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  • Lepidoptera  (329)
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  • American Chemical Society
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; food consumption and utilization ; spruce ; Picea glauca ; Picea rubra ; Picea mariana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur a déterminé la quantité d'aliments utilisées, à 22±0,5 °C, par des larves de Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette parvenues à leur sixième stade de développement qui s'étaient nourries d'un régime artificiel et d'aiguilles de l'année en cours lyophilisées et réduites en poudre, prélevées à deux dates différentes, à 10 jours d'intervalle, et provenant d'épinettes blanchés (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), d'épinettes rouges (Picea rubra Sarg.) et d'épinettes noires (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.). Les femelles ont invariablement ingéré une quantité significativement plus importante de tous les régimes que les mâles, consommant 24% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette noire et 73% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette blanche. Les femelles prenaient en général plus de temps pour parvenir au stade de chrysalide et avaient un taux d'utilisation des aliments significativement plus élevé. L'efficacité nette de la croissance chez les deux sexes ne présentait toutefois aucune différence significative. La performance des larves ayant ingéré des aiguilles provenant de deux classes d'âge différait de façon significative mais non pas uniforme d'un régime à l'autre: les aiguilles d'épinette blanche plus récentes donnaient une performance généralement plus élevée contrairement aux aiguilles plus jeunes d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire. Les larves ingéraient une quantité significativement plus élevée, avaient un taux de consommation et de croissance supérieur et augmentaient davantage leur biomasse avec des aiguilles d'épinette blanche. L'efficacité d'utilisation des aliments et le taux de croissance relatif étaient de faibles à modérément faibles pour un lépidoptère arboricole phyllophage; la vitesse d'ingestion relative était élevée. La qualité des aiguilles des trois essences d'épinettes était faible. Les aiguilles d'épinette blanche permettaient aux larves d'avoir une performance significativement plus élevée, performance mesurée à partir de plusieurs critères, alors que les aiguilles d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire donnaient une performance égale. La supériorité des performances obtenues avec l'épinette blanche explique la plus grande vulnérabilité de cette essence à la Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of tree species, shoot age, and sex of larvae on food consumption and utilization were investigated in a factorial experiment. Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year shoots, from two age classes (sample dates) of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea rubra, Sarg., and Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., were evaluated for eight performance criteria. All factors had significant effects on all criteria except for tree species on assimilation efficiency, shoot age on development time, and sex on net growth efficiency. Eight of the possible 24 two-factor interactions and one of the possible eight three-factor interactions were significant. Food utilization efficiencies and relative growth rate were in the low and moderate characterization limits for immature arthropods; relative consumption rates were high. The higher performance values on Picea glauca were related to this species greater vulnerability to spruce budworm. Performance criteria of similar larvae on an artificial diet were compared with those on the foliage-diets.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; wind tunnel ; sex attraction ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation et la comptabilisation des vols orientés et des atterrissages des mâles de Mamestra suasa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) sur une source de phéromone de synthèse ont mis en évidence un mélange attractif appelé mélange B et constitué par 100 ng de Z11-16: Ac et 1 ng de Z11-16: Ald. L'attraction et l'atterrissage sont sous la dépendance du mélange de ces 2 composés. Les variations de leurs proportions relatives affectent les différentes phases du comportement de vol des mâles. L'addition de 10 ng d'acétoxy-1 tetradécène-9 Z (Z9-14: Ac) diminue significativement les proportions de vols orientés et d'atterrissages par rapport aux réponses obtenues avec le mélange B seul. L'effet inhibiteur de cette molécule sur l'attractivité du mélange B et la présence chez M. suasa d'un récepteur spécialisé dans la perception de ce composé suggèrent que le Z9-14: Ac est impliqué dans la communication chimique entre M. suasa et d'autres espèces sympatriques. L'addition d'hexadécènol-11 Z (Z11-16: OH) au mélange B à la dose de 1 ou 10 ng ne modifie pas les réponses des mâles. Ce composé ne semble pas impliqué dans la communication chimique chez M. suasa.
    Notes: Abstract The upwind flight and landing responses of male Mamestra suasa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) to various synthetic chemicals were studied in a wind tunnel. A mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16: Ac) and (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16: Ald) elicited upwind flight responses past the midpoint of the wind tunnel, and both components were necessary for landing of the males to occur at the pheromone source point. The best response to the mixtures tested was to a ratio 100:1 (ng) of Z11-16: Ac and Z11-16: Ald (blend B). The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14: Ac) (10 ng) to blend B resulted in a significant decrease of upwind flight and landing responses. The inhibitory effect of this chemical when it is mixed with blend B, and the presence of a specific receptor for this compound in sensilla trichodea of male M. suasa, suggest that Z9-14: Ac is involved in the chemical communication between M. suasa and other sympatric species. The addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16: OH) (1 or 10 ng) to blend B had no effect on male upwind flight and landing responses. This compound does not seem to be involved in the chemical communication of this species.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Inheritance ; receptor ; single sensillum ; electrophysiology ; Ctenopseustis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; olfactory response ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions olfactives des sensilles mâles sensibles aux phéromones ont été examinées par enregistrement de l'extrémité de la sensille chez les tordeuses C. obliquana Walker et C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Les enregistrements ont porté sur 281 sensilles des lignées parentales et des croisements réciproques de F1, F2 et de croisements en retour maternel et paternel. Les résultats des enregistrements d'une sensille ont été soumis à une analyse en composantes principales. Chez les mâles de chaque lignée parentale un seul type physiologique de sensille a été découvert; une cellule répond par un pic grand au principal constituant de la phéromone femelle conspécifique. (Z)-8-acétate tétradécényl (Z8-14:OAc) pour C. obliquana, et (Z)-5-acétate tétradécényl (Z5-14:OAc) pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Une seconde type de cellule dans les sensilles des deux espèces de mâles présente un pic petit pour Z5-14:OAc et pour l'acétate tétradécyl (14:OAc) chez C. obliquana, et pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’ au Z8-14:OAc. Les réponses des sensilles des différents types de mâles hybrides sont plus hétérogènes que celles des sensilles de leurs pères. Un schéma général pourrait cependant être décelé, correspondant au schéma prévu avec une hérédité d'un facteur dominant liée au sexe sur le chromosome Z de C. sp. ‘ropeana’. La variation plus accentuée chez les hybrides ne peut être expliquée par ce modèle, et pourrait impliquer des gènes additionnels.
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory response from male pheromone sensitive sensilla was investigated in the endemic New Zealand brownheaded leafrollers Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and C. sp. ‘ropeana’ (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). The responses from 281 sensilla from the parental strains and from both the reciprocal crosses, including F1, F2 and maternal and paternal backcrosses were recorded, and statistically analysed using a multivariate analysis. In males of both the parental strains, a large amplitude cell responded to the main pheromone component of the conspecific female, in C. obliquana (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14:OAc). Both male types also possessed a small amplitude cell, which in C. obliquana responded weakly to Z5-14:OAc and tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ responded to Z8-14:OAc. The responses from the different types of hybrid males were more variable than the responses from parental males. A main pattern could, however be seen, corresponding with the expected pattern in a sex-linked inheritance on the Z-chromosome of a C. sp ‘ropeana’ type dominant genetic factor. The more pronounced variation in the hybrids could not be explained by this model, and might be due to the involvement of additional genes.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 27-37 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hecatesia ; Agaristidae ; Lepidoptera ; oths ; territoriality ; leks ; sound production ; scent marking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the agaristid moth Hecatesia thyridiondefend small patches of coastal heathland in southwestern Australia in the late afternoon. As they fly back and forth low over their territories, they produce an acoustical signal. Neighboring males commonly fly toward each other; these interactions often result in aerial duels, with the eventual departure of one of the males. Playback experiments established that males were attracted to the sounds of other males. Females were observed to fly into territories and eventually mate with the signaling occupant. Marked males sometimes returned to the same spot on consecutive days. On any given day males occupied only a fraction of the sites that were acceptable territories. The mating system of H. thyridionappears to be a dispersed lek, with males acoustically advertising territories that are used for mating and not for feeding or oviposition.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; cabbage moth ; hair pencils ; volatiles ; courtship behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behavior of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae(L.), was studied in moving air conditions in a wind tunnel, using video techniques. Quantitative analyses were undertaken to determine the behavioral sequence occurring in the courtship. Comparison of successful and unsuccessful courtship suggested that courtship success was more dependent on the behavior of the female than that of the male. In an attempt to elucidate the function of the male hair-pencils (HPs), courtships involving males without HPs were also studied. HP removal did not affect the overall courtship success rate of males, but detailed analysis showed significant changes infernale behavior during such courtships. HP removal also affected female behavior following pair formation, with females struggling more when paired with males without HPs. Consequently, it is proposed that the HP volatiles act as an arrestant for the female, both during courtship and after pair formation, to increase female acceptance and to prevent premature termination of copulation. Experiments were also conducted to test previous hypotheses for HP function. However, no evidence was found to suggest that the HP volatiles in M. brassicaeact to attract females, affect female calling behavior, or affect the behavior of other males. A further possible function of HPs in defense is discussed.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notes: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
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  • 8
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Orthoptera ; digestive efficiency ; allelochemistry ; cytochrome P450 ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adaptation to a phytophagous diet involves physiological compromises that may be influenced by developmental constraints. In this review, we compare patterns of hostplant utilization with respect to nutrition and allelochemistry in representative holometabolous (lepidopteran) and hemimetabolous (orthopteran) species in order to identify those potential constraints. Overall in Lepidoptera greater molting efficiency and gut permeability, which enhance nutritional efficiency, result in higher exposure to allelochemicals and are associated with greater activity and inducibility of cytochrome P450 monoxygenase detoxication enzymes. In contrast, in Orthoptera, relative impermeability to allelochemicals due to the peritrophic membrane and cuticular sclerotization is associated with reduced nutritional efficiency and lower detoxication enzyme activity.
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  • 9
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 896-898 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; pheromone ; sexual selection ; nuptial gift ; egg defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestered by adult maleDanaus gilippus from plants is transferred in large measure to the female at mating, and by the female to the eggs. The eggs, presumably, are protected as a result. The male's courtship pheromone, danaidone, derived from the sequestered alkaloid, may function to advertise the male's alkaloid-donating capacity.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host suitability ; progeny production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les influences de l'état de développement de l'hôte sur le taux de parasitisme, la production de descendants, l'émergence des adultes et le taux sexuel de la techinaire E. bryani Sabrosky ont été examinés au laboratoire. Un parasitisme réussi,-qui entraîne la formation d'un parasitoïde adulte-, s'effectue dans les chenilles de stades 2 à 5 et dans les prénymphes d'Heliothis zea Boddie. II s'agit d'un élargissement considérable de la gamme connue des tailles convenables d'hôtes. Bien que le parasitisme n'ait jamais réussi avec les chenilles de premier stade, une très forte mortalité, 93% a été observée quand ces petites chenilles ont été exposées à la tachinaire. Pour permettre l'introduction par le larvipositeur des asticots dans la chenille, la mouche perfore la cuticule de l'hôte avec un sclérite modifié; ainsi, une grande partie de la mortalité est provoquée vraisemblablement par le traumatisme dû au parasitoïde. Le succès du parasitisme a augmenté en fonction du développement de l'hôte du second stade (30%) au cinquième stade (95%), pour tomber à 63% dans les prénymphes. Cependant, aucune des prénymphes exposées aux mouches n'a été capable de donner des papillons. Les production moyennes de pupes et de mouches par chenille effectivement parasitée ont augmenté avec le stade de développement de l'hôte pouratteindre dans les prénymphes respectivement 14,5±1,33 et 10,6±1,02. Le taux sexuel des mouches obtenues a été très variable pour les différents stades de développement des chenilles, sans qu'aucune corrélation ait pu être mise en évidence. Une formule permettant de calculer un ‘indice d'adéquation de l'hôte’ est proposé. Cet indice permet une comparaison directe des impacts globaux et des potentiels reproducteurs des femelles de E. bryani attaquant des hôtes à différents stades.
    Notes: Abstract Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae) successfully parasitized 2nd through 5th instars and prepupal Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory. Percent successful parasitism (that which resulted in the production of adult parasitoid progeny) increased with host developmental state, reaching 95% in 5th instars, but fell to 63% in prepupae. While 25% of the exposed prepupae metamorphosed to pupae, none developed into adults. E. bryani maggots emerged from only 5% of H. zea pupae. The mean number of fly puparia and adults produced per successfully parasitized larva increased with host stadium, reaching 14.5±1.33 (SEM) and 10.6±1.02, respectively, in prepupae. The sex ratio of adult parasitoid progeny per host larval stadium was variable, and did not appear to follow a pattern. A formula for calculating a ‘host favorability index’ is presented. This index allows a direct comparison of the overall impact and reproductive potential of E. bryani attacking hosts of varying developmental states.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Adoxophyes orana ; inhibition ; Lepidoptera ; male pheromone ; myristic acid ; palmitic acid ; summerfruit tortrix ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Grapholita lobarzewskii ; Grapholita janthinana ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Chemische Analysen und Feldversuche zeigen, dass das Sexualpheromon des Kleinen Fruchtwicklers, G. lobarzewskii aus (E)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) und (Z)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) besteht. Die grösste Lockwirkung wurde mit einem Gemisch der beiden Substanzen bei einem E-Anteil von 80–95% erzielt. Dodecylacetat (12:Ac) und Tetradecylacetat (14:Ac) wurden ebenfalls in den weiblichen Pheromondrüsen nachgewiesen, hatten aber im Freiland keinen Einfluss auf die Lockwirkung. G. lobarzewskii tritt seit einiger Zeit in der Schweiz als Schädling von Apfel und Zwetschge auf und ist an ihrem charakteristischem Frassgang leicht erkennbar. Die Art wurde bisher irrtümlich als G. janthinana bezeichnet. G. janthinana lebt auf Rosaceen, und wird vom gleichen Substanzpaar angelockt, allerdings bei umgekehrtem Mischungsverhältnis (20% E).
    Notes: Abstract As shown by chemical analysis and field trapping, the sex pheromone of Grapholita lobarzewskii consists of a blend of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate. Maximum attractiveness was found at 80–95%. Dodecyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate, both present in the female gland, did not affect trap catch. G. lobarzewskii has recently gained importance as a pest of apple and plum, but has so far been referred to as Grapholita janthinana. The latter is attracted to the same two compounds, but in reversed portions (20% E).
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; lima-bean pod borer ; Etiella zinckenella ; Lepidoptera ; Phycitidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; tetradecyl acetate ; Hungary ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A partir de femelles d'E. zinckenella d'origines hongroise et égyptienne, nous avons isolé quatre composés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse avec ionisation de flamme et électroantennographie (EAD): l'acétate de tétradécanyl, l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl, l'acétate (E)-11-tétradécényl et l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl. Les acétates monoinsaturés donnent les meilleures réponses en EAG parmi une série d'acétates tétradécényls et de tétradécénols. Les quatre composés mélangés dans les mêmes proportions que dans l'extrait de la phéromone ont attiré un nombre significatif de mâles tant en Egypte qu'en Hongrie. Dans un test préliminaire de soustraction, la meilleure capture a été réalisée par le mélange ternaire d'acétates monoinsaturés.
    Notes: Abstract Four compounds, tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were identified from female sex pheromone extracts of Hungarian and Egyptian lima-bean pod borers (Etiella zinckenella Tr., Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) by gas chromatography with flame ionization (FID) and electroantennographic (EAD) detection. In EAG studies these monoun-saturated acetates gave the best responses in a series of other tetradecenyl acetates and tetradecenols. The four component blend of the identified components in similar ratios as in the pheromone extract attracted significant numbers of male lima-bean pod borers in both Hungary and Egypt. In a preliminary subtraction test best capture was achieved by the ternary mixture of the monounsaturated acetates.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: preference ; induction ; feeding ; Papilio demoleus ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prise de nourriture par des chenilles néonates de P. demoleus est aussi élevée sur régime avec agents de conservation qu'en leur absence, bien qu'elle soit inférieure à celle qui est observée sur les feuilles de son hôte Citrus limettioides. Cependant, quand les chenilles ont été élevées jusqu'au 5ème stade sur des feuilles de C. limettioides, ou sur des régimes avec ou sans conservateurs, leur prise de nourriture sur feuilles de C. limettioides, et régime sans conservateur est aussi importante. Toutes les chenilles élevées sur régime avec conservateur ont consommé lorsqu'elles avaient été maintenues sur le même régime. Par contre, leurs réactions face à un régime contenant des conservateurs a entraîné une diminution de près de 20% après élevage sur un régime sans conservateur, et de près de 90% après élevage sur feuilles de C. limettioides. Les chenilles semblent manifester de l'aversion envers les conservteurs si elles ont été élevées en leur absence, aversion renforcée lorsqu'il y avait eu préalablement alimentation sur feuilles de C. limettioides.
    Notes: Abstract The feeding responses of newly hatched larvae of Papilio demoleus on the diet with preservatives were as high as on the diet without preservatives though less than those on the host lime leaves. However, when the larvae were reared upto the 5th instar on the host lime leaves or the diet with or without preservatives, their feeding responses towards host lime leaves and the diet without preservatives were equally high. The diet with preservatives reared larvae showed 100% response when tested on the same diet. But their response towards diet with preservatives declined to 80% when the larvae were reared on the diet without preservatives and to 10% when they were reared on the host lime leaves. The larvae seem to have an aversion against the preservatives if reared in their absence which was enhanced by their experience of feeding on the host leaves during their ontogeny.
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  • 15
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stalk borer ; spinning-off ; ballooning ; larval migration ; wind tunnel ; silk ; female weight ; batch size ; egg weight ; head capsule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement aérostatique des chenilles néonates de C. partellus a été étudié dans un tunnel à vent. Environ 55% des chenilles néonates ont quité les jeunes plants de maïs sur des fils de soie, dans les deux heures qui ont suivi leur libération. Aucune corrélation significative n'a été observée entre l'activité de filature et le poids de la mère, le poids de l'oeuf et la taille de l'ooplaque. Les chenilles aérostatiques ou non étaient de même taille. Le date de ponte n'a pas influé sur le comportement aérostatique. Il y avait des différences significatives dans l'activité aérostatiques des chenilles suivant les mères, ce qui suggère que des facteurs maternels, différents de ceux examinés jouent un rôle important dans la dispersion des chenilles.
    Notes: Abstract The ballooning behaviour of first instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied using a wind tunnel. About 55% of the newly hatched larvae left the young maize plants on silk threads within two hours after their release. No significant correlations were found between spinning-off activity and mother weight, egg weight and number of eggs per batch. Ballooning and non-ballooning larvae were of the same size. Time of oviposition did not influence the ballooning behaviour. There was significant variation in spinning-off activity between offspring from different individual females, however, which suggests that maternal factors other than those measured play an important role in larval dispersal.
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  • 16
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; fecundity ; reproductive strategy ; female size ; batch size ; egg weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La ponte de C. partellus Swinhoe a été étudiée au laboratoire pendant les trois premières nuits de la ponte. Plus de 50% des ooplaques et des oefs ont été pondus pendant la première nuit. La taille des ooplaques diminue avec le temps, tandis que le poids moyen des oeufs reste constant. Les grosses femelles pondent des ooplaques et des oeufs plus grands que les petites. Elles sont aussi plus fécondes, mais c'est seulement à la seconde nuit de ponte qu'est due cette différence. Le reproduction diminue beaucoup avec le temps. L'affectation aux premiers oeufs des réserves utilizées pour la reprodution semble plus importante que l'émission d'oeufs régulièrement répartis dans le temps. Les grosses femelles utilisent proportionnellement plus de ressources à la production d'oeufstardifs. Les gros oeufs contiennent vraisemblablement plus de vitellus que pourrait être nécessaire pour le comportement aérostatique des chenilles néonates.
    Notes: Abstract The egg laying pattern of the spotted stalk borer on sorghum and maize, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied during the first three nights of oviposition under laboratory conditions. More than 50% of both eggs and egg batches are laid during the first night of oviposition. Batch size decreases with time, whereas mean egg weight remains constant. Larger females lay both larger eggs and egg batches than smaller ones. They are also more fecund but it is only the second night of oviposition that contributes significantly to this difference. The reproductive effort decreases much with time. Allocation of reproductive reserves to early eggs seems more important than having eggs evenly distributed over time. Larger females use proportionally more resources to the production of late eggs. Large eggs are likely to contain more yolk which could be of importance for the ballooning behaviour of newly hatched larvae.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: 4″-Amino-4″-deoxyavermectins ; avermectin ; insecticide ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new class of insecticidal and antiparasitic agents, 4″-amino-4′-deoxy avermectins, has been developed by chemical modification of avermectin B1. The most effective of these compounds are 1500-fold more potent than avermectin B1 (abamectin) against the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua and show similar potency against other lepidopteran larvae.
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  • 18
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; semiochemicals ; sex pheromones ; host plants ; secondary plant compounds ; calling behaviour ; mate choice ; Homoesoma electellum ; Pseudaletia unipuncta
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of host plants in the synthesis and release of lepidopteran sex pheromones is examined. Females synthesise pheromones de novo and pheromone quality is not markedly influenced by larval food sources. However, host plants may have a significant effect on different physiological and behavioural parameters associated with pheromone production. Males in some species of Nymphalidae and Arctiidae use secondary plant compounds, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids, as a pheromone precursor. In such cases these plant compounds serve an additional role, such as protection against predation, and may reflect potential male reproductive investment. In the one instance where the effect of larval host plants on the de novo synthesis of a male sex pheromone was examined, larval nutrition did not alter either the quality or quantity of the hairpencil contents.
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  • 19
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Bombyx mori L ; moths ; antennae ; pheromones ; metabolites ; enzymes
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In living antennae of the silkworm mothBombyx mori L. the pheromone compound (E, Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol and hexadecanol are enzymatically converted to their corresponding fatty aldehydes, acids and long-chain fatty acid esters. The pheromone is completely degraded at high rates in the antennae of freshly hatched moths. The polar volatile [3H]metabolites exclusively consist of tritiated water. The half-life of the pheromone is about 2.5 min in males and 0.5 min in females. Drying inactivates the enzymes responsible for pheromone oxidation.
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  • 20
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 580-583 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thiosemicarbazones ; anti-juvenile hormone ; insect growth regulator ; Lepidoptera ; juvenile hormone biosynthesis inhibitor
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new class of anti-juvenile hormone agents is described. Active anti-juvenile hormone compounds were either diazine thiosemicarbazones or aryl substituted pyridyl thiosemicarbazones, synthesized from substituted benzaldehydes. While many analogs in these classes showed feeding and growth inhibition in a variety of insects, a select group caused formation of precocious pupal characteristics inAgrotis ipsilon (black cutworm) andHeliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) and black cuticle and precocious pupae inManduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). They were active only by diet incorporation. The symptoms of precocious development could be reversed by co-administration of a juvenoid. One of the active compounds was shown to inhibit juvenile hormone biosynthesis in vitro by corpora allata of the cockroachDiploptera punctata. However, none of the compounds were active inhibitors of purified chicken liver prenyl transferase.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cyanogenesis ; β-glucosidase ; Lepidoptera ; linamarin ; linamarase ; lotaustralin ; repellent ; Zygaenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A β-glucosidase (linamarase) was purified 52-fold with a recovery of 27% from the haemolymph of the larvae ofZygaena trifolii, ESPER, 1783 (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). The final enzyme preparation was found to be nearly homogeneous on both disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be about 130 kDa; it consisted of two subunits of about 66 kDa. The enzyme showed an optimum between pH 4.5 and 5 with linamarin and a broad optimum between pH 3.5 and 6.5 for p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside; the temperature optimum was 40°C. The β-glucosidase showed a high specificity for its endogenous substrates linamarin and lotaustralin. Among the other natural and artificial substrates tested, only prunasin and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside were hydrolyzed by the enzyme, whereas linustatin, salicin, cellobiose and trehalose were not. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by β-glucosylpiperidine.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; Predation ; Host range ; Prey acceptability ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments are described which test the hypothesis that more host-specific species of caterpillars should be less aceptable to a generalist predator than polyphagous species. Caterpillars of all species were tested in paired choice tests with the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis. Experiments were replicated ten times, videotaped and later analyzed. Brightly colored specialist species (normally considered to be aposematic) were clearly the least palatable, while more cryptic specialists were also significantly less acceptable than generalists overall. Leaf-tying species were considered separately; all were highly palatable independent of host range. The results indicate that among caterpillars that do not construct leaf shelters, those with a wide post range are more acceptable than those with a narrow host range. This is consistent with the notion that generalist predators provide selection pressure favoring narrow host range in their herbivorous prey.
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  • 23
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    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 214-219 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Asimina ; Facilitation ; Defoliation ; Herbivory ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Insect herbivores that require young foliage for successful larval development are often restricted to a single generation during a year by the scarcity of suitable food over most of the growing season. The major specialist herbivore attacking shrubs in the genus Asimina in Florida, Eurytides marcellus, requires young foliage for successful larval development. Field manipulations were used to investigate the role of the young foliage produced by Asimina in response to defoliation by the late-season feeder Omphalocera munroei, a second specialist herbivore of Asimina in Florida, in maintaining Eurytides populations during the summer months when young foliage is otherwise scarce. Defoliation by Omphalocera proved to be the major inducer of young growth during the summer because Omphalocera defoliated Asimina shrubs so frequently and severely. When compared to young leaves produced in the absence of damage, the teaves produced by Asimina in response to defoliation were equally as suitable as food for Eurytides larvae and as acceptable as oviposition sites by Eurytides females. The availability of young foliage in an Asimina population was correlated with the size of the associated Eurytides population. The combination of regular, severe defoliation by Omphalocera and lack of a defensive response to damage by Asimina lead to a positive affect of Omphalocera on Eurytides population size, and may be central to other facilitative interactions between herbivores as well.
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  • 24
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 275-283 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phenolics ; PAL activation ; insect herbivory ; plant resistance ; Betula pendula ; Apochemia pilosaria ; Lepidoptera ; geometridae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of both caterpillar herbivory and artificial damage on phenylalanine ammonia lysase (PAL) activity of birch foliage was measured, using an intact cell assay. After artificial damage there was a small increase in PAL activity in damaged leaves but no change in adjacent undamaged ones. Insect grazing produced a larger increase in PAL activity, and the enzyme activity was also increased in adjacent undamaged leaves. Artificial damage increased the phenolic levels of the damaged leaves. Insect grazing caused a larger, longer-lasting increase in phenolic levels and also elevated phenolic levels in undamaged leaves. The possible role of these wound-induced biochemical changes in birch is discussed.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diadromus pulchellus ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; disulfides ; frass ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; Plutellidae ; leek ; Allium porrum ; cabbage ; Brassica oleracea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acrolepiopsis assectella andPlutella xylostella frass volatiles, trapped on Tenax GC, were examined by capillary gas chromatography. In both moths, the same three disulfides, dimethyl, dipropyl, and methyl propyl, were the most abundant substances, but in different proportions. The synthetic disulfides elicited the same behavioral response by the parasitoid,Diadromus pulchellus as frass. The plant origin of these substances is discussed.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bracon ; Ephestia ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; kairomone ; host selection ; parasitoid ; foraging ; ketones ; 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones produced in the mandibular glands ofEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) fifth instars acted as arrestment and host-trail following kairomones for the parasitoid,Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The behavioral response of the parasitoids to the kairomone varied with kairomone concentration and distribution. However, only small differences in activity were noted for the different mandibular gland components.B. hebetor females that encountered filter paper patches impregnated with the kairomone exhibited antennation and probing behavior. Females followed trails formed with 2-[(Z,E)12,14-hexadecadienoyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione in the same manner exhibited with host-made trails. At concentrations of 1.0 μg/mm and above, trail following was interrupted by frequent probing.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1559-1566 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-11-Hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; iris ; iris borer ; Macronoctua onusta ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chromatographic and mass spectrometry studies of heptane extracts of the ovipositors of the iris borer,Macronoctua onusta, showed that the females produce several compounds that are the same as those produced by females of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens. In trapping experiments, a mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (94∶4∶2) proved to be the minimum set of compounds required to cause effective capture of iris borer males in the field.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trap color ; trap design ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; fall armyworm moth ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; electroretinogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three pheromone traps were evaluated in paired field trials for effectiveness in capturing wild male velvetbean caterpillar moths (VBC),Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and fall armyworm moths (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), using a wind-oriented trapping device. The traps were: (1) the standard multicolored bucket trap consisting of a forest green canopy, yellow funnel, white bucket and open (i.e., single wire) pheromone holder; (2) a forest green monocolored bucket trap; and (3) the Multi-Pher-1 trap consisting of a blue-green canopy, white funnel, white bucket, and white, multislotted pheromone holder. The Multi-Pher-1 trap differs primarily from the other two in that its entrance is smaller in diameter and is partially obstructed by the pheromone holder. Significantly fewer VBC and FAW males were captured in pheromone-baited monocolored (forest green) bucket traps than standard multicolored bucket traps. The Multi-Pher-1 trap also caught significantly fewer VBC moths than the standard multicolored bucket trap, but there was no significant difference in numbers of FAW moths caught in the two traps. The results further demonstrate the importance of considering visual cues, in this case color, in the design of pheromone traps for nocturnal insects.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enedial ; Spodoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding deterrent ; pyrrole ; sulfhydryl ; van der Waals interaction ; Reimer-Tiemann adducts
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Structure-activity relationships of naturally occurring enedials with antifeedant activity againstSpodoptera species have been extended via the synthesis and bioassay of a series of Reimer-Tiemann adducts. The activities attributed to the different chemical structures of these and other analogs interacting with the chemoreceptor site have been observed; a three-pronged mode of substrate binding via aromatic pyrrole formation, Michael addition of free sulfhydryl moieties, and van der Waals interactions of the A ring has been postulated to account for these observations.
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  • 30
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1133-1146 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cycasin ; macrozamin ; cycads ; azoxyglycosides ; Eumaeus atala ; Lepidoptera ; Lycaenidae ; insect-plant interaction ; chemical ecology ; unpalatability ; insect defense strategy ; ants ; Camponotus abdominalis floridanus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The lycaenid butterfly,Eumaeus atala, was found to contain cycasin, an azoxyglycoside, by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Quantification of cycasin content in 10 individual freshly killed and frozen males and females, using capillary gas chromatography (GC), showed that cycasin contents of individual butterflies ranged from 0.21 to 0.51 mg (1.24–2.75% dry weight). A museum specimen ofE. atala of unknown age had undetectable amounts of cycasin by GC. GC showed that larval frass contained about 0.10% cycasin, which was not detectable by TLC. Cycasin in the host plant was not detectable by TLC but was detected by GC and found to be 0.02% dry weight. There was no macrozamin, another azoxyglycoside characteristic of many cycads, in the butterfly or plant. Feeding trials with a colony of the ant,Camponotus abdominalis floridanus, showed that both cycasin and the adult ofE. atala were deterrent to the ants.
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  • 31
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2177-2189 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acraea horta ; Lepidoptera ; Acraeinae ; cyclopentenyl cyanoglycoside ; gynocardin ; Kiggelaria africana ; sequestration ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All stages in the life cycle ofAcraea horta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Acraeinae) were found to release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from their crushed tissues, and the source of cyanogenesis was present in the hemolymph of adults and larvae. Comparison with standards on thin-layer chromatograms (TLC) revealed the presence in adults of gynocardin, a cyclopentenyl cyanoglycoside also produced by the larval food plant,Kiggelaria africana L. (Flacourtiaceae). Analysis of adults reared on plant species (Passifloraceae) containing gynocardin and/or other cyanoglycosides suggested selective uptake of gynocardin by the larvae. This is the first demonstration of a cyanoglycoside, other than the acyclic linamarin and lotaustralin, occurring in Lepidoptera and the first evidence for the storage byAcraea butterflies of a plant-produced allelochemical. Possible implications for the understanding of the evolution of acraeine host choice are discussed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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  • 33
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 601-617 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; redbanded leafroller ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Tortricidae ; pheromone analogs ; sex stimulation ; bioassay ; flight-tunnel behavior ; field bioassay ; molecular mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biological activity of analogs of the pheromone components of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecen1-ol acetate, in which modifications were made in the terminal alkyl portion were studied in the three pheromonal types of the insect. European corn borer males respond to pheromonal stimuli at three levels of behavioral activity, i.e., short-range sexual stimulation, activation in the flight tunnel, and response in the field. Structural requirements for elicitation of response at these levels were found to be increasingly restrictive, respectively. Flighttunnel activity was induced only by compounds that had a total chain length of 13 or 14 carbons and in which branching at carbon 13 was limited to one methyl group or a cyclopropyl group. Three new analogs were active in the flight tunnel, viz., (E and (Z)-13-methyl-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-12-cyclopropyl-11-dodecen-1-ol acetate. The cyclopropyl analog was the most active analog against theZZ type of the European corn borer. TheE isomer, however, was pheromonally inactive in theEE type and was shown to be a pheromone antagonist. This dissimilarity is most likely due to differences in structure of the receptors in the European corn borer strains. Analogs that were biologically active against the European corn borer were tested against the redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana, which also uses (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate as part of its pheromone. Results showed that the redbanded leafroller pheromone acceptor system is different from that of the European com borer; marginal behavioral response was elicited by only one of the new analogs. Thus, although both species use 11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate isomers as their pheromone, the mechanisms by which they are perceived are different.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diet ; scent ; coremata ; Estigmene acrea ; Phragmatobia fuliginosa ; Pyrrharctia isabella ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; hydroxydanaidal ; danaidal ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In feeding experiments with insects reared in the laboratory, the presence of the dihydropyrrolizines hydroxydanaidal and danaidal in the male scent organs (coremata) of the arctiids,Estigmene acrea (Drury),Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.), andPyrrharctia isabella (J.E. Smith), was shown to depend on the presence of a source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the larval diet.Phragmatobia males given an artificial diet supplemented with the powdered roots of the PA-containing plantSymphytum officinale L. (comfrey) produced more hydroxydanaidal than danaidal, whereas males given an artificial diet supplemented with dried whole plants of another PA-containing species,Senecio vulgaris L., produced more danaidal than hydroxydanaidal.Pyrrharctia males produced hydroxydanaidal with little if any danaidal, whether the source of PAs was comfrey orS. vulgaris. A behavioral bioassay showed that the coremata of PA-deniedPyrrharctia male progeny of PA-denied parents were pheromonally inactive, whereas those of PA-denied male progeny of PA-supplied parents (male and/or female) were often active. This indicates that a small amount of pheromone is made from PAs transferred from the female to her eggs and that males effect copulatory transfers of PAs that are, in turn, passed to the eggs by the mated female. Field observations ofPhragmatobia andPyrrharctia larvae feeding on sources of PAs were reported. The PA monocrotaline was shown to be a feeding stimulant forPyrrharctia larvae.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Ceanothus ; Frankia ; nitrogen ; propagation ; inoculation ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interaction ; green manure ; 15N ; N loss ; neem ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about whether the high N losses from inorganic N fertilizers applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by the combined use of either legume green manure or residue with N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping systems before rice on the fate and use efficiency of15N-labeled, urea and neem cake (Azadirachta indica Juss.) coated urea (NCU) applied to the subsequent transplanted lowland rice crop. The pre-rice cropping systems were fallow, cowpea incorporated at the flowering stage as a green manure, and cowpea grown to maturity with subsequent incorporation of residue remaining after grain and pod removal. The incorporated green manure contained 70 and 67 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incorporated residue contained 54 and 49 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The unrecovered15N in the15N balances for 58 kg N ha−1 applied as urea or NCU ranged from 23 to 34% but was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. The partial pressure of ammoniapNH3, and floodwater (nitrate + nitrite)-N following application of 29 kg N ha−1 as urea or NCU to 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 14 days after transplanting was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. In plots not fertilized with urea or NCU, green manure contributed an extra 12 and 26 kg N ha−1, to mature rice plants in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The corresponding contributions from residue were 19 and 23 kg N ha−1, respectively. Coating urea with 0.2g neem cake per g urea had no effect on loss of urea-N in either year; however, it significantly increased grain yield (0.4 Mg ha−1) and total plant N (11 kg ha−1) in 1987 but not in 1986.
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  • 38
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; amino acids ; ammonium ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; leachates ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; soyabean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An enclosed root chamber containing sterile sand medium was used to study net nitrogen (N) release from actively growing root systems of ‘Saranac’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ‘Fiskeby V’ soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Plants were inoculated with a rhizobial strain appropriate to each host, irrigated with N-free nutrient solution, and grown either to 85 or to 173 d after germination (alfalfa) or to physiological maturity (soybean). Alfalfa released 4.5% of symbiotically-fixed plant N into the root zone over its growth period; soybean released 10.4% of plant N. Root zone leachates were analyzed for total N and for amino acid and ammonium content. Significant ammonium-N release occurred from the alfalfa but not the soybean root system; little amino-N was released by root systems of either species. Shoot harvest and water deficit caused increased release of N from alfalfa roots. The results provide evidence that alfalfa and soybean released significant proportions of their N into the root zone, and indicate that while substantial ammonium-N was released from alfalfa roots, passive leakage of amino-N was not a primary mechanism for N release from root systems of either species.
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  • 39
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    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; nitrogen ; protein, yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Euchlanis ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; body size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (PO4-P) and nitrogen (NH4-N) excretion rates of Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana, a rotifer, isolated from Lake Loosdrecht (The Netherlands) and cultured in the lake water at 18–19 °C, were measured in the laboratory. In a series of experiments, the effects of experiment duration on the P and N excretion rates were examined. The rates measured in the first half-hour were about 2 times higher for P and 2–4 times for N than the rates in the subsequent three successive hours which were quite comparable. Eight experiments were carried out in triplicate, 4 each for P and N excretion measurements, using animals of two size ranges: 60–125 µm and 〉 125 µm. The specific excretion rates varied from 0.06 to 0.18 µg P.mg−1 DW.h−1 and 0.21 to 0.76 µg N.mg−1 DW.h−1. Generally an inverse relationship was observed between the specific excretion rates and the mean individual weight. The excretion rates of Euchlanis measured by us are lower than those reported for several other rotifer species, most of which are much smaller than Euchlanis. Extrapolating the excretion rates of Euchlanis to the other rotifer species in Lake Loosdrecht, and accounting for their density, size and temperature, rotifer excretion appears to be a significant, potential nutrient (N,P) source for phytoplankton growth in the lake. The excretion rates for the rotifers appear to be about two thirds of the total zooplankton excretion, even though the computed rotifer mean biomass is about one-third of the total zooplankton biomass.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; models ; nutrients ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Chesapeake Bay ; Gunston Cove
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Empirical models of sediment-water fluxes of NH4 +, NO3 − were and PO4 3− were formed based on published reports. The models were revised and parameters evaluated based on laboratory incubations of sediments collected from Gunston Cove, VA. Observed fluxes ranged from — 18 (sediments uptake) to 276 (sediment release) mg NH4 + m−2 day−1, −17 to −509 mg NO3 − m−2 day−1, and −16.4 to 8.9 mg PO4 3− m−2 day−1. The model and observations indicated release of NH4 + was enhanced by high temperature and by low DO. Uptake of NO3 − was enhanced primarily by high NO3 − concentration and to a lesser extent by high temperature and by low DO. Direction of PO4 3− flux depended on concentration in the water. Release was enhanced by low DO. No effect of temperature on PO4 3− flux was observed.
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  • 42
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    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassays ; limiting nutrient factor ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four hundred and forty bioassays with Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. as a test organism have been carried out with samples from canals and lakes in the western part of the Netherlands. The results are used to assess the algal growth potential (AGP) and to determine the limiting nutrient(s) for maximum biomass production. Special attention has been paid to the effects of deep-freezing and autoclaving as pretreatment of water samples on pH and nutrient concentrations. The AGP ranged from very low in the relatively isolated polder lakes to very high in canals and lakes, which form part of the basin system of Rijnland. The lowest yields are observed in nitrogen and phosphorus co-limited waters, while the highest are found in waters limited by nitrogen alone. AGP proved to be primarily determined by the amount of nitrogen, especially nitrate, in the samples and only secondarily by the amount of phosphorus. The observed ranges indicating phosphorus limitation, 〉 50 for inorganic and 〉 30 for total N/P ratios, lie considerably higher than reported so far. It is concluded that, once the relations between AGP and nutrients are established, AGP tests do not have to be carried out routinely, but still can be very useful in special studies, e.g. in lake restoration projects.
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  • 43
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; pigments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; epilithic algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glacier-fed ephemeral streams of southern Victoria Land (ca. 78° S, 64° E) are colonised by an epilithon dominated by cyanobacterial mats and films. Biomass levels are often high (〉 15 µg Chl a · cm−2). The mat structure, pigment and photosynthetic characteristics of these communities have been investigated on site. The mats in high light environments have a layered structure with high levels of light shielding accessory pigments in the upper layers and elevated chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations in the lower layers. Photosynthetic rates per unit area (0.4–3.5 µg C · cm− 2 · hr−1) fall within the range reported for temperate communities. P vs I curves were used to separate high, intermediate and low light communities. Ik values for high light communities were at or lower than PAR recorded at midnight in the polar midsummer (ca 100 µ E m−2 · s−1). We did not detect photoinhibitory responses at the midday light intensities. In situ continuous nutrient enrichment experiments failed to demonstrate N or P limitation to pigment content or photosynthetic rates. We suggest that the growth of these communities is controlled by factors other than light and nutrients.
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  • 44
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium ; Antarctica ; blue-green algae ; cyanobacteria ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-fixation ; organic nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The many glacier meltwater streams of southern Victoria Land flow through catchments where life forms are almost entirely microbial. Allochthonous inputs of nitrogen from two study streams near McMurdo Sound were derived mostly from the melting glaciers (ca. 100–200 mg N m−3) with some originating from N2-fixation by heterocystous cyanobacteria (max. 939 mg N m−2 year−1). Thirty to fifty per cent of the glacier derived N was dissolved organic N and a major proportion of this was identified as urea N which was utilised by the rich algal and cyanobacterial mats in the streams. A nutrient budget for Fryxell Stream was estimated, quantifying uptake of urea-N and dissolved inorganic N and the release of dissolved organic (non urea) and particulate N by the stream communities. An index of in-stream nitrogen processing, the Net Uptake Length Constant in these streams was compared with that from temperate climates and was found to be similar. Despite the influence of low temperatures on microbial activity (mean daily water temperature = 5 °C) nutrient removal rates from these antarctic streams are high because of the large standing stock of microbial biomass there.
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  • 45
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    Hydrobiologia 178 (1989), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; algae ; periphyton ; nitrogen ; stream ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four agricultural streams were examined to determine if nitrogen or phosphorus was limiting the growth of the attached algal communities. Experiments were conducted in situ using nutrient-diffusing artificial substrata. Experiments conducted over a 2-year period demonstrated that the benthic algal communities in these streams were seldom limited by nitrogen or phosphorus. Nitrogen was, however, found limiting on two occasions when ambient nitrogen levels were reduced. These experiments were characterized by extended low flows and warm water temperatures. Large algal mats which proliferate during these periods may be responsible for reducing the available nitrogen to a limiting level. Major storm events are thought to interrupt the development of nitrogen limiting conditions by scouring the algae and increasing the nitrogen loading from the watershed. Water temperature was demonstrated as an important factor in controlling periphyton growth rates and may have influenced algal response to nutrient input. Ammonium additions often enhanced algal growth in the absence of nitrate stimulation.
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  • 46
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    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: floating macrophyte ; nitrogen ; roots ; laminae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient-enriched water hyacinths were stocked in outdoor tanks and cultured under both high nutrient (HN) and low nutrient (LN) regimes for 10 months. Seasonal changes in standing crop biomass and morphology of LN water hyacinths were similar to those of HN water hyacinths, despite a ten-fold between-treatment difference in N availability and a two-fold difference in average plant N concentrations (1.0 and 2.0% for LN and HN plants, respectively). Tissue N accumulated by the LN plants prior to stocking helped support standing crop development during the 10 month study. In both HN and LN treatments, the rate of detritus deposition, or the sloughing of dead plant tissues from the mat, was lower than the actual detritus production rate because of the retention of dead ‘aerial’ tissues (laminae and petioles) in the floating mat. The retention of laminae and petioles may serve as a nutrient conservation mechanism, since nutrients released from decomposing tissues in the mat-water environment may be assimilated by adjacent plants. The average rate of detritus deposition (both dry matter and N) by LN water hyacinths (1.2 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.017 g N m−2 day−1) was lower than that of HN plants (3.0 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.075 g N m−2 day−1) during the study. Low detrital N losses by the water hyacinth probably enhance the survival of this species in aquatic systems which receive nutrient inputs intermittently.
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  • 47
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    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 61-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Kattegat Sea ; mud blankets ; nitrogen ; denitrification ; resuspension ; sediment ; sediment traps ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in coastal waters is generally nitrogen-limited due to efficient nitrogen sink pathways, which therefore limit further eutrophication. In this context, the significance of ephemeral mud blankets at shallow depth has been characterised using a simple computational box model. Bed materials from several synoptic grab-sample surveys in Laholmsbukten, a shallow embayment of the Kattegat Sea, were analysed. Sediment trap and current meter data provided an assessment of fine material transport; the frequency of loose mud resuspension was estimated to vary between three and ten events per month in the spring, depending on the wind conditions. Mud blankets appear to be deposited following major spring and fall phytoplankton blooms, they are only a few centimetres thick, they are composed mainly of pelletized organic material and detritus and they have a high water content (80% wet weight) and nitrogen content (0.5% dry weight). In the course of export from the bay, the muds undergo continuous resuspension, redeposition and biological breakdown. In one September day, the amount of particulate nitrogen redeposited in sediment traps was of equivalent magnitude to the entire mud blanket deposit (5 g N/m-2 or a 4 mm deposit as a bay-wide mean). The presence of mud blankets is believe to control the nitrogen budget and water quality in the bay. A simple model proved compatible with observed mud blanket presence and rates of denitrification. Calm conditions are conducive to the loss of bound nitrogen and free oxygen within the bay as a result of prolonged denitrification and pelagic and benthic nitrogen regeneration. If fine particulates are rapidly exported from shallow bottoms, as in windy periods, the water quality of the entire Kattegat Sea is likely to be impaired.
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  • 48
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    Biogeochemistry 8 (1989), S. 185-204 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nitrogen ; wetlands ; beaver ponds ; conifer swamp ; sedge fen ; Precambrian shield ; nutrient retention ; mass balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and nitrogen mass balances of five wetlands (two beaver ponds, two conifer-Sphagnum swamps and one sedge fen) situated in three catchments in central Ontario, Canada, were measured. Monthly and annual input-output budgets of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic nitrogen (TON), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), ammonium ion (NH4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 − -N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were estimated for the five wetlands during the 1982–83 and 1983–84 water years. Except for the deepest beaver pond (3.2 m) which had annual TP retention of −44% (−0.030 ± 0.015 g m−2 yr−1), the wetlands retained 〈 0.001 to 0.015 g M−2 yr−1 ; however, this wasless than 20% of the inputs and the estimated budget uncertainties were equal to or greater than the retention rates. Annual TN retentions ranged from −0.44 to 0.56 g m−2 yr−1 (−12 to 4%) but were not significantly different from zero. The wetlands transformed nitrogen by retaining TIN (16 to 80% RT) and exporting an equivalent amount as TON (−7 to 102% RT). The beaver ponds, however, retained NO 3 − while NH 4 + was passed through or the outputs exceeded the inputs. In contrast, the conifer swamps retained both NH 4 + and NO 3 − . DOC fluxes into and out of the beaver ponds were equal (−18 and 4% RT) but output from the conifer swamps exceeded input by 〉 90%. Marked seasonal trends in nutrient retention were observed. Nutrient retention coincided with low stream flow, increased evapotranspiration and biotic uptake during the summer. Net nutrient export occurred during the winter and spring when stream flows were highest and biotic uptake was low.
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  • 49
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C/N ratio ; fatty acids ; immobilization ; nitrogen ; straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen immobilization, carbon decomposition and formation of volatile fatty acids was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment with fresh poultry manure, to which increasing amounts of straw were added. Less than 1% of the manure nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia during anaerobic decomposition due to low pH values. In aerobic manure alkaline conditions prevailed and between 9 to 44% of the nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia. The volatilization courses could be described by a parallel first-order model. Increasing straw additions reduced ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition. Straw caused no immobilization of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. In aerobic manure, nitrogen was mainly bound in organic forms whereas in anaerobic manure about two-thirds of the nitrogen was in ammonium form. C/N ratios in the organic matter of anaerobic manure were higher (33.1–87.5) than in the aerobic manure (9.5–18.0).
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; decomposition ; δ13C ; δ15N ; lignin ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decay processes in an ecosystem can be thought of as a continuum beginning with the input of plant litter and leading to the formation of soil organic matter. As an example of this continuum, we review a 77-month study of the decay of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter. We tracked the changes in C chemistry and the N pool in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter during the 77-month period using standard chemical techniques and stable isotope, analyses of C and N. Mass loss is best described by a two-phase model: an initial phase of constant mass loss and a phase of very slow loss dominated by degradation of ‘lignocellulose’ (acid soluble sugars plus acid insoluble C compounds). As the decaying litter enters the second phase, the ratio of lignin to lignin and cellulose (the lignocellulose index, LCI) approaches 0.7. Thereafter, the LCI increases only slightly throughout the decay continuum indicating that acid insoluble materials (‘lignin’) dominate decay in the latter part of the continuum. Nitrogen dynamics are also best described by a two-phase model: a phase of N net immobilization followed by a phase of N net mineralization. Small changes in C and N isotopic composition were observed during litter decay. Larger changes were observed with depth in the soil profile. An understanding of factors that control ‘lignin’ degradation is key to predicting the patterns of mass loss and N dynamics late in decay. The hypothesis that labile C is needed for ‘lignin’ degradation must be evaluated and the sources of this C must be identified. Also, the hypothesis that the availability of inorganic N slows ‘lignin’ decay must be evaluated in soil systems.
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  • 51
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents information about the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from dying grass roots and the capture of phosphorus by other, living plants. We have paid particular attention to the part played by mycorrhizas in this phosphorus capture, and the possible importance of mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots. WhenLolium perenne plants were grown with ample nutrients and their roots then detached and buried in soil, about half the nitrogen and two-thirds of the phosphorus was lost in three weeks, but only one-fifth of the dry weight. The C:N and C:P ratios suggest that microbial growth in the roots would at first be C-limited but would become N- and P-limited within three weeks. Rapid transfer of32P can occur from dying roots to those of a living plant if the two root systems are intermingled. The amount transferred was substantially increased in two species-combinations that are known to form mycorrhizal links between their root systems. In contrast, in a species-combination where only the living (‘receiver’) plant could become mycorrhizal no significant increase of32P transfer occurred. This evidence, although far from conclusive, suggests that mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots can contribute to nutrient cycling. This research indicates a major difference in nutrient cycling processes between perennial and annual crops.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene inhibition ; denitrifiers ; geostatistics ; kriging ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-15 ; nutrient cycling ; soil cores ; terrestrial ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Of the biogeochemical processes, denitrification has perhaps been the most difficult to study in the field because of the inability to measure the product of the process. The last decade of research, however, has provided both acetylene and15N based methods as well as undisturbed soil core andin situ soil cover sampling approaches to implementing these methods. All of these methods, if used appropriately, give comparable results. Thus, we now have several methods, each with advantages for particular sites or objectives, that accurately measure denitrification in nature. Because of the general usefulness of the acetylene methods, updated protocols for the following three methods are given: gas-phase recirculation soil cores; static soil cores; and the denitrifying enzyme assay also known as the phase 1 assay. Despite the availability of these and other methods, denitrification budgets remain difficult to accurately establish in most environments because of the high spatial and temporal variability inherent in denitrification. Appropriate analysis of those data includes a distribution analysis of the data, and if highly skewed as is typically the case, the most accurate method to estimate the mean and the population variance is the UMVUE method (uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator). Geostatistical methods have also been employed to improve spatial and temporal estimates of denitrification. These have occasionally been successful for spatial analysis but in the attempt described here for temporal analysis the approach was not useful. Discussions of the importance of denitrification have always focused on quantifying the process and whether particular measured quantities are judged to be a significant amount of nitrogen. A second line of evidence discussed here is the extant genetic record that results from natural selection. These analysis lead to the conclusion that strong selection for denitrification must currently be occurring, which implies that the process is of general significance in soils.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacteria ; legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several Indonesian and some imported Rhizobium strains were assessed for their effectiveness in nodulating four legume species in four soil types of Java. Naturally occurring Rhizobia formed effective symbioses onVigna unguiculata, Macroptilium atropurpureum andDesmodium heterocarpon in all four soils and the applied strains, with some exceptions, did not infect a majority of nodules of these legumes.Centrosema pubescens was more specific in its Rhizobia requirements and applied strains formed effective symbioses in two clay soils, but not in two sandy loam soils.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; exudation ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possibility is examined that carbon (C) released into the soil from a root could enhance the availability of inorganic nitrogen (N) to plants by stimulating microbial activity. The release of soluble C compounds from roots is assumed to occur by one of two general processes: cortical cell death or exudation from intact cells. On the basis of several assumptions chosen to allow maximal amounts of N mineralisation to be calculated, greater amounts of net N mineralisation are theoretically possible at realistic soil C:N ratios of bacteria are grazed by predators such as protozoa, than if bacteria alone are active. More N is mineralised when the substrate released from the root has a high C:N ratio (as in cell death) than when it is relatively N-rich. The amounts of N that a root might realistically cause to be mineralised are unlikely to account entirely for high nitrate inflow rates that have been measured experimentally. However there are circumstances in which the loss of C from roots is essential if any N is to be mineralised and obtained by plants.
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  • 55
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    Plant and soil 117 (1989), S. 227-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fynbos ; litter production ; nitrogen ; nutrient additions ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter production and N and P return were determined at bimonthly intervals for two years in 10×5 m plots, amended with a complete factorial fertilizer addition of N as NH4NO3(Na), P as Ca3(PO4)2(Pa) and a mixture of all essential nutrients excluding N and P (Ma) in a 4–7-year-old post-fire sand-plain lowland fynbos ecosystem, South Africa. Litter production increased with vegetation age, was highly seasonal and peaked from late spring to mid-summer (November to January). No significant differences in annual litter production and N return were found in response to the nutrient treatments, although both tended to increase during the second year in response to Na and Ma. Phosphorus return increased significantly with Pa, and to a lesser extend, N3, during the first year, whereas it increased in response to Na and Ma and decreased in the Pa amended plots during the second year. The nutrient treatments did not result in a change in the timing of the annual peak litter production period or in the plant growth form composition of the litter. The litter layer dry mass and N and P contents increased in response to Na and Ma, while Pa resulted in an increased P content. The evidence from this study indicates that the vegetative growth of the evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs and hemicryptophytes of sand-plain lowland fynbos is not only limited by N, as shown by other studies on shoot growth and vegetation cover, but also by one or more other nutrients excluding P.
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  • 56
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; nitrogen ; nutrient losses ; prescribed fire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Losses of N, P, K and Ca were measured during a prescribed burning in a French MediterraneanPinus halepensis forest, with understorey ofQuercus coccifera. Nutrient loss was measured by difference between the quantity of a nutrient in the fuel before burning and that found in the postfire remains which were harvested or recovered in small trays. Reduction in fuel weight amounted to 77%, losses from initial fuel elements amounted to 77% for N, 54% for K and 35% for P. No significative loss of Ca was measured. Burning resulted in 7 t ha−1 fuel reduction and in loss of 55 kg ha−1N, 8.5 kg ha−1K and 1.0 kg ha−1P.
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  • 57
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Vicia faba L. ; in vitro propagation ; temperature ; nitrogen ; activated charcoal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influences of nitrogen sources, culture temperature and activated charcoal supplements were studied in relation to the rooting ability of V. faba cuttings. The interaction of these factors led to quantitative and qualitative modifications of the culture responses. Low temperatures (14–18°C) were suitable for in vitro culture, limiting the formation of phenolics in plant material and making activated charcoal supplement unnecessary. Nitrogen supplements contributed in modifying the different plant responses, in accordance with temperature. Multiple shoot formation was obtained from the cotyledonary node and from the stem nodes cultivated in the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). BAP at 4 mg l-1 was the most effective concentration in promoting high rates of shoot development. The original position of stem nodes was found to determine the explant response to plant growth regulator treatments, possibly due to the effect of residual apical dominance.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia furnacalis ; sex pheromone ; Asian corn borer ; (E)- and (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female sex pheromone of the Asian com borer,Ostrinia furnacalis, widespread in Taiwan, was confirmed as (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate and its geometric isomer (E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate in a ratio of ca. 3∶1 by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. Males were attracted by the mixture of these two synthetic components in the field, but the attractiveness was less than by virgin females. The presence of minor components in the sex pheromone was therefore suggested.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudaletia unipuncta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hairpencils ; male pheromone ; acetic acid ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; antennal ; response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hairpencil secretion ofPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) contains acetic acid as well as previously identified benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. Age-specific titers of acetic acid were significantly greater than those of benzaldehyde and, at 25 °C, accumulation of both compounds in the hairpencils peaked on the second day after emergence. Excised antennae of males and females perceived both compounds. Antennal response to acetic acid did not vary significantly with age or sex, but male response to benzaldehyde was significantly greater than female response at all ages tested. Antennal response of both males and females to benzaldehyde tended to be greater on the fourth and eighth days after emergence than on the second.
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  • 60
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 105-120 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromones ; pheromone adsorption ; age ; pheromone emission ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Crambinae ; Eoreuma loftini ; calling behavior ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Calling behavior and pheromone emission by virgin femaleE. loftini moths were investigated in laboratory experiments. Calling peaked during the last three hours of the night. Three-day-old moths called more than older or younger moths and began calling earlier in the night than younger moths. Female emissions were collected in flasks without airflow and cylinders with airflow. Control tests indicated that the pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (HDA) and (Z)-13-octadecenylacetate (ODA) were 69 and 54% adsorbed on moths, respectively, and the component (Z)-13-octadecenal (ODL) was 92–99% adsorbed depending on its concentration, when put into flasks with noncalling females for 4 hr. Pheromone exposed to moths for less than 4 hr was adsorbed less. After correction for adsorption, the pheromone blend from females calling in flasks was 9:42:49% of HDA/ODL/ODA with an overall emission rate of 58 ng/female/4 hr. Three-day-old females emitted more pheromone than 0- to 2- or 4- to 5-day-old moths, in flasks. Little or no pheromone put into cylinders either downwind or upwind from a male moth was adsorbed by the moth. The pheromone blends from females calling in cylinders, corrected using downwind and upwind control test results, respectively, were 15:35:50 and 13:40:48% of HDA/ODL/ODA with overall emission rates of 32 and 35 ng/female/night.
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  • 61
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 169-182 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Balansiae ; Clavicipitaceae ; ergot alkaloids ; fall armyworm ; feeding deterrents ; acquired chemical defense ; fungal endophytes ; grasses ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ergot alkaloids produced by endophytic fungi in the tribe Balansiae (Clavicipitaceae, Ascomycetes), which infect grasses, may provide plant defense against herbivores. This study examined the effects of six ergot alkaloids on survivorship, feeding, and growth of larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a generalist herbivore of grasses. Corn leaf disks were soaked in solutions of individual ergot alkaloids at different concentrations and presented to neonate larvae. At the highest concentrations (77–100 mg/liter) of ergonovine, ergotamine, ergocryptine, agroclavine, and elymoclavine, larval weights and/or leaf area consumed after eight days were reduced relative to controls. Lysergol had no effect on larval weights and leaf consumption at any concentration. Although active concentrations were higher than those reported from two host grasses, in vivo levels of ergot alkaloids have not been quantified for most endophyte-infected grasses. The detrimental effects on fall armyworm observed in this study suggest that ergot alkaloids could be responsible, at least in part, for the greater insect resistance of endophyte-infected grasses.
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  • 62
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fusaric acid ; corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; saponin ; gossypol ; 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone ; synergism ; allelochemical ; mycotoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ability of naturally occurring levels of theFusarium spp. fungal metabolite fusaric acid to synergize the toxicity of the allelochemicals gossypol, a saponin, and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone to larvae ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) was tested. Levels of fusaric acid comparable to those found near the fungus increased mortality ofH. zea to gossypol, the saponin, and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone, and decreased the development rate of surviving larvae exposed to gossypol and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone. Some effect was also noted for levels of fusaric acid found generally distributed throughout infected plants. The chemical properties of fusaric acid suggest that it synergizes the toxicity of the allelochemicals by inhibiting oxidative enzymes responsible for detoxification. Production of the biosynthetically simple fusaric acid may be a fungal strategy for conserving resources as compared to those fungi that produce biosynthetically complex toxins of their own.
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  • 63
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 285-290 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amyelois transitella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; citrus ; flavones ; growth inhibition ; host-plant resistance ; navel orangeworm ; nobiletin ; orange ; tangeretin
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of flavones with widely varying degrees of substitution was fed to neonate larvae of the navel orangeworm. Growth of navel orangeworm larvae is inhibited by 5-methoxy flavones and flavone itself; 5-hydroxy flavones do not inhibit growth. Host resistance of citrus fruit to attack by the navel orangeworm might be due to the 5-methoxy flavones that occur in the peels.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hairpencil glands ; male-produced compounds ; hexadecanyl acetate ; hexadecanol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; octadecanyl acetate ; octadecanol ; tetradecanoic acid ; hexadecanoic acid ; octadecanoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of the intact hairpencil glands and hairs from the hairpencil glands of males ofHeliothis virescens (F.) were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and by GC-mass spectroscopy. These analyses indicated that hexadecanyl acetate (212.4 ng/male), hexadecanol (22.3 ng/male), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (3.5 ng/male), octadecanyl acetate (14.2 ng/male) octadecanol (7.5 ng/male), tetradecanoic acid (2.7 ng/male), hexadecanoic acid (22.3 ng/male), and octadecanoic acid (6.5 ng/male) were present in the extracts. These compounds also were found in volatiles released from the hairpencil glands. In addition, GC analysis using both polar and apolar capillary columns indicated that extracts of the glands and extracts of the hairs from the hairpencil glands contained small amounts of tetradecanyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, tetradecanol, (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol. No (Z)-9-tetradecenal was present. Studies indicated that titers of the compounds increased rapidly during the 36 hr after adult eclosion and then leveled off, being maintained at high levels until released when the glandular hairs were exposed. During exposure of the hair pencils substantial amounts of the compounds were released. In vivo application of 500 ng of suspensions of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, or (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in dimethyl sulfoxide to the surface of the denuded hairpencil gland showed that biosynthesis proceeds to the alcohol via the acetate.
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  • 65
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Papilio polyxenes ; Papilio troilus ; Papilionidae ; Heliothis zea ; noctuidae ; myristicin ; safrole ; xanthotoxin ; mixed-function oxidase inhibition ; methylenedioxyphenyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars ofPapilio polyxenes, the black swallowtail, feed on umbellifers that contain both toxic furanocoumarins and methylenedioxyphenyl compounds such as myristicin and safrole. These phytosynergists enhance the toxicity of furanocoumarins by inhibiting mixed-function oxidases (MFOs), the detoxification enzymes responsible for metabolizing furanocoumarins. In model substrate assays, MFOs fromP. polyxenes are twice as active as MFOs fromHeliothis zea, a generalist herbivore not adapted to feeding on either furanocoumarins or furanocoumarin/phytosynergist combinations.P. polyxenes MFOs are 10 and 46 times less sensitive to inhibition by myristicin and safrole, respectively, thanH. zea MFOs and eight times less sensitive to inhibition by safrole than MFOs fromPapilio troilus, a closely related species that does not encounter furanocoumarin/phytosynergist combinations in its diet. Higher MFO activity and decreased sensitivity to MFO inhibitors are important adaptations that allow black swallowtail caterpillars to feed on many umbelliferous plants.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate ; pheromone ; sex attractant ; attraction inhibitors ; olfactory receptors ; Epinotia tedella ; Epinotia spp. ; Tortricidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, a reported male attractant for several New World spp. ofEpinotia, was identified as the primary pheromone of femaleE. tedella (European spruce budmoth) through chemical analysis of pheromone gland washes, the electrophysiological study of male antennal receptor types, and field-trapping tests. The washes contained this compound at a level of approximately 0.4 ng per FE, along with a similar amount of the corresponding alcohol, (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol. Each compound activated its own specialized type of male receptor cell. No traces of stereoisomers or monoenes were found in the washes. In field-trapping tests conducted in stands of Norway spruce in southern Germany, (Z,Z)-7,9-do-decadienyl acetate as a single chemical proved highly attractive to maleE. tedella over a range of lure doses. The corresponding alcohol or aldehyde did not show attractivity; rather, in binary combinations with the primary pheromone, these compounds, and also the (E,Z)-7,9 stereoisomeric acetate, reduced captures. A 10∶1 blend of (E)-9- and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetates, reported as anE. tedella male attractant, did not reveal significant captures. No otherEpinotia spp. besidesE. tedella responded to the various 7,9-do-decadienyl test baits during this study.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pedicularis semibarbata ; Scrophulariaceae ; Lupinus fulcratus ; Fabaceae ; Euphydryas editha ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; herbivory ; quinolizidine alkaloids ; isolupanine ; oviposition ; parasitic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pedicularis semibarbata is apparently an obligate hemiparasite of coniferous trees. It is also a facultative parasite ofLupinus fulcratus from which we find that it obtains quinolizidine alkaloids, principally α-isolupanine. As a result, a single population ofP. semibarbata contains both alkaloidrich and alkaloid-free plants. The butterflyEuphydryas editha naturally oviposits on both plant types. This butterfly population, which is the principal herbivore attackingP. semibarbata at this site, is known to contain two morphs. Individuals of a specialist morph discriminate when ovipositing among individualP. semibarbata plants and produce offspring that survive better on accepted than on rejected plants. Those of a generalist morph accept allP. semibarbata plants and produce offspring that survive equally well on plants accepted or rejected by the discriminating morph. Because of the existence of this complex variation among the butterflies, the presence of naturally laid eggs on alkaloid-containing plants still leaves the possibility that the alkaloids may defend the plants against the specialist morph. In experiments on both oviposition preference and larval performance in early instars, we failed to detect any correlation between alkaloid content of a plant and either its acceptability to or suitability for the discriminating morph of the insect. Alkaloid presence in the host-plant population, achieved through root parasitism, is currently neither subject to strong insect-mediated selection nor a major cause of selection on the insects.
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  • 68
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2647-2659 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; sex pheromone ; genetics ; heritability ; pheromone response ; (Z, E)-hexadecadienyl acetate ; (Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heritability of variation in male pheromone response by pink bollworm moths,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), was examined using a still-air, wing-fanning bioassay. Heritability (±SE) of overall responsiveness, as measured by the mean duration of wing fanning to the blend of pheromone components produced by females [44∶56 ratio of (Z, E)- to (Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate], was 0.385 ± 0.095. Heritabilities of wingfanning duration to blends with 25 and 65%Z, E isomer were 0.377 ± 0.113 and −0.145 ± 0.103, respectively. These findings indicate an asymmetry in the genetic component of variation in response to pheromone blends with high and low proportions of theZ, E isomer. An index of response specificity for individual males was developed based on the response to an off-blend (either 25 or 65%Z, E isomer) relative to the response to the 44%Z, E blend. Heritabilities of response specificity were 0.117 ± 0.059 and −0.043 ± 0.067 for the 25 and 65%Z, E blends, respectively.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polyphenol oxidase ; peroxidase ; digestibility reduction ; plant-insect interactions ; phenolic-protein binding ; chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; host-plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The foliage and fruit of the tomato plantLycopersicon esculentum contains polyphenol oxidases (PPO) and peroxidases (POD) that are compartmentally separated from orthodihydroxyphenolic substrates in situ. However, when leaf tissue is damaged by insect feeding, the enzyme and phenolic substrates come in contact, resulting in the rapid oxidation of phenolics to orthoquinones. When the tomato fruitwormHeliothis zea or the beet army-wormSpodoptera exigua feed on tomato foliage, a substantial amount of the ingested chlorogenic acid is oxidized to chlorogenoquinone by PPO in the insect gut. Additionally, the digestive enzymes of the fruitworm have the potential to further activate foliar oxidase activity in the gut. Chlorogenoquinone is a highly reactive electrophilic molecule that readily binds cova-lently to nucleophilic groups of amino acids and proteins. In particular, the —SH and —NH2 groups of amino acids are susceptible to binding or alkylation. In experiments with tomato foliage, the relative growth rate of the fruitworm was negatively correlated with PPO activity. As the tomato plant matures, foliar PPO activity may increase nearly 10-fold while the growth rate of the fruitworm is severely depressed. In tomato fruit, the levels of PPO are highest in small immature fruit but are essentially negligible in mature fruit. The growth rate of larvae on fruit was also negatively correlated with PPO activity, with the fastest larval growth rate occurring when larvae fed on mature fruit. The reduction in larval growth is proposed to result from the alkylation of amino acids/protein byo-quinones, and the subsequent reduction in the nutritive quality of foliage. This alkylation reduces the digestibility of dietary protein and the bioavailability of amino acids. We believe that this mechanism of digestibility reduction may be extrapolatable to other plant-insect systems because of the ubiquitous cooccurrence of PPO and phenolic substrates among vascular plant species.
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  • 70
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 309-315 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xanthotoxin ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; myristicin ; fagaramide ; safrole ; isosafrole ; synergism ; phytosynergist ; phototoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The methylenedioxyphenyl-containing (MDP) inhibitors of mixed-function oxidase detoxification enzymes, myristicin, safrole, fagaramide, and isosafrole, occur with xanthotoxin or other toxic furanocoumarins in plants of the families Umbelliferae and Rutaceae. All four MDP compounds have a synergistic effect on the toxicity of xanthotoxin toHeliothis zea. Myristicin also increased the phototoxicity of xanthotoxin in the presence of UV light. The term phytosynergist is used to describe plant compounds that are present at concentrations producing no toxic effect by themselves but have a synergistic effect on cooccurring toxins.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; saponin ; glycoalkaloid ; tomatine ; cholesterol ; developmental sensitivity ; nutritional indices ; allelochemical interactions ; host-plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of tomatine on larval growth ofHeliothis zea andSpodoptera exigua was assessed by rearing larvae on diets with different concentrations of the chemical added. When reared from neonates, linear dose-response relationships were obtained for both species, withS. exigua being three times more sensitive to tomatine thanH. zea. Tomatine toxicity was completely alleviated inH. zea by the addition of equimolar cholesterol into the diet; however, inS. exigua some toxicity was maintained. Larvae ofS. exigua that were started on control diet were insensitive to tomatine after five days; larvae started on diet with an EC50 of tomatine and then switched to control diet after five days failed to recover from toxicosis. Larval growth ofH. zea, on the other hand, was affected both at the neonate and third-instar stage, but normal growth resumed when the larvae were transferred to control diet. Tomatine had little or no affect on food consumption, assimilation, or dietary utilization of the food by third-instar larvae ofS. exigua, except at a concentration 10 times the EC50. In contrast, the efficiency of food utilization ofH. zea larvae decreased with increasing tomatine concentrations. Assimilation of the food tended to increase, although not significantly, as tomatine levels increased. Food consumption ofH. zea larvae also increased when the tomatine concentration was greater than an EC50. The addition of equimolar cholesterol to diets with an EC50 of tomatine restored weight gain and nutritional indices values to control values. These results are related to the utility of using tomatine in host-plant resistance programs.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Zeiraphera canadensis ; spruce budmoth ; (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Eucosminae ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The analyses of virgin female sex pheromone gland extracts by gas chromatography (GC), GC-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by field-trapping experiments, have identified (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (E9–14:Ac) as the primary sex pheromone component of the spruce budmoth,Zeiraphera canadensis. Dosages of 1.0–100.0 ⧎g ofE9–14:Ac impregnated in rubber septa provide effective trap baits.
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  • 73
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 863-873 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European com borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral responses of males from three New York races of European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), to various suspected sexpheromone-response antagonists were investigated with a flight tunnel protocol. Males from a bivoltine (Z) race and from a univoltine (Z) race utilizing a natural pheromone blend of 98∶2 (Z)-∶(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetates and males from a bivoltine (E) race utilizing a 1∶99 (Z)-∶(E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratio were flown to their natural blends and to blends containing 1 % of one of the following additional compounds: Z9–12∶OAc,E9–12∶OAc,Z9–14∶OAc, andE9–14∶OAc. In each race, the added components lowered significantly the number of individuals completing the behavioral sequence. The only exception was bivoltineE males flown to a blend withE9–12∶OAc added. The number completing the sequence in this case was statistically not significantly lower than the number that completed the sequence to the standard blend. In all three races, theZ9–14∶OAc produced the most dramatic reduction in completed flights, and in the univoltineZ race, this added component was significantly more effective in reducing completed flights than any other added component. The response to the Z9–14∶OAc is understandable given recently published findings of an electrophysiological study of single sensilla in the European corn borer.
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  • 74
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 819-853 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Asclepias syriaca ; biogeography ; cardenolide fingerprint ; chemical defense ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; emetic potency ; migration ; milkweed ; monarch butterfly ; plant-herbivore interaction ; predation ; sequestration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus (L.), larvae were collected during August 1983 from the common milkweed,Asclepias syriaca L., across its extensive North American range from North Dakota, east to Vermont, and south to Virginia. This confirms that the late summer distribution of breeding monarchs in eastern North America coincides with the range of this extremely abundant milkweed resource. Plant cardenolide concentrations, assayed by spectrophotometry in 158 samples from 27 collection sites, were biased towards plants with low cardenolide, and ranged from 4 to 229 μg/ 0.1 g dry weight, with a mean of 50 μg/0.1 g. Monarch larvae reared on these plants stored cardenolides logarithmically, and produced 158 adults with a normally distributed concentration range from 0 to 792 μg/0. l g dry butterfly, with a mean of 234 μg/0.1 g. Thus butterflies increased the mean plant cardenolide concentration by 4.7. The eastern plants and their resultant butterflies had higher cardenolide concentrations than those from the west, and in some areas monarchs sequestered more cardenolide from equivalent plants. Plants growing in small patches had higher cardenolide concentrations than those in larger patches, but this did not influence butterfly concentration. However, younger plants and those at habitat edges had higher cardenolide concentrations than either older, shaded, or open habitat plants, and this did influence butterfly storage. There were no apparent topographical differences reflected in the cardenolides of plants and butterflies. Twenty-eight cardenolides were recognized by thin-layer chromatography, with 27 in plants and 21 in butterflies. Butterflies stored cardenolides within the more polar 46% of the plantR d range, these being sequestered in higher relative concentrations than they occurred in the plants. By comparison with published TLC cardenolide mobilities, spots 3, 4, 9, 16, 24 or 25, 26, and 27, may be the cardenolides syrioside, uzarin, syriobioside, syriogenin, uzarigenin, labriformidin, and labriformin, respectively. Cochromatography with cardenolide standards indicated that desglucosyrioside did not occur in the plants but did occur in 70% of the butterflies, and aspecioside was in 99% of the plants and 100% of the butterflies. The polar aspecioside was the single most concentrated and diagnostic cardenolide in both plants and butterflies. ButterflyR d values were dependent on those of the plant, and both showed remarkable uniformity over the range of areas sampled. Thus contrary to previous reports,A. syriaca has a biogeographically consistent cardenolide fingerprint pattern. The ecological implications of this for understanding the monarch's annual migration cycle are significant.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nicotiana sp. ; Rapandae ; trichomes ; nicotine ; alkaloids ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; acylnornicotines
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A model system involving severalNicotiana species containing novel nicotine alkaloids was used to study heritability and expression of alkaloid production in leaf trichomes. The three species that comprise the section Repandae (N. repanda, N. stocktonii, andN. nesophila) were hybridized with eitherN. tabacum orN. sylvestris (neither of which producesN-acylnornicotine). The progeny of the hybrid with sylvestris produced theN-acylnornicotines at a level found in the Repandae parent.Nicotiana repanda was crossed toN. tabacum, and the F2 progeny produced the alkaloid at the same level as the original Repandae parent. Inheritance of the ability to acylate nornicotine in Repandae species is inherited in hybrids in a dominant manner These and other data obtained suggest that theN-acyltransferase that acylates nornicotine in Repandae species inherited in hybrids is in a dominant manner and that the regulatory sequence(s) for the gene is expressed in leaf trichomes when the gene is in a foreignNicotiana background.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; laboratory rearing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor extracts of lab-reared (〉 120 generations) and wildHeliothis zea indicated small but significant differences in the percent composition of the four aldehyde components of the sex pheromone. (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11–16∶OH) was present in both populations and amounted to only 2.8% of the total pheromone. There was no significant difference in four of the six behavioral categories between lab-reared and wild males exposed to the four-component sex pheromone in the flight tunnel. Ninety and 84% males flew to the pheromone source, respectively. However, with the addition ofZ11–16∶OH to the pheromone blend, none of the wild males flew upwind to the stimulus source, whereas 36% of the lab-reared males completed the flight. It is suggested that prolonged inbreeding in closed quarters rendered these males less discriminating to qualitative differences in a pheromone blend.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hydraecia micacea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; potato stem borer ; sex pheromones ; field trapping ; reproductive behavior ; tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
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    Notes: Abstract Behavior of males ofHydraecia micacea (Esper) responding to virgin females and to synthetic pheromone blends were investigated in a laboratory wind tunnel. The synthetic blend consisted of saturated 14∶Ac (68.9%),Z9–14∶Ac (3.4%),E11–14∶Ac (14.6%), andZ11–14∶Ac (13.1%). Virgin females were significantly better lures than the four-component synthetic blend for most behaviors. By deleting components individually from the four-component blend,Z9–14∶Ac,Z11–14∶Ac, and saturated 14∶Ac were found to be necessary for communication butE11–14∶Ac was found to have no effect on typical pheromone-mediated reproductive behaviors. Close-range studies suggested that chemicals of low volatility, released from moths, were important in eliciting copulation attempts. Field studies reinforced laboratory findings regarding the effectiveness of different lures and indicated thatHeliothis traps were the most effective for monitoring.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera exempta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ovipositor washings from virgin femaleSpodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) linked to a male electroantennogram (EAG). GC retention times of the two major EAG responses observed were consistent with their assignment as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate, as previously identified. However, three other EAG responses were also noted that had GC retention times consistent with (Z)-9-tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-o 1, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate. The components were present in the ratio of 100∶5∶1.5∶3.5∶4, respectively. Further analysis of the ovipositor washings by GC linked to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) confirmed these findings and indicated the presence of a sixth component consistent with (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate present at 2 % of the major component. In field tests carried out in Kenya, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was the only newly identified component to enhance the catch of the original two-component mixture when presented in their natural ratio. The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol reduced catch, while (Z)-9-tetradecenal and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate had no apparent effect.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mountain-ash bentwing ; Leucoptera scitella ; Lepidoptera ; Lyonetidae ; (R,R)-5,9-dimethylheptadecane ; (R,S)-5,9-dimethylheptadecane ; (S,R)-5,9-dimethylheptadecane ; (S,S)-5,9-dimethylheptadecane ; 5,9-dimethylhexadecane ; trapping ; behavior ; sex pheromone ; asymmetric synthesis
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    Notes: Abstract Among the pure stereoisomers of 5,9-dimethylheptadecane, a previously identified sex pheromone component ofLeucoptera scitella L., only theS,S isomer yielded trap captures in the field. The addition of the other stereoisomers had no effect on cathes. The addition of low percentages of racemic 5,9-dimethylhexadecane, a previously identified minor component in the sex pheromone, did not influence trap catches or alter behavior of males approaching an attractant source in the field.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; 2-tridecanone ; trichomes ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; tomato ; plant defense ; allelochemical
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Greenhouse-grown plants of five tomato lines varying in their level of 2-tridecanone-mediated resistance toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) were found to adversely affect larvae ofCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron), a larval endoparasitoid ofHeliothis zea (Boddie), in a manner directly related to their level of resistance. The parasitoid larvae, which emerge as fifth instars from their host and construct a cocoon on the foliage of their hosts' host plant, suffered extensive mortality during cocoon spinning on highly resistant foliage. Mortality was greatest (82%) on the highly resistant plants ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) and an F1 backcross [(L. esculentum × PI 134417) × PI 134417] selection. Mortality was intermediate (40 and 28%, respectively) on backcross selections with moderate and low levels of resistance and least (8%) on susceptibleL. esculentum. Removal of the glandular trichomes, which contain 2-tridecanone in their tips, from the foliage eliminated differences in parasitoid mortality among plant lines. Bioassays of 2-tridecanone indicated that it is acutely toxic to fifth instarC. sonorensis larvae at the quantities associated with highly resistant foliage and produces symptoms identical to those observed on resistant foliage. 2-Undecanone, a second methyl ketone present in the glandular trichomes of resistant foliage, was also toxic toC. sonorensis larvae, but significantly less so than 2-tridecanone. The results support the hypothesis that 2-tridecanone is responsible for the observed mortality ofC. sonorensis larvae during cocoon construction on resistant foliage.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fluorinated pheromone analog ; western spruce budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; electroantennogram ; wind tunnel ; toxicity ; (E)-14-fluorotetradec-11-en-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract ω-Fluorinated (E)-11-tetradecenal (14F-E11-14: Al) was synthesized using 1,10-decanediol as a starting compound. Male and female western spruce budworm,Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, moths exposed to 14F-E11-14: Al had LC50s (CI) of 12.0 (7.4–19.5) µg and 41.7 (22.7–76.2) µg, respectively. Antennectomized moths had lower mortality rates than normal moths. 14F-E11-14:Al elicited slightly lower amplitudes than 97:3 (E/Z)-11-tetradecenal (E/Z11-14:Al) in electroantennogram studies, but the lag or recovery period following excitation by 14F-E11-14:Al was much lower than forE/Z11-14:Al at the same concentrations. 14F-E11-14:Al andE11-14:Al evoked similar responses from male moths in wind-tunnel evaluations but neither compound was as effective as a virgin female in stimulating moths to fly upwind to contact the lure.
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  • 82
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 141-168 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; anemotaxis ; parasitoid ; jet plumes ; optomotor response ; semiochemicals
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Odor-mediated host-searching by femaleMicroplitis croceipes, a braconid endoparasitoid of larvalHeliothis species, was studied in a flight tunnel. Volatiles emitted by third-instarH. zea feeding on cowpea seedling leaves were released and carried with the wind, resulting either in an irregularly shaped plume, or injected with high velocity, resulting in a conically shaped jet plume. Flight maneuvers ofM. croceipes had a higher stereotype in jet plumes compared to irregularly shaped plumes. Variation in odor concentration in jet plumes due to intermittent feeding of the host larvae did not affect the number of flights. At the levels employed, odor concentration did not alter the rate of upwind progress in jet plumes. Because air velocity inside a jet increases in the upwind direction,M. crocepies regulates its ground-speed during its approach to the odor source.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis subflexa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; kairomone ; groundcherry ; Physalis angulatus ; flight tunnel bioassay ; plant-insect interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleHeliothis subflexa (Gn.) (HS) moths 1–7 days old responded positively in a Plexiglas flight tunnel to an attractant extracted with methanol from fresh whole-leaf washes of groundcherry,Physalis angulata L. Response to the groundcherry extract, as indicated by plume-tracking (i.e., upwind flight toward the odor source) and contact with the chemical dispenser did not change significantly during the first 5 hr of scotophase. Overall, ca. 50% of the responding moths also landed on the chemical dispenser; ca. 50% of the moths that landed also deposited eggs. There were no significant differences in the behavioral responses of females mating only once and those that had mated two or more times. Virgin females and male moths were significantly less responsive to the groundcherry attractant than mated females. The flight tunnel bioassay described provides an excellent system for evaluating plant allelochemics associated with host-plant selection.
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  • 84
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 457-465 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromones ; Planotortrix excessana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; leafroller ; intraspecific variation ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two components, (Z)-5- and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates, in the sex pheromone gland of aPlanotortrix excessana sibling species, were found to vary continuously from a ratio of 3∶97 to 71∶29 in individual female moths reared from wild larvae collected around New Zealand. Two laboratory colonies were established from populations representing extremes of these ratios. Although both the ratios and the total quantities of the components in individual female moths from both colonies were significantly different from each other, there was a small number of females that overlapped in both ratio and quantity. The variation was confirmed as intraspecific in a field cage experiment with male moths from both populations mating with tethered female moths from both populations.
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  • 85
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2019-2029 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Actias luna ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; detoxification enzymes ; enzyme induction ; glutathione transferase ; Juglandaceae ; juglone ; nutritional ecology ; plant-insect interactions ; quinone reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of food plant on larval performance and midgut detoxification enzymes were investigated in larvae of the luna moth,Actias luna. Neonate larvae were fed leaves of black cherry, cottonwood, quaking aspen, white willow, red oak, white oak, tulip tree, paper birch, black walnut, butternut, or shagbark hickory. First instar survival, larval duration, and pupal weights were monitored as indices of food quality. Midgut enzyme preparations from fifth instars were assayed for β-glucosidase, quinone reductase, polysubstrate monooxygenase, esterase, and glutathione transferase activities. Larval survival on seven of the 11 plant species, including several recorded host plants, was extremely poor. Larvae performed well, and quite similarly, on birch, walnut, butternut, and hickory. Activities of all enzyme systems except β-glucosidase were significantly influenced by larval host plant. Of the systems assayed, quinone reductase and glutathione transferase activities were especially high. Comparisons of these values with published values for other Lepidoptera support the hypothesis that these enzyme systems are involved in conferring tolerance to juglone and related quinones occurring in members of the plant family Juglandaceae. Results suggest that host plant utilization by luna is more specialized at the individual or population level than at the species level and that biochemical detoxification systems may play a role in such specialization.
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  • 86
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2101-2113 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Noctuidae ; proteases ; digestive enzymes ; proteinase inhibitors ; dietary protein requirement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In their larval luminal midgut fluid,Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) andPieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) contain endopeptidases as their primary proteases. Neither species has detectable exopeptidase activity. Studies using enzyme-specific substrates and inhibitors demonstrate that the endopeptidases are serine proteinases (both trypsinlike and chymotrypsinlike) with histidine at the active site. Optimal pH for the tryptic and chymotryptic activity is 8.5 and 8.0, respectively, forT. ni. and 8.0 and 9.0, respectively, forP. rapae. The efficiency of proteolytic digestion (as measured by the rate of in vitro digestion of a standard protein by the midgut luminal fluid) is positively correlated with the larval dietary protein requirement and is significantly influenced by the ratios of tryptic to chymotryptic activity present in the gut lumen of these two species of Lepidoptera.
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  • 87
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2161-2169 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cabbage butterfly ; Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Erysimum ; oviposition deterrent ; cardenolides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Avoidance ofErysimum cheiranthoides for oviposition byPieris rapae has been attributed to the presence of water-soluble deterrents. The active material was extracted inton-butanol and isolated by a series of HPLC separations. TLC of the active fraction and visualization of individual constituents with Kedde's reagent indicated that cardenolides are responsible for deterring oviposition. UV spectra were also characteristic of cardenolides. Bioassays of selected known cardenolides revealed a general lack of activity, except for cymarin, which was as strongly deterrent as the most prominent cardenolide isolated in pure form fromE. cheiranthoides. The results suggest that cardenolides in this plant can explain its escape from cabbage butterflies, but specific structural features of the glycosides are necessary for oviposition-deterring activity.
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  • 88
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2233-2245 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis peltigera ; capillary chromatography ; DMDS derivatization ; behavioral tests ; field work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ten compounds were found in the sex pheromone glands ofHeliothis peltigera (Schiff) and identified as tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecenol, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecanal, (Z)-7-hiexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate. Behavioral tests in a wind tunnel and subsequent trapping studies conducted in the field indicated that (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal are the main pheromone components ofH. peltigera. Addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenol to the binary blend did not enhance the capture of males ofH. peltigera, but it decreased the number of males of the sympatricH. armigera. Rubber septa impregnated with a mixture of 2 mg (Z)-11-hexadecenal + 1 mg (Z)-9-tetradecenal + 0.6 mg (Z)-11-hexadecenol are recommended for monitoringH. peltigera.
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  • 89
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Meliaceae ; neem ; insecticides ; limonoids ; seed extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 10 plant species (including neem—Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) of the family Meliaceae were incorporated into artificial diet at various doses and fed to fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] larvae in nochoice tests. All produced significant mortality, reduced larval growth rate, increased time to pupation, or all three, at some concentration. The two highest doses of all of the ethanol extracts caused 100% mortality before pupation, but the hexane extracts tended to be less effective.Aglaia cordata Hiern. ethanol extract was as potent as the comparable neem seed extract at virtually all levels, and its hexane extract was active at much lower concentrations than the neem extract was. The sublethal effects (slower growth and increased time to pupation) were usually detectable at lower doses of extract than mortality was.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Croesia curvalana ; blueberry leaftier moth ; sex pheromone components ; (E)-11-tetradecenal ; (Z)-11-tetradecenal ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The GC-MS and GC-EAD analyses of sex-gland components and sex-gland-released volatiles have identified (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (90∶10) and (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (85∶15) as components of the sex pheromone chemical communication system ofCroesia curvalana (Kearfott). The aldehyde-to-acetate ratio of 9∶1 was found in the gland-released components. This blend at a 0.1–1 μg/day release rate from PVC lures was shown to be as effective as virgin females in the trapping of maleC. curvalana.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pine beauty moth ; Panolis flammea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex attractant ; monitoring trap ; chemoorientation ; odor plume ; trap interference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catches of malePanolis flammea in traps baited with lures containing 25 μg of sex attractant are enhanced when in the proximity of traps baited with 125-μg lures. The degree of enhancement is increased as the intertrap distance is decreased, and when the low-dose trap is upwind of the high-dose one. The patterns of alteration in trap catch suggest that moths initially attracted by one lure may divert into other traps, which may be either upwind of the original trap (“overshooting”), or downwind (“undershooting”). “Overshooting” can result in up to fivefold increases in catch and may provide a useful method for estimating the attractant zone of particular lure/trap combinations.
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  • 92
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2565-2575 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulant ; host selection ; butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Atrophaneura alcinous ; Aristolochia debilis ; aristolochic acid ; sequoyitol ; Synergist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition stimulants of an Aristolochiaceae-feeding swallowtail butterfly,Atrophaneura alcinous, were isolated from the leaves ofAristolochla debilis and characterized as a mixture of aristolochic acids and sequoyitol. An artificial blend of these components applied to filter paper induced a significant oviposition response by the female butterflies, identical to that elicited by intact leaves of theAristolochia host plant.
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  • 93
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2625-2634 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; disruption ; atmospheric permeation ; neurophysiology ; Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract For some species, chemical analogs have been identified that can substitute for the major pheromone component and reduce pheromone-trap captures in atmospheric permeation experiments. The ability to substitute these analogs for the major pheromone component in field tests raises the question: Do the same set of olfactory receptor neurons on the insects' antennae respond to both the major component and the effective structural analogs? To investigate this question, extracellular responses were recorded from single sensilla on the antennae of maleHeliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to stimulation with increasing doses of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, the major pheromone component, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate, and (Z)-1,12-heptadecadiene. Both (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate and (Z)-1,12-heptadecadiene can substitute for (Z)-11-hexadecenal in trap disruption experiments and affect the sexual behavior of males, although neither has been identified in the volatiles released by calling females. All three compounds elicited responses from the same class of pheromone-sensitive receptor neurons over a range of stimulus concentrations. At equivalent stimulus concentrations, however, (Z)-11-hexadecenal elicited about a 10-fold greater response than (Z)-1,12-heptadecadiene. (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol formate elicited a response slightly higher than, but not significantly different from, the response to (Z)-1,12-heptadecadiene.
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  • 94
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 47-60 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cisseps fulvicollis ; Ctenucha virginica ; Halysidota tessellaris ; hydroxydanaidal ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Eupatorium maculatum ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Ctenuchinae ; coremata ; male pheromones ; attractants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adults of three species of arctiid moths (Cisseps fulvicollis, Ctenucha virginia, andHalysidota tessellaris) are attracted to plants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). The moths use olfactory cues to locate these plants, then feed on leaves, flowers, and roots with the proboscis. To investigate the chemical basis of attraction, sticky traps were baited with roots of a PA-containing plant,Eupatorium maculatum, alkaloids ofE. maculatum, and several derivatives of these alkaloids. Volatile derivatives of the bicyclic pyrrolizidine skeleton attracted all three arctiid species. The dihydropyrrolizines, (S)-(+)-hydroxydanaidal and (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal, proved to be the most attractive compounds tested, accounting for over 70% of the moths captured. Different alkaloid derivatives attracted different proportions of male and femaleCisseps. Both (S)-(+)-hydroxydanaidal (52% male) and (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal (71% male) attracted a significantly lower percentage ofCisseps males thanE. maculatum roots (87% male).Cisseps males possess eversible scent organs (coremata) that are displayed during courtship. Analysis of corematal extracts revealed the presence of hydroxydanaidal.Cisseps moths thus resemble danaine and ithomiine butterflies, both in their attraction to PA sources and in the presence of PA derivatives in the male scent organs.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; corn ; DIMBOA ; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; tritiated DIMBOA ; toxicokinetics ; topical application ; body burden ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), the major hydroxamic acid present in corn, and its tritiated derivative, were prepared synthetically for use in the determination of the toxicokinetics of this insect deterrent in the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis. In growth studies with DIMBOA (0, 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/g diet), the mean time to pupation and adult emergence were significantly lengthened by an increase in concentration. Pupal and adult weights, for both female and male, decreased with an increase in concentration. Increased larval and pupal mortality occurred at the highest concentration of DIMBOA. DIMBOA, at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.5 mg/g diet, resulted in a decrease in the number of egg masses produced per female, and at 0.5 mg/g diet, in a decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass. Larvae fed from the neonate stage on a diet containing 0.2 mg [3H]- + [1H]DIMBOA/g diet showed an increase in the content of label from fourth to fifth instar, but levels declined at pupation and emergence. A large amount of the labeled compounds was excreted by the insect in the pupal case. In dose-related studies, both uptake and excretion increased with an increase in concentration of DIMBOA (0.05, 0.2, 0.4 mg/g diet), while a body burden (concentration in the tissues/concentration in the frass) of approximately 0.25 was maintained for all concentrations. At the highest dose of DIMBOA (0.4 mg/g), the ECB increased consumption, possibly to compensate for the toxic effects of the compound. In topical application studies, elimination of the labeled compound in the frass was rapid, reaching 65% by 4 hr and 88% by 48 hr. Accumulation of label in tissues other than hemolymph was low. The results show that the ECB does possess adaptive mechanisms to deal with the effects of this host-derived compound.
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  • 96
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2347-2355 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Black swallowtail ; Papilio polyxenes ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; microsomal cytochrome P450 ; induction ; xanthotoxin ; furanocoumarins ; plant defensive compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthotoxin is a phototoxic allomone found in many of the host plants of the black swallowtail,Papilio polyxenes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). When added to the diet of final instar larvae, xanthotoxin can induce the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) activity in midgut microsomes by which it is detoxified. Induction is dose-dependent, increasing sevenfold when larvae feed on parsley treated topically with xanthotoxin at 0.5 or 1.0% fresh weight. Although xanthotoxin exerts much of its toxic effects when photoactivated by ultraviolet light, induction of P450 activity did not differ in the presence or absence of ultraviolet light. Despite a 4.7-fold induction of xanthotoxin-metabolizing P450 activity, total P450 content measured in the same microsomal samples did not increase significantly. These data indicate that multiple forms of P450 exist in the black swallowtail midgut and that they are differentially induced by xanthotoxin.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Cydia toreuta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone ofCydia toreuta (Grote), the eastern pine seedworm, was investigated using electroantennogram (AG) measurements, gas chromatography (combined GC-FID-EAD) measurements, and field tests. (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate (E,Z8,10-12:Ac) and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl actetate (E,E8,10-12: Ac) produced both the highest EAG and EAD responses. Only a single antennal stimulatory peak was observed when female abdominal tip extracts were analyzed by GC-FID-EAD, which corresponded exactly with that of authenticE,Z8,10-12: Ac. Field tests confirmedE,Z8,10-12: Ac as the major pheromone component. TheE,Z isomer by itself caught equivalent numbers of male moths as did caged females. The addition of theE,E isomer to theE,Z form increased trap catch, although not significantly (P = 0.05). The addition of (Z,Z)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate to theE,Z isomer significantly (P=0.05) reduced trap catch, while the addition of (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate to theE,Z form also decreased trap catch, but not significantly (P=0.05).
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mating behavior ; Parasitoids ; Cotesia (=Apanteles)marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two blends of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), pheromonal components were evaluated in the laboratory for possible close-range effects on mating and oviposition byCotesia marginiventris (Cresson). Neither a two- nor a five-component blend had any significant effect on mating or parasitization ofS. frugiperda larvae by this parasitoid. Dosages of 200, 400, and 800 μg were tested.
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  • 99
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary mixtures ; diamond anvil cell ; helium ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; phase equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent investigation at our institute revealed that the solid-fluid-fluid three-phase line of the system helium-nitrogen shows two quadruple points in the pressure range up to 10 GPa. Since each quadruple point is connected with four three-phase lines, the phase diagram is very complicated. We have detected the phase transitions representing solid-solid-fluid equilibria. Moreover, two lines of constant composition have been determined as a function of temperature and pressure. These results are discussed together with the implications for the phase diagram of both He-N2 and pure nitrogen.
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  • 100
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    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 673-686 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: chlorofluorocarbons ; fluorocarbons ; nitrogen ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; transient hot-wire method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe a version of a transient hot-wire apparatus which employs an integrating digital voltmeter to measure the bridge out-of-balance signal. The integrating period of the voltmeter is variable and is routinely set equal to one 60-Hz power-line cycle, 16.67 ms. Use of measurement or integration periods less than an integral multiple of the power-line period results in substantially more electronic noise and a significant degradation in experimental precision. A correction to the working equation which accounts for the integration of the out-of-balance signal is also presented. The precision of the digital voltmeter used with the apparatus is ±0.1 μV, which translates into an ultimate precision of ±0.03 mK in the measured temperature rise. In practice the precision in the temperature rise is typically ±0.3 mK, which represents a moderate improvement over the precision generally obtained with transient techniques employing automatic bridge balancing schemes. Although the current apparatus is designed principally for measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquids, it can been used for gas-phase measurements, with some decrease in accuracy due to the somewhat larger heat capacity correction which must be applied to the temperature rise measurements. The operation of the instrument was verified by measuring the thermal conductivities of toluene and nitrogen. Preliminary data are presented for the new environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons such as R-134a (CF3CH2F), R-123 (CHCl2CF3), and R-141b (CCl2FCH3).
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