description: Fast, high-fidelity measurement is a key ingredient for quantum error correction. Conventional approaches to the measurement of superconducting qubits, involving linear amplification of a microwave probe tone followed by heterodyne detection at room temperature, do not scale well to large system sizes. We introduce an approach to measurement based on a microwave photon counter demonstrating raw single-shot measurement fidelity of 92%. Moreover, the intrinsic damping of the photon counter is used to extract the energy released by the measurement process, allowing repeated high-fidelity quantum nondemolition measurements. Our scheme provides access to the classical outcome of projective quantum measurement at the millikelvin stage and could form the basis for a scalable quantum-to-classical interface.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Developmental enhancers and chromosome topology (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Developmental enhancers mediate on/off patterns of gene expression in specific cell types at particular stages during metazoan embryogenesis. They typically integrate multiple signals and regulatory determinants to achieve precise spatiotemporal expression. Such enhancers can map quite far—one megabase or more—from the genes they regulate. How remote enhancers relay regulatory information to their target promoters is one of the central mysteries of genome organization and function. A variety of contrasting mechanisms have been proposed over the years, including enhancer tracking, linking, looping, and mobilization to transcription factories. We argue that extreme versions of these mechanisms cannot account for the transcriptional dynamics and precision seen in living cells, tissues, and embryos. We describe emerging evidence for dynamic three-dimensional hubs that combine different elements of the classical models.
    Keywords: Genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Single-cell chromatin and RNA analysis (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dynamic DNA methylation: In the right place at the right time (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: The classical model of cytosine DNA methylation (the presence of 5-methylcytosine, 5mC) regulation depicts this covalent modification as a stable repressive regulator of promoter activity. However, whole-genome analysis of 5mC reveals widespread tissue- and cell type–specific patterns and pervasive dynamics during mammalian development. Here we review recent findings that delineate 5mC functions in developmental stages and diverse genomic compartments as well as discuss the molecular mechanisms that connect transcriptional regulation and 5mC. Beyond the newly appreciated dynamics, regulatory roles for 5mC have been suggested in new biological contexts, such as learning and memory or aging. The use of new single-cell measurement techniques and precise editing tools will enable functional analyses of 5mC in gene expression, clarifying its role in various biological processes.
    Keywords: Genetics
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    Making ultrafast cycles of light (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dissecting the epigenomic footprint (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Keywords: Genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Joint profiling of chromatin accessibility and gene expression in thousands of single cells (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-28
    Description: Although we can increasingly measure transcription, chromatin, methylation, and other aspects of molecular biology at single-cell resolution, most assays survey only one aspect of cellular biology. Here we describe sci-CAR, a combinatorial indexing–based coassay that jointly profiles chromatin accessibility and mRNA (CAR) in each of thousands of single cells. As a proof of concept, we apply sci-CAR to 4825 cells, including a time series of dexamethasone treatment, as well as to 11,296 cells from the adult mouse kidney. With the resulting data, we compare the pseudotemporal dynamics of chromatin accessibility and gene expression, reconstruct the chromatin accessibility profiles of cell types defined by RNA profiles, and link cis-regulatory sites to their target genes on the basis of the covariance of chromatin accessibility and transcription across large numbers of single cells.
    Keywords: Genetics
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    Quantum oscillations in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Insulator or a metal? (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Quantum oscillations of electrical resistivity in an insulator (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-05
    Description: In metals, orbital motions of conduction electrons on the Fermi surface are quantized in magnetic fields, which is manifested by quantum oscillations in electrical resistivity. This Landau quantization is generally absent in insulators. Here, we report a notable exception in an insulator—ytterbium dodecaboride (YbB 12 ). The resistivity of YbB 12 , which is of a much larger magnitude than the resistivity in metals, exhibits distinct quantum oscillations. These unconventional oscillations arise from the insulating bulk, even though the temperature dependence of the oscillation amplitude follows the conventional Fermi liquid theory of metals with a large effective mass. Quantum oscillations in the magnetic torque are also observed, albeit with a lighter effective mass.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Magnons propagating in graphene (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Keywords: Physics
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    Electrical generation and detection of spin waves in a quantum Hall ferromagnet (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-12
    Description: Spin waves are collective excitations of magnetic systems. An attractive setting for studying long-lived spin-wave physics is the quantum Hall (QH) ferromagnet, which forms spontaneously in clean two-dimensional electron systems at low temperature and in a perpendicular magnetic field. We used out-of-equilibrium occupation of QH edge channels in graphene to excite and detect spin waves in magnetically ordered QH states. Our experiments provide direct evidence for long-distance spin-wave propagation through different ferromagnetic phases in the N = 0 Landau level, as well as across the insulating canted antiferromagnetic phase. Our results will enable experimental investigation of the fundamental magnetic properties of these exotic two-dimensional electron systems.
    Keywords: Physics
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    Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-04
    Description: Human beings routinely help others to achieve their goals, even when the helper receives no immediate benefit and the person helped is a stranger. Such altruistic behaviors (toward non-kin) are extremely rare evolutionarily, with some theorists even proposing that they are uniquely human. Here we show that human children as young as 18 months of age (prelinguistic or just-linguistic) quite readily help others to achieve their goals in a variety of different situations. This requires both an understanding of others' goals and an altruistic motivation to help. In addition, we demonstrate similar though less robust skills and motivations in three young chimpanzees.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warneken, Felix -- Tomasello, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1301-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. warneken@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Altruism ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; *Helping Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Motivation ; Pan troglodytes/*psychology
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    An antigen produced by splicing of noncontiguous peptides in the reverse order (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: CD8-positive T lymphocytes recognize peptides that are usually derived from the degradation of cellular proteins and are presented by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Here we describe a human minor histocompatibility antigen created by a polymorphism in the SP110 nuclear phosphoprotein gene. The antigenic peptide comprises two noncontiguous SP110 peptide segments spliced together in reverse order to that in which they occur in the predicted SP110 protein. The antigenic peptide could be produced in vitro by incubation of precursor peptides with highly purified 20S proteasomes. Cutting and splicing probably occur within the proteasome by transpeptidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, Edus H -- Vigneron, Nathalie J -- Gavin, Marc A -- Coulie, Pierre G -- Stroobant, Vincent -- Dalet, Alexandre -- Tykodi, Scott S -- Xuereb, Suzanne M -- Mito, Jeffrey K -- Riddell, Stanley R -- Van den Eynde, Benoit J -- CA106512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA18029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA018029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1444-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigen Presentation ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Electroporation ; HLA-A Antigens/immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; *Protein Splicing ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
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    Scientific publishing. Hwang aftereffects reverberate at journals (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- Holden, Constance -- Chong, Sei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):321.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloning, Organism ; Editorial Policies ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; *Periodicals as Topic ; *Publishing ; *Scientific Misconduct ; *Stem Cells
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    Social science. Google's hidden wealth (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):915.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ethics, Research ; Humans ; *Information Storage and Retrieval/ethics ; *Internet ; *Research ; *Social Sciences
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    Social science. Tracking people's electronic footprints (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):914-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer Simulation ; Group Processes ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Mathematics ; *Social Behavior ; *Sociology ; Suicide ; Terrorism
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    Bioethics. Researchers attack newspaper probe of trials (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1714.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics ; Conflict of Interest ; Consultants ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Newspapers as Topic ; Research Design ; Research Personnel/*ethics ; United States
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    Women in science. MIT hiring controversy sparks faculty fracas (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):284.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857909" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Faculty ; Female ; Humans ; Massachusetts ; *Neurosciences ; *Personnel Selection ; Prejudice ; Universities/*manpower ; *Women, Working
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  • 50
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    Molecular imaging in cancer (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: Medical imaging technologies have undergone explosive growth over the past few decades and now play a central role in clinical oncology. But the truly transformative power of imaging in the clinical management of cancer patients lies ahead. Today, imaging is at a crossroads, with molecularly targeted imaging agents expected to broadly expand the capabilities of conventional anatomical imaging methods. Molecular imaging will allow clinicians to not only see where a tumor is located in the body, but also to visualize the expression and activity of specific molecules (e.g., proteases and protein kinases) and biological processes (e.g., apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis) that influence tumor behavior and/or response to therapy. This information is expected to have a major impact on cancer detection, individualized treatment, and drug development, as well as our understanding of how cancer arises.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weissleder, Ralph -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1168-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. weissleder@helix.mgh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; *Diagnostic Imaging ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Neoplasms/chemistry/*diagnosis/*therapy ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; *Radiopharmaceuticals
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    Cancer. First pass at cancer genome reveals complex landscape (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1370.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*genetics ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; *Genes, Neoplasm ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Running out of water--and time (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1085-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931753" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Fresh Water ; Humans ; Middle East ; Sewage ; Water Pollutants/analysis ; *Water Purification ; *Water Supply
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    Chemistry. Seamless proteins tie up their loose ends (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Craik, David J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1563-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. d.craik@imb.uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Codon, Terminator ; Cyclization ; Cyclotides/biosynthesis/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Defensins/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Peptides, Cyclic/biosynthesis/*chemistry ; Plant Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Protein Precursors/metabolism ; Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    HIV testing and individual rights (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mills, Edward -- Rennie, Stuart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):417-9; author reply 417-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Serodiagnosis ; Female ; HIV Infections/*diagnosis/prevention & control ; *Human Rights ; Humans ; Male ; Mandatory Testing ; Prejudice
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  • 55
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    Language control in the bilingual brain (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: How does the bilingual brain distinguish and control which language is in use? Previous functional imaging experiments have not been able to answer this question because proficient bilinguals activate the same brain regions irrespective of the language being tested. Here, we reveal that neuronal responses within the left caudate are sensitive to changes in the language or the meaning of words. By demonstrating this effect in populations of German-English and Japanese-English bilinguals, we suggest that the left caudate plays a universal role in monitoring and controlling the language in use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crinion, J -- Turner, R -- Grogan, A -- Hanakawa, T -- Noppeney, U -- Devlin, J T -- Aso, T -- Urayama, S -- Fukuyama, H -- Stockton, K -- Usui, K -- Green, D W -- Price, C J -- 051067/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1537-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Multilingualism ; Neurons/physiology ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Semantics
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    Arata Kochi profile. Fighting words from WHO's new malaria chief (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):599.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antimalarials/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Artemisinins/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Developing Countries ; Drug Industry ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Japan ; *Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/parasitology ; Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; World Health Organization/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Archaeology. North versus south, Mesopotamian style (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1458-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Civilization/*history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Syria ; Urban Population/history
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The burden of brain disorders (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cruz, Marcelo -- Jenkins, Rachel -- Silberberg, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Diseases/*epidemiology ; Developing Countries/*statistics & numerical data ; Health Promotion ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A clamping mechanism involved in SNARE-dependent exocytosis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: During neurotransmitter release at the synapse, influx of calcium ions stimulates the release of neurotransmitter. However, the mechanism by which synaptic vesicle fusion is coupled to calcium has been unclear, despite the identification of both the core fusion machinery [soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)] and the principal calcium sensor (synaptotagmin). Here, we describe what may represent a basic principle of the coupling mechanism: a reversible clamping protein (complexin) that can freeze the SNAREpin, an assembled fusion-competent intermediate en route to fusion. When calcium binds to the calcium sensor synaptotagmin, the clamp would then be released. SNARE proteins, and key regulators like synaptotagmin and complexin, can be ectopically expressed on the cell surface. Cells expressing such "flipped" synaptic SNAREs fuse constitutively, but when we coexpressed complexin, fusion was blocked. Adding back calcium triggered fusion from this intermediate in the presence of synaptotagmin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giraudo, Claudio G -- Eng, William S -- Melia, Thomas J -- Rothman, James E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):676-80. Epub 2006 Jun 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Exocytosis ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; SNARE Proteins/*metabolism ; Synaptotagmin I/metabolism ; Synaptotagmins/metabolism ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoanthropology. Skeptics seek to slay the 'hobbit,' calling Flores skeleton a modern human (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1028-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Microcephaly/history/pathology ; Skull/abnormalities/*anatomy & histology
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    A one-size-fits-all flu vaccine? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):380-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Administration, Intranasal ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis/immunology ; Antigenic Variation ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*immunology ; *Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; Influenza, Human/*prevention & control ; Mice ; Nucleoproteins/genetics/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage/immunology ; Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage/immunology ; Viral Core Proteins/genetics/immunology ; Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoanthropology. How the hobbit shrugged: tiny hominid's story takes new turn (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):983-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709753" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Height ; Female ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Male ; Skeleton
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens" and "Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans" (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: Mekel-Bobrov et al. and Evans et al. (Reports, 9 Sept. 2005, p. 1720 and p. 1717, respectively) examined sequence data from modern humans within two gene regions associated with brain development, ASPM and microcephalin, and concluded that selection of these genes must be ongoing. We show that models of human history that include both population growth and spatial structure can generate the observed patterns without selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Currat, Mathias -- Excoffier, Laurent -- Maddison, Wayne -- Otto, Sarah P -- Ray, Nicolas -- Whitlock, Michael C -- Yeaman, Sam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):172; author reply 172.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Biological Evolution ; Brain ; Demography ; Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; *Haplotypes ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Organ Size ; Population Density ; *Population Growth ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Scientific conferences. U.S. caps number of AIDS researchers at Toronto meeting (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; *Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Internationality ; Ontario ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
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    Group competition, reproductive leveling, and the evolution of human altruism (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Humans behave altruistically in natural settings and experiments. A possible explanation-that groups with more altruists survive when groups compete-has long been judged untenable on empirical grounds for most species. But there have been no empirical tests of this explanation for humans. My empirical estimates show that genetic differences between early human groups are likely to have been great enough so that lethal intergroup competition could account for the evolution of altruism. Crucial to this process were distinctive human practices such as sharing food beyond the immediate family, monogamy, and other forms of reproductive leveling. These culturally transmitted practices presuppose advanced cognitive and linguistic capacities, possibly accounting for the distinctive forms of altruism found in our species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowles, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1569-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA, and Universita di Siena, 17 Piazza San Francesco, Siena, Italy. bowles@santafe.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Competitive Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Violence ; Warfare
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    A century of Alzheimer's disease (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: One hundred years ago a small group of psychiatrists described the abnormal protein deposits in the brain that define the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past 25 years, it has become clear that the proteins forming the deposits are central to the disease process. Amyloid-beta and tau make up the plaques and tangles of Alzheimer's disease, where these normally soluble proteins assemble into amyloid-like filaments. Tau inclusions are also found in a number of related disorders. Genetic studies have shown that dysfunction of amyloid-beta or tau is sufficient to cause dementia. The ongoing molecular dissection of the neurodegenerative pathways is expected to lead to a true understanding of disease pathogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goedert, Michel -- Spillantini, Maria Grazia -- G0301152/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184291/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):777-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK. mg@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alzheimer Disease/genetics/history/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/chemistry/pathology ; Plaque, Amyloid/chemistry/pathology ; Presenilin-1/genetics/metabolism ; tau Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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    Plant volatile compounds: sensory cues for health and nutritional value? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Plants produce many volatile metabolites. A small subset of these compounds is sensed by animals and humans, and the volatile profiles are defining elements of the distinct flavors of individual foods. Flavor volatiles are derived from an array of nutrients, including amino acids, fatty acids, and carotenoids. In tomato, almost all of the important flavor-related volatiles are derived from essential nutrients. The predominance of volatiles derived from essential nutrients and health-promoting compounds suggests that these volatiles provide important information about the nutritional makeup of foods. Evidence supporting a relation between volatile perception and nutrient or health value will be reviewed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goff, Stephen A -- Klee, Harry J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):815-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Syngenta Fellows Group, Syngenta Biotechnology Inc., 3054 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2257, USA. stephen.goff@syngenta.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids, Essential/analysis ; Animals ; Carotenoids/analysis ; Cues ; Fatty Acids/analysis/metabolism ; Humans ; Lycopersicon esculentum/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Nutritive Value ; *Odors ; Organic Chemicals/*analysis/metabolism ; Plants/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Smell ; *Taste ; Volatilization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A virulence locus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes a protein secretion apparatus (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: Bacterial pathogens frequently use protein secretion to mediate interactions with their hosts. Here we found that a virulence locus (HSI-I) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes a protein secretion apparatus. The apparatus assembled in discrete subcellular locations and exported Hcp1, a hexameric protein that forms rings with a 40 angstrom internal diameter. Regulatory patterns of HSI-I suggested that the apparatus functions during chronic infections. We detected Hcp1 in pulmonary secretions of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and Hcp1-specific antibodies in their sera. Thus, HSI-I likely contributes to the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in CF patients. HSI-I-related loci are widely distributed among bacterial pathogens and may play a general role in mediating host interactions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800167/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800167/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mougous, Joseph D -- Cuff, Marianne E -- Raunser, Stefan -- Shen, Aimee -- Zhou, Min -- Gifford, Casey A -- Goodman, Andrew L -- Joachimiak, Grazyna -- Ordonez, Claudia L -- Lory, Stephen -- Walz, Thomas -- Joachimiak, Andrzej -- Mekalanos, John J -- AI21451/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI26289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM074942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM62414/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM062414/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM062414-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM074942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM074942-04S2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1526-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/physiology/secretion ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cystic Fibrosis/complications/microbiology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Pseudomonas Infections/complications/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Virulence/genetics
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    Emergence of drug-resistant influenza virus: population dynamical considerations (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: Given the considerable challenges to the rapid development of an effective vaccine against influenza, antiviral agents will play an important role as a first-line defense if a new pandemic occurs. The large-scale use of drugs for chemoprophylaxis and treatment will impose strong selection for the evolution of drug-resistant strains. The ensuing transmission of those strains could substantially limit the effectiveness of the drugs as a first-line defense. Summarizing recent data on the rate at which the treatment of influenza infection generates resistance de novo and on the transmission fitness of resistant virus, we discuss possible implications for the epidemiological spread of drug resistance in the context of an established population dynamic model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Regoes, Roland R -- Bonhoeffer, Sebastian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):389-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum CHN K12.1, Universitatsstrasse 16, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetamides/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Amantadine/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Computer Simulation ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Orthomyxoviridae/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; Oseltamivir ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Cancer biomarkers--an invitation to the table (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: The allure of the emerging genomic technologies in cancer is their ability to generate new biomarkers that predict how individual cancer patients will respond to various treatments. However, productive implementation of cancer biomarkers into patient care will require fundamental changes in how we consider approvals for cancer indications and how we track patient responses. Here we briefly describe ongoing efforts to identify and to validate cancer biomarkers, discuss the technological hurdles that lie ahead, and then focus on the more pressing political and cultural issues that, if left unheeded, could derail many of the anticipated benefits of biomarker research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, William S -- Friend, Stephen H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1165-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA. dalton@moffitt.usf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; *Biomarkers, Tumor ; Biotechnology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Databases, Factual ; Drug Industry ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Genomics ; Humans ; Intellectual Property ; Interprofessional Relations ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/genetics/*therapy ; *Patient Care Management ; Private Sector ; Proteomics ; Public Sector
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Behavior. The power of social psychological interventions (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, Timothy D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1251-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA. tdw@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Adolescent ; African Americans/*psychology ; Educational Measurement ; *Educational Status ; Humans ; *Psychology, Social ; *Self Concept ; *Social Perception ; Social Values
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    DNA testing. Genetic screen misses mutations in women at high risk of breast cancer (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1847.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16574828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; False Negative Reactions ; Female ; *Genes, BRCA1 ; *Genes, BRCA2 ; *Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Ovarian Neoplasms/*genetics ; Sensitivity and Specificity
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    Korean cloning scandal. Prosecutors allege elaborate deception and missing funds (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wohn, D Yvette -- Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):980-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bioethical Issues/legislation & jurisprudence ; Blastocyst/cytology ; *Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Fraud/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Korea ; Scientific Misconduct/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Stem Cells
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Research misconduct. Seoul National University dismisses Hwang (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wohn, Yvette -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1695.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556813" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Authorship ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Employment ; Faculty/*standards ; Humans ; Korea ; *Scientific Misconduct ; *Stem Cells ; *Universities
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 75
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    Exposure to scientific theories affects women's math performance (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: Stereotype threat occurs when stereotyped groups perform worse as their group membership is highlighted. We investigated whether stereotype threat is affected by accounts for the origins of stereotypes. In two studies, women who read of genetic causes of sex differences performed worse on math tests than those who read of experiential causes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dar-Nimrod, Ilan -- Heine, Steven J -- R01 MH60155-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):435.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053140" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; *Aptitude ; Female ; *Genes ; Humans ; *Mathematics ; Sex Characteristics ; *Stereotyping ; Women/*psychology
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    Immunology. Restless T cells sniff and go (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mustelin, Tomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1902-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program on Inflammatory Disease Research, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, and Program of Signal Transduction, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. tmustelin@burnham.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD28/metabolism ; Antigens, CD80/metabolism ; Antigens, CD86/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation/genetics/*physiology ; *Autoimmunity ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Movement ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Humans ; Integrins/physiology ; Ligands ; Lymph Nodes/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Public health. HIV testing in China (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Zunyou -- Sun, Xinhua -- Sullivan, Sheena G -- Detels, Roger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1475-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Serodiagnosis/statistics & numerical data ; China/epidemiology ; Confidentiality/legislation & jurisprudence ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; HIV Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Health Care Costs ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley" (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Kislev et al. (Reports, 2 June 2006, p. 1372) described Neolithic parthenocarpic fig fruits and proposed that they derive from trees propagated only by cuttings and thus represent the first domesticated plant of the Neolithic Revolution. Because parthenocarpic fig trees naturally produce both seeded and seedless fruits and are capable of spontaneous reproduction, we argue that the finds do not necessarily indicate cultivation, nor horticulture predating grain crops.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lev-Yadun, Simcha -- Ne'eman, Gidi -- Abbo, Shahal -- Flaishman, Moshe A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1683; author reply 1683.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel. levyadun@research.haifa.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*history ; *Ficus/physiology ; Fruit ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Middle East ; Seeds
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    Genetic variation affects de novo translocation frequency (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: Translocation is one of the most frequently occurring human chromosomal aberrations. The constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11), which is the only known recurrent non-Robertsonian translocation, represents a good model for studying translocations in humans. Here we demonstrate polymorphisms of the palindromic sequence at the t(11;22) breakpoint that affect the frequency of de novo translocations in sperm from normal males. A typical allele consists of a perfect palindrome, producing ~10-5 de novo t(11;22) translocations. Alleles with an asymmetric center do not form the t(11;22). Our data show the importance of genome sequence on chromosomal rearrangements, a class of human mutation that is thought to be random.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818512/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818512/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kato, Takema -- Inagaki, Hidehito -- Yamada, Kouji -- Kogo, Hiroshi -- Ohye, Tamae -- Kowa, Hiroe -- Nagaoka, Kayuri -- Taniguchi, Mariko -- Emanuel, Beverly S -- Kurahashi, Hiroki -- CA39926/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 DC002027/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- P01 DC002027-070006/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA039926/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA039926-18/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):971.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake Aichi 470-1192, Japan [corrected]〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AT Rich Sequence ; Alleles ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Deletion ; *Spermatozoa ; *Translocation, Genetic
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    Molecular linkage between the kinase ATM and NF-kappaB signaling in response to genotoxic stimuli (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: The transcription factor NF-kappaB modulates apoptotic responses induced by genotoxic stress. We show that NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO), the regulatory subunit of IkappaB kinase (IKK) (which phosphorylates the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaB), associates with activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) after the induction of DNA double-strand breaks. ATM phosphorylates serine-85 of NEMO to promote its ubiquitin-dependent nuclear export. ATM is also exported in a NEMO-dependent manner to the cytoplasm, where it associates with and causes the activation of IKK in a manner dependent on another IKK regulator, a protein rich in glutamate, leucine, lysine, and serine (ELKS). Thus, regulated nuclear shuttling of NEMO links two signaling kinases, ATM and IKK, to activate NF-kappaB by genotoxic signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Zhao-Hui -- Shi, Yuling -- Tibbetts, Randal S -- Miyamoto, Shigeki -- R01-CA77474/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA81065/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM067868/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1141-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 301 SMI, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase/*metabolism ; I-kappa B Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SUMO-1 Protein/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin/metabolism
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    Structure and mechanism of the lantibiotic cyclase involved in nisin biosynthesis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes that are installed by a single enzyme, NisC. Reported here are the in vitro reconstitution of the cyclization process and the x-ray crystal structure of the NisC enzyme. The structure reveals similarities in fold and substrate activation with mammalian farnesyl transferases, suggesting that human homologs of NisC posttranslationally modify a cysteine of a protein substrate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Bo -- Yu, John Paul J -- Brunzelle, Joseph S -- Moll, Gert N -- van der Donk, Wilfred A -- Nair, Satish K -- GM58822/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079038/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1464-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Farnesyltranstransferase/chemistry ; Humans ; Lactococcus lactis/*enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nisin/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Infectious disease. Polio experts strive to understand a puzzling outbreak (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1581.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Angola/epidemiology ; Child ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Humans ; *Mass Vaccination ; Namibia/epidemiology ; Nigeria/epidemiology ; Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology ; Poliovirus/genetics ; *Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
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    Simron Singh profile. After the tsunami: a scientist's dilemma (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):32-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Commerce ; *Culture ; *Disasters ; *Ethnic Groups ; Geography ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; India ; Relief Work
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    A regulatory SNP causes a human genetic disease by creating a new transcriptional promoter (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: We describe a pathogenetic mechanism underlying a variant form of the inherited blood disorder alpha thalassemia. Association studies of affected individuals from Melanesia localized the disease trait to the telomeric region of human chromosome 16, which includes the alpha-globin gene cluster, but no molecular defects were detected by conventional approaches. After resequencing and using a combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and expression analysis on a tiled oligonucleotide array, we identified a gain-of-function regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphism (rSNP) in a nongenic region between the alpha-globin genes and their upstream regulatory elements. The rSNP creates a new promoterlike element that interferes with normal activation of all downstream alpha-like globin genes. Thus, our work illustrates a strategy for distinguishing between neutral and functionally important rSNPs, and it also identifies a pathogenetic mechanism that could potentially underlie other genetic diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Gobbi, Marco -- Viprakasit, Vip -- Hughes, Jim R -- Fisher, Chris -- Buckle, Veronica J -- Ayyub, Helena -- Gibbons, Richard J -- Vernimmen, Douglas -- Yoshinaga, Yuko -- de Jong, Pieter -- Cheng, Jan-Fang -- Rubin, Edward M -- Wood, William G -- Bowden, Don -- Higgs, Douglas R -- MC_U137961143/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U137961145/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U137961147/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1215-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/*genetics ; Erythroblasts ; GATA1 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Globins/*genetics ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Melanesia ; Minisatellite Repeats ; Multigene Family ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional ; Transcription, Genetic ; alpha-Thalassemia/*genetics
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    Examining knowledge of geometry (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wulff, Karl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1309-10; author reply 1309-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741095" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; *Comprehension ; Humans ; Indians, South American/*psychology ; *Knowledge ; *Mathematics
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    Preventing HIV/AIDS in adolescents (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Counseling ; Female ; Financial Support ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior ; *United Nations/economics ; United States
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    Computer simulations. Technological advances in inquiry learning (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Jong, Ton -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):532-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede 7500AE, Netherlands. a.j.m.dejong@utwente.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Computer Simulation ; *Computer-Assisted Instruction ; Humans ; *Learning
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Role of iNOS in human host defense (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nathan, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1874-5; author reply 1874-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Infections/enzymology/*immunology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Macrophages/cytology/*enzymology ; Mice ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Tuberculosis/enzymology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Long-distance dispersal of plants (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: Long-distance dispersal (LDD) of plants poses challenges to research because it involves rare events driven by complex and highly stochastic processes. The current surge of renewed interest in LDD, motivated by growing recognition of its critical importance for natural populations and communities and for humanity, promises an improved, quantitatively derived understanding of LDD. To gain deep insights into the patterns, mechanisms, causes, and consequences of LDD, we must look beyond the standard dispersal vectors and the mean trend of the distribution of dispersal distances. "Nonstandard" mechanisms such as extreme climatic events and generalized LDD vectors seem to hold the greatest explanatory power for the drastic deviations from the mean trend, deviations that make the nearly impossible LDD a reality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nathan, Ran -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):786-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel. rnathan@cc.huji.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; *Plants ; Pollen ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; *Seeds ; Selection, Genetic ; Stochastic Processes ; Water Movements ; *Weather ; Wind
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Global health. Polio eradication: is it time to give up? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):832-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690830" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa/epidemiology ; Developing Countries ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Endemic Diseases ; *Global Health ; Humans ; *Immunization Programs ; India/epidemiology ; Mass Vaccination ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    HIV decline associated with behavior change in eastern Zimbabwe (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: Few sub-Saharan African countries have witnessed declines in HIV prevalence, and only Uganda has compelling evidence for a decline founded on sexual behavior change. We report a decline in HIV prevalence in eastern Zimbabwe between 1998 and 2003 associated with sexual behavior change in four distinct socioeconomic strata. HIV prevalence fell most steeply at young ages-by 23 and 49%, respectively, among men aged 17 to 29 years and women aged 15 to 24 years-and in more educated groups. Sexually experienced men and women reported reductions in casual sex of 49 and 22%, respectively, whereas recent cohorts reported delayed sexual debut. Selective AIDS-induced mortality contributed to the decline in HIV prevalence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gregson, Simon -- Garnett, Geoffrey P -- Nyamukapa, Constance A -- Hallett, Timothy B -- Lewis, James J C -- Mason, Peter R -- Chandiwana, Stephen K -- Anderson, Roy M -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):664-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, UK. Sajgregson@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Cohort Studies ; Condoms ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Emigration and Immigration ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Incidence ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk-Taking ; *Sexual Behavior ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Chinese gene therapy. Gendicine's efficacy: hard to translate (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xin, Hao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1233.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124301" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*therapy ; Periodicals as Topic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Human hair growth deficiency is linked to a genetic defect in the phospholipase gene LIPH (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: The molecular mechanisms controlling human hair growth and scalp hair loss are poorly understood. By screening about 350,000 individuals in two populations from the Volga-Ural region of Russia, we identified a gene mutation in families who show an inherited form of hair loss and a hair growth defect. Affected individuals were homozygous for a deletion in the LIPH gene on chromosome 3q27, caused by short interspersed nuclear element-retrotransposon-mediated recombination. The LIPH gene is expressed in hair follicles and encodes a phospholipase called lipase H (alternatively known as membrane-associated phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1alpha), an enzyme that regulates the production of bioactive lipids. These results suggest that lipase H participates in hair growth and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kazantseva, Anastasiya -- Goltsov, Andrey -- Zinchenko, Rena -- Grigorenko, Anastasia P -- Abrukova, Anna V -- Moliaka, Yuri K -- Kirillov, Alexander G -- Guo, Zhiru -- Lyle, Stephen -- Ginter, Evgeny K -- Rogaev, Evgeny I -- K08-AR02179/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):982-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alu Elements ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; Hair/*growth & development ; Hair Follicle/enzymology ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Hypotrichosis/*genetics ; Lipase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lod Score ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements ; Russia ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Balancing fertility rates with resources (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grossman, Richard A -- White, Richard E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1886-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Birth Rate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Economics ; Humans ; *Population Growth
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Archaeology. Local elites cast new light on Angkor's rise (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1366.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Burial/*history ; Cambodia ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; *Social Class ; Thailand
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    An experimental study of the coloring problem on human subject networks (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: Theoretical work suggests that structural properties of naturally occurring networks are important in shaping behavior and dynamics. However, the relationships between structure and behavior are difficult to establish through empirical studies, because the networks in such studies are typically fixed. We studied networks of human subjects attempting to solve the graph or network coloring problem, which models settings in which it is desirable to distinguish one's behavior from that of one's network neighbors. Networks generated by preferential attachment made solving the coloring problem more difficult than did networks based on cyclical structures, and "small worlds" networks were easier still. We also showed that providing more information can have opposite effects on performance, depending on network structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kearns, Michael -- Suri, Siddharth -- Montfort, Nick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):824-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Pennsylvania, Department of Computer and Information Science, 3330 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. mkearns@cis.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902134" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Game Theory ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; *Social Behavior ; *Systems Theory
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Influenza. Bird flu moves west, spreading alarm (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1084.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Asia/epidemiology ; Birds ; Europe/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology/virology ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Meeting briefs. Graves of the Pacific's first seafarers revealed (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):360.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anthropology, Cultural ; Archaeology ; *Bone and Bones ; *Burial ; Humans ; *Oceanic Ancestry Group ; Vanuatu
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Difficulties for foreign scientists in coming to the United States (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Elia, Christopher F -- Bradley, Gaylen -- Schmitt, Roland -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):169.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Science ; *Security Measures ; Students ; Travel ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Back to the people (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):733.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Politics ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States ; Vehicle Emissions/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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