ALBERT

Description: Induced polyploidy is a suitable tool for producing sterile fish which made commercial benefits in the aquaculture industry. This study carried out in order to produce triploid-interploid population via mating tetraploid female with diploid male rainbow trout. Heat shock was used for making tetraploid population and the best temperature and induction time were examined. Result showed that highest mortality from 1 day after fertilization to emerging were in groups 6 of embryos (40.1%) and the lowest were in groups 3 (33 %). Flowcytometry results showed that some fish were polyploidy. Comparative analyze of genome levels in tetraploid fish to control fish (diploid) and hen as standard indicator, confirmed tetraploid fishes in this study. In conclusion we can state that heat shock induction for 7 minutes at 65 hour –degree after fertilization in 28 ºC is optimum temperature for inducting tetraploid rainbow trout.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In order to investigation use of different ration from acorn meal in diet of rainbow trout as a plate binder and nutrient, The experiment was carried out in complete random in design. The treatments were 1,2,3 and 4, which contained of 0,2,4,6 percent of acorn meal in different diets respectively. Four repeat had been make in each treatment. This experiment were conducted on 1600 Juveniles rainbow trout with initial average weight of 74 gr, for 120 days after antiseptic processes in 16 polyethylene pound of 1.8 1.4 0.9 m length, width and depth respectively, in Boldaje station in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The diets were formulated with local material which could providing nutritive requirement of rainbow trout in principle of NRC with UFFDA soft ware dietary, as diets contained of 0,2,4,6 percent Acorn meal and other nutrient were equal. The feed were given 3 time a day on biomass basis of pounds. During of experiment, once every two weeks, after anaesthetize 50 percent of fishes in each pound were measuring a bout weight and length and the data were taken. At the final of experiment for determination of carcass characteristics, comprising of crud protein, fat, ash and dry matter, 10 fish carcass of each pounds were analyzed by AOAC procedure after removal of fins, fill gut and head, The results showed which final weigh increase was more in treat 4 and have been significant differences with others. The greatest length was observed in treat four which had significant differences with treat 1. Feed consumption were not significant differences between any treats, but was more in treat 4. Feed conversion ratio affected by treat, and the best was in treat 4, which had significant, differing with treat 1. For carcass characteristic, all treat was similar, exception for ash which more in treat four. Diets stability showed that the least stability was in treat 1 and the highest was seen in treat 4. The result of this study showed that we could use of acorn meal such as nutrient and plate binder because effect on fish rising, because improvement in fattening performance and carcass characteristics in diet of rainbow trout.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study was carried out about 15 months to determine suitable locations for the development of aquaculture across the Gamasiab river of Hamedan province in 2007 - 2008. Physicochemical parameters and macro benthic invertebrates fauna15 and 13 staitions respectively every 45 days and seasonally fish identify in 8 stations were performed according standard methods. The average water temperature was 12.8±3.7 oC, minimum and maximum dissoled oxygen were 2.6 and 12.5 mg/lit respectively during the study. The pH range was between 7.5-8.8 , the minimum and maximum Ec was 250 and 750 µmos/cm in Mehr and Tir.The transparency range was recorded about 1-103 F.T.U. The uder factors such as amount of suspended materials: 0.01-0.1 mg/l, amount of BOD5: 0.05-6.2 mg/l and COD: 30 (minimum) and 70.57 (maximum) were recirded. The total solids material (T.S.S) were less than 1 mg/lit. Totally 37 groups of bentic organisms were identified which 11 groups of them were appertained to pollutionsensitive orders containing Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera. During fish population studied 21 species belonging 5 family were identified. Based on obtained results of biological, ecological, economic and social parameters, 10 sites in 7 areas were suitable identified for fish rearing and 12 aquaculture programs (10 plan for fish rearing and 2 plan for increasing fish production of (Onchorhynchus mikiss).The minimum and maximum production capacity in mentioned places was stimated about 1675 and 3850 tons respectively.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Breeding has moved beyond the point of simply propagating random stock. Genetic potential can be improved by establishing and crossing genetically defined strains, crossing species and manipulating gametes. Some of these activities require cryopreservation of semen. Cryopreserved sperm could also be a means of exchange of genetic material between locations and populations when transportation of live fish is restricted. In this study we had a survey on rainbow trout sperm quality in Genetic and Breeding Center for Coldwatwr Fishes, Shahid Motahari, Yasouj. Then Cryopreservation trials on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm were carried out using six basic extenders. Egg batches of 25 g were inseminated with semen frozen in five 0.5-ml straws. Thowing temperature of cryopreserved sperm also was tested. In anather trial we investigate different cryoprotectant. The result showd that the best period for sperm collection in this center was from Novamber to January. The best extender based on sperm motility parameters were extender 2 and 1 with 57.2 and 56.9% fertilisatin rates, respectively. So this two extender were used in the further experiments. The best thowing temperathre was 25°C in 30s. Testing different cryoprotectant, adding 10% methanol to extender 1 gave the highest fertilization rate (64.6%) among cryoprotectant that used with this extender. In the other extender (2) adding 5% DMSO and mixture of 5% DMSO and 1% glycerol gave the highest fertilization rates (64.8% and 67.0%, respectively). In conclusion using extender 1 and 2 with mentioned cryoprotectant and thowing rate of 25°C in 30 s was recammended for rainbow trout sperm cryopreservation.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Sabzkooh in Ardal and Gandoman region in Charmahal province with annual production of 1300 metric tons of rainbow trout, is one of the most important rivers in the province. The effects of fish farms effluent on the river water quality and the possibilities to develop or limit the existing ones were studied. Flora and fauna of the river including Phyto and zooplankton, macroinvertebrates and fishes were sampled and studied. Moreover some key physico-chemical water quality parameters, concentrations of stable pollutants (heavy metals: Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd and agricultural poisons (herbicides or pesticides: DDT, Lindane, Alderine and indosulfate) and Coliform contamination were also measured. All phytoplankton genus were of tow taxa, Cianophyta and Chrysophyta and zooplankton fauna belonged to Rotatoria, Protozoa and meroplanktonic chirinomids and nematodes. Four fish species from 3 families were identified of which rainbow trout had the highest relative frequency (94.6%).All the measured heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd and the agricultural poisons concentrations such as DDT, Lindane, Alderine and indosulfate were lower than the hazardous level suggested for the surface waters. According to the benthic macroinvertebrates populations study, stations at downstream (no. 6 and 7) which received the Chartakhteh and Rudarud farms effluent had least EPT richness and the hilsenhof family level biotic index at this locations was greater than 5.25, classifying them as having organic pollution. Even though measured key physico-chemical parameters such as nutrients (N and P compounds and BOD5) in the receiving stations and effluent water never exceed the maximum permitted range but in downstream stations these factors were very close to the range. One way analyze of variance (P 95%) for TN, TP, No2, NH4, BOD5, pH, PO4 and Ec revealed no significant differences between stations before and just after receiving the effluents, however these parameters in the effluents themselves significantly differ from upstream stations 1,2 and 3 proving relatively lower organic pollution and the potential for constructing new farms or expanding the existed ones in upstream region from Chartagh to Dehnoo. At downstream from Dehnoo to Rudarud and lower parts, dense trout farm effluents in addition with point and non point pollution (municipal, agricultural and other coming run off from the catchments area) had remarkable effects on the river water quality and as a result no farm construction or expansion is recommended. To avoid or reduce the existing farms effects on the river system there should be certainly some remediation actions carried out. Constructing sedimentation ponds before releasing the effluents, obeying the rule of water extracting, preventing fish escape, increasing feeding efficiency and controlling the lateral inlets from catchments area which are potentially pollutant, should be considered to improve the situation and prevent further environmental problems caused by fish farms effluent in these area.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Study on Viral Nervouse necrosis (isolation, characterisation and pathogenesis) in Golden grey mullet in the Caspian Sea and study of pathogenecity and possibility of transmission to the other fish species (Sturgeon fishes, Rutilus frisii kutum and reared Rainbow trout and Carp) Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) is a worldwide disease affecting several species of cultured marine fish. For the past two decades, betanodavirus infections that cause Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) have emerged as major constraints on the culture and sea ranching of marine fish in almost all parts of the world. More than forty species mainly of marine origin have been so far affected and this number is likely to rise in future following the introduction of new species and the increase of aquaculture trade. Unknown acute mortality occurred in wild golden grey mullet Lisa auratus and Liza saliens in Iranian waters of Caspian Sea in recent years. In order to isolation and confirmation of causative agents of golden grey mullet mortality in the Caspian Sea, a complementary research investigation project was designed in 2005 and approved immediately in Iranian Fisheries Research Organization (IFRO). Many diagnostic aspects such as Virology (Cell culture and Elctereone Microscopy), Hemathology, Bacteriology, Histopathology, Molecular biology (NestedRT-PCR), Heavy metals measuerment and Serology (IFAT and IHC) were employed in mentioned multidiciplinary project. About 322 moribund fish samples which revealed skin darkening, erratic swimming behavior such as spiral and belly-up at rest and high distention of swimming bladder. Suspected samples were collected from coastal capture sites in iranian north proviences in 2006 till 2009. Targets tissue such as brain and eye were removed in strile condition and then kept in -80oC frezzer for cell culture and Nested-RT-PCR. Other tissue samples from liver, kidney, intestine, stomach, gill, skin and muscle, gall bladder and gonads were taken and fixed in 10% buffer formalin and same parts fixed in glutaraldehyde 3% for histopathology, IHC and EM respectively. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed in those cell cultures just six days after inoculation with the dilutions of the tested 312 homogenate supernatants. CPE in monolayers of cells cultured (SSN-1 cell line) was characterised by thin or rounded, refractile, granular cells with vacuoles. Nine samples were positive in virology assay. Nested- RT-PCR was done on suspected tissue samples and supernatant of CPE positive samples and 21 tissue samples and all CPE positive samples were positive. IFAT was selected as a confirmatory method for identifying viral strains replicating on cell cultures and carried out with rabbit anti-betanodavirus serum on suspected tissue samples and some smears of CPE positive samples. Some bright points approved betanodavirus antigen and confirmed cell culture and Nested-RT-PCR findings. In fixed tissue samples widespread and massive vacuolation were observed in brain, spinal cord, retina and optical nerve. In order to confirmation of diagnostic findings , IHC was done with monoclonal antibody antibetanodavirus and some red-brown points were observed. Theses findings revealed expected viral antigens and confirmed previous results. Moreover, virus particles with 25-30 nm in diameter were visualized in infected brain and retina using positive staining in TEM. Also pathogenicity test was employed to confirm the obtained results. So Guppy fish Poecilia reticulata and sturgeon fry were used instead of the experimental host due to ease of handling and susceptibility. After 15 days post infection, guppy bathed in VNN-infected tissue culture with 104 TCID50 showed clinical signs similar to naturally infected Golden grey mullet, and the mortality rate reached up to 100% in 75 dpi. When target organs were examined by cell culture isolation, serology, and histopathology, all revealed the presence of virus in the Guppy. Suspected supernatant injected to sturgeon fry through intravitreous injection and widespread vacuolation were observed in brain and spinal cord buy IHC and Real time PCR were negative. In conclusion, with attntion to obtained results in this investigation such as ecological factors, clinical signs, histopathological, virological and bacteriological results, molecular analysis, (IHC, IFAT, PCR), TEM demonstration, serological and hematological findings, it could be confirmed that VNNV was the main causative agent for disease outbreak in Golden grey mullet in Southern coastline of Caspian Sea.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Frequently,the development of quantitative traits in livestock based on breeding programs has been more important.In spite of higher selection response in fish than in farm animal, it is no progress in fish breeding programs in some regions such as IRAN, because of little information of genetic variation of stock, disconstructed or undesigned base population, the deterioration of genetic resourse and don’t well informed educated researchers,extension workers and aquaculturists in breeding theory and its practical issues. At first step,in Yasouj Coldwater Fishes Breeding Research Center, in order to conducting combined selection program in rainbow trout broodstock as base population and their offsprings in mixed age parents,150 female and male broods with higher mean weight were selected,striped in 6 stage and eggs were incubated.One-year Fishes(45000 pcs.) of the six groups with higher mean weight in 5 stage were selected(438 pcs.) and remainder was discarded. Before selection, a few fishes of six aged-groups as control group were cultured apart. Difference(p〈0.05) induced between mean weight of the selected groups and with control group was because of age difference in them and of no deletion in control group(don’t throw out small individuals) by selection.The whole groups don’t have significant difference (p〉0.05) in FCR and FER. Based on results, it isn’t told that difference between experimental and control groups is a result of genetic improvement of growth rate trait induced of selection process in one generation and the continue of this program for several generations in order to reveal the development of a quantitative trait is unevitable and mating of selected broods(438 fish) in a crossbreeding program and the selection of offsprings is essential.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study aimed to determine domain the adaptability of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings in fresh water up to 20 per thousand (grams per liter) for providing facilities for growing this valuable species in the aquatic environment with salinity unconventional been completed. For this purpose the biochemical, bloody and physiologic parameters rainbow trout were studied to determine the adjustment range .Fingerlings fishes from cold water fish farm in the province Mazandran were prepared and for experiments were transferred to the Ecological Institute of Caspian Sea . Fingerlings with an average weight 31.56 ± 0. 07 SE g and average fork length 13.80 ± 0.15 SE cm, in 3 treatments in water with salinities (fresh, 13 and 20 grams per thousand) with a density of 15 numbers in polyethylene to 300-liter tank containing the 250 liters of water testing were introduced.Fresh water from Tajan rivers and water psu13 from the water Caspian Sea and water psu20 by mixing water the Caspian Sea and Sea salt was prepared . The daily amount to 50 percent of the of water tankss been replaced .During the experimental period was for 7 days and were not fed during the experiment.The water parameters was measured during the experiment included 6 ppm dissolved oxygen, pH equal to 8.2 and temperature 15.5 ° C . In the experimental period were not observed Losses in the experimental groups . The results showed that fish gill and kidney introduced in different salinities by making appropriate changes in chloride cells in the gills through increasing the number and the volume of these cells at the base of secondary blades and tubules in the kidney tubules to create greater interior space, are adapted to By changing salinity.Relatively parameters osmolarity, sodium, chloride, magnesium, cortisol, calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin,number of red blood and white cells in water saltier than freshwater environment was higher (0.05〈 p, Duncan). Changes in hematological and blood plasma ionic parameters and vital organs Fingerlings indicates a willingness adaptability and the ability physiological adaptation fingerling was consistent with changes to environmental salinity brackish water .So, the factors measured with increasing salinity the uptrend that the range of variation for the osmolarite 449-281 mOsmol kg, for sodium, chloride, magnesium, cortisol, respectively, 211- 151, 165121, 3 / 3 7/0, 87. 53 mmol and the calcium 22-13 mg per dL.The measured values for hematocrit 32.2- 38.8%, hemoglobin 6.2 - 8.6 g per deciliter and the red and white blood cells, was respectively, 1.2-1.7×106 and the 15.6 -18.9×103.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Fish culture has developoed in Yazd province of Iran since recent decade and the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss is the most important fisheries product in the area. There is a few information about carcass composition of cultured fish in Iran. Rainbow trout samples were collected from 6 fish brackish and fresh water fish farms of Yazd province during February 2007. Fish muscle samples were freezed in -30 C after being homogenized, till laboratory analyses. Proximate composition of samples contained 17.05-18.53% crude protein, 2.35-5.13% total fat, 1.31-1.7% ash and 74.18-77.05% wet. Saturated fatty acids including palmitic acid (14.06-19.60%), stearic acid (6.44-6.1%), myristic acid (1.29-5.66%) and lauric acid (0.13-2.76), also unsaturated fatty acids oleic (30.24-40.14%) and linoleic (21.18-38.85%) were extracted from muscle tissue of fish of different farms, using GC. Other unsaturated fatty acids including -linolenic acid, EPA and DHA had low concentrations (1-3%) in samples. Vitamin E level was 4.33-94.34 g/100gr. Concentration of minerals in homogenated muscle tissues were as: Na 822.58-1052.78ppm, K 12272.75-13715.25ppm, Ca 104.75-171.03ppm, Fe 19-40ppm, Cu 0.044- 1.01ppb, Zn 7.02-12.47ppb, Cd 0.879-1.099ppb and Cr 1.895-3.86ppb. Heavy metal concentrations were lower than permitted values.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In many species of finfish, females exhibit higher growth rates than males and achieve larger sizes. In addition, in some species, males mature before reaching marketable size. Therefore, there is great interest from the fish farmers to produce all-female stocks. In this project tried to reversing the sex of rainbow trout larvae by 17 estradiol and direct method, further more finding the optimum dose of this natural estrogen for endocrine sex reversion of Rainbow trout (O. mykiss). Four experimental treatments were designed with doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kgf. Trout which treated with 40 mg/kgf yielded 96% female and greatest growth.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This investigation conducted for evaluation Silo (Cylindrical) Fish Tanks as an applicable method for aquaculture of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Current research was designed in two practical phases as accidental experiments through 3 treatments and repeats of which stocked by three Rainbow trout (375 gr) densities as 75, 100 and 125 fish/m3 in 9 silo fish tanks (2 m3). For better understandings of the silo performance method, concrete circular fish tanks (similar volume) considered as controls and stocked as similar fish densities as silo tanks. The duration of the first phase of experiment was 150 days. The second phase of the experiment was determined for evaluating two proposed silo type (Inlet and outlet in bottom side / Inlet from bottom and outlet in upper side). In this stage, proposed silos (stocked by fish of 294 gr weigh) tested for rearing trout for 30 days. Water supplied from two surface wells after some aeration operations. Stocked fish were fed by pellets made by Fish Feed Chineh Company (Ltd) in Iran. Feeding operation conducted according to the recognized manuals by consideration of water temperature, fish weight and biomass. Meanwhile, biometry operation conducted in 10 days intervals while fish were anaesthetized. In addition, water quality was determined by daily measurements. According to the results of the first phase of experiment, there were significant variations on Growth rate, survival rate, FCR, FCE and SGR through the cultured organisms in silo tanks compared to the circular tanks. Meanwhile, according the results of an economic study on this survey, the fish culture in silo tanks showed significant economical and profitable in compare to controls. In additions, the second phase of experiment showed better aeration conditions in silo tanks when inlet water supply from bottom side and outlet located in upper side. Because of the fine distribution of fish in silo tanks and more usage of depth by this method, fish culture would be an applicable and profitable technique in narrow lands and slopes through the mountains area. The maximum stocking rate recorded more than 100 Kg fish/m3 in silo tanks.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This investigation carried out for the first time in Iran inorder to prodcution of monosex female and also sterilization in Rainbow trout. In this study, the eggs of general females were fertilized with the sperm of sex reversed male and so monosex female population was produced in second generation and sterilization carried out with oral administration of 17α methy 1 testosterone and immenrsion and oral administiration methods were used in embryonic stage and from commencing of acitve feeding of larvae, respectiverly. For sex reversal , 13 treatments were considered totally, that the most percentage of male (100%) was observedc in a treatment including of orally administration of 0.5 ppm hormone for 60 days after commencing active feeding (P〈0.001). In the other treamtnet, different percentages of sex ratio including male, female, intersex and sterility were observed. The offspring of genral eggs fertilization with the sperm of masculinized fish were 100% female, chisquare test was shown the treatment of orally administration of 30 ppm hormone for 120 days after commencing active feeding that had been considered for sterilization, was produced 90% sterile fish (P〈0.001) and was changed the sex ratio significancthy. Morphological changes of the gonads and sperm ducts in matured fish and also histological changes in the gonads of fish in the treamtints were considerable.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In order to perform the project, 446 samples of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) from 24 different regions in Iran were collected. About 2-3 g of caudal fin samples was collected from each specimen and preserved in absolute ethyl alcohol and then transferred to the genetic laboratory. Genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method and then DNA content and quality was determined using spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of genomic DNA fin samples was carried out using 10 pairs of microsatellite primers. All PCR products were electrophoresed on 6% polyacrylamide gel and stained with silver nitrate. Following the scoring of alleles, all parameters including allelic frequency, effective number of allele, observed and expected heterozygosity, shanon index, measurement of similarity and genetic distance and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Fst , Rst and gene flow were calculated using AMOVA analysis in the GenAlex and Popgene programs. The results showed that 8 pairs of microsatellite primers were polymorphic. In total, 50 alleles were determined with the range size of 64-280 bp. The locus omyf had maximum number of allele (26) and loci OTSG 474 and Strurruta58 had minimum number of allele (5). The observed heterozygosity was between 0.86 and 0.964. Hardy-Weinberg departure was observed for all loci from farms 18, 15, 4, E20 and 21 and were disequilibrium (P〈0.05). The farms 14, 8, 7 and 6 were equilibrium at 3 loci, but showed disequilibrium in other loci. The other farms were equilibrium at 1 or 2 loci and disequilibrium at 8 or 9 loci. The FST results showed that maximum FST (0.24) were between farms 1 and 11in which had minimum of gene flow (3.7). Minimum FST (0.04) were between farms 8 and 9 in which had maximum of gene flow (346). Based on the results of AMOVA analysis, significant differences were detected between all farms (P〈0.01). Furthermore, based on Nei 's standard (1972) maximum genetic distance (0.89) were observed between farms 2 and 11 and maximum genetic similarity (0.15) were detected between farms 3 and 4. This result suggests that the unique genetic variation of rainbow trout in hatchery farms of Iran represents a highly valuable genetic resource and provide useful information for creating a based population in the future breeding programs.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The present study investigated the potential production of rainbow trout in 9 new concret ponds (19 × 2.2 × 1.5 m) in two stages including 50 gr (small size fish) and 300 gr fattened fish). In stage one (small size fish production), 3 different stock densities including 100, 115 and 130 fish/m2 with initial average weight 5 ± 1 gr and in the second stage (fattened fish), 60, 70 and 80 fish/m2 with initial average weight 65 ± 5 gr were used. Both stages carried out in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments for 75 days and 180 days during the first and second stages, respectively. In the experiment 1 (stage one), results showed that treatment with 100 fish/m2 had significantly higher weight gain and lower feed conversion ratio than other groups (P 〈 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the treatments for feed intake after 30 days (P 〉 0.05), but 130 fish/m2 had significantly the highest feed intake (100.33 gr/fish) after 75 days (P 〈 0.05). The highest specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly related to 100 fish/m2 compared to other treatments (P〈0.05). In the experiment 2, treatment contain 60 fish/m2 during 60, 120 and 180 rearnig days showed higher weight gain, specific growth rate (0.83, 0.91 and 0.84, respectively), protein efficiency ratio, and also lower feed conversion ratio than other treatments (P〈0.05). The highest feed intake was significantly observed in 80 fish/m2 stock density after 180 days compared to other groups. In the second experiment (fattened fish) only 60 fish/m2 stock density showed the highest performance after 180 days. Therefore, the optimum stock density was 100 fish/m2 up to 50 gr (small size fish production) and 60 fish/m2 up to 300 gr (fattened fish).

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Residual level of 17- Beta Stradiol and progesterone hormones in rainbow trout fish plasma were measured during different period using RIA method. Blood sampling from abdominal aorta were taken from 70 individual of female fishes (100±11 g) which had been exposed to hormone at 0.5, 1,2,4,8,12,24 and 168 h (7 groups) compared with control group which was not exposed to this hormone .Results showed that plasma hormones measurement in different fish groups after exposing had significant differences (P〈0.01) and the highest and lowest 17-Beta Stradiol hormone residue were observed in fishes that exposed 0.5h and 168h to hormone respectively (121±9 ng. ml^-1 and 3±0.9 ng. ml^-1 ) but there is no any differences between fishes exposed 168h to hormone and control group. Also the highest progesterone hormone level were measured in fishes 0.5 an 1h exposed and the lowest one was in fishes 168 h exposed. The range of progesterone hormone were between 0.3 to 1.1 ng .ml^-1 and significant increasing of this hormone levels were obtained in fishes exposed to hormone 4 to 24h (P〈0.01). As consequence these hormone can not residue in fishes for a long time and maximum after one week the levels back to the normal.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Rainbow trout is the main cultural species of coldwater fishes in iran. Often, aquaculturists intend to breeding in order to production of lines with higher growth rate potential and disease resistant. Nevertheless in the country, no trout breeding programs, has been performed yet and most of the farms focused on the cultivation of the first(unbred) race. While European countries progressed in trout breeding techniques and production lines with higher growth through genetic manipulation (chromosomal number and type changes of fish) and/or selection and their fish products derived from this technology, including eyed eggs and so on have sold to other regions of the world(eg: Iran). In this study, some biological parameters including survival, growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR.) and chromosomal number of two juvenile groups from imported( group 1) and native(group 2) eyed fish eggs were compared. For chromosomal investigation, blood smear test and flow cytometry were performed. sults showed a significant difference (P≤5%) in growth rate of native fishes and French group Native fish feed conversion ratio (0.9) was significantly difference (P≤5%) from that of French fishes (1.15). Chromosomal analysis showed no difference in chromosome number in treatments and two fish groups were 2n chromosome. Based on the results,the fishes of group 1 had faster grow potential and gain weight in less time than that of group 2 and this has been achieved to go through the process of selection and femenizatiom without any change in number of ploidy. Whereas the ability of native fishes in food efficiency( lower FCR.) was better. However, the reduction of rearing period is the benefit and preference of cultivation of imported or origionally foreign.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The comparative study of the streptococcinum, Hepar sulfur, Rosmarinus officinalis and erythromycin effects on cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with experimental streptococcosis Homeopathy is one of alternative medicines that is very useful for soul and body diseases with accurate prescription . The goal of this study was “ survey of the effects of homeopathic remedies. There is not any more research about homeopathy on aquatics in the world especially in Iran, thus Some research about the effects of homeopathy on aquatics is needed. In this study , the effects of streptococcinum,Hepar sulfure, Rosmarinus officinalis(homeopathic remedies) and erythromycin in cultured rainbow trout ,with experimental streptococcosis, also the mortality, were compared. There was 6 treatment and 2 reviews in 300 liter tanks that each of treatment contained 40 juvenile rainbow trout with 25±5 gr arrange weight . Treatment 1: contained of erythromycin. Treatment 2: Streptococcinum C30. Treatment 3: Rosmarinus officinalis Q. Treatment 4: Hepar sulfur C30 . Treatment 5:(control treatment )without any injection and any therapy . Treatment 6 : ( positive control treatment ) with injection but without any therapy. Daily estimation of the water temperature , oxygen, PH and salinity and some other chemical factors. Tretment 1 had significance with the other treatments. Survival percent in treatments and their analysis showed that treatment 4(Hep-s) had significance (p〈0.05) with treatment 3(Ros-off) and its survival percent is more than the other homeopathic remedies. Erythromycin is chemical drug and has many side effects but Hep-s has not any side effect and is an natural remedy for Streptococcosis in homeopathy. Thus we offer the Hep-s to cure the streptococcosis but some research with disk diffusion test about the different doses of Hep-s is needed. Daily survey of clinical symptoms such as hemorrhages in the external organs, Under eyes, under skin, under fins and gills, hemorrhages and exophthalmos , were the most symptoms . Important pathological symptoms were: necrosis , hyperplasia and melanosis in branches, liver and kidneys, hemorrhages in heart, kidneys and in visceral tissues. According to the survival results, there was significant difference between the treatment 1 and the other treatments(p〈0.05). Also there was significant difference between treatment 3, treatment 4 and treatment 2(p〈0.05), this difference is due to the high dose(Q) of R.officinalis, while the two other homeopathic remedies were in a moderated dose (C30), 30× 100 diluted dose. Survival percent of treatment 4(Hep-s) was more than the other homeopathic remedies and was related to erythromycin. Erythromycin is chemical medicine and has many side effects, while Hepar sulfur has not any side effects if the prescription would be accurate. Hep-s is suggested with disk diffusion tests for relief the symptoms of streptococcosis.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study aimed to assess the social, economic and fish farming in cages in the Southern Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea is considered as one of the most important water resources of Iran, in which due to the appropriate weather conditions in the north of the country, has the potential for marine aquaculture. With the implementation of this plan would say that with respect to the proposed initial selection from Kheshtsar in Mazandaran province and Kiashahr in Guilan province with along coastline of about 250 km from the depth of 20 to 100 meters and an the area of about 2027km2 has the cage aquaculture talent. Of course, at the depths of greater than 100 M by using the world technology procedure, there is also the possibility of the establishment of marine cage aquaculture. Now, with the regards of the above potential in the Caspian Sea coastline, it is expected at least 200 cages fish sites farming in with the establishment of 40 cages per site and produce 160,000 tons with creating of 1,000 direct jobs and 2,000 indirect jobs and income 2000 billion gross annual average net profit of 40% could be 800 billion in which will produce of proteins needed part of the country, creating jobs, welfare, prosperity and economy in the region. With the implementation of such national project, it is needed to establish pilot farms to reach the goals: environmental assessment studies, risk assessment, aquatic selection and the use of appropriate cage structures according to ecological conditions of southern Caspian Sea.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This investigation was conducted in order to find the etiological factors of fry mortality syndrome that causes notifiable economical lost in rainbow trout fish farms. During 43 months, from Sep. 1999 until May 2002, 52 fish farms and hatcheries which were located in Tehran, Mazandaran, Guilan, Fras, Markazi, Kerman and kohgiloyeh & boyerahmad provinces, were visited and samples from suspected fishes were obtained. The samples were consist of ovarian fluids and ovule, milt, egg, eyed-egg, larvae, fry less than 1 g and at 1-3 g as well as adult fish consist of internal organs. From these collected samples, 410 tissue sample, 899 sample, 55 Tissue sample, 200 larvae sample, 56 blood serum sample, 50 whole blood sample, 104 Tissue sample and 55 samples were used for Virological, Bacteriological, Electron Microscope assay, DFAT) , ELISA, Hematological, Histopathological and PCR assay, respectively. The clinical signs of suspected fishes were color darkness, exophthalmia, aschitis, whirling and abnormal swimming. No cytopathic effects (CPE) were observed after inoculation of suspected samples on the cell lines of BF-2, FHM, and EPC. A number of some samples of 56 blood serum samples were identified as positive sample for IHN, VHS and IPN virus. Optical Density (OD) of positive samples was 7-9 times more than blank samples. Regarding to the result of this study, it could be indicated that the causative agents for fry mortality syndrome may be IHN, VHS and IPN viruses. Further investigation using PCR for definitive diagnosis and confirmation of the causative agents would be recommended.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The present experiment measured digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) for fishmeal and soybean meal on rainbow trout with 120 and 220 gr body weights. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was used as an external marker and fecal collection method. The fishes were kept in metabolism chamber. Gross energy and chromic oxide values measured in feces, fishmeal and soybean meal. DE obtained equal to 3700 and 3591 (Kcal/Kg) for fishmeal (with 62.5% CP) in 120 and 220 gr body weight of rainbow trout respectively, and for soybean meal (with 41.4% CP) were 3004 and 2889 (Kcal/Kg) respectively. ME calculated and they were 3204 and 3110 (Kcal/Kg) for fishmeal and also were 2601 and 2502 (Kcal/Kg) for soybean meal in two pointed weights respectively.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The main purpose of this study was survey on achieving recombinant DNA vaccine (live delivery) against streptococcusis for Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Immunization. Initially, a total of 515 samples were collected from the head kidney of diseased fish (weigh 50_ 200g) in 72 farms of 8 provinces. Approximately, 40% (206 samples) of specimens were infected to Streptococcus species. Then were isolated 172 DNA samples and consequently, five pathogenic species have been identified, including S. iniae, S. faecium, S. agalactiae, S. dysgalatiae, and S. uberis. The enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) has recently been discovered to play an important role in polysaccharide capsule production and virulence in S. iniae. Therefore, was initially isolated S. iniae and cloning phosphoglucomutase gene. Then, the PGM gene was amplified successfully and cloned in pTZ57R cloning vector. The recombinant plasmid was sub cloned into pETD uet-l expression vector by restriction enzymes and confirmed by PCR. Meanwhile, for amplifying simA and cpsD genes were used universal primers pNZ8148 and special for simA and cpsD genes.The recombinant bacteria Lactococcus lactis (NZ9000) was used for transformation the plasmid into Lactococcus lactis. Vaccination was performed by oral, bath and injection (peritoneal) methods. The efficiency of g2 was better than g1in these three methods and all of groups. The determination of IgM level, or detection of anti S. iniae antibody was carried out by using ELISA. The results revealed that there was a significant (p〈0.05) difference between the level of IgM in all three methods and experiment groups compare to control group. The results of challenge of vaccinated fish with S. iniae showed that fish RPS in all of groups except group 3 (42.63 percent) were more than 50 percent while, in control group was 21.43 percent. The highest fish RPS was belong to group 11(61.25 percent) and statistical analyses revealed that significant (p〈0.05) difference between fish vaccinated RPS, compare to control group.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Economic evaluation of shilat activities in west Azarbaijan in order to evaluate the economic viability of production and fishery activities in internal Rivers and Reservoirs and fish farming. The capital expenses and profit and Loss account items of 34 fish farms and 2 fishery cooperatives in the Aras Reservoir have been examined, The result of this evaluation indicate that there are reasonable, profitability in the cold water fish farming and hence it is expected that the culture and farming of Rain bow trout to be increased in the province. The result also show that warm water fish farming have been profitable Although the rate of profitability has not been satisfactory, and in one instance there was a loss result. It is expected that the Application of an advanced normative biotechnical culture and farming of warm water Fishes would. Result in increased production and higher profitability. Amongst the shifat activities the production and fishery from internal Reservoirs account for 3/080 of the total production and fishery of the province, and it is the best source of employment in fish industry which provides living for more than one thousand families. Therefore further investment in the area of the development of fishing Reservoir and an advanced management of fishery technics would Result in higher production and better profitability for the Fishermen in the province.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Streptococcosis is an acute infectious disease that causes mortality in marine and freshwater aquacultures. One of the most important hosts is susceptible to the disease of rainbow trout and during the past decade its industrial production has been growing in Iran. According to FAO, Iran is among the 10 countries producing fish in the world. The most important bacteria causing Strptococcosis includes Strptococcus, Vagococcus and Enterococcus genera. But in all cases, the clinical sings are the same. More than a decade has passed since the first report of this disease in Iran and unfortunately, this disease has become the most important problems of trout production in Iran. Therefor, 72 farms were selected in 8 provinces including Mazandaran, Gilan, Lorestan, CharmahalBakhtiyari, Fars, Kermanshah, Tehran and Kokiloye-Boyer Ahmad and a total 520 moribund and apparently healthy rainbow trout (weight 50 – 200gr) were collected during summer 2008 to 2009. Fish kidney, spleen and liver samples were culture aseptically and finally 206 isolates were identified as gram positive cocci. Using conventional biochemical test, S.uberis, S.agalactiae, S.dysgalactiae, S.faecium and S.inia. Additionally, 172 from 206 isolates were confirmed as S.uberis ، S.agalactiae ، S.dysgalactiae ، S.faecium and S.inia using a PCR assay. Based on the results, the most prevalent is belong to S.uberis (isolated from 5 of 7 province), S.dysgalactiae (isolated from 4 of 7 province), S.agalactiae (isolated from 2 of 7 province) and S.faecium and S.inia (from 1 of 7 province) respectively. It is necessary to mention, S.inia was identified just to Fars and any gram positive cocci was isolated from Tehran.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: and corn. 7 experimental diets prepared. Amount of carbohydrate materials replacement in diets were: 1) 100% bread wastes 2) 50% bread wastes 3) 100% spaghetti wastes 4) 50% spaghetti wastes 5) 100% equal mix of bread wastes and spaghetti wastes and 6) 50% equal mix of bread wastes and spaghetti wastes. Blank diet prepared as same as commercial common diet. 21 polyethylene net cages (lxlxl m) used for fish holding in a cement pond (30x3x1.2 m) with 10 lis water flow. Each cage stoked by 20 fish with initial average weight of 85:f:5 g. Farming period was 75 days and in this period water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were 14.5:f:2°c, 7.5-8.8 and 6.8-8.5 mg/l, respectively. The best growth performance belonged to diet 4, although results diets of 2, 4, 6, and blank no different (p〈0.05). In term of economic value of used diets, diets 2 had the best result. Carcass analysis in the end of experiment showed that carcass protein and ash contents in all of treatment were same but lipid content in treatments of 1, 3, and 5 were lower than other treatments (p〈0.05).

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5- parameter dissolved oxygen, PH, nitrite, nitrate and temperature of the water on Streptococcosis incidence in two groups of fry and grower fish. Research was performed at west Mazandaran province -Tonkabon region in 12 rainbow trout selected farms. Research conducted in 3 farms with well source water , 8 farms with water source of the river of Dohezar and one farm with water source of the river of Azarood, during 12 consecutive months.From 1390/04/01 to 1391/04/01, once time each month , and in each time 10 fish randomly sampled, inlet water were sampled simultaneously. Of 1350 sampled fish 607 fish with an average weight 22.04 gr , average length 12.59 cm were in fry category and 743 fish with an average weight 156.25 gr, average length 23.32 cm in were grower category. Streptococcosis observed only in grower category. Of 72 fish with clinical signs of the disease, 14 numbers were positive Streptococcosis (19.44%) and 58 numbers were negative Streptococcosis(80.55%). Three fish from grower category has not any clinical signs of disease and seemed to be healthy but were positive Streptococcosis in examinations (0.22% of total fish sampled. Fish with clinical signs of the disease but negative Streptococcosis were of at least 55.1 gr and at most weight 417 gr respectively. The results showed that 47.07% cases of Streptococcosis happened at 15.6 °C water temperature, 35.29% at 16.98 °C and 17.64% cases happened at 18.04 °C so that 100% of Streptococcosis cases was observed at the average temperature of 16.99 °C. In addition, the survey results show that despite relatively high levels of nitrite in source water of farms from wells, nitrite does not effect on the disease incidence. It seems that an optimal level of dissolved oxygen in water is effective in reducing the effectiveness of nitrite in this disease. According to equation coefficients logit model is as follows: According to Logit model, it seems that for every degree change in temperature and pH of water, morbidity change will diminish 0.37 % and 1.74 % respectively. 80.56% of fish sampled that had the clinical symptoms, was ranging from an average weight of 5.1 gr (fry) and 417 gr (grower fish), that despite having clinical signs of the disease were negative Streptococcosis. Isolation of Staphylococcus bacteria as well as Gram-negative bacilli from fish with clinical symptoms similar to the symptoms of Streptococcosis, may indicate the involvement of other pathogens in fish clinical signs.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This research was performed to survey the live handling condition of Rainbow trout in Tehran province and determine the effects of this method on the quality of the flesh regarding with water binding capacity, pH changes, moisture, fat and protein content in different seasons of year. Based on reviews of Questionnaires, there were 20 main live rainbow trout sale centers in Tehran. 10 numbers of these were in fruit and vegetable centers of municipality and others were out of these centers. Live fish handling to in these areas mainly was performed from fish farms located in the Haraz road (85 percent), farms of Firoozkooh road (10 percent) and others were (5 percent) from neighboring provinces. The results of this study indicated that current methods of live handling in Tehran (the transporting time 4 h and the density of fish in tank 100-150 kg /m2) meat quality of transported trout was not affected. Water holding capacity of transported fish was less than caught fish in the fields. This amount was reached to lowest level in in summer as well as the differences between the two groups were significant (P〈0.05). Also, when a meat pH level was elevated, water holding capacity was reduced. In summer, the amount of WHC in transported fish was 13.4% that was a highest value between the seasons. Appears that in the summer, high temperature and increasing kinds of stresses to fish during handling due to excessive accumulation of metabolites such as ammonia, muscle energy sources emptied because of high activity. In this condition, falling of pH during postmortem changes being moderated and lead to increase drip loss in the transported sample.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In the present study, the possibility of marine culture of Asian sea bass in the shrimp earthen ponds located in the Gwadar r region (coastal area of Oman Sea, southeastern of Iran) was investigated. To this end, Asian sea bass frys reared for 7 months including 1 month nursery and 6 months growth-period. During the culturing periods, fish were feed ad libitum by various commercial rainbow trout diets based on fish growth stages. After nursery period, the average weight of 11.05±1.5 g and survival percent of 65 % were obtained for fish. During the growth-out period, the average weight increased continually from 31.4±4.7 g in late June to 252.1±30 g at the end of growth-out period in late Dec. Also, the highest values of monthly weight gain yielded during August, Sept and Oct when fish had the average weight range of (76.9±14.4)-(188.1±12.8) g. The values of monthly feed conversion ratio (FCR) were low and similar from July to Oct and then increased in Nov and Dec. The values of total monthly feed intake (FI) increased continually from July to Oct and then with a decrease in Nov, increased again in Dec. The values of survival percent after nursery and growth-out period were 65 % and 66% respectively. Also, the average of monthly FCR, FCR at the time of fish harvesting, total FI and total harvested biomass were 1.36, 2.5, 630.5 kg and 325 kg. in conclusion, the pond culture of Asian sea bass with marine water results appropriate survival and growth rates so that fish (11.05±1.5 g) obtained marketable weight (252.1±30 g) during 6 months culturing period. It seems that first-half of year in Gwadar area is more suitable for sea bass culture since this time periods results better FCR ( fed by rainbow trout feed) and has economic justification. Also, with regular sorting operation and providing of species-specific feed for Asian sea bass can increase the Production per Unit Area.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: An experiment were conducted to evaluate The effect of feeding frequencies and stocking size on growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in brackish water for 102 days. Three stocking sizes (10, 25 and 40 g/fish) of rainbow trout and three feeding frequencies (feeding fish twice, three times and four times per day) were examined as the same time. Fish were fed at a restricted feeding program according to the rainbow trout standard table in the definite times during the light period. The results showed that in the group with 10 g initial weight increasing the feeding frequency, some growth factors like final weight, daily growth, and weight gain. But the other factors such as food conversion rate (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) decrease. It means in this group (10 g) two times feeding per day is not enough for an acceptable growth rate. In the two other groups with (initial weight 25 and 40 g) although by increasing the feeding frequency, some growth factors a little increase but these differences in 95% level (p≤0.05) are not significant. Therefore in rainbow trout culture with initial weight at least 25 g two times feeding per day was enough. The results of carcasses analysis of fish, showed that by increasing the feeding frequency there were no significantly difference at 95% level between the body compositions in all of treatments. With connivance of feeding frequencies, the best FCR was in the group with 10 g initial body weight and there was not any significant difference in SGR. So according to the results, it suggests that fish should be stocked with 10 g initial body weight.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The aquaculture activity in provinces of north of Iran, in spite of fast progressive and possess a series of achievement and success, there was some failure, difficulties, limitation and restriction. To planning for further expansion in this faild, this study is managed. The culture of rainbow trout is practice in individual farms, small farms, water resources, earthen ponds, recycling ponds etc, which each method have its potential , failure and limitation that are consider in the present work. At the end, based on the situation of production in past years, and considering each of factors mentioned above, the success, failure, difficulties, limitation and restriction points of aquaculture of rainbow trout in technical poin of view are investigated and some command for improvement for each production method are presented. The development of aquaculture in recent years is based on extention of farms and increasing dencity of fish in fish pond. In contrast of many production activities, the propagation and culture of fish is inconstant work. This variability makes a potential for better income, occupation and job, increasing in production etc. This study make a better planning using this activity.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The sex reversal technique in fish is widespread in many countries. The development of these techniques is desirable because rainbow trout males reach their gonad maturity earlier compared to the females. Rainbow trout alevins were treated with 17α-methyltestosterone incorporated in the diet (0.5. 1.5, 3, 6 and 10 mg/kg) for 60 days from the beginning of first feeding. Sex was determined at 180 and 680 dpf by sampling fish (n = 20) from each group and examining gross gonadal morphology under a dissecting microscope. Also sex reversal ratio and growth performance were determined in hormone-treated groups. These sex reversed functional males were reared for brood stock until they attained sexual maturity. At the end of experiment, normal rainbow trout eggs were fertilized with the sperms taken from sex reversed males for producing all-female populations. Examination of the results showed that 17α- methyltestosterone was effective in all treatment. The highest sex reversal ratio with 100% was observed in group treated with 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg 17α- methyltestosterone. The highest live weight ratios were observed in groups fed with 6, 0.5 17α-methyltestosterone and control group. Female progeny produced from the sex reversed males were 100 % in all males that sired offspring. All female trout stocks produced by this method have advantage in rainbow trout culture since the fish is not meant for direct human consumption and is used to generate brood stock, therefore, difference of growth parameters do not influence the success.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Rainbow trout is only species of cold water fishes which is rearing and propagation in Iranian fishery farms. Along of develop aquaculture industries increase request of best produces such as trout eyed eggs and larva. For this reason fishery farmers must be to provide that the way of import of other countries, such as: Denmark, Norway and France. As for this importance subject and unknown basic information about preference ratio for doing it, we needed to study about that to answer the suppliant questions. In this study carried out 3 test groups (3 treatments with 3 repetitions) and compared specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF) and survival rate (SVR) between in this groups. Statistical analysis were significantly difference of increase rate of length and weight in French group with other groups (p〈0.05). Compared of main factors (SGR, CF, SVR) in French test group were significantly difference with other groups (p〈0.05). Survival rate percentage in Iranian treatments (SVR=%67) were significantly with the others (p〈0.05). This ratio respectively in Danish and French treatment was %54 and %48.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The present experiments evaluated effects of various level of oil by product (Soybean) in diet on weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and flesh chemical composition for rainbow trout. Test diets included 0, 5, 10 , 15 and 20 percent of oil by product and also factory diet (ready diet) only for comparing of performance with test diets. This study carried out in a compeletly randomized design with 4 triplicates for 5 weeks in a concret pond. 24 cages used with 7 fishes in each cage and averag weight 180 ± 5 gr. Resaults showed diet with to percent oil by product had no significant difference with control diet 0% oil by product for WG, SGR and FC (P〉0.05) but had better effects related to other diets. Also diet content 10 percent oil by product showed best FCR and had significantly difference with control and factory diets (P〈0.05). Control diet with highest value for dry matter and fat content of flesh had significantly differences related to other diets. Increasing the level of oil by product in diet caused increasing fat content in liver. Finally, regarding to results, it is recommended 10 percent oil by product in diet for rainbow trout. Key words: rainbow trout, oil by product, Fles chemical composition, weight gain, feed conversation ratio.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: 0Genetic polymorphism by means of biochemical genetic markers using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system in four barbus fish species has been investigated. Species scientific name were Barbus sharpeyi ; Gunther, 1847 , Barbus grypus ; Heckel, 1843, Barbus xanthopterus ; Heckel, 1843 and Barbus esocinus ; Heckel, 1843.Sampling site and location were mainly in the rivers located in Khoozestan province such as Karoon and Karkheh rivers and the Dez dam. Different organs such as blood, muscle, kidney, eye and heart were sampled and analysed for the presence of tf, es, sod and pgm alleles. High polymorphism and presence of different alleles scored, but populations were not in the H-W equilibrium. Considring results, using current and avaiable genetic markers such as microsattelits is recommended for future works.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This research was carried out to determined water reuse effects on growth indices of rainbow trout. For this reason 4 groups includes: control (with use of 100% fresh water), Test 1(rearing with use of 30% recycled water (with physical filtration) and 10% fresh water), Test 2(using of 10% recycled water (with physical filtration) and 30% fresh water), Test 3(using of 100% recycled water) was done. Fish stock of each groups were done with 62 fish in each square meter and average weight (15±1.5).The Growth index, SGR,CF, FCR, SR between different groups in each month was calculated and determined. In this research comparison the average of month growth increasment between different groups indicated that significant decrease of growth in test groups with control group and also 1 and 2 groups with 3 group (p 〈 0.05). There were not considerable differences to comparison this factor between groups 1 and 2(p 〉 0.05). To comparison FCR, SR, MR has shown a significant difference between different groups to each other (p 〈 0.05). These results shows that with increasing the replacement of water in rainbow trout culture ponds with recycled water cased significant decrease in SR and CF and significant increase in MR and finally decrease in production and density per unit area (p 〈 0.05).

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Nisin is a natural antimicrobial and has inhibitory effect on the pathogens and spoilage organisms. The efficiency of nisin reduced after reaction with food compounds. There is the hypothesis that combination of nisin with organic salt increases the shelf life of fish. The purpose of this study was mainly to evaluate the effects of nisin (0.15 %) and sodium acetate ( 1% ) individually and in combination on shelf life of fillets and whole trout ( without viscera). then, the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum type E were evaluated in different time at 40C. Physical and chemical parameters including: pH, Peroxide Value (PV), Tiobarbithoric Acid (TBA) and Total Volatile Nitrogen (TVN) and bacterial factors such as Total Viable Count (TVC), Pscycrothophic Count (PTC) and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were examined. These parameters were done at intervals of 4 days for 16 days. Results showed that chemical and bacterial factors of whole trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ( (without viscera) have been more favorable than the fillets . It also showed that the peroxide value , the thiobarbituric acid, volatile nitrogen bases , and pH in combination of sodium acetate and nisin Z treatments were exposed to significantly compared to control treatments ( no preservatives ) (P〈0.05). Treatments with sodium acetate and nisin Z (individual ) were exist after combination treatment. Hence it can be concluded that the maximum shelf life of in preservative treatments was 16 days , but control treatment was 12 days in some cases and in some cases 16 days. Effects of treatments on Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum in the control treatment showed the highest growth was observed in both species ( log 8 ) but in single and combined treatment of bacterial growth slower , but is still the trend the 16th day of so Listeria and Clostridium log 5 to log 6 , respectively. Vegetative cells of Clostridium were more sensitive in compare to Listeria. When using preservatives (chemical or biological) in fish tissue, parameters such as the type of preservative, used method, pH, proteolytic enzymes, the incidence of resistant strains and so on influence of antimicrobial agents used. The overall conclusion of the study was shelf life of whole trout (without viscera) was more than fillets, combination of nisin and sodium acetate were better than other treatment and finally higher doses of bilogival preservatives are need to for achieve to significant reduction of pathogenic bacteria .

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The objective of this study was to evaluate 4 levels of feeding defined as 1.ad libitum to satiation, 2.Standard feeding (based on fish size and water temperature), 3.10% less than that of standard feeding and 4.10% more than that of standard feeding on growth, feed conversion rate (FCR) and carcass quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in 12 aerated flow-through fiber glass tanks (2500l rearing volume, n=150 fish per tank, body weight average 45 g) comprised of 3 replicates under the condition of brackish water (salinity 8.4 g/l) in Bafgh Fisheries Research Station in center of Iran. The increase in average body weight (BW) and size of fish in different feeding groups was significantly different (P〈0.01) during the experiment (101 days) and the highest average BW and size increase occurred in the group fed ad libitum to satiation. On the contrary, FCR (average±SE: 1.27±0.09) in this group was statistically lower than that of the other groups (P〈0.01). The chemical composition of carcass was significantly influenced by the level of feeding (P〈0.01) and the percent of moisture, crude protein and ash was the lowest in the group fed ad libitum to satiation while the crude fat percent in this group was the highest of all. According to the results obtained in this study, an ad libitum feeding regime is suggested for rainbow trout production in fish culture systems of central desert regions in Iran under the condition of brackish water. However, further investigations are needed to draw firm conclusions, especially in earth pond cultures with different conditions, enriched in live food.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Inthisstudy, Iranian and French male and femaleOncorhynchus mykiss broodstocks were invided into two groups 50 and 24 respectivelyin Research center of genetic and breeding of coldwater fishers, Yasouj,Iran and the genetic structure of them was investigated using 6 microsatellite markers. Along withbroodstockmaturation, fertilization 1:1(female:male) were randomly assigned and occurred in25 of12Iranian andFrenchtreatment respectively.Reproductiveparameterswere recordedfor the whole family.Average number of observed alleles in Iranian and French stocks was 6.68 and 6.83, respectively.Average number of effective alleles in Iranian and French stocks was 3.13 and 3.45 respectively.Fixation index Fstwas calculated based on allelic frequency between two stocks was 0.058 with significant difference between 2 stocks. Eyed percentage for french broodstock calaulated zero and deleted.Fertilization rate(100-0), the eyed percentage (98-0), The hatch rate(98- 0),the averagefecundity4114.708, the average eggs size 4.88 mm,Survivalinthe first three months 19-73% calculated for Iranian broodstocks.Considering thequality ofeggs and larvaeat different stagesandselectionbetween the differentfamilyandthe within family remained 10 treatments and are keptasfuturebroodstocks.Therelationship betweenfecundity-egg size, fecundity-weight,fecundity-length,egg sizeweightwas performedusingregression.The resultsshowed thatFecundity wasinfluenced more byweightandproductivelength.The research isbeginning toIDthebroodstockin our country.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Cheshmehkileh River and adjacent mountainous streams, play a strategic role as a historical axis for anthropogenic civilization, human welfare also habitat and migration pathway of commercial – biologic valuable fishes e.g. Caspian trout, Caspian kuttum, members of Cyprinidae family in south Caspian Sea drainage. Treats such as overfishing of Caspian trout and Red spotted trout stocks in mountainous headwaters, barriers construction and manipulations those are out of river carrying capacity developed by human activities, affected normal function of river as well. Sand mining big factories establishment next to the river, legal and illegal trade of river sediments, direct entry of Tonekabon landfill leakage into the river, development of Rainbow trout farms since 3 decades and huge effluents into the river containing dead fish and types of solids, escapement of cultured Rainbow trouts into the river, … are major minimum factors which needs basic information for integrating inclusively drainage management system. Cheshmehkileh River contains Headwaters of Dohezar (Daryasar & Nusha), Sehezar and Valamroud rivers during 13 monthly sampling phases between September 2009 and October 2010 based on macrozoobenthoses investigations by EPT, EPT/C EPA protocols, measurements of nominated physic-chemical and microbiologic parameters. Probability of Rainbow trouts escapement and invasion, existence, nutrition in Cheshmehkileh environment indeed investigated. Data analysis explained significant differences (P〈0.05) between groups of measured parameters in different sampling stations. Dendogram of clustered analysis based on consolidation of major biologic/ physic-chemical and microbiologic parameters, separated stations No. 1, 3, 2, 4 in one group and remained classified in different groups. Station 8 and 9 similarly separated which expressed general similarities according to Sehezar river environment which were differs in comparison with other stations. Station 11 separated according to its natural quality of water and environment. Similarities between station 10 to Sehezar river stations 8 and 9 expressed general influence of Sehezar River more than Dohezar River in Cheshmehkileh condition especially in station No. 10. High scores of EPT and EPT/C indices in upstream stations 1, 3 and 8 also low score of indices in stations 7, 13 and 6 expressed levels of environment quality between these groups of stations. Maximum average biomass of macroinvertebrates belongs to Trichoptera order in Cheshmehkileh River. Significant decrease of biomass in stations 11, 12 and 13 in comparison with other stations stated environment degradation in mentioned stations relevant to excessive sand mining as well. Pollution resistant groups of invertebrates significantly increased in downstreams against upstream stations. Also disappearing of Plecoptera order in station No. 7, 9, 10 and 13 stated low quality of environment in comparison with upstream stations. Confirmation of effects quality and quantity for point and non-point sources of imported pollutants require specific management considerations in order to present exploitations, pollutants control and emergencies for river monitoring in forthcoming years.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The total production of Rainbow trout fish aquaculture in 2009 had been 72515 t which was significantly increased (91519 t) in 2010. Despite of increasing trout fish production during last decade, absence conformity between suitable cultural and proliferation district of this fish species and geographical one, faced this industry harmfully to natural disasters such as flood, overflow and so on, and mismanagement due to human injustices. Hence insurance and supporting concept of can be having a determinant role in efflorescence and increasing production of this fish. The aim of this project is performing an insurance policy based on risk analysis model in propagation and cultural phases of rainbow trout aquaculture, separately. In this study, pay attention to standards in trout fish aquaculture procedure and determination of critical parameters on, are the first research step and recognition of risk factors in different aquaculture phases due to natural disasters and mismanagement, from the brood stock maintenance till reach to 3-5 g fingerling and finally market size fishes, are the following research steps. After determination of proportion percentages of each parameters regarding to arise the risk, analysis risks and risk management were done for trout fish aquaculture. Three provinces, Fars, Mazandaran and CharmahalBakhtiary as poles production of trout fish were chosen as delegates of the whole Iran and insurance ability of trout fish hatcheries and aquaculture farms were done. Trout aquaculture standardization were obtained, natural disasters and mismanagement affected on aquaculture activities were recognized ( Chapters 1 and 3) and due to importance of health and disease of trout fish, mortality causes and audit signs of also determined and analyzed (Chapter 2) . In Chapter 4, trout farms degraded and fix and natural disasters for trout fish brood stock, propagation hatcheries and cultural farms were analyzed and accounted. Finally, premium and recompense were accounted for hatchery and farm separately.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (initial body weight 14 ± 0.25 g) were fed diets [crude protein 420 g/kg; gross energy 16.8 MJ/kg dry matter; crude fat 110 g/kg] containing deficient, adequate or excessive amounts of vitamin C and folic acid to investigate the potential nutritional effects on growth factors. A growth trial was conducted over 9 wks at a water temperature of 12 ± 1 °C. Four semipurified diets were supplemented with 0, 30, 60 and 90 mg /kg vitamin C and 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg folic acid and were fed to fish in triplicate tank for 9 wks. At the end of the growth trial, the percent of survival, final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate were measured. The results that growth factors were significantly (P 〈 0.05) affected by dietary vitamin levels. Inclusion levels of 2 mg/kg dietary folic acid and 60 mg/kg dietary vitamin C is acceptable, for use in rainbow trout diets, under favorable economic conditions. This study shows that increasing dietary folic acid and vitamin C could improve growth performance in juvenile rainbow trout.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The concentration of serum immunoglobulin in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and(Ctenopharyngodon idella)was measured by Immunoelectrophoresis. Serum total protein, also called plasma total protein or total protein, is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in blood plasma or serum. Protein in the plasma is made up of albumin and globulin. The globulin in turn is made up of α1, α2, β, and γ globulins. These fractions can be quantities using protein electrophoresis, but the total protein test is a faster and cheaper test that estimates the total of all fractions together. The traditional method for measuring total protein uses the biuret reagent, but other chemical methods such as Kjeldahl method, dye-binding and Refractometer are now available. The measurement is usually performed on automated analyzer salong with other laboratory tests. The normal IgM concentration was 3.3 mg ml in a group of free-living trout. While the IgM concentration was low in sera from fish living under aquarium conations. In visual variations were very pronounced. The purity of reference preparations and the specificity of anti sera used were examined by crossed Immunoelectrophoresis. Fish respond to antigenic stimulation by the production of immunoglobulin. So far only one immunoglobulin class is known to occur in teleosts, the characteristics of the class being rather similar to those of mammalian IgM. The molecule is a tetramers consisting of a basic structure of 8 light chains and 8 heavy chains (same molecular weight as the p-chains of mammals) (Acton et al. 1971, Etuis 1982). The molecular weight of the whole molecule is about 700 000 Daltons (13 to 16 S). Most studies concerning the humoral immune response in teleosts have dealt with aracteristics of the immune response elicited by known antigens. Only in a few cases has the concentration of total immunoglobulin been measured. Estimates of total immunoglobulin have been made in serum from (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and (Ctenopharyngodon idella) carp and goldfish (Vilain et al. 1984), carp (Richter et al. 1973), brown trout (Ingram & Alexander 1979) and certain salt-water fish (Fidler et al. 1969, Acton et al. 1971, Legler et al. 1971). Estimates of total IgM in serum from rainbow trout Salmo gairdnen have not, to our knowledge, been published so far.Serum. Blood samples were obtained by puncture of the caudal vein of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and(Ctenopharyngodon idella)After clotting overnight at 4 "C the blood was centrifuged at 1000 g for 15 min to obtain serum. The sera were stored at -20 "C until examined. Total serum protein. Protein concentration in (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and(Ctenopharyngodon idella) sera was estimated by means of the Biuret method(Richtenich 1971). Antiserum to IgM : The monospecificity of the rabbit antiserum to rainbow trout IgM was indicated by the appearance of only one precipitation Line when the antiserum was reacted against normal trout serum in crossed Immunoelectrophoresis (Fig. 1). The purity of the IgM preparation which was used as reference IgM in connection with IgM quantification is illustrated in Fig. 2a. It appears that only one precipitation line developed when the preparation was reacted against antiserum to trout serum in crossed Immunoelectrophoresis. Fig. 2b illustrates the multi specificity of the rabbit antiserum to trout serum used.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Limnological factors of brackish water pounds of the rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss were studied at Bafgh region in Yazd province. Physicochemical factors, phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic populations of pools, supply and drainage channels from different farms were studied in aquaculture cycle in 2002 and 2003. Means were compared using Tukey HSD and t tests. Meanings of factors in 2002 and 2003 were respectively: and 9.3 0.2ppt; dissolved oxygen 7.9 0.2mg/l water temperature 13.8 0.3°c and 14.9 0.6°c; salinity 12.3 0.2ppt and 7.2 0.1mg/l; pH between 7.8 to 9.2 and 8.1 to 9.5; depth of hyalinity 0.85 0.1m and 1.1 0.1m; ammonium 0.1-0.5mg/l; and nitrate 1.8-21mg/l. Main phytoplankton were diatoms specially Chaetoceros, and Cyanophyta. Rotifera were the dominant zooplankton. Benthic fauna mainly included immature Chironomids. Final mean lengths were between 24.7cm to 31.5cm, mean weights between 11179.9gr to 434.6gr. FCR between 1.16 to 1.6; DGR between 1.04gr/day to 3.03gr/day; production 0.03kg/m2 to 0.84 kg/m2. Supply channels had the optimum limnological condition for trout aquaculture. Limnological factors were often not significantly different between pools and drainage channels. Saeeid and Rangin-Kaman farms were the most successful farms.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Breeding has moved beyond the point of simply propagating random stock. Genetic potential can be improved by establishing and crossing genetically defined strains, crossing species and manipulating gametes. Some of these activities require cryopreservation of semen. Cryopreserved sperm could also be a means of exchange of genetic material between locations and populations when transportation of live fish is restricted. In this study we had a survey on rainbow trout sperm quality in Genetic and Breeding Center for Coldwatwr Fishes, Shahid Motahari, Yasouj. Then Cryopreservation trials on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sperm were carried out using six basic extenders. Egg batches of 25 g were inseminated with semen frozen in five 0.5-ml straws. Thowing temperature of cryopreserved sperm also was tested. In anather trial we investigate different cryoprotectant. The result showd that the best period for sperm collection in this center was from Novamber to January. The best extender based on sperm motility parameters were extender 2 and 1 with 57.2 and 56.9% fertilisatin rates, respectively. So this two extender were used in the further experiments. The best thowing temperathre was 25°C in 30s. Testing different cryoprotectant, adding 10% methanol to extender 1 gave the highest fertilization rate (64.6%) among cryoprotectant that used with this extender. In the other extender (2) adding 5% DMSO and mixture of 5% DMSO and 1% glycerol gave the highest fertilization rates (64.8% and 67.0%, respectively). In conclusion using extender 1 and 2 with mentioned cryoprotectant and thowing rate of 25°C in 30 s was recammended for rainbow trout sperm cryopreservation.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Intensive culture of rainbow trout, usually done using several different methods.The objective of this study was to compare fish performance and welfare in a new design of Foster-lucas ponds (FLP) and a raceway ponds (RP) under field conditions. Currennt study was designed in two treatment with three repeats. Each pond was randomly stocked by rainbow trout fish with initial average weight of approximately 51±5 g. Stocking density was 120n/m3 during study. After 10 months of trial, fish fed diets with comertial diet (Chineh Company). Feeding operation conducted according to the manuals by consideration of water temprature, fish waight and biomas. During the 10 months experiment, the fish survival rate was high (97.39 and 98.05%). No significant differences in growth parametres were observed between RP and FLP, but in all parametres FLP was higher than RP Final weight was 0.99% higher in FLP than in RP. Water quality factors (Dissolved oxygen, PH) was better in FLP. The results confirm that when water quality is maintained in safe level ranges, growth rate of rainbow trout attained in FLS are comparable to those in RP.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This research was done in a trout farm in Kohkiloyeh and Boyer- Ahmad province. The main object of this study was comparing of two sources of astaxanthin (synthetic or algae) in feed on reproduction efficiency of rainbow trout and some indices of egg quality. Therefore, it was considered 7 groups consisting 6 treatments of two different astaxanthin sources and a control (without astaxanthin). So, algal astaxanthin (haematococcus pluvialis) in the three levels of 2.67, 3.55 and 8gr/kg food (T1,T2, T3) and synthetic source in three levels of 40, 80 and 120mg/kg food in diet (T4, T5, T6) examined on 140 trout broods (3-4 years) for 4 months, before the spawning season. Reproduction efficiency analyzed through reproduction indices such as egg diameter, fecundity, fertilization, survival, hatching and eyed egg rates. Significant difference between treatments in terms of fecundity, eyed eggs rate and the number of eggs per gram was observed (P 〈0.05). Although in some factors such as diameter, egg weight per body and fertilization rate, no significant differences was observed. By increasing level of astaxanthin in both sources of algal and synthetic, hatching and eyed egg rates increased, but the effect of alga source on these indices was more perfect. Considering the results, the best result related to treatment of 8 gr/kg alga (T3). Observations during this research indicated no disease and mortality and also proper coloration and freshness of fishes. There was significant differences on blood factors (P 〈0.05). The broods were fed with algal astaxanthin had lower blood sugar. concentration of cholesterol was decressed alog with increasing in both the source of astaxanthin, however lower cholesterol relaed to algal astaxanthin. Total serum protein increased in treatments containing algal from 2.67 to 8 g/kg of astaxanthin. Increase in level of astaxanthin from 40 to 80 mg/kg, albumin increased and from 80 to 120 mg/kg, it was decreased. The changes in serum globulin treatments containing synthetic was not regular. Overall the results asserted that the application of astaxanthin improves reproduction performance of rainbow trout. It also concluded that natural astaxanthin (Haematococcus pluvialis) for the reason that contains supplementary nutritious, is extraordinary preferable than synthetic astaxanthin to improve reproductions indices and egg quality of rainbow trout.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In this study, influence of modified atmosphere packaging on shelf life of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (whole fish without visceral and without head and tail fish) stored in 4 to 6ºc was examined. Fish stored in MAP condition and control samples, in different time, were tested for spoilage chemical factors (TVN, PV and pH), microbial parameters (total viable count, clostridium botulinum) and sensory factors too. Mixed gases including co2 (30-50%), N2 (40-65%) and o2 (0 to 20%) were used for trout (without head and tail =6 treatments) and (whole fish without visceral and control = 2 treatments) statistical the analysis results showed that examined factors were significant difference during storage (P〈0.001). Mixed gases haven t had inhibitory effect on spoilage factors (chemical and microbial parameters). However spoilage process was delayed. Increasing of chemical and microbial changes in control samples was higher than treatment samples especially TVN. The results also showed that shelf life of control samples stored 4-6ºc were between 6-12 days but in MAP samples were 19 days. Mixed gases including CO2 (40%), N2 (55%) and O2 (5%) were the best formula and the shelf life of fish (without head and tail) was 16 days where it was 19 days in whole fish (Lack of visceral). The results showed that storage of trout in MAP condition facilities storage and increasing of fish shelf life too.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The anthropogenic affectation was evaluated on the coast N of the Gulf of Batabanó in May 2003 (corresponding to the provinces of Matanzas and Havana), in areas located in the line of the coast. The results were compared with the historical information of the sector. In the coast N and the Ensenada of the Broa, the parameters oxygen saturation, DBO5 and DQO showed characteristic high values of eutrofication. The biggest contribution in the Cianoficies was in the near coastal areas to sources of organic contamination. In the case of the nutrients they show specific data of mesothrofic waters with tendency to the eutrofization and the silts presented a high affectation for toxic metals. The area near to Guanímar is distinguished to present conditions of organic contamination that favor heterothrofic conditions, corroborated by a prevalence of the processes of mineralization of the organic matter over primary production and lows values of fitoplankton concentration. On the contrary, in the region of Surgidero of Batabanó, the processes of synthesis of organic matter prevail suggested by a high primary production, and concentration of fitoplankton, with low breathing levels and mineralization of the organic matter, that indicates that the system is behaving autothrofically. In a general way, this sector is very affected by the anthropogenic impact. The information obtained is of great importance for the development of the fishing and tourist industries in the area.

Description: Published

Description: This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in diet for rainbow trout in complete random design for 6 weeks. Ten fish with mean 120 g was stocked in each replication.The earthworm at levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% was replaced (as fed) with fish meal in rainbow trout diet. The feed intake by weekly and weight gain of fishes by monthly were measured. Feed intake, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratiothe were colculated, and the samples of fish meat were analysed for chemical composition including dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash. Results obtained showed that feed intake decreased significantly (P〈0.05) as earthworm increased. The diets contain 25% and 50% earthworm showed no significane differences compared to control for weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio (P〉0.05). The chemical composition analysis of fish meat showed that there were no significant effects between control and 25% and 50% earthworm in diet for dry matter, crude protein and ash but, fat content decreaed as earthworm increased significantly (P〈0.05). This experiment showed that earthworm (Eisenia fetida) can be used in rainbow trout diet up to 50% instead of fish meal.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In recent years, according to increase in consumption of fish in the world, however, due to the lack of control of many common diseases with disease-causing pathogens, the total world production of fish is threated in aquaculture industry. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most preferred species in aquaculture of Iran. Development of an economical artificial to accelerate the growth and to maintain the health status of this fish is of major importance for sustainable rainbow trout culture. Fish diseases are a serious threat to economic viability of any aquaculture practice. Currently, the commercial aquaculture industry prefers to reduce the costs of production. Because the cost of antibiotics used for prevention and treatment of diseases, and excessive use of growth hormones for improving growth performance is very high. However, the development of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, accumulation of residue in cultured fish and environmental problems associated with the use of chemicals have led to investigate on suitable methods of disease management. Therefore, a new approach to immunotherapy is actively used to prevent or treat fish diseases, increased disease resistance, feed efficiency and growth performance of fish in a sustainable aquaculture industry. In this regard, extensive research has been carried out to test the new compounds led to the development of the aquaculture industry. It has been proved that use of medicinal herbs in fish diet enhance the immune system against infections with various bacteria, especially, Aeromonas hydrophila in different species of fish, which is of the major bacterial pathogens, leading to heavy mortality rate and decrease the productivity efficiency, causing high economic loss of the fish farmers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous-alcoholic extracts of two medicinal herbs, Origanum Vulgare L. and Aloe vera on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aqueousalcoholic was prepared by percolation method and concentrated. After, they were dried by dry evapory. The study was conducted in two stages. First, 1200 of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) fry with an average initial weight of 13 ±0.05 g, and the second, 2400 of fry rainbow trout with an average initial weight of 2±0.13 g. At each stage, the fish in 4 groups: 1) placebo-treated group (negative control), 2) treatment with Origanum vulgare extract, 3) treatment with Aloe vera extract and 4) treatment with levamisole (positive control). Each group was consisted of three replicates. Fish were distributed in 12 circular concrete tanks with volume 1000 liters of water and flow 2.5L per second. In the first phase were used of 100 fish 13 grams and the second phase of 200 fish 2 grams. During the experiments, a number of physico-chemical factors, including water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured. In this study, Origanum vulgare, Aloe vera extracts and placebo (70 % lactose, 10 % starch and 20 % talc) were used at a rate of 1% and levamisole at a rate of 0.1% of weight feed at a rate 2% of body weight. At each stage of the experiments, each group of fish were fed once a day and in the first feeding for 10 weeks. Other promises were fed with regular food (no additives). During the experiments, the fish were weighed weekly throughout the biometry and measured every 2 weeks. To measure the weight, total biomass of fish from each replicate was divided the number of fish in the same replicate. To measure the length from each replicate 15 fish were randomly netted and anaesthetized with 50 mg/L of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222, Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO, USA) and then the mean was calculated. During bleeding, fish were rapidly netted, tranquillized with 50 mg/L of MS222. Fish 13 gram were bled from caudal vein using 1 ml insulin syringe fitted with 24 gauge needle and 2 gram by cutting the caudal. To minimize the stress to fish, 1 ml of blood was drawn and the whole bleeding procedure was completed within 1 min. A total number of 15 blood samples were collected from 15 fish from each group (5 fish from each replicate) at the end of every 2 weeks, 24 h after final feeding period for the analysis of the hematological and serological parameters. The blood pooling of 5 fish from each replicate divided into 2 haves. Half collected in serological tubes containing a pinch of lithium heparin powder, shaken gently and kept at 4ºC to test hematological parameters. Other half collected in tubes without of anticoagulant and allowed to clot at 4ºC for 2hrs to test serological parameters. The clot was the spun down at 2000g for 10 min to separate the serum. The serum collected by micropipette and was stored in sterile Eppendorf tubes at -20ºC until used for assay. Blood samples for measurement of hematological parameters including red blood cell count (RBC) and white blood cell count (WBC), differential cell counts (monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophiles), and blood indices, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), and also blood biochemical parameters including serum total protein, albumin, globulin and also immunological parameters such as lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity and respiratory burst activity were done. The results showed that there were not significant differences in hematological parameters between experimental groups with placebo group in identical weeks (p〉0.05), but there were significant differences in biochemical parameters and immunological parameters between experimental groups with placebo group in identical weeks (p〈0.05). Levels of serum total protein, albumin, and globulin and also lysozyme activity, phagocytic activity and respiratory burst activity were higher in experimental groups than placebo group in identical weeks. Immunology indicators of changes were compared between the two groups of fish 13 g and 2 g at the end of the eighth week after feeding. The results were indicated that the response of the respiratory burst activity; phagocytic activity and serum lysozyme activity were higher in juveniles of 13 gram than juveniles 2 gram. In conclusion, dried Origanum Vulgare and Aloe vera extracts at a rate of 1% of weight feed increased specific and non-specific immune systems in rainbow trout (13 and 2 gram) in identical weeks (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). Therefore, these extracts can use to enhance immune system in aquaculture industry.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of gamma rays on shelf life and fatty acids composition of Rainbow trout fillet (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during refrigerating condition. Quality and shelf life of non-irradiated and irradiated (0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3, 3.75 and 4.5 kGy) Rainbow trout stored at +4 C was investigated by measurement of microbiological, chemical and sensory analysis .Irradiation of fillets was performed by gamma rays from a Co60 source. Microbial counts for non-irradiated trout fillet samples were higher than respective irradiated fish. Total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) values was increased from 7 mg/100 g for non-irradiated to 52.7 mg/100 g after 15 days storage at refrigerator, whereas for irradiated fish lower values of 39.4, 37.6, 28.7, 25.6, 24.8 and 23.2 mg/100 g were recorded at 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3, 3.75 and 4.5 kGy, respectively (day 15).initial amount of peroxide value in non irradiated sampleswas 0.8 meq/kg and was increased to 7 meq/kg (7 day).Highest amount of peroxide after irradiation process was belonged to samples irradiated by 4.5 kGy (1.5 meq/kg). Also, total viable count of irradiated samples were decreased significantly (p〈0.05). On nutritional aspect, results showed that total saturated fatty acid concentrations increased significantly (p〈0.001) with increasing irradiation dose , so that the control sample and fish muscles that irradiated with 4.5 kGy had the lowest and highest amounts of total saturated fatty acids (20.454 ± 0.011% and 19.228 ± 0.040% , respectively). The amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in irradiated samples were significantly lower than control sample (p〈0.001) and amounts of total monounsaturated (MUFAs) were significantly higher than control samples (p〈0.001). The results were indicated that the highest content of MUFAs and PUFAs were in samples irradiated with 3.75kGy (37.783± 0.092 %) and control samples (37.677± 0.104 %), respectively .The lowest level of MUFAs and PUFAs were in control samples (36.596 ± 0.024%) and 4.5 kGy (36.459 ± 0.047%), respectively. Altogether, results of this study were determined that irradiation treatment changes significantly the fatty acid composition especially polyunsaturated fatty acids in rainbow trout muscle (P〈0.001). Overall, irradiation of fillet by 3.75 kGy had best results on increasing shelf life of fillet at refrigerator (between 11-15 days) and had no advers effect on fatty acid composition of Rainbo trout fillet.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: In order to investigation effect of protein level on growth and carcass characteristics of rainbow trout, the experiment was carried out in complete ransoming design. The treatments were 1, 2, 3 and 4 which contained of 40, 45, 35 protein percent and commercial diet contained 40 % protein respectively. Four repeat were maked in each treatment. This experiment were conducted on 4000 juveniles rainbow trout with initial average weight of 24-26 gr, for 180 days after antiseptic processes in 16 little pound of 1.5x 6m on fish farming of Morvarid-E-Dimeh in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. The diets were formulated with local material which can providing nutritive requirement of fish in different stages of growth. The feed were given 3 times a day on biomass basis of little pound. In the during of experiment, once every two weeks, after anaesthetize 10 percent of fishes in each little pound were measuring about weight and length and the data were taken. At the final of experiment for determination of crud protein, fat, ash and dry matter, fish carcass were analyzed by AOAC procedure after removal of fins, fill gut and head. The results showed which feed conversion ratio affected by protein levels, and the best was in treat 2, which have been significant differences with others. Also weight and length fishes were affected by the rations and the differences were significant, as the largest length and weight were due to treat 2 and the least were in treat 3, which there were not significant differences between treat 1 and 4. Although, the diet protein level had effect on carcass chemical composition, but the differences were not significant.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Anaesthetic effects of essence, water and water-alcohol extractions of clove oil were studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and Penaeus semisulcatus under various water quality conditions consisting of water temperature, pH and salinity. The obtained results showed that both water and water alcohol extractions had no anaesthetic effect at concentration upto 2000 mg/L whilst, essence could aet as a suitable anaesthesia at 〉50 mg/L. The most suitable anaesthic effect by essence in rainbow trout was 250 mg/L provided at 5 C and pH 7. Also, clove oil essence showed the best anaesthetic effect in carp under water quality conditions consiting of water temperature at 25 C and pH 7-8 or water temperature at 30 C and pH 9. In addition, clove oil essence at 75 mg/l and 12 mg/L gave the best anaesthetic and sedation effects in Persian sturgeon provided at 21-23 C and pH 8.3, respectively. Furthermore, clove oil essence at concentrations above 50 mg/L was able to act as an anaesthesia in P. semisulcatus. However, the best anaesthetic concentration was depended on water quality conditions consiting of water temperature, pH and salinity.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Without Abstract.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Considering increase in production of earth ponds in brackish water condition, this research carried out at bafgh fisheries research station to improve efficiency and production of brackish water cultural earth ponds of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This study was performed in four 0.5ha earth ponds in two treatments with two replications. Each treatment included two earth ponds so that fish farmed in two culture mediums consisting open medium and %20 enclosure medium of pond (pen medium).for this purpose 20% of earth pond s space separated via a fixed net wall with 15mm in mesh. In this research some main growth equations and economical factors were studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, Pierson, Toki, Dankan, Dant analysis and also descriptive statistics. The significant differences were determined in %5 level. Since there was a connection between pen medium with free one, no signs based upon disturbance observed in measured environmental factors in this space. Statistical results indicated a significant increase in %WG, %FE, % SGR, %CF and final biomass in pen medium treatment(p〉0.05). According to economic results, this treatment also differed significantly from open medium treatment about ratio of marketable size production and net income so that yield quantity and production income increased. Therefore, through pen culture in 0.5 ha earth ponds and likely larger ones, utility and production of farm improve and can be a good approach for farmers in order to better exploitation of possibilities and facilities.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study aimed to assess the social, economic and fish farming in cages in the Southern Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea is considered as one of the most important water resources of Iran, in which due to the appropriate weather conditions in the north of the country, has the potential for marine aquaculture. With the implementation of this plan would say that with respect to the proposed initial selection from Kheshtsar in Mazandaran province and Kiashahr in Guilan province with along coastline of about 250 km from the depth of 20 to 100 meters and an the area of about 2027km2 has the cage aquaculture talent. Of course, at the depths of greater than 100 M by using the world technology procedure, there is also the possibility of the establishment of marine cage aquaculture. Now, with the regards of the above potential in the Caspian Sea coastline, it is expected at least 200 cages fish sites farming in with the establishment of 40 cages per site and produce 160,000 tons with creating of 1,000 direct jobs and 2,000 indirect jobs and income 2000 billion gross annual average net profit of 40% could be 800 billion in which will produce of proteins needed part of the country, creating jobs, welfare, prosperity and economy in the region. With the implementation of such national project, it is needed to establish pilot farms to reach the goals: environmental assessment studies, risk assessment, aquatic selection and the use of appropriate cage structures according to ecological conditions of southern Caspian Sea.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: This study was set up to investigate the nutritional value and the optimum inclusion level of one Iranian cottonseed meal i.e. var. Pak, (CSMP) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feed. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for these varieties were calculated in experiment 1 by using an indigestible marker (chromic oxide). Six formulated feeds consisting different substitution levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) of SBM with CSMP, CSMS, and CSMA, respectively, were fed to a total of 540 rainbow trout with initial mean body weight of 50 ± 5 g. Fish were randomly stocked into eighteen 100 L. fiberglass tanks with 30 fish per tank and 3 tanks per diet and fed to satiation 3 times a day for 8 weeks. At the end of each separate experiment, 3 fish from each replicate for each dietary treatment were sacrificed to measure the whole fish body proximate compositions and liver gossypol content. After an 8 week feeding trail, the average weight gain, FCR, SGR, PER, DWG, PWG and CF of fish fed with different diets were measured separately. For all treatments, the survival percentage was more than 98%. Results showed that 100% and 80% CSMP showed in better growth in each experiment and 100% CSMP wasthe best in weight gain (104.3 g), FCR (1.5) and SGR (1.25%).

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: To reveal the fisheries productivity and to get the maximum possible exploitations of the running water resources, existing potentials for aquaculture in Shit and Kordabad rivers in Tarom of Zanjan province were surveyed in a one year round study. In this way 4 and 3 sampling site were respectively selected in Shit and Kordabad rivers and benthic macroinvertebrates and water samples were collected and analyzed at least two times a season and fish fauna were also sampled and studied only two times during the period. All the measured water quality characteristics(such as O2, water temperature, pH, nutrients, NH3, BOD5 and . . . ) were within the normal range suggested for the cold water fish culture. In both rivers no significant differences (p≤95%) were detected for physicochemical parameters within the study sites except for electrical conductivity and total hardness which differed in the firs and last station. Depletion of Agricultural run off and residual from the adjacent farmlands and municipal drainages into the water body of the rivers, were certainly effective in these changes However none of water quality parameters exceed the maximum permitted level for aquaculture. According to the benthic macroinvertebrates study 38 family of 12 taxa and 26 family of the 11 taxa were identified in Shit and Kordabad rivers respectively, most of them belonged to the aquatic insect larvae of the sensitive groups. Community structure indices and Hilsenhof family level biotic index proved a "very good" to "good" water quality criteria for the study sites in both rivers .One fish species in Shit and five species (4 of them were endemic) were identified in Kordabad river. Despite acceptable water quality in Shit river, some inhibiting factors such as adjacent farmlands and dense agricultural land use, high slope of river valley in most region which cause rare suitable lands for locating aquaculture sites, very limited access to road and electricity supply and lack of acceptability to manipulate or divert river water for fish farms, by the local people, are the major constrains for constructing trout farms in Shit river. However constructing a 15 mt capacity rainbow trout farm is possible at first 2 kilometers of the upstream where the water quality and quantity are relatively better and there are some lands with low slope and access to road and electricity supply. Kordabad river has a similar criteria and water quality and quantity at upstream is desirable for rainbow trout culture. The first 2 kilometer of this river is capable of constructing trout farms in some non cultivated lands. Moreover the Kordabad natural dam reservoir is available to conduct its water for further demands. In addition a total of 75mt rainbow trout production in the form of 2 or 3 separate site is possible in this river. Even though the local climate particularly in Kordabad river is acceptable for carp fishes, however land limitations, soil texture and the high volume of water demands, make warm water fishes commercial production impossible.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: Nowadays, medical plants extract is used in aquaculture industry to enhance growth, immune system and fish resistance to different pathogens. In this study, some non-specific immune responses, hematology and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout juveniles (16 gr mean weight) and their resistance to Streptococcus iniae were evaluated following oral administration of Echinacea purpurea and Astragalus sp. extract. Three concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5 gr/kg of feed) of Echinacea purpurea and three concentrations (2, 3 and 5 gr/kg of feed) of Astragalus sp extract and control group were used for 60 days. Parameters evaluated included: levels of C4, C3 (complement components), free oxygen radicals (respiratory burst), Lysozyme, numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. In the end, the relative survival rate (RSR) of fish was evaluated against S. iniae. The results showed that the levels of C3, lysozyme, oxygen free radicals, the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the experiment groups (the highest dose) compared to control group were increased significantly (p 〈0/05). While, the values of C4 and number of monocytes compared to the control group were not significantly different (p〉 0.05). The relative survival rates of fish following challenge with Streptococcus iniae, were 91/11, 93/33 and 44/44 percent in experiments (Echinacea purpurea and Astragalus sp.) and control groups, respectively. In conclusion, it may be state that Echinacea purpurea and Astragalus sp. extracts enhance the non-specific immune system and fish resistance against Streptococcusis, and it seems it can be used as immunostimulant in feed.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published

Description: It is important to have deep study on genetics and breeding of rainbow trout. To reach this goal a project designed to find necessary buildings and facilities in Yasouj. A complete literature review has been done and infrastructure, facilities, and pumping system were compared to find strong and weak point of each system. Finally, considering our facilities and spaces, a design was drawn to show a logic connection between different parts and building.

Description: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute

Description: Published