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  • Articles  (2,801)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 24 (1990), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Keywords: Poly(oxymethylene) ; Poly(ether-ether-ketone) ; DSC ; Kinetics ; Melt temperature ; Crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of the melt temperature (T1) on the crystallization kinetics and the morphology of two semicrystalline polymers: poly(oxymethylene): T m 0 =198° C and poly(ether-ether-ketone) T m 0 =380° C) was investigated using thermal analysis and optical microscopy. For different melt temperatures (T1), isothermal and nonisothermal crystallizations were analysed using the AVRAMI and OZAWA models. Using different analyses, for both polymers we observed a spherulitic growth with the following influence of the melt temperature on the number of spherulites: -T1〈T m 0 produces many small spherulites -T1〉T m 0 gives rise to few large spherulites
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 641-642 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Nucleation ; Water ; Emulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Kinetics ; methacrylamide ; reaction scheme ; viscosity ; additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The aqueous polymerization of methacrylamide initiated by potassiumpersulfate-L-cystein hydrochloride redox system has been studied at 35±0.01
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 4 (1994), S. 251-260 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Kinetics ; metal exchange reaction ; Cu(II)-poly(vinyl alcohol) ; Zn(II)-EDTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the metal exchange reaction between Cu(II)-poly(vinyl alcohol) [Cu(II)-PVA] and Zn(II)-ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid [Zn(II)-EDTA] has been studied by mixing both solutions in a spectrophotometer at pH 10.0 to 11.0, ionic strength μ=0.10(KNO3), and 15 to 35°C. The reaction is initiated by the formation of unstable Cu(II)-H-PVA through attack of H+ ion on the Cu(II)-PVA complex, and both reactions, ligand exchange and metal exchange, proceed simultaneously. The metal exchange step may be rate determining. The rate equation and rate constants of this reaction were determined as follows: −d[Cu(II)-PVA]/dt=k 0(H)[PVA−][Cu(II)-PVA] [Zn(II)-EDTA], wherek 0(H)=k 1+(k′2+k′3)[H+],k 1=5.98±1.64M −1 s−1, andk 2+k 3=k′2 K Cu(II)-H-PVA −H +k′3 K Zn(II)-EDTA H =(5.91±0.89)×107 M −2 s−1.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 937-944 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Kinetics ; hydrolysis ; anion exchanger ; ring phosphorus oxoanion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ring phosphorus oxoanion, hexapotassium dodecaoxohexaphosphate(III), (DOHP), was hydrolyzed in anion exchangers in order to elucidate the physicochemical state in the solid phase. The hydrolysis of DOHP obeys pseudo first order kinetics as is the case in aqueous solution. The hydrolysis rate constants k were determined as a function of the external solution pH or proton concentration in an anion exchanger. It was estimated from the Donnan equation and from the spectral change of an acid base indicator in the anion exchanger. The difference in k in aqueous and in the anion exchanger phase is discussed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 93-103 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Kinetics ; solvolysis ; complex ions ; solvent mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rates of solvolysis of [Co(CN) 5 Cl] 3− have been determined in a range of water-rich water + 2-propanol mixtures over a range of temperatures and they show no simple correlation with dielectric constant. The variation of the enthalpy and entropy of activation with solvent composition show broad extrema and these are discussed in relation to the physical properties of the media. The application of a free energy cycle to the dissociative loss of the chloride ion in the transition state shows that the effect of changes in solvent structure as the alcohol content increases is to stabilize the emergent pentacyanocobaltate(III) ion Co(CN) 5 2− relative to the chloropentacyanocobaltate(III) anion in the initial state.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Catalysis letters 18 (1993), S. 209-218 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Kinetics ; heptane reforming ; Pt/BaL zeolite catalysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of heptane reforming over 0.64% Pt/KBaL have been measured over a wide range of conditions from 390 to 475 ° C, 0.05 to 1.00 atm heptane, and 0.2 to 25.0 atm hydrogen. Below about 6 atm H2, the catalyst deactivates due to carbon fouling of the platinum particles. The reaction rate increases with hydrogen pressure under these conditions, presumably because this accelerates the rate of carbon hydrogenation off the metal surface. Above 6 atm H2, no deactivation occurs. The activation energies and reaction orders in heptane and hydrogen at high H2 pressure are: 39 kcal/mol, 0.7 and −1.9 for hydrogenolysis; 60 kcal/mol, 0.6 and −2.8 for isomerization; and 58 kcal/mol, 0.4 and −2.7 for dehydrocyclization. These kinetics are the same as those observed over platinum on nonacidic supports, and indicate that the reaction mechanism on Pt/KBaL is no different from that on monofunctional Pt catalysts.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Acetanilide ; Bromination ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the bromination of acetanilide has been studied with the diffusion layer titration method. The results have been obtained using the apparatus which consists of the ring-disc electrode and an amperostat-potentiostat system. Dependence of the ring current on the disc current has been determined as a function of rotation speeds of the electrode, of the solution concentration and temperature. It has been shown the bromination reaction of acetanilide exhibits by first order kinetics. In that case Br2 and Br3 − are the brominating species. The rate of bromination changes with the concentration of the Br− ions. This reaction rate depends on reactions of molecular bromine with acetanilide. For 0.033〈[Br−]〈0.173M the rate constant changes in the following range: $$17530M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1}〈 k〈 6400M^{ - 1} s^{ - 1} ([H + ] = 1,34;T = 298K)$$
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Mononitrosopiperazine ; N-Nitrosation ; Piperazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus der Bildung vonN-Nitroso-Verbindungen, die als potentielle carcinogene Substanzen gelten, wurde untersucht. Die Kinetik der Nitrosierung von Piperazin (PIP) in wäßriger Perchlorsäurelösung wurde mittels einer differentiellen spektrophotometrischen Methode verfolgt. Es ergab sich für denpH-Bereich 0,85–4,36 folgendes Zeitgesetz: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ wobei [Nitrit]0 und [PIP]0 die anfänglichen stöchiometrischen Konzentrationen bedeuten. Bei 298,2 K und μ=1,0M,f=(1,17±0,11) 10−3 M,g=(3,5±0,7)·10−2 M s,h=2,6·10−6 M 2 s andj=(0,95±0,04)M s. Bei Erhöhung der Acidität ([HClO4]≥1M) tritt ein neuer kinetischer Term auf: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {Nitrit} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ Bei 298,2 K und μ=3,0M,p=(1,9±0,2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. Es wird ein genereller Mechanismus für die Nitrosierung jedesN-nitrosierbaren Substrates in wäßriger Perchloratlösung vorgeschlagen, wobei als nitrosierende Agentien ausschließlich N2O3 und H2NO2 +/NO+ auftreten. Es werden die Besonderheiten dieses Mechanismus bezüglich derpK-Werte derN-nitrosierbaren Substrate diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of formation ofN-nitroso compounds, which are considered as potential chemical carcinogens was studied. The kinetics of nitrosation of piperazine (PIP) in aqueous solution of perchloric acid have been investigated using a differential spectrophotometric technique. Based on our experimental results, the following rate law, in thepH-range 0.85 4.36, is proposed: $$v_0 = \left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 2 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 /\left( {1 + f/\left[ {H^ + } \right]} \right)^2 \left( {g \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 + h + j\left[ {H^ \div } \right]} \right)$$ where [nitrite]0 and [PIP]0 represent initial stoichiometric concentrations. At 298.2K and μ=1.0M,f=(1.17±0.11) 10−3 M,g=(3.5±0.7) 10−2 M s,h=2.6×10−6 M 2 s andj=(0.95±0.04)M s. When the acidity is increased ([HClO4]≥1M), a new kinetic term comes into play: $$v_0 ' = p\left[ {nitrite} \right]_0 \left[ {PIP} \right]_0 $$ At 298.2 K and μ=3.0M,p=(1.9±0.2) 10−3 M −1 s−1. A general mechanism for the nitrosation of anyN-nitrosable substrate in aqueous perchloric solution in which the only nitrosating agents are N2O3 and H2NO2 +/NO+ is proposed. Also, the various particularities of this mechanism, according to thepK of theN-nitrosable substrate, are discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Galactitol ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation ; Reduction ; Xylitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Geschwindigkeitsgesetz der Titelreaktion ist in beiden Fällen erster Ordnung bezüglich Hexacyanoferrat(III). Die Oxidation ist erster Ordnung bei niedrigen Konzentrationen von Xylit und Galaktit und geht bei Erhöhung der Konzentration gegen null. In gleicher Weise wurde eine Kinetik erster Ordnung bezüglich Hydroxyl bei niedrigen Konzentrationen und eine erniedrigte Ordnung bei höheren Konzentrationen für die Oxidation von Xylit beobachtet; bei Galaktit bleibt die Oxidation auch bei höheren Hydroxyl-Konzentrationen erster Ordnung. Es wird angenommen, daß die Reaktion über einen aktivierten Komplex zwischen [KFe(CN)6]2− und dem Substrat-Anion verläuft; dieser Komplex zerfällt in [KFe(CN)6]3− und ein Substrat-Radikal. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract Kinetics of oxidation of xylitol and galactitol by hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in aqueous alkaline medium is reported. The reaction rate is of first order with respect to hexacyanoferrate(III) in each substrate. The reaction is first order at lower concentrations of xylitol and galactitol and tends towards zero order as the concentration increases. Similarly first order kinetics was obtained with respect to hydroxide ion at lower concentrations and tends to lower order at higher concentration in the oxidation of xylitol; in the oxidation of galactitol the reaction is first order with respect to hydroxide ion even up to manyfold variation. The course of reaction has been considered to proceed through the formation of an activated complex between [K Fe(CN)6]2− and substrate anion which decomposes slowly into radical and [K Fe(CN)6]3−. A probable reaction mechanism is proposed.
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  • 11
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 112 (1981), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Activation energy ; Kinetics ; Methyl-vinyl ketone ; Polarography ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The homogeneous polymerization of methyl-vinyl ketone in diluted methanol solutions in presence of proton donors is studied using the polarographic method. The effect of the cation of the indifferent electrolyte is investigated as well as the influence of small quantities of H2O. Suggestions were made about the possible mechanisms of these influences in the general scheme of the process proposed byHolleck et al.
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  • 12
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 1087-1092 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Dissolution ; Kinetics ; Pyrrhotite ; Rotating disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit von natürlichem monoklinen Pyrrhotin, FeS1.14, wurde in sauerstofffreien LösungenS([H+]=0.1, [Na+]=0.9, [ClO 4 − ]=1.0 mol kg−1) mit Hilfe der Methode der rotierenden Scheibe bestimmt. Im Temperaturbereich von 40–90° erfolgt die Auflösungsreaktion kinetisch kontrolliert, wobei eine Aktivierungsenergie von 14±1 kcal mol−1 (59±5 kJ mol−1) gefunden wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Using the rotating disc method, the rates of dissolution of natural monoclinic pyrrhotite, FeS1.14, in oxygen-free aqueous solutionsS([H+]=0.1, [Na+]=0.9, [ClO 4 − ]=1.0 mol kg−1) were determined. In the temperature range 40–90 °C the dissolution reaction occurs under kinetic control; the activation energy being 14±1 kcal mol−1 (50±5 kJ mol−1).
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  • 13
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 1239-1244 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Allyl alcohol ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von Allylalkohol mitN-Bromsuccinimid (NBS) wurde bei 35 °C in wäßrigem Medium untersucht. Die Reaktion zeigt erste Ordnung gegenüberNBS und Allylalkohol. Bei relativ hoher Säurekonzentration zeigt sich keine Änderung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, bei niedriger Säurekonzentration wird die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit beträchtlich erhöht. Es wurde kein primärer Salzeffekt festgestellt. Bei varriierender Quecksilberacetatkonzentration bleibt die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit gleich, bei Abwesenheit von Quecksilberacetat wird jedoch die Geschwindigkeitskonstante erhöht. Die kinetischen Parameter,E a, derArrheniusfaktorA, ΔH ≠, ΔG ≠ und ΔS ≠ wurden bestimmt. Ein Geschwindigkeitsgesetz in Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Befunden wurde abgeleitet und ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of allyl alcohol byN-bromosuccinimide (NBS) has been studied at 35 °C in aqueous medium. The reaction shows first order dependence on bothNBS and allyl alcohol. In fairly high acid concentration, there is no change in the rate of the reaction but at low acid concentration, the rate is considerably enhanced. There is no primary salt effect. At varying mercuric acetate concentrations, the rate constant remains the same. But in the absence of mercuric acetate, the rate is enhanced. The kinetic parameters,E a,Arrhenius factorA, ΔH≠, ΔG≠ and ΔS≠ have been calculated. A rate law in agreement with experimental results has been derived. A mechanism is proposed.
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  • 14
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 887-893 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diazotation ; Kinetics ; α-Naphthylamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Optimal diazotation conditions were determined by means of extinction measurements at various experimental conditions. The optimal conditions found arep H=9,5, the amount of phenol is 1 250 times the amount of α-naphthylamine.
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  • 15
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 114 (1983), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diastereomers ; 2,3-Dihydrobilatrienes-abc ; Kinetics ; Saturation-Transfer-Kinetics ; Phytochrome Models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From kinetic and equilibrium measurements the activation and thermodynamic parameters of diastereomeric 2,3-dihydrobilatrienes-abc in positions “4” and “15” are deduced. Compared to bilatrienes-abc a pronounced thermal lability of these diastereomers is observed—the exocyclic double bond of the saturated lactam ring being the more labile one. This feature may be of relevance to the thermal cascades and dark reactions observed for phytochrome.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Iodine monochloride ; Kinetics ; Solvent effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Addition von ICl zu einigen Vinylverbindungen in Nitrobenzol als Lösungsmittel wurde untersucht. In allen Fällen ist die Reaktion von zweiter Ordnung hinsichtlich ICl und von erster Ordnung hinsichtlich des Substrats, d. h. mit einer Gesamtordnung von drei. Geschwindigkeitskonstanten wurden für jedes Substrat bei 20°, 30°, 40° und 50°C gemessen. AusArrhenius-Diagrammen wurden Aktivierungsenergien ermittelt und auch andere kinetische und thermodynamische Parameter wurden bestimmt. Ein Mechanismus wird vorgeschlagen, wobei die verschiedenen Parameter diskutiert werden. Lösungsmitteleffekte werden ebenfalls diskutiert und die Daten mit Nitrobenzol und Essigsäure als Lösungsmittel miteinander verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the addition of iodine monochloride (ICl) to some vinyl compounds in nitrobenzene solvent was investigated. In all cases the reaction follows second order dependence on ICl and first order on the substrate, making the total order three. Rate constants were measured for each substrate at 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°C.Arrhenius plots were made from which activation energies were evaluated. Other kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are reported. A suitable mechanism is proposed for the reaction and based on this, the various parameters are discussed. Solvent effects are discussed and the data with nitrobenzene and acetic acid solvents are compared.
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  • 17
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 1185-1197 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Mono and polycarboxylic esters ; Metal salt catalysis ; Kinetics ; Chromatographic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The alcoholysis of various esters of aromatic carboxylic esters with octadecanol in the presence of lead stearate was investigated by chromatographic analysis of the reaction mixtures. The reactivity of the esters was found to be strongly affected by the substitution pattern of the aromatic nucleus as well as by the structure of the alkoxy group. Electron donating substituents in a suitable position lead to a remarkable increase in reactivity compared to the unsubstituted alkyl esters.
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  • 18
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 121 (1990), S. 571-576 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Acetanilide ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation ; Vanadium(V)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden kinetische Untersuchungen der Oxydation von Acetanilid mit Vanadium(V) in schwefelsaurem Medium bei konstanter Ionenstärke durchgeführt. Gegenüber dem Oxidans ist die Reaktion erster Ordnung, die Reaktionsordnung gegenüber Acetanilid variiert zwischen 1 und 0. Die Reaktion folgt einem von der Säurekatalyse unabhängigen Weg, wobei die Abhängigkeit von H+ quadratisch ist. Ein Bunnett-Plot zeigt, daß das Wasser als Nucleophil wirkt. Die thermodynamischen Parameter wurden berechnet. Ein möglicher Reaktionsmechanismus und ein Geschwindigkeitsnetz, das mit diesen Daten in Einklang ist, wird angegeben.
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the oxidation of acetanilide with vanadium(V) in sulphuric acid medium at constant ionic strength has been studied. The reaction is first order with oxidant. The order of reaction in acetanilide varies from one to zero. The reaction follows an acid catalyzed independent path, exhibiting square dependence in H+. A Bunnett plot indicates that the water acts as a nucleophile. The thermodynamic parameters have been computed. A probable reaction mechanism and rate law consistent with these data are given.
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  • 19
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 123 (1992), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Aluminium(III) ; Chloroacetate buffer ; Chromotropic acid ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the reaction of aluminium(III) with chromotropic acid (H4 L) by formation of the complex AlL − was studied in the range ofpH=(2.34...3.23) and by variation of the buffer addition to the Al(III) solution. The results leads to a reaction scheme with the species AlOH2+, Al(OH)2 + and H2 L 2− in Al(III) solutions “not prebuffered”, in Al(III) solutions “prebuffered” additionally the species AlClac 2−. The difference in the course of the functionsk exp =f[c 0(Al);c(H+)] in the Al(III) solutions not prebuffered respective prebuffered was explained: Chromotrophic acid as de facto neutral ligand does not react — contrary to the anionic ligands — with the dimeric Al(III) species present in the Al(III) solutions prebuffered. Water exchange rate constants for the contributing species according to the Eigen-Tamm-model were evaluated and correspond very well with the expected values.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Negative salt effect ; Oxidation ; Stopped-flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of NaClO4, NaCl and Na2SO4 on the oxidation of Fe(phen) 3 2+ by Ce(IV) was investigated by means of the stopped-flow method. At the concentrations range of NaClO4 and NaCl 0.1–1.0M the rate constant values decrease from 1.03·105 to 0.56·105M−1s−1 and from 1.08·105 to 0.81·105M−1s−1 respectively. In varying concentrations of Na2SO4 solutions (0.05–0.35M) the rate constant values decrease from 1.05·105M−1s−1 to 0.45·105M−1s−1. Taking into account the negative salt effect the mechanism of the reaction progress is proposed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Arginine ; Catalysis ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Oxidation erfolgt sowohl mit als auch ohne Cu(II)-Katalysator in erster Ordnung bezüglich des Oxidationsmittels und des Substrats; inverse Ordnung wird bezüglich der Alkalikonzentration beobachtet. Bis zu einer Cu(II)-Konzentration von≤2×10−5 M ist die Geschwindigkeitskonstante der Katalysatorkonzentration proportional; darüber wird eine konstantbleibende Geschwindigkeit beobachtet, die nun von der Cu(II)-Konzentration unabhängig ist. Neutralsalze haben keinen Effekt auf die Geschwindigkeitskonstante. Es wird für den katalysierten und unkatalysierten Reaktionsablauf ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen und ein mathematischer Ansatz präsentiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of uncatalysed and Cu(II) catalysed oxidation of arginine monohydrochloride was investigated. Both reactions follow a singular order dependence each in oxidant and substrate. An inverse order dependence is reported with the alkali concentration. A plot of observed rate constant versus Cu(II) concentrations Cu(II)≤2.0×10−5 M is linear; from the intercept the rate constant for the uncatalysed pathway was calculated. However, at high copper ion concentrations i.e. Cu(II)〉2.0×10−5 M a fixed value of rate constant was found for all catalyst concentrations. Added neutral salts show an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Mechanisms were proposed for both cases and rate expressions were derived by applying steady state assumptions.
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  • 22
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 124 (1993), S. 1077-1081 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Carboplatin ; Photoaquation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Stabilität wäßriger Carboplatin-Lösungen unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit bei Belichtung gegenüber der Zersetzung im Dunklen ansteigt. Die Reaktion folgt erster Ordnung und hängt stark von der Lichtintensität und nur wenig von der Temperatur ab. Je nach experimentellen Bedingungen liegt die Quantenausbeute zwischen 0.05 und 0.2. Die Ergebnisse erlauben den Schluß, daß die Zersetzung durch Belichtung über einen Photoaquationsprozeß verläuft.
    Notes: Summary The stability of carboplatin in aqueous solutions at different experimental conditions was studied. It was observed that the degradation rate of carboplatin under illumination increases notably with respect to the rate obtained in the dark. The time course of carboplatin in solution follows a first-order kinetics with rate constants that depend on the incident light intensity and little with temperature. The quantum yield of the carboplatin degradation lies between 0.05 and 0.2 depending on the experimental conditions. From the results obtained in the present work it is concluded that carboplatin is degraded under illumination by means of a photoaquation process.
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Ca-alginate immobilized cell ; Enzyme coimmobilization ; Kinetics ; Lactose hydrolysis ; Batch fermentation ; Shake flask
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The performance of β-galactosidase coimmobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated during shake flask fermentation of deproteinized cheese whey lactose to ethanol. The performance of the coimmobilized enzyme treatment was compared to that of a treatment using acid prehydrolyzed whey lactose (a readily available substrate). Enzyme coimmobilization resulted in a slower rate and a lower extent of substrate utilization, thus giving a lower maximum ethanol concentration (13.5 versus 16.7 g/l). It did result, however, in a better ethanol yield (95% vs. 89% theoretical). It appears that, compared to acid prehydrolysis of whey lactose, through β-galactosidase coimmobilization we could succeed in obtaining substantial process simplifications, thus saving in equipment and operating cost, while gaining in ethanol yield at the cost of some reasonable loss in the rate and the extent of lactose utilization.
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    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 431-439 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Apatite ; Fluorhydroxyapatite ; Crystal growth ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of seeded crystal growth of calcium apatites were studied in dilute supersaturated solutions at various levels of fluoride concentrations. Initial precipitation rates were enhanced by fluoride concentrations higher than 0.05 ppm. The analytical results are consistent with the precipitation of fluoridated hydroxyapatites, Ca5Fx-(OH)1−x(PO4)3, FHA. The degree of fluoridation, X, appears to be determined by the activity of HF in solution, which varies for the various initial fluoride levels but remains fairly constant during precipitation. Thus the composition of the precipitating phase was the same for a given solution whether 25 or 10 mg of hydroxyapatite was added as seeds. All the experimental results are consistent with the BCF theory, which relates the mean linear rate of growth, RL, to the supersaturation, DS, by the expression RL=C1T(DS-1)1n(DS)tanh(C2/T 1n DS), in which DS is the supersaturation defined by mean molar activities with respect to the precipitating FHA, T the absolute temperature, and C1 and C2 are constants calculated from the experimental results. Consequently, the crystal growth appears to take place in surface kinks and to be controlled by surface diffusion. Since crystal growth in most biological systems takes place at fluoride concentrations within the experimental range used, it seems probable that it occurs along the model advanced in the present investigation.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Fluoride ; Tooth ; Enamel ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les surfaces d'émail dentaire sont confrontées avec des solutions de calcium et phosphate, qui y recirculent. Les réactions cinétiques au niveau des surfaces en calcium, phosphate, fluorure et ions hydrogène sont déterminées dans des solutions à concentrations en ions fluor constantes (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250 ou 0.500 mM/l) et/ou à pH constant (6.8, 7.0, 7.2 ou 7.4). Les vitesses de réactions des ions calcium, phosphate, hydrogène et fluorures augmentent dans les conditions suivantes: 1) augmentation de la surface d'émail, 2) augmentation des vitesses d'écoulement au niveau des surfaces, 3) augmentation du pH de la solution et 4) augmentation de la concentration en ion fluorure. Les vitesses presque proportionnelles des réactions mesurées simultanément indiquent la formation de minéraux apatitiques à la surface de l'émail pendant tout le temps de contact solide-solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Oberflächen von Zahnschmelz wurden mit konstant zirkulierenden Lösungen, welche Calcium und Phosphate enthielten, equilibriert. Die kinetischen Oberflächenreaktionen von Calcium-, Phosphat-, Fluori- und Wasserstoff-Ionen wurden in Lösungen mit konstanten Fluoridkonzentrationen (0,012, 0,025, 0,050, 0,250 oder 0,500 mM/l) und/oder konstantem pH (6,8, 7,0, 7,2 oder 7,4) bestimmt. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten dieser Ionen an der Grenze zwischen fester und flüssiger Phase erhöhten sich unter folgenden Bedingungen: 1. Vergrößerung der Schmelzoberfläche; 2. Erhöhung der Geschwindigkeit der der Oberfläche zugeführten Lösungen; 3. Erhöhung des pH der Lösung; 4. Erhöhung der Fluoridionenkonzentration in der Lösung. Die beinahe proportionalen Geschwindigkeiten der gleichzeitig gemessenen Reaktionen deuteten darauf hin, daß auf den Schmelzoberflächen während der ganzen Equilibrierungszeit Apatitminerale gebildet wurden.
    Notes: Abstract Surfaces of tooth enamel were interfaced with recirculating solutions containing calcium and phosphate. The kinetic interfacial reactions of calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ions were determined in solutions of constant fluoride ion concentrations (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250, or 0.500 mM/l) and /or constant pH (6.8, 7.0, 7.2, or 7.4). The rates of the calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ion reactions at the solid-solution interface increased under the following conditions: (1) increase of the enamel surface area; (2) increase of the rates of solution flow to the interface; (3) increase of solution pH; and (4) increase of the solution fluoride ion concentration. The nearly proportional rates of the concurrently measured reactions indicated the formation of apatitic minerals on the enamel surfaces throughout the time of solid-solution interface.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 295-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Crystallization ; Kinetics ; Phosphonates ; Inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de croissance cristalline de l'hydroxyapatite dans des solutions supersaturées stables de phosphate de calcium a été étudié dans des conditions reproductibles à 25° et à un pH constant de 7,4 en présence de phosphonates organiques HEDP, 1-hydroxyethylidine 1, d'acide 1-diphosphonique, NTMP, nitrilo-tri (méthylène acide phosphonique), ENTMP N,N,N′N′ éthylène diamine-tetra (méthylène acide phosphonique), TENTMP triethylène-diamine tetra-(méthylène acide phosphonique). Il semble que l'action nette d'inhibition des produits surajoutés sur le taux de croissance cristalline est en rapport avec des liaisons de chélation fortes et de substitution inerte avec les ions calcium situés au niveau des noeuds et zones de dislocations de la surface cristalline d'HAP. Les résultats de cette étude montre que le ligand ENTMP potentiellement hexadenté est plus efficace comme inhibition de croissance cristalline que le NTMP tétradenté ou le HED tridenté. L'inéfficacité générale des monophosphonates comme inhibiteurs de croissance cristalline confirme la conclusion que les ions calcium sont complexés à la surface, empêchant par suite un dépôt ultérieur de phosphate de calcium au niveau de cette zone. La concentration relativement faible de phosphonate surajouté, comparée à la concentration en ion calcium, exclut la chélation du calcium dans la solution comme facteur important de l'inhibition de croissance cristalline observée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit des Kristallwachstums von Hydroxyapatit-Kristallkeimen in stabilen übersättigten Calciumphosphatlösungen wurde unter reproduzierbaren Bedingungen studiert und zwar: bei 25°, bei einem konstanten pH von 7,4 und in Anwesenheit der organischen Phosphate HEDP=1-Hydroxy-äthylidin-1,1-Diphosphonsäure; NTMP=Nitrilo-trimethylen-Phosphonsäure; ENTMP=N,N,N′N′-Äthylendiamin-tetramethylen-Phosphonsäure; TENTMP=Triäthylendiamin-tetramethylen-Phosphonsäure. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die deutliche Hemmwirkung dieser zugesetzten Substanzen auf die Geschwindigkeit des Kristallwachstums durch die Bildung von starken, Substitutions-unempfindlichen Chelat-Bindungen mit den Calciumionen bedingt ist, welche an Knick- und Verschiebungsstellen auf der Kristalloberfläche von HAP vorkommen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zeigen, daß das potentiell sechswertige Anion ENTMP ein wirksamerer Hemmer des Kristallwachstums ist als das vierwertige NTMP oder das dreiwertige HEDP. Die allgemeine Unwirksamkeit der Monophosphonate als Kristallwachstums-Hemmer bekräftigt den Schluß, daß die Calciumionen an der Oberfläche als Chelatkomplexe gebunden sind, wodurch eine weitere Ablagerung von Calciumphosphat an dieser Wachstumsstelle verhindert wird. Die relativ niedrige Konzentration des beigefügten Phosphonats, im Vergleich mit der Konzentration der Calciumionen, schließt die Bildung von Calciumchelatkomplexen in der Lösung als wichtigen Faktor in der beobachteten Kristallwachstums-Hemmung aus.
    Notes: Abstract The rate of crystal growth of hydroxyapatite seed crystals in stable supersaturated solutions of calcium phosphate has been studied under reproducible conditions at 25° and at a constant pH of 7.40 in the presence of the organic phosphonates HEDP, 1-hydroxyethylidine 1,1-diphosphonic acid, NTMP, nitrilotri (methylene phosphonic acid); ENTMP, N,N,N′N′ ethylenediamine-tetra (methylene phosphonic acid); TENTMP, triethylenediamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid). It is suggested that the marked inhibitory influence of the additives upon the rate of crystal growth is due to the formation of strong, substitution inert chelate bonds with the calcium ions present at kinks and dislocations on the crystal surface of HAP. The results of this study show that the potentially hexadentate ligand ENTMP is more effective as a crystal growth inhibitor than the tetradentate NTMP or the tridentate HEDP. The general ineffectiveness of the monophosphonates as crystal growth inhibitors supports the conclusion that the calcium ions are chelated at the surface thereby preventing further deposition of calcium phosphate at that growth site. The relatively low concentration of added phosphonate as compared with the calcium ion concentration rules out calcium chelation in the bulk of the solution as a significant factor in the observed crystal growth inhibition.
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 227-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Calcification ; Secretion ; Protistan ; Coccolith
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The calcified body scale (coccolith) of the unicellular marine algaHymenomonas carterae is composed of two morphologically distinct calcite elements which alternate about the perimeter of a complex, elliptical organic base. The coccoliths ofHymenomonas are formed intracellularly in a precise and orderly sequence of events within the single Golgi apparatus of the alga and then secreted to the anterior cell surface. This study demonstrates that the kinetics of this calcification-secretion process can be reproducibly determined by morphological means. Under standardized conditions, coccoliths are secreted at a rate of about ten per hour. In the absence of light this rate is significantly reduced. The procedure described for determining the kinetics of coccolith secretion inHymenomonas provides a simple, precise method for evaluating the results of experimental manipulation of this calcification-secretion system.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 3 (1974), S. 209-224 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Quantum Calculation ; Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; H2CN ; Prebiotic Chemistry
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using the Iterative Extended Huckel Theory (IEHT), energy-conformation studies have been carried out for H2CN (I),trans-HCNH (IIA), andcis-HCNH (IIB), three possible isomers formed by addition of a hydrogen atom to hydrogen cyanide. Calculations show that the order of decreasing thermodynamic stability is I $$ 〉 $$ IIA 〉 IIB. Results of a series of calculations designed to simulate the stepwise addition of a hydrogen atom to hydrogen cyanide to form both I and IIA indicate that formation of I is also kinetically favored over IIA. Calculated properties of the minimum energy conformers of I and IIA and the nature of the bonding in them are described. The calculated distribution of the unpaired electron density in I compares favorably with results obtained empirically from the ESR spectra of a radical formed by addition of H atoms to HCN. The potential role of H2CN (I) as a reactive intermediate in prebiotic organic synthesis and its possible relevance to interstellar organic chemistry are discussed.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 343-356 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Qβ RNA variants ; Ethidium resistance ; Heterogeneity ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapidly acquired partial resistance to the replicase antagonist, ethidium bromide (EB), seen by Spiegelman and coresearchers in Qβ RNA variants competitively replicating under defined conditions in vitro, reflected existence of a pool of mutant RNA molecules, preadapted to EB, and their cross-propagation from the pre-EB optimum species, MDV-1, and from other kindred variants, some of which remained undetected, according to this quantitative analysis of midivariant RNA replication kinetics. DNAlike features of their evolution, such as the cloning of variants from an MDV-1 subtype and a complicance with the fundamental theorem of natural selection, resulted from the suppression, both real and apparent, of intrinsic RNA heterogeneity through sampling and detection methods, and also by the ascendency of self-propagation over cross-propagation with advancement of a superior variant. The deficit in mean polymer fitness, compared with optimum levels, determines the lower limit of this heterogeneity. Stability conditions for frequency equilibrium and strategies for counteracting viral drug resistance have been considered.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 1125-1133 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Diazotization ; Kinetics ; α-Naphthylamine
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the diazotization of α-naphthylamine1 in water HCl solution from 0,2N to 2.0N at 0 °C were investigated. It was found that the nitrosation reaction $$\alpha --C_{10} H_7 NH_2 + NOCl\mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits^{k_v } \alpha --C_{10} H_7 NH_2 NO^ + + Cl^ - $$ is a preceeding advance-back-reaction (velocity coefficient of the nitrosation is 1.92·1010l mol−1 s−1). The decomposition of I by splitting off a proton is the rate determining reaction. The free enthalpy of activation for the nitrosation reaction equals 12.94 kJ/mol.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 111 (1980), S. 1135-1142 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Hammet parameter ; Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Thermodynamic parameters
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Reaktion von drei substituierten Acetophenonen mit Bromsuccinimid in Perchlorsäure in Gegenwart von Quecksilberacetat wurde untersucht. Die Reaktion war von nullter Ordnung gegenüberNBS, erster Ordnung gegenüber den Ketonen und [H+]. Mögliche Mechanismen der Reaktion werden diskutiert und auch eine Geschwindigkeitsgleichung wird abgeleitet. Es wurden die thermodynamischen Parameter der Reaktion bestimmt und auch einHammet'scher ϖ-Wert (+0,6) für die Oxidation der Methylarylketone ermittelt.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the reaction of three substituted acetophenones withN-Bromosuccinimide was studied in perchloric acid media in presence of mercuric acetate. The reactions were found to be zero order with respect toNBS while the order with respect to ketones and [H+] was found to be unity. The addition of succinimide mercuric acetate and sodium perchlorate has no effect on the rate of oxidation and the rate increases with the decrease in dielectric constant of the medium. Kinetic investigations have revealed that the order of reactivity ism-nitroacetophenone 〉 p-chloroacetophenone 〉 p-methylacetophenone. TheArrhenius equation has been found to be valid in the temperature range 35–55°. Thermodynamic parameters have been calculated. Mechanistic pathways of the reactions are discussed and a rate equation is derived.Hammett's plot gives a ϖ value of +0.60 for methyl-aryl-ketones.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 113 (1982), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Graphite ; Kinetics ; Reduction ; Thoria ; Thoriumcarbide
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reduktion von Thoriumoxid mit Graphit im Überschuß wurde mittels einer Thermowaage zwischen 1620 und 1920 K im Vakuum untersucht. Ab ThO2:C=1:50 war die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit vom Mischungsverhältnis unabhängig; das Endprodukt war immer ThC2. Der logarithmische Gewichtsverlust war direkt proportional der Zeit, und dieArrheniusgerade zeigte einen Knickpunkt bei 1710 K: unterhalb dieser Temperatur ergab sich eine Aktivierungsenergie von 440 kJ, oberhalb eine solche von 260 kJ. Die Temperatur des Knickpunkts entspricht der Umwandlungstemperatur von monoklinem in tetragonal raumzentriertes ThC2.
    Notes: Abstract The reduction of thoria with excess graphite was studied with a thermo-balance in vacuum between 1620 and 1920 K. From Th02:C=1:50 the rate of reaction was independent of the ratio of the reactants; the endproduct was always ThC2. The logarithmic weight loss was directly proportional to the time, and theArrhenius plot showed a break at 1710 K: below this temperature the activation energy was found to be 440 kJ, above 260 kJ. The temperature corresponding to the break coincides with the transition temperature of monoclinic to body-centered tetragonal ThC2.
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    Keywords: Kinetics ; Ligand-transfer ; Thallium (III)
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of oxinate ions from thallium (III)oxinate to trivalent Fe(DMF) 6 3+ in propylenecarbonate takes place via rearrangements within a rapidly formed binuclear thallium(III)—iron(III) complex. In a last rapid step this rearranged complex reacts with excess reactants to the final products whose composition accordingly depends on the ratio of the reactant concentrations.
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    Keywords: Hydroperoxide ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Zersetzung von α,α-Dimethylbenzylhydroperoxid (1) unter Verwendung eines Kupfer(II)chlorkomplexes wurde die neue Feststellung gemacht, daß das Produktverhältnis Acetophenon (2): α,α-Dimethylbenzylalkohol (3) stets 2:1 ist. Die Kinetik der Reaktion wurde untersucht und ein Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der mit dem experimentellen Resultat konsistent ist.
    Notes: Abstract In the decomposition of α,α-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide (1) by use of copper(II) chlorocomplexes, the novel fact was found that the product ratio of acetophenone (2) to α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol (3) is 2 to 1. The kinetics of this result was investigated and a mechanism consistent with the experimental result is proposed.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 114 (1983), S. 411-423 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Bromination ; Dihydroxydiphenylmethanes ; Intramolecular hydrogen bonding ; Kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bromination of 15 dinuclear phenolic compounds (dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, methylene bisphenols) by molecular bromine in acetic acid was studied kinetically at 22°C. In all compounds the electrophilic substitution occurred inortho-position to the phenolic hydroxy group of the methyl phenol unit while the non reacting neighboring unit was differently substituted by H, CH3,t-Bu and NO2. A decrease in the reaction rate was observed in 2,2′-dihydroxydiphenylmethanes, where the +M-effect of the hydroxy group is diminished by an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The strength of this hydrogen bond may be influenced mainly by steric factors. Strong electron withdrawing substituents like NO2 show a rate decreasing influence on the reactivity of the neighboring unit also in 2,4′- and 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenylmethanes.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 1385-1392 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Periodate oxidation ; Solvent effect ; Reaction rate ; Kinetics ; Octacyanomolybdate (IV)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Oxidation von Mo(CN) 8 4− mit IO4/− wurde in Ethanol—Wasser über einen Temperaturbereich von 15–35 °C untersucht. Der Effekt der Lösungsmittelzusammensetzung auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und der Mechanismus der Reaktion werden diskutiert. Die Aktivierungsparameter sind angeführt. Es wird ein „Inner-Sphere“-Mechanismus vorgeschlagen, der mit den kinetischen Ergebnissen konsistent ist.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the oxidation of Mo(CN) 8 4− by IO 4 − has been studied in ethanol—water solvent mixtures over a temperature range of 15–35 °C. The effect of solvent composition on the reaction rate and the mechanism has been investigated. Activation parameters are given. An inner-sphere mechanism, consistent with the kinetic results, is proposed.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Mechanism ; Oxidation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Kinetik der Oxidation von Chinol mit Quecksilbernitrat in Gegenwart einer Mischung ausAcOH-H2O-HNO3 untersucht, um die aktive Species bei der Oxidation in diesem Medium aufzuklären. Die Reaktionsordnung ist sowohl bezüglich des Chinols als auch des Hg(II)-Ions erster Ordnung. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit erhöht sich leicht mit der HNO3-Konzentration und auch mit abfallender Dielektrizitätskonstante des Mediums. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit sinkt mit dem Zusatz von KNO3. Es ist keinerlei Hinweis auf eine Komplexbildung zwischen Chinol und Hg(II) festzustellen. Die Resultate der Untersuchungen legen HgNO + 3 als aktive Spezies nahe. Es wird ein möglicher Mechanismus mit einem Zweielektronen-Transfer im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt vorgeschlagen. Das dabei produziertep-Benzochinon existiert nicht in freier Form, sondern es bildet einen stabilen 1 : 1-Komplex mit Quecksilbernitrat; dieser Komplex wurde mittels TLC und IR charakterisiert.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of oxidation of quinol by mercuric nitrate in presence ofAcOH-H2O-HNO3 mixture has been investigated in order to find the active species of mercuric nitrate involved in the oxidation in this medium. The order of reaction both with respect to quinol and Hg(II) is found to be one. The reaction rate slightly increases with the increase in [HNO3] and the decrease of the dielectric constant of the medium. The reaction rate retards on addition of KNO3. There is no evidence for complex formation between quinol and Hg(II). These results suggest that HgNO + 3 might be the active species in this medium. A probable mechanism involving a two electron transfer in the rate determining step has been suggested. The producedp-benzoquinone does not exist in free state but forms a stable (1 : 1) complex with mercuric nitrate which has been characterized by TLC and IR studies.
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  • 39
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 115 (1984), S. 697-704 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Electrohydrodimerization ; Benzylidenemalononitriles ; Kinetics ; Electrohydrodimerization ; Benzylidenemalononitriles ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels derivativer cyclischer Voltammetrie wurden für die Titelreaktion Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und Aktivierungsparameter erhalten (Dimethylformamid als Lösungsmittel). Benzyliden-,p-Methyl- undp-Methoxybenzylidenmalonnitril reagieren ausschließlich über die Dimerisierung ihrer Anionenradikale (Radikal-Radikal-Kopplung), währenddessen die Dimerisierung vonp-Fluorbenzylidenmalonnitril zu 25% über die Kopplung des Anionenradikals mit dem Substrat erfolgt.
    Notes: Abstract Rate constants and activation parameters for the reductive dimerization of substituted benzylidenemalononitriles were obtained from derivate cyclic voltammetry measurements in dimethylformamide as solvent. Benzylidene-,p-methyl-andp-methoxybenzylidenemalononitrile react exclusively via dimerization of their anion radicals (radical-radical coupling) while forp-fluorobenzylidenemalononitrile 25% of the dimerization proceeds by coupling of the anion radical with the substrate.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 124 (1993), S. 1149-1156 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Aroyl azide ; 4-Toluoyl azide ; Alcoholysis ; Aminolysis ; “Nucleophilic catalysis” ; Kinetics ; Steric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Primäre Amine reagieren in nicht-nucleophilen Lösungsmitteln mit 4-Toluoyl-azid in einer einheitlichen Reaktion 2. Ordnung, die durch die Größe des Amins und die Lösungsmittel-Polarität beeinflußt wird. Das ändert sich in Gegenwart von Alkoholen, wo auch die Bildung von 4-Toluylsäureestern beobachtet wird. Diese Konkurrenzreaktion wird durch den „kleinsten“ Alkohol (Methanol) und/oder die relativ größeren Amine (Cylohexylamin bzw. 3-Pentylamin) besonders stark begünstigt. Verglichen mit der einfachen Alkoholyse von 4-Toluoylazid wird eine enorme Beschleunigung der Esterbildung, proportional zur Konzentration des nucleophilen Amins, beobachtet. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird mit besonderer Berücksichtigung sterischer Effekte bei der Konkurrenz von Nucleophilen um das Aroylazid diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Primary amines2[R:n-butyl(2a), cyclohexyl (2b), 3-pentyl (2c)] react with 4-toluoyl azide1 in non-nucleophilic solvents in a clear second order reaction, which is strongly dependent on the size of the amine2 and the solvent polarity (k 2 [Acetonitril; 25 °C]: 15.51 (2a), 0.83 (2b) and 0.19 (2c) 1/mol·min; ΔH#=22.1 kJ/mol, ΔS#=−170.5 J/mol·K [2b in Acetonitril]). Drastic changes occur in the presence of nucleophilic solvents. With nucleophilic amines2 added to these in the solutions a concurrent reaction with alcohols4 [R: methyl (4a), ethyl (4b),n-butyl (4c)] yielding 4-toluoyl ester5 is observed. This is especially dominating with the “smallest” alcohol methanol (4a) and/or effectively promoted by “bulky” amines (2b, 2c; up to 99%5a). Compared with the pure alcoholysis a huge acceleration of the ester formation, proportional to the cencentration of the nucleophilic amine2, is observed. The reaction mechanism is discussed with special emphasis on steric effects in the competition of nucleophiles for the aroyl azide1.
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 38 (1992), S. 214-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Amylase ; Arthrobacter sp. ; Kinetics ; Yeast glykogen ; Trehalose ; Maltose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of amylolytic enzyme formation by a yeast cell wall lytic Arthrobacter species were studied. Cultivation on autoclaved cells of baker's yeast showed that amylase formation was closely related to trehalose and glycogen dissimilation. Growth on yeast glycogen (0.5%) proceeded quite rapidly (μ = 0.31 h−1) with extensive amylase formation during exponential cell multiplication and a further low increase in activity during the stationary phase. Beside amylolytic activity [450 units (U) l−1] the formation of a relatively high level of α-glucosidase (90 U l−1) was detected, the latter almost exclusively bound to bacterial cells. Growth on 0.5% trehalose occurred at a reduced rate (μ = 0.22 h−1) with post-logarithmic enzyme synthesis in the stationary phase. Amylase activity attained a level of 1200 U l−1, whereas α-glucosidase was very low at 7.7 U l−1. Continuous culture experiments in the chemostat showed maximal volumetric productivity of amylase (105 U l−1 h−1) at a dilution rate of 0.15 h−1. Growth on various carbohydrates revealed low levels of amylolytic activity (〈100 U l−1), which were increased by a α-1,4-glucans and oligosaccharides such as starch, dextrin, maltotriose and maltose. On 0.5% maltose, growth-associated enzyme synthesis (230 U l−1) was detected at a reduced growth rate (μ = 0.14 h−1). Amylolytic enzyme preparations from the culture fluid showed an unusual cleavage pattern; acting on starch, the polymer was almost completely hydrolysed to maltotriose and maltose in a molar ratio of 3:1.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Growth ; Epiphyses ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La largeur de la métaphyse tibiale, la zone indifférenciée, la zone sériée et les cellules en dégénerescence ont été observées chez des rats Sprague-Dawley normaux et hypophysectomisés. La production cellulaire de la métaphyse est déterminée sur la base de la croissance osseuse longitudinale déterminée par l'oxytétracycline et la taille des cellules en dégénérescence. La diminution de la croissance osseuse longitudinale, en fonction de l'augmentation de l'âge et après hypophysectomie, est due partiellement, à la diminution de production cellulaire et partiellement à une décroissance de la taille des cellules en dégénérescence dans la métaphyse. L'influence de la production cellulaire et de l'activité mitotique prédomine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Breite der proximalen Wachstumsplatte der Tibia, deren undifferenzierter und säulenförmiger Zone und die Größe der nahe bei der Metaphyse auftretenden degenerativen Zellen wurden in normalen und hypophysektomierten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten bestimmt. Die Zellproduktion in der Wachstumsplatte wurde aus dem longitudinalen Knochenwachstum berechnet, welches mittels Oxytetracyclin und der Größe der degenerativen Zellen bestimmt wurde. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Abnahme des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums bei zunehmendem Alter und nach Hypophysektomie zum Teil einem Rückgang in der Zellproduktion, zum Teil einer Verminderung der Größe der degenerativen Zellen in der Wachstumsplatte zuzuschreiben ist. Der Einfluß der Zellproduktion, und somit der mitotischen Aktivität, herrscht vor.
    Notes: Abstract The width of the proximal growth plate of the tibia, its undifferentiated and columnar zone and the size of the degenerative cell close to the metaphysis, were determined in normal and hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. The cell production in the growth plate was calculated from the longitudinal bone growth determined with oxytetracycline and the degenerative cell size. It was found that the decrease in longitudinal bone growth with increasing age and after hypophysectomy, is due partly to a decrease in cell production, and partly to a decrease in degenerative cell size in the growth plate. The influence of cell production and thus the mitotic activity predominates.
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 137-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Enamel ; Dissolution ; Kinetics ; Caries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present study was undertaken in an attempt to relate the kinetics of hydroxyapatite dissolution to solution parameters, under experimental conditions relevant to the dental caries process. Thus, the dissolution of hydroxyapatite was studied in acetic, lactic, and dilute phosphoric acid solutions having initial pH values from 4 to 6. Rates of dissolution and the corresponding degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite were determined at various times throughout the dissolution process. Rates of dissolution of all solutions were found to decrease with increasing degree of solution saturation and were greater in solutions with lower initial values of pH. However, rates of dissolution in partially saturated phosphoric acid solutions (without added organic acid) were at least one order of magnitude lower than those observed in the organic acid buffers with the same initial pH, over the same range of saturation values. The data obtained are consistent with a surface-controlled dissolution model in which the rate of dissolution is dependent upon the degree of saturation and the sum of the activities of the acidic species in solution, i.e., phosphoric and organic acids. These results suggest that in order to assess the cariogenic potential of a given medium (e.g., plaque fluid), one must determine both the degree of saturation with respect to the dissolving mineral and the activities of acidic species in solution.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Male ; Osteoporosis ; Free testosterone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is unclear what proportion of the variance in bone density in elderly males is accounted for by testosterone status. We studied 112 ambulatory, elderly volunteers (mean age 71.7 years) and determined free testosterone (FT), as well as bone density measurements by photon absorptiometry at multiple sites. Our studies of 35 of these subjects 4 years later includedmorning FT and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant correlations between FT and bone density at multiple scanning sites with the effects of age partialed out. We suspect that our inability to detect a significant effect of FT on bone density was related to the relative strength of other determinants of bone density, as well as to the fact that FT values are far more dynamic than bone density.
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  • 45
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 27-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Kinetics ; Hydroxyapatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du pyrophosphate sur la distribution et les vitesses d'échange du calcium et du phosphate dans les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite a été étudié. Les analyses de disparition du45Ca, du32P [Pi] et du32P [PPi] de la solution vers les cristaux ont été réalisées en utilisant un modèle de compartimenst. Les courbes de disparition sont formées par la somme de 4 exponentielles, correspondant à un modèle de 4 compartiments en séries. Le pyrophosphate est présent dans les 4 compartiments du cristal. Le traitement du cristal avec le pyrophosphate provoque une diminution nette du phosphate échangeable et deux des quatre compartiments disparaissent totalement. Les données quantitatives suggèrent une substitution de 2 moles d'orthophosphate par mole de pyrophosphate. Le pyrophosphate n'a pas d'effet net sur la distribution et les échanges de calcium. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur les effets d'inhibition du pyrophosphate sur la formation et la dissolution des cristaux d'apatite sont discutées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Pyrophosphat auf die Verteilung und die Austauschrate von Calcium und Phosphat in Hydroxyapatitkristallen wurde untersucht. Das Verschwinden von45Ca,32P [Pi] und32P [PPi] aus der Lösung und die Anlagerung dieser Ionen auf den Kristallen wurde anhand eines Kompartiment-Modelles studiert. Die Verschwinde-Kurven wurden durch die Summe von 4 Exponentiellen beschrieben und mittels einem Modell von 4 Kompartimenten in Serie interpretiert. Wurde der Lösung Pyrophosphat zugesetzt, so war es in allen 4 Kompartimenten vorhanden. Ferner entstand eine starke Verminderung des austauschbaren Phosphates, wobei 2 der 4 Kompartimente vollständig verschwanden und 2 Mode Orthophosphat mit 1 Mol Pyrophosphat ausgetauscht wurden. Pyrosphosphat hatte keine nennenswerte Wirkung auf die Verteilung und die Flüsse des Calciums. Diese Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit der Hemmwirkung des Pyrophosphates bei der Bildung und Auflösung von Apatitkristallen besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pyrophosphate on the distribution and the rates of exchange of calcium and phosphate in hydroxyapatite crystals was studied. Analysis of disappearance of45Ca,32P [Pi] and32P [PPi] from the solution onto the crystals was performed using a compartmental model. The disappearance curves were described by the sum of 4 exponentials, which was interpreted as a four-compartment model in series. Pyrophosphate was present in all the four pools of the crystals. Treatment of crystal with pyrophosphate led to a large decrease of exchangeable phosphate, and two of the four compartments disappeared completely. The quantitative data suggest a replacement of 2 moles of orthophosphate by 1 mole of pyrophosphate. Pyrophosphate had no appreciable effect on the distribution and the fluxes of calcium. The implications of these results for the inhibitory effects of pyrophosphate on the formation and dissolution of apatite crystals are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 48-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Salivary proteins ; Adsorption ; Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; Hydroxyapatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were conducted to investigate the factors determining the adsorption of salivary macromolecules onto hydroxyapatite. Using amino acids and other small adsorbates, it was determined that the carboxyl attached to the α carbon does not appear to adsorb onto HA and the affinities of side-chain carboxyls are much smaller than that of the phosphate group (phosphoserine). Hydroxyl (serine) displays an extremely high affinity, but its adsorption site on HA is different and the number of such sites is much smaller than found for the rest of the functional groups investigated. It is shown that the information obtained from small molecules cannot be readily applied to prediction of the adsorption behavior of salivary macromolecules and polypeptides. The kinetics of adsorption of the salivary phosphopeptide statherin, a polyaspartate, and the salivary prolinerich phosphoprotein PRP3 are consistent with the reversibility of the adsorption process; no conclusion was possible in the case of the protein PRP1. Apparent irreversibility cannot be explained on the basis of multipoint binding or the properties of the carboxyl versus phosphate group; it appears that secondary structure determines to a significant extent the adsorption properties of the macromolecules. Calculation of the thermodynamic molar quantities of adsorption of PRP1, PRP3, andl-ASP onto HA showed that the process is entropically driven. The functional relationship between partial molar entropy and adsorption coverage is similar for the two proteins, but quite different from that for aspartate. Explanations for these results are advanced on the bases of changes in structure configurations and displacement of water from the adsorbate and the adsorbent surface, the second factor being the dominant one in the adsorption of a small molecule such asl-ASP.
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  • 47
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    Calcified tissue international 6 (1970), S. 81-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Collagen ; Kinetics ; Matrix ; Ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail montre que les fibres contenant du collagène, et provenant de tendons de boeuf, induisent le dépôt d'ions calcium et phosphates à partir de solutions stables. Il se forme ainsi une phase minérale, liée à la matrice, qui participe aux réactions d'échange avec45Ca2+ et32P-HPO 4 2 -, présents dans la phase soluble. Les vitesses d'échange et le dépôt au niveau de la matrice augmentent lorsque la quantité de minéral lié est augmentée. Cependant, à des concentrations élevées de minéral lié, la vitesse de dépôt du calcium matriciel tend à approcher une valuer limite, indiquant la présence d'un facteur de limitation, ou d'une étape faisant intervenir l'ion calcium, qui ne participe pas à la réaction d'échange du calcium. Ces études montrent aussi que les inhibiteurs de la réaction générale de calcification peuvent être définies par leurs effects différents sur l'échange et le dépôt de l'ion matriciel. Une fraction peptidique acide, dérivée de l'urine, et l'acide méthylène-diphosphonique inhibent la calcification matriciel ainsi que les deux réactions d'échange, alors que Mg2+ et F− inhibent la calcification matricielle, mais n'inhibent pas les réactions d'échange. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les réactions d'échanges ne sont pas liés à la réversibilité du mécanisme de la calcification matricielle, mais constituent une réaction d'équilibre indépendante d'ions mobiles de la phase minérale liée avec ceux de la phase soluble.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Diese Untersuchung zeigt, daß collagenhaltige, aus Rindersehnen gewonnene Fasern die Aufnahme von Calcium- und Phosphationen aus stabilen Lösungen veranlassen; dadurch entsteht eine an die Matrix gebundene Mineralphase, welche an Austauschreaktionen mit in der löslichen Phase vorliegenden45Ca2+- und32P-HPO 4 2 -Ionen teilnimmt. Es zeigte sich, daß die Geschwindigkeit von Austausch und effektiver Aufnahme bei Erhöhung der gebundenen Mineralmenge zunahm. Ist jedoch viel Mineral gebunden, so hat die effektive Calcium-aufnahmegeschwindigkeit die Tendenz, einen Grenzwert zu erreichen, was die Beteiligung einer geschwindigkeitsbegrenzenden Stelle oder Stufe vermuten läßt, wobei das an der Calcium-austauschreaktion nicht teilnehmende Calciumion einbezogen wird. Diese Untersuchungen zeigen auch, daß Inhibitoren der gesamten Verkalkungsreaktion im Hinblick auf ihre unterschiedlichen Wirkungen auf Austausch und effektive Ionenaufnahme charakterisiert werden können. Eine saure Peptidfraktion aus Urin sowie Methylendiphosphonate hemmen die effektive Verkalkung und zudem beide Austauschreaktionen, während Mg2+ und F− wohl die effektive Verkalkung, aber nicht die Austauschreaktionen hemmen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die Austauschreaktionen nicht auf der Reversibilität des effektiven Verkalkungsvorgangs beruhen, sondern daß sie ein unabhängiges Gleichgewicht zwischen mobilen Ionen der gebundenen Mineralphase und der löslichen Phase darstellen.
    Notes: Abstract This investigation demonstrates that collagen-containing fibers derived from beef tendon will induce the uptake of calcium and phosphate ions from stable solutions to form a matrix-bound mineral phase that will participate in exchange reactions with45Ca2+ and32P-HPO 4 2 -present in the soluble phase. The rates of exchange and net uptake were found to be increased by increasing the amount of bound mineral. However, at elevated levels of bound mineral the rate of net calcium uptake tends to approach a limiting value, suggesting the involvement of a rate-limiting site or step involving the calcium ion that does not participate in the calcium exchange reaction. These studies also reveal that inhibitors of the overall calcification reaction can be characterized with respect to their differential effects on exchange and net ion uptake. An acidic peptide fraction derived from urine and methylenediphosphonic acid inhibit net calcification as well as both exchange reactions whereas Mg2+ and F− inhibit net calcification but do not inhibit the exchange reactions. These results indicate that the exchange reactions are not due to the reversibility of the net calcification reaction but constitute an independent equilibration of mobile ions of the bound mineral phase with those of the soluble phase.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 243-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; 47Calcium ; Kinetics ; Ekman-Lobstein Disease
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 299-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Lactation ; Strontium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de dépôt du calcium et l'ampleur du calcium total échangeable sont déterminés chez le rat entre le 12ème et 17ème jour de lactation, après une injection intrapéritonéale unique de47Ca et85Sr. L'activité spécifique du sérum et la rétention des deux isotopes radioactifs dans l'organisme entier et le tibia (diaphyse et épiphyses) sont déterminées. L'analyse des résultats est réalisée à l'aide du modèle cinétique de Bauer à un compartiment unique. C'est ainsi qu'on observe une diminution du taux de dépôt et une augmentation du calcium total échangeable pendant la lactation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit der Calciumzunahme und die Größe des austauschbaren Calciumpools wurde bei Ratten zwischen dem 12. und 17. Tag der Lactation nach einer einmaligen intraperitonealen Injektion von47Ca und85Sr bestimmt. Die spezifische Aktivität beider radioaktiven Isotopen im Serum und ihre Retention im ganzen Körper und in der Tibia (Schaft und Epiphysen) wurden bestimmt. Das kinetische Modell von Bauer für ein Kompartiment wurde für die Datenanalyse verwendet. Die Resultate zeigen eine Verminderung der Zunahmegeschwindigkeit und eine Erhöhung des austauschbaren Calciumpools bei laktierenden Tieren, verglichen mit unbegatteten Ratten.
    Notes: Abstract The calcium accretion rate and the size of the exchangeable calcium pool was determined in rats between the 12th and 17th day of lactation after a single intraperitoneal injection of47Ca and85Sr. The serum specific activity and the retention of both radioactive isotopes in the whole body and tibia (shaft and ends) was determined. The single compartment kinetic model by Bauer was used for the analysis of data. The results show a decrease in the accretion rate and an increase in the exchangeable calcium pool in lactating rats as compared to unmated animals.
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen tube ; Kinetics ; Hydrodynamics ; Agapanthus sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In vitro pollen germination of Agapanthus umbellatus follows a logistic-type curve. It has a lag phase, which corresponds to pollen grain (PG) hydration, followed by an exponential phase — initial pollentube (PT) growth. The lag phase is characterized by an increase of about 40% in the volume of the PG as a result of the hydration process. During the exponential phase the PT emerges, and 40 min later it possesses an ultrastructural organization with a typical two-layer wall and four well-defined zones: the apical, sub-apical, nuclear and vacuolar zones. In this period the material transported by the Golgi vesicles seems to be mostly incorporated into the pollen-tube wall (PTW). Stereological analysis showed that the increase in tube volume is correlated with the increase in the vacuolar compartment at the PG level. The decrease in the relative volume occupied by the mitochondria, generative cell and vegetative nucleus in the PG suggests that these organelles move to the PT. A correlation between the disappearance of lipid droplets in the lag phase and the metabolic reactions that take place during hydration is suggested.
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    European biophysics journal 21 (1993), S. 403-408 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Anion channel ; Guard cell ; Stilbene derivatives ; Voltage dependence ; Gating ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An anion channel in the plasma membrane of guard cells (GCAC1) provides a regulatory element for the voltage-dependent release of anions during stomatal closure (Keller et al. 1989) as well as excitability (Hedrich et al. 1990). Recognition sites for plant growth hormones on the extracellular surface of GCAC1 further indicate that this channel may also serve as a transduction element in hormone signaling (Marten et al. 1991 a). Stilbene derivatives were used to study the inhibitor-structure channel-function relationship of GCAC1. We have analyzed the activity, voltage-gate and kinetics of this channel as affected by stilbenes. The stilbene derivatives SITS and DNDS caused a shift in activation potential and a decrease in the peak current amplitude. Channel block through the action of DIDS, on the other hand, was not accompanied by a shift in voltage-dependence. Differences in the dose-dependence of the two effects give clues to the presence of channel sites responsible for gate-shifting and block. The ability to inhibit anion currents (Kd) increased in the sequence: SITS (4 µM) 〈 DNDS (0.5 µM) 〈 DIDS (0.2 µM). All inhibitors reversibly blocked the anion channel from the extracellular side. Channel block on the level of single anion-channels is characterized by a reduction of long open-transitions into flickering bursts and a decrease in channel amplitude.
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    European biophysics journal 8 (1981), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Light-scattering ; Flash photometry ; Kinetics ; Visual transduction ; Biomembranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recent development of kinetic light-scattering and -absorption photometry is described. Essential points are: 1) In the scattering experiment, amplitude resolution of 2 · 10−5 (single flash) by application of a differential detector, stability of the same magnitude due to optical compensation, high intensity at the detector due to special optics for the scattered light and semiconductor sources. 2) In the absorption measurement, elimination of scattering contributions by the dual wavelength-method and by high aperture optics. 3) Simultaneous measurement of absorption and scattering. The application of the method is described in using signals from isolated bovine rod outer segments. A reliable procedure is described by the use of which the originally measured light-scattering effects can be split up into single signals. The method allows comparative kinetic analysis of absorption and scattering signals. The possible causal connections between pigment and membrane structure processes can be selected.
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    European biophysics journal 9 (1983), S. 145-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Viroids ; Thermodynamics ; Kinetics ; Hydrodynamics ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viroids are an independent class of plant pathogens which are distinguished from viruses by the absence of a protein coat and by their unusually small size. They are single-stranded circular RNAs composed of about 360 nucleotide residues. Sequence analysis and physicochemical studies of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) have shown that, as a result of intra-molecular base pairing, viroids form a unique rod-like secondary structure which is characterized by a serial arrangement of double-helical sections and internal loops. There is no indication for an additional tertiary structure because all parts of the molecule are freely accessible to ligand interaction. During the denaturation all of the native base pairs of viroids are dissociated in one highly cooperative transition, and in the same process very stable hairpins which are not present in the native structure are newly formed. Most of the properties of the structure and structural transitions of PSTV have been found also in citrus exocortis viroid, chrysanthemum stunt viroid and four different viroid-like RNAs associated with the cadang-cadang disease. The close similarity between these viroids is more expressed in the overall structure and in thermodynamic and functional domains than in the primary sequence. The stiffness of all viroids can be described by an unique persistence length of 300 å. Characteristically, regions of premelting, regions of stable hairpins, and the sequence UACUACCCGGUGG which is opposite to one of the stable hairpins, are the most conservative sequences in the molecules. Current hypotheses about the function of viroids are discussed on the basis of their structural and thermodynamic features. The suggestion that viroid RNA has features similar to DNA has been supported by the finding that they are replicated in vitro by the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II of the host plant. The highly conserved sequence in viroids mentioned above corresponds very closely to a segment at the 5′-end of the small nuclear RNA U1 of eukaryotes. Because this segment is discussed in recent models, to be involved in the splicing process, a hypothesis is proposed in which viroids interfere with the splicing process leading to a pathogenic misregulation of mRNA processing.
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    European biophysics journal 18 (1990), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Sodium current ; Potassium current ; Voltage-clamp ; Squid axons ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Activation kinetics of the sodium and potassium conductances were re-examined in fresh axons of Loligo forbesi exhibiting very little if any potassium accumulation and a very small leak conductance, special attention being paid to the initial lag phase which precedes the turning-on of the conductances. The axons were kept intact and voltage-clamped at 2–3°C. In all cases, the rising phase of the currents could be fitted with very good accuracy using the Hodgkin-Huxley (1952) equations although, in most cases, the turning-on of the conductance did not coincide with the beginning of the depolarizing test pulse. The delay which separates the change in potential and the turning-on of current (the activation delay) was analyzed quantitatively for different prepulse and pulse potentials. The measured activation delay differed significantly from the delay predicted by the original HH equations. This difference (the ‘non-HH delay’) varied with prepulse and pulse potentials. For the potassium current, the relationship between the non-HH delay and pulse potential for a constant prepulse was bell shaped, the maximum value (0.7 ms for a prepulse to −80 mV) being reached for about 0 mV For this same current, the relationship between the non-HH delay and the prepulse potential for a constant pulse potential was sigmoidal, starting from a minimum value of around 0.5 ms at −100 mV and rising to 5 ms at −15 mV Essentially similar results were obtained for the sodium current although the non-HH delay was three to five times smaller and the dependency upon prepulse potential not significant. These results are in agreement with previous observations on squid axons and frog nodes of Ranvier and suggest that the opening of an ionic channel is preceded by a short but essential voltage-dependent conformational change of the channel protein.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanosarcina thermophila ; Acetate ; Hydrogen ; Kinetics ; K m ; V max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanosarcina thermophila TM-1 produced hydrogen during growth on acetate, maintaining a concentration of approx. 0.3 μM in the culture, corresponding to a hydrogen partial pressure of approx. 40 Pa. Increasing the partial pressure of hydrogen to 250 Pa and more led to a gradually increasing inhibition of acetate metabolism. No growth was observed when the gas phase contained 2000 Pa or more and acetate metabolism did not occur even after prolonged incubation (more than 2 weeks). M. thermophila was capable of limited consumption of hydrogen. Consumption of low concentrations of hydrogen proceeded simultaneously with acetate utilization. The affinity for hydrogen (K m=5 μM) was within the range normally found for hydrogenutilizing methanogens, while the corresponding V max (1.2 μmol hydrogen consumed mg-1 · cells h-1) was orders of magnitude lower.
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  • 56
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    Archives of microbiology 160 (1993), S. 288-294 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cellulase ; Cellulose ; Continuous culture ; Fibrobacter ; Growth yields ; Kinetics ; Rumen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ruminal cellulolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was grown in cellulose-fed continuous culture at 22 different combinations of dilution rate (D, 0.014–0.076 h-1) and extracellular pH (6.11–6.84). Effects of pH and D on the fermentation were determined by subjecting data on cellulose consumption, cell yield, product yield (succinate, acetate, formate), and soluble sugar concentrationto response surface analysis. The extent of cellulose conversion decreased with increasing D. First-order rate constants at rapid growth rates were estimated as 0.07–0.11 h-1, and decreased with decreasing pH. Apparent decreases in the rate constant with increasing D was not due to inadequate mixing or preferential utilization of the more amorphous regions of the cellulose. Significant quantities of soluble sugars (0.04–0.18 g/l, primarily glucose) were detected in all cultures, suggesting that glucose uptake was rather inefficient. Cell yields (0.11–0.24 g cells/g cellulose consumed) increased with increasing D. Pirt plots of the predicted yield data were used to determined that maintenance coefficient (0.04–0.06 g cellulose/g cells · h) and true growth yield (0.23–0.25 g cells/g cellulose consumed) varied slightly with pH. Yields of succinate, the major fermentation endproduct, were as high as 1.15 mol/mol anhydroglucose fermented, and were slightly affected by dilution rate but were not affected by pH. Comparison of the fermentation data with that of other ruminal cellulolytic bacteria indicates that F. succinogenes S85 is capable of rapid hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose and efficient growth, despite a lower μmax on microcrystalline cellulose.
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    Archives of microbiology 139 (1984), S. 28-32 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Phosphate ; Uptake ; Kinetics ; Regulation ; Pulse ; Steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study phosphate uptake kinetics the cyanobacteriumOscillatoria agardhii was grown in continuous culture under a phosphorus limitation. The affinity of the uptake system reflected in the initial slope of the uptake rate versus external substrate concentration curve (dV/ds) was found to be unaffected by the growth wate. The maximum phosphate uptake rate (V m ) decreased as the growth rate was increased. Attempts were made to relate the decrease ofV m to the increase in phosphorus content of the cells that occurred a higher growth rates. Accumulation of phosphate during pulse experiments indeed resulted in a decrease ofV m . However feedback regulation ofV m by accumulated phosphorus was found to occur only to a small extent in steady state growing cells. The main part of the regulation of the activity of the phosphate uptake system seemingly is determined by a long term process that is, at least longer than 2 h. The presence of short term feedback inhibition by accumulated phosphorus on the activity of the uptake system provides an explanation of the phenomenon thatOscillatoria agardhii is not able to grow at nearμ max growth rates under a phosphorus limitation.
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    Transport in porous media 6 (1991), S. 703-737 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Diffusion Shrinking core ; Exposure ; Scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Non-equilibrium between the composition of the soil solution and of the sorption sites on the solid matrix of soil may be due to mass transfer resistances and to slow chemical kinetics of elementary or complex reactions. Different mechanistic models have been used to describe the rate of change of the soil solution composition due to sorption, using a good description of experimental results to draw conclusions with respect to the mechanisms involved. Assuming a mono-solute description to be appropriate, some similarities and differences between overall first order kinetics and two mechanistic diffusion-sorption kinetics models are considered. Empirical first order reaction rates can often be fitted well within experimental error on the solutions for the mechanistic diffusion-sorption models. For one of the mechanistic models (unreacted shrinking core) the behaviour is shown when the reactive solid particle size is exponentially distributed. This model can be recast into a semi-empirical model that allows scaling of reaction time, as its concentration dependence differs from the two other models. This is illustrated with an example taken from metallurgical engineering. Another difference is the effect of nonequilibrium on the solute front in an ideal plug flow reactor. For sorption according to the shrinking core model displacement may lead to a non-Fickian front, as front spreading does not grow with the square root of time. For the two other sorption models Fickian type of displacement results for large enough displacement distances.
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    Journal of biomolecular NMR 2 (1992), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: Amide proton ; Exchange rate ; Kinetics ; NOE ; Cross-relaxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A model is proposed to evaluate the rate of exchange between the amide protons of proteins and the solvent water molecules. Using this model we determined the extent of the error for the chemical exchange rate constant when cross relaxation was neglected; both selective inversion and saturation-transfer techniques were evaluated. Furthermore, the fluctuations in the NOE intensities were determined when the exchange rate was varied.
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    The journal of membrane biology 142 (1994), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Na+/glucose cotransporter ; Xenopus oocytes ; Phenylglucosides ; Voltage clamp ; Kinetics ; Molecular modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phenylglucosides are transported by the intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) and phlorizin, the classical competitive inhibitor of SGLT1, is also a phenylglucoside. To investigate the structural requirements for binding of substrates to SGLT1, we have studied the interactions between phenylglucosides and the cotransporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes using tracer uptake and electrophysiological methods. Some phenylglucosides inhibited the Na+-dependent uptake of 14C-α-methyl-d-glucopyranoside (αMDG) with apparent K is in the range 0.1 to 20 mm, while others had no effect. Electrophysiological experiments indicated that phenylglucosides can act either as: (1) transported substrates, e.g., arbutin; (2) nontransported inhibitors, e.g., glucosylphenyl-isothiocyanate; or (3) noninteracting sugars, e.g., salicin. The transported substrates (glucose, arbutin, phenylglucoside and helicin) induced different maximal currents, and computer simulations showed that this may be explained by a difference in the translocation rates of the sugar and Na+-loaded transporter. Computational chemistry indicated that all these β-phenylglucosides have similar 3-D structures. Analysis showed that among the side chains in the para position of the phenyl ring the -OH group (arbutin) facilitates transport, but the-NCS (glucosylphenyl-isothiocyanate) inhibits transport. In the ortho position, -CH2OH (salicin) prevents interaction, but the aldehyde (helicin) permits the molecule to be transported. Studies such as these may help to understand the geometry and nature of glucoside binding to SGLT1.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Cell-attached patch-clamp technique ; (single) Cl− channel activity ; Voltage dependence ; Action potential ; Chara ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The plasma membrane of Chara corallina was made accessible for patch pipettes by cutting a small window through the cell wall of plasmolyzed internodal cells. With pipettes containing Cl− as Ca2+ or Ba2+ (50 or 100 mm), but not as Mg2+ or K+ salt, it was possible to record in the cell-attached mode for long periods with little channel activity, randomly interspersed with intervals of transient activation of two Cl− channel types (cord conductance at +50 mV: 52 and 16 pS, respectively). During these periods of transient channel activity, variable numbers (up to some 10) of the two Cl− channel types activated and again inactivated over several 100 msec in a coordinated fashion. Transient Cl channel activity was favored by voltages positive of the free running membrane voltage (〉 −45 mV); but positive voltage alone was neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for activtion of these channels. Neither type of Cl− channel was markedly voltage dependent. A third, nonselective 4 pS channel is a candidate for Ca2+ translocation. The activity of this channel does not correlate in time with the transient activity of the Cl− channels. The entire set of results is consistent with the following microscopic mechanism of action potentials in Chara, concerning the role of Ca2+ and Cl− for triggering and time course: Ca2+ uptake does not activate Cl− channels directly but first supplies a membrane-associated population of Ca2+ storage sites. Depolarization enhances discharge of Ca2+ from these elements (none or few under the patch pipette) resulting in a local and transient increase of free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) at the inner side of the membrane before being scavenged by the cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffer system. In turn, the transient rise in [Ca2+]cyt causes the transient activity of those Cl− channels, which are more likely to open at an elevated Ca2+ concentration.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 469-473 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Pollen anther ; Esterase ; Male ; sterility ; Restorer genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary During anther development, characterized in maize plants with N cytoplasm, certain esterase isozymes in non-microspore cells decrease in amount with anther age and new isozymes appear in the developing microspores. In anthers from male sterile plants with cms T or cms C cytoplasm, neither of these changes in esterase patterns occurred. In anthers from plants with cms S cytoplasm, the decrease in the esterases of non-microsporogenous cells was observed but not the appearance of microspore esterases. In lines carrying cms S cytoplasm and nuclear restorer genes, esterase changes during anther development were as in normal fertile anthers. These results are discussed with respect to the phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility in the different maize genotypes.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Male ; Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. ; “Globular basophil cells” ; Antiandrogen treatment ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adenohypophysis of the newt Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. shows three types of cells: 1) cells with granules of about 350–550 mμ in diameter, 2) cells with small granules of 200–250 mμ in diameter and globules with a cristal-like arrangement containing cylinders with a diameter of about 960 Å and 3) cells containing small granules only. The AA. discuss the ultrastructural changes of the gland and the modifications of sexual secondary characters (S.S.C.) in animals given Cyproterone acetate (1/2 mg every three days). The animals have been treated for a period of time varying between 3 and 5 months, starting in October-November, when S.S.C. begin to develop again. At the end of the treatment the newths showed a loss of S.S.C., and the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysis resembled that of castrated animals, i.e.: great swelling of R.E.R. and partial degranulation of glycoprotein secreting cells which contain the 200 mμ granules and the globules. The S.E.R. showed also swelling and hyperactivity.
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 20 (1992), S. 517-531 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Ion channel ; Kinetics ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Chaos ; Mathematical model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Models of the gating of ion channels have usually assumed that the switching between the open and closed states is a random process without a mechanistic basis. We explored the properties of a deterministic model of channel gating based on a chaotic dynamic system. The channel is modeled as a nonlinear oscillator, that has a potential function with two minima, which correspond to the stable open and closed states, and is driven by a periodic driving force. The properties of the model are like some properties of single channel data and unlike other properties. The model is like the data in that: the current switches between two well-defined states, this switching is nonperiodic, and there are subconductance states. These subconductance states are subharmonic resonances, due to the nonlinearities in the equation of the model, rather than stable conformational states due to local minima in the potential energy. The model is not like the data in that the current fluctuates too much within in each state and there are sometimes periodic fluctuations within a state. At the present time, the selection of the most appropriate channel model (Markov, chaotic, or other) is not possible, and in addition to chaotic models, other nonlinear models may be suitable.
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 359-381 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alaska ; Ammonium ; Birch ; Forest-floor ; Isotopedilution ; Kinetics ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analysis was conducted of nitrogen dynamics in the forest floor of a paper birch forest in subarctic Alaska. Low addition levels of high enrichment isotope (〈1% of the total nitrogen pool with 95 to 99 atom percent excess15N) and isotope dilution analysis, were used to establish the kinetics of nitrogen flow. The pools examined were NH4, NO3+NO2, soluble organic-N and forest floor organic matter. This approach allows a more realistic assessment of rates of N movement at the levels of nitrogen concentration encountered in natural systems.
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 399-417 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) ; Kinetics ; Lead ; River-mud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of several factors on the rate and the capacity of lead adsorption by river-mud were studies. These factors included the concentration of mud, the concentration of lead, the organic matter content of mud, pH, time of adsorption, temperature and agitation. The reaction order of the adsorption process with respect to lead and the type of adsorption were determined. Also, indications of the rate-limiting step were discussed and an empirical equation describing the adsorption of lead on river-mud was developed.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Cadmium ; Heavy metals ; Kinetics ; Lead ; Nitrification ; Perfusion incubations ; Polluted soils ; Selection ; Toxicity ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sensitivity of the mineralization of nitrogen by a range of soils contaminated with heavy metals (up to 340 μg Cd g−1, 7500 μg Pb g−1 and 34000 μg Zn g−1) to the addition of heavy metals in solution were studied using pot incubations (ammonification) and a soil perfusion technique (nitrification). The ammonification of peptone showed little correlation between treatments with Cd, Zn (1000 and 5000 μg g−1) and Pb (10000 and 20000 μg g−1) and origin of the soil. Nitrification was considerably more sensitive to heavy metals than ammonification. All the soils had active, often large, populations of ammonifying and nitrifying organisms which showed substantial similarities between the soils. The rate of nitrifying activity (NO3−N production) was logrithmic in most cases. The presence of tolerant populations of nitrifying organisms in the contaminated soils was demonstrated. Tolerance was also eventually acquired after a longer lag phase, by the non-contaminated soil populations although the rate of activity was often reduced. Metals added in solution were adsorbed by the soil within 4 hours. Differences in toxicity between metal salts (chlorides, sulphates and acetate) were attributed to the amount left in solution. However, in many instances, acetate was found to stimulate all the stages in the mineralisation of nitrogen.
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    Journal of statistical physics 30 (1983), S. 219-241 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kinetics ; phase transitions ; nucleation ; lattice gas ; Becker-Doring equations ; clusters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for calculating from first principles the coefficients in the Becker-Döring equations for the rate of change of the distribution of cluster sizes in a low-density lattice gas with Kawasaki dynamics. The method depends on solving a diffusion problem for the concentration of particles near a given cluster. The coefficients are calculated for cluster sizes up to 6, on a simple cubic lattice at a temperature 0.59 times the critical temperatures, and extrapolated to larger sizes. The resulting version of the Becker-Doring equations is then solved numerically. Comparison with the results of a computer simulation (at overall concentration 0.075) carried out by Kalos and others indicates that the method gives quite good predictions of the dependence of the cluster distribution on the critical cluster size (usually denoted by l*) but that the predicted rate of change of critical cluster size with time is too small, at this overall concentration, by a factor of about 0.3.
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    Journal of statistical physics 34 (1984), S. 399-426 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Kinetics ; Becker-Doring equations ; clusters ; computer simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We make a quantitative comparison between the predictions of the Becker-Döring equations and computer simulations on a model of a quenched binary A-B alloy. The atoms are confined to the vertices of a simple cubic lattice, interact through attractive nearest neighbor interactions, and move by interchanges of nearest neighbor pairs (Kawasaki dynamics). We study in particular the time evolution of the number of clusters of A atoms of each size, at four different concentrations: ρA=0.035, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 atoms per lattice site. The temperature is 0.59 times the critical temperature. At this temperature the equilibrium concentration of A atoms in the B-rich phase is ρ A eq =0.0145 atoms/lattice site. The coefficients entering the Becker-Döring equations are obtained by extrapolation from previously published low-density calculations, leaving the time scale as the only adjustable parameter. We find good agreement at the three lower densities. At 10% density the agreement is, as might be expected, less satisfactory but still fairly good-indicating a quite wide range of utility for the Becker-Döring equations.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 635-646 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Gills ; Ions ; Acid-base ; Kinetics ; Intracellular pH ; Trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The novel application of a two-substrate model (Florini and Vestling 1957) from enzymology to transport kinetics at the gills of freshwater trout indicated that Na+/acidic equivalent and Cl-/basic equivalent flux rates are normally limited by the availability of the internal acidic and basic counterions, as well as by external Na+ and Cl- levels. Adult rainbow trout fitted with dorsal aortic and bladder catheters were chronically infused (10–16 h) with isosmotic HCl to induce a persistent metabolic acidosis. Acid-base neutral infusions of isosmotic NaCl and non-infused controls were also performed. Results were compared to previous data on metabolic alkalosis in trout induced by either isosmotic NaHCO3 infusion or recovery from environmental hyperoxia (Goss and Wood 1990a, b). Metabolic acidosis resulted in a marked stimulation of Na+ influx, no change in Cl- influx, positive Na+ balance, negative Cl- balance, and net H+ excretion at the gills. Metabolic alkalosis caused a marked inhibition of Na+ influx and stimulation of Cl- influx, negative Na+ balance, positive Cl- balance, and net H+ uptake (=base excretion). Mean gill intracellular pH qualitatively followed extracellular pH. Classical one-substrate Michaelis-Menten analysis of kinetic data indicated that changes in Na+ and Cl- transport during acid-base disturbance are achieved by large increases and decreases in Jmax, and by increases in Km. However, one-substrate analysis considers only external substrate concentration and cannot account for transport limitations by the internal substrate. The kinetic data were fitted successfully to a two-substrate model, using extracellular acid-base data as a measure of internal HCO 3 - and H+ availability. This analysis indicated that true Jmax values for Na+/acidic equivalent and Cl-/basic equivalent transport are 4–5 times higher than apparent Jmax values by one-substrate analysis. Flux rates are limited by the availability of the internal counterions; transport Km values for HCO 3 - and H+ are far above their normal internal concentrations. Therefore, small changes in acid-base status will have large effects on transport rates, and on apparent Jmax values, without alterations in the number of transport sites. This system provides an automatic, negative feedback control for clearance or retention of acidic/basic equivalents when acid-base status is changing.
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    Chromatographia 36 (1993), S. 79-82 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Tinidazole ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method herein described allows the simultaneous determination of the hydrolysis kinetics of tinidazole and the formation kinetics of the hydrolysis products. Tinidazole is easily hydrolysed under basic conditions at raised temperature. The rate varies with the pH and the temperature of the solution, and the decomposition follows apparent first-order kinetics. The Arrheinius equation can be used to describe the effect of temperature on the half-life.
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  • 72
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25147 | 18721 | 2018-08-26 16:54:41 | 25147 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: This investigation carried out for the first time in Iran inorder to prodcution of monosex female and also sterilization in Rainbow trout. In this study, the eggs of general females were fertilized with the sperm of sex reversed male and so monosex female population was produced in second generation and sterilization carried out with oral administration of 17α methy 1 testosterone and immenrsion and oral administiration methods were used in embryonic stage and from commencing of acitve feeding of larvae, respectiverly. For sex reversal , 13 treatments were considered totally, that the most percentage of male (100%) was observedc in a treatment including of orally administration of 0.5 ppm hormone for 60 days after commencing active feeding (P〈0.001). In the other treamtnet, different percentages of sex ratio including male, female, intersex and sterility were observed. The offspring of genral eggs fertilization with the sperm of masculinized fish were 100% female, chisquare test was shown the treatment of orally administration of 30 ppm hormone for 120 days after commencing active feeding that had been considered for sterilization, was produced 90% sterile fish (P〈0.001) and was changed the sex ratio significancthy. Morphological changes of the gonads and sperm ducts in matured fish and also histological changes in the gonads of fish in the treamtints were considerable.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Monosex ; Female ; Male ; Sterilization ; Rainbow trout ; Eggs ; Fertilized ; Sperm ; Population ; Sex ; Fish ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Rainbow trout
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25193 | 18721 | 2018-09-03 17:21:38 | 25193 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Aquaculture for human consuming species is being considered as the first substitution of catching aquatic species due to increase of human population and decrease of wild aquatic stocks. In this study, the hybrid sturgeon Bester (female beluga x male sterlet) was produced for the first time in Iran. Sperm of 1.35 kg male Acipenser ruthenus was used to fertilize the eggs of 125 kg female Huso huso in Shahid Marjani Sturgeon propagation center (Agh Ghala, Golestan province). The fries of bester and control treatment of beluga were transported to International Sturgeon Research Institute (Rasht) after about one month by reaching to 490 mg and 377 mg of weight respectively. All fishes fed by artificial concentrated food (48-50% protein and 15-17% fat) after a period of feeding with Artemia and Daphnia. Sorting was carried out according to increase of fish weight for both fishes. Results showed that the imported sterlet spawners were not at the high maturation stages and especially the males had not suitable sperm quality. It showed that up to 2 months of age , these was no significant difference between bester and beluga weight but from this age up to 2 months of age the weight of beluga was greater. Meanwhile from 2 months old up to the end of the study (21 months) the weight of bester sample was significantly greater than beluga. The comparison of FCR for the whole rearing period showed no difference between bester and beluga (2.4 and 2.3 respectively). In general, the increase and decrease pattern of GR and SGR were coincided to each other, but showed monthly differences. Growth rate (GR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of bester were greater than beluga from 4th and 3rd month of rearing period respectively.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Golestan Province ; Aquaculture ; Beluga ; Sterlet ; Bester ; Growth Rate ; Aquatic ; Species ; Population ; Female ; Male ; Acipenser ruthenus ; Huso huso ; Sturgeon ; Artemia
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25836 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 10:31:51 | 25836 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: The most important habitats of mudskippers are muddy areas in tidal zone of tropical mangrove forests. Mudskippers are related to Oxudercinae subfamily of Gobiid fishes. Three most distributed species of Hormozgan mudskippers were Periophthalmus waltoni, Boleophthalmus dussumieri and Scartelaos tenuis. These fishes can be considered as euryhaline and eurythermal aquatic species, because they can tolerate a wide range of salinity and temperature. A research was done since september 2008 to september 2009 in two important mangrove regions of Hormuzgan (Tyab and Khamir) to determine some ecological characteristics of inhabited mudskipper species. Results showed that nitrate levels are significantly different between tidal lines and seasons (P〈0.05). Maximum nitrite concentrations were recorded 53.2 and 92.5 µg/l in Khamir and Tyab respectively. The annual correlation matrix showed that a positive correlation between phosphate concentration and nitrite and silicate (P〈0.05). Silicate concentration was very high, because of too low density of diatoms and radiolarians. Some species of diatoms, dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria and larvae of crustacea and echinoderms were observed with different density and diversity. Sediment composition of the studied areas were categorized in three classes (clay, sand and clay - sand). Polychaetes formed dominant group of benthic fauna in Tyab and Khamir areas. High density of capitellid worms was possibly related to some environmntal stress caused by activity of fishing and cargo vessels. It was not observed significant difference between fishes length in two areas (P〈0.05); Mean lengths of P. waltoni, B. dussumieri and S. tenuis were calculated 9.85, 14.7 and 11.5 cm respectively. Spawning period of each three species in both areas were obtained from late winter to late spring based on gonadosomatic index values. Male to female sex ratio of P. waltoni, B. dussumieri and S. tenuis were calculated 1:0.45, 1:0.41and 1:0.74 respectively. Absolute fecundity of P. waltoni, B. dussumieri and S. tenuis were estimated 3558 ± 2202, 3952 ± 1030 and 6742 ± 1939 respectively. P. waltoni feeds mainly on fiddler crab, S. tenuis uses crustaceans and gastropods and B. dussumieri has a vegetarian diet.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Iran ; Persian Gulf ; Hormozgan Province ; Mudskippers ; Ecology ; Periophthalmus waltoni ; Boleophthalmus dussumieri ; Scartelaos tenuis ; Female ; Male ; Benthic fauna
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25845 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 08:35:24 | 25845 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Biological characteristics of Liza klunzingeri were studied in two coastal areas, Sajaphi and Bahrekan, of eastern Khuzestan during March to February 2007. Among total 1880 measured fish specimens, 947 specimens were analyzed. The mean value of Gonado-somatic Index (GSI) for the male and female fish were calculated as 0.96± 1.39 and 3.25 ± 3.26 respectively. The GSI value was highest in November and lowest in July. The mean value of condition factor (K) was 1.25± 0.14 in male and 1.21± 0.15 for female. The highest K value were observed in June and the lowest value in February. The lenght at first maturity regardless of sexuality, was found to be 14.5 cm and the time of spawning based on reproduction pattern were determined in Nov- Dec. The length-weight relationship were calculated as Y=0.024L^2.76 (n=226R2=0.72) for males, Y=0.011L^3.00 (n=444R2= 0.78) for females and Y=0.0208L^2.82 (n=670R2 =0.82) for total fishes and also it’s found significant in level length weight relationship in (P〈0.05). According to biological characteristics and referring to American fisheries society (AFS) indices and Fuzzy logic expert system, Lize klunzingeri is classified as low vulnerable species.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Khuzestan province ; Sajaphi ; Bahrekan ; Lize klunzinger ; Gonado-somatic Index ; GSI ; Condition factor ; Biological characteristics ; Female ; Male ; Specimens ; Fisheries
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25270 | 18721 | 2018-09-07 07:54:06 | 25270 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Sampling of Astacus leptodactylusc were conducted in order to determination of biometrical and biological parameters suchas length, weight, sex ratio, fecundity and natural reproduction time. Two transect were selected at 49 34 and 49 36 geographical position on east Caspian Sea near to Anzali city. Metallic folding trap with Silurus glanis as attractive diet were used to catch Astacus leptodactylusc at each line the traps were set on depth of 35, 45, 55 and 65 (5 trap at each depth). Random sampling from each depth on tow lin for one year were conducted and the biometry performed on catched Astacus leptodactylusc where their sext uality and their ration were determined for eacd month , season and whole year. Absolute fecundity determined by cooking Astacus leptodactylusc , taking out the ovary weighing and counting them .Working fecundity assesed by separating eggs from their swiming leges while enomerate all egg . Complete randomized test of ANOVA for analysing the data were employed. The results showed average length and welght were calculated 122/07±1/74mm and 57/96±1/81gr respectively. Average absolute fecundity was 310/22 ±10/72 eggs , average working fecundity was 251/84±8/84 eggs, Average ovary weight was determined 4.31±0.619 gr and average number of eggs in one gr was 74/52±1/53 eggs. The sextual ratio in all year long was 1:1.32. The reproduction season is about seven month from Feburary to July and the moulting of males occurs two times each year. One of time is at May and the other is in September. The female molt thtina as the male start for second time.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Bandar Anzali ; Biology ; Astacus leptodactylus eichwaldi ; Sex ratio ; Fecundity ; Silurus glanis ; ANOVA ; Female ; Male ; Coastal water
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25330 | 18721 | 2018-09-13 12:40:49 | 25330 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Study of survey health management and diseases in hatcheries and fish farms can help us to knowledge and application control methods such as: prevention, treatment and increase high levels of production in hatchery and farms, finally. This survey carried out from 2005 to 2008 for 4 years in sturgeon hatcheries and farms of Golestan province. Sturgeon fishes include Huso Huso, Ship sturgeon, Acipenser persicus collected and for virology, bacteriology, fungius and hematology examined. Also, physicochemical parameters measured and recorded in different stages of culture. Results of this study showed that all of samples in virology was negative and did not observe any doubetful causes. In bacteriology CFU was variation from 3/9 ×105 to 6/9×10. The most parasites that detected in this survey was Cocolanus espherolanus, Sceria binopsulus semiarmatus and Amphilina fuliacea that separates from Acipenser Percicus, especially. The results about hematology parameters some important hematological indices of ship sturgeon include: The total RBC for female and mail specimens measured as 5.3±1.5 ×10^5, 4.8±0.5×10^5 per mm^3 respectively. The amount of haematocrit and hemoglobin for female and mail determined: 34.3±2.8, 35±1.4 percent and 10.3±0.9, 8.9±0.8 gr/dl .The MCV: 216.3± 96.2, 736.5± 102.5, MCH: 720.2±309.5, 186±0.7 and MCHC: 30±0.8, 25.5±3.4 percent respectively.The total WBC were (female, male): 21320±1054, 20580±777 per mm^3 and neutrophil: 16.4±2.5, 17±1.4 percent and lymphocyte: 74.4±2.4, 73.5± 0.7 percent and eosinophil: 6±1.4, 6.4±0.5 percent, monocyte: 2.8±0.8, 3.5±0.7 percent. There was not any significant differences (p〉0.05) between mentioned parameters in male and female (students t-test). Also evaluation of hematological parameters in bluga ( Huso huso) include: total RBC were (male , female) 5±0.3 ×105 , 4.9±0.6 ×105 per mm^3 ,respectively and hematocrit: 33.2±6.7 , 35.4±3.4 percent and hemoglobin: 11.2±1.5 , 12.2±1gr/dl and MCV: 669.9±172.2, 723.9±982.4 and MCH: 226.2±42.5, 249.5±35.4 and MCHC: 34.1±2.4, 34.6±3.6 percent respectively. The totals WBC were (male, female): 24800±707.1, 23042±1375.4 per mm^3 and neutrophil: 18.5±0.7, 21.4±1.1 percent and lymphocyte: 73.5±1.4, 68.4±1.1 percent and eosinophil: 5±2.8, 7±1.2 percent and monocyte: 3.5±3.5, 3.2±0.8 percent. According to statistically study the count of lymphocyte had significant difference between male and female fish and this count in male was higher than female. (p≥0.05).
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Golestan Province ; Mazandaran Province ; Guilan Province ; Fish ; Sturgeon ; Huso huso ; Ship ; Acipenser percicus ; Bacteriology ; Parasitology ; Health management ; Diseases ; Survey ; Aquaculture ; Hatcheries ; Samples ; Sceria binopsulus ; Amphilina fuliacea ; Female ; Male
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25182 | 18721 | 2018-09-03 17:06:03 | 25182 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: The biological aspects of Sepia pharaonis was studied during years 2006-07. The studied area restricted to the Bahrekan in Khouzestan province covering the depths of 2 up to 25m. The sampling methods were gillnet and bottom trawl. A total of 310 specimens collected, of which there wasn’t found any cuttlefish in the study area from July to October (5 months). The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory ashore for further biological measurements consist of: Mantle length, Body weight, sex determination. Gonado-Somatic Index, and determination of Spermatophoric Index, Spawning season, Food preference, Maturity stages and chemical analysis for food value determination. The results showed that the overall sex ratio is about M:F= 2:1 with percentage of 67.41% for males and 32.50% for females. Males are significantly bigger than females with average mantle length (ML) of 233.3 and 269.3 mm for female and male, respectively; with body weight of 1102.3 and 1450.6 g. The mantle length body weight relationship was found W=0.001 ML 2.540 (R2= 0.92) Female as: W= 0.0015 ML 4797 (R2= 0.93) male From point of feeding, the food preferences results indicated that fish is considered as main food, crabs as minor food and other marine organisms such as bivalvia and gastropods as random food. The highest vacuity Index (CV) and empty stomachs was determined for March-April and the lowest value was is December. Also, the maximum GSI was estimated for March-April months in which showing coherrances with the lowest food preference. The maximum spermatophoricfilaments were 856 and 45 for male pharaoh cuttlefish with mantle length of 300 and 185 mm, and on the other hand this values for fecundity were estimated 1589 and 53 for female specimens with 254 and 198 mm mantle length. The spawning season occurs in April- March in which accompany with migration of pharaoh cuttlefish towards shallow waters. The fishing season would be in this period in w.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Khouzestan province ; Bahrekan ; Sepia pharaonis ; Gillnet ; Sampling ; Specimens ; Weight ; Sex ; Gonado-somatic index ; Spawning ; Maturity ; Female ; Male ; Bivalvia ; Gastropods
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25127 | 18721 | 2018-08-26 13:33:35 | 25127 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: The present study was firstly conducted to study the rate of sexual maturity in Nereis diversicolor under suitable conditions of temperature and photoperiod. The second objective was to determine the potential of artificial breeding in these worms for mass culture. Nereis diversicolor worms were collected from the Anzali lagoon in 4000 sampling operations during the year’s 2004 to 2006 using Ekman grab with a surface area of 400 cm2. The water salinity, temperature and total organic matter (TOM) of sediments in the sampling region was recorded. The worms were maintained in 0.5 tons (1 x 1 m^2) tanks containing clayey-muddy sediment to a height of 20 cm covered with 10 cm water (5 ‰) until they reached a weight of 200-300 mg. Sexual maturity in this species was attained at 4-6 ºC and spawning occurred at approximately 16 ºC. The first gametes were observed five weeks after the temperature increased from 6 to 16 ºC. Sexual maturity was studied at various salinities (0.5, 5, 12, and 15 ‰). Results indicate that these worms attained earlier sexual maturity at salinity of 15 ‰, compared to other salinities studied. No significant differences (P〉0.05) were observed between sexual maturity attained at 12 ‰ and 15 ‰. Stocking density (20, 50, 100, 150 worms) was studied in terms of sex and showed that number of females were higher than males and the ratio was 11:1 (female: male). No significant differences (P〉0.05) were observed between the various stocking densities and their replicates. The effect of light and photoperiod in synchronizing reproduction in male and female N. diversicolor was studied. It was evident that reproduction behavior in adult worms increased for a period of one week at the end of each month after they are exposed to a prolonged photoperiod (L:D=16:8) followed by a period of dim light (simulated using 1 W lamps). Feeding trials were carried out with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, formulated fish diets and humus. Results showed that this diet was effective in speeding up sexual maturity in worms and significant effect of treatment was observed (P〈0.05) in worms fed a diet of humus alone. Eggs and sperms were fertilized and worms developed from the young monotrochophore with jelly layer to the trochophore larvae.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Anzali Lagoon ; Reproduction ; Sexual Maturity ; Fertilization ; Nereis Diversicolor ; Culture ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Spawning ; Female ; Male ; Larvae ; Sacchromyces cerevisiae ; Density
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25356 | 18721 | 2018-09-14 07:09:43 | 25356 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of two hormones and an anti-aromatase, i.e. 17a methyl testosterone (MT), methyl di hydrotestosterone (MDHT) or mestanolone and letozole in masculinization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under the condition of brackish water in Bafgh station situated in Yazd province in center of Iran. Each experiment in this study was consisted of 5 treaments with 3 replicates each. A number of 1725 larvaes was distributed randomly among 15 replicates at the beginning of each experiment. Each experiment lasted 45 days and the larvaes were reared in aerated flow-through pots and fiberglass tanks filled with brackish water. The averages for temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of water were 26.9 ê, 8 g/l, 7.6 and 5.78% respectively during this study. In experiment 1, three different doses of 40, 60 and 100 mg MT/k of feed were fed to different groups of 7 day post fertilization (dpf) larvaes for 45 days from the beginning of the experiment. The results showed that the larvaes in 40 mg group were 100 percent masculinized based on squash test performed at the end of the experiment but masculinization rates of those in 60 and 100 mg groups were 99.7 and 96.2 perecent respectively. Based on Dunkan test, total body length and weight averages measured in biometry 3 (at the end of the experiment) were not significantly different among groups but in biometry 2 (30 days after the beginning of experiment), they were significantly lesser only in 40 mg group (P〈0.05). There was significant differences in survival rate of different groups of larvaes in this experiment based on chi-square test (χ=31.166, P〈0.05) and the values in 40 and 100 mg groups (74.5 and 82.9% respectively) were lesser than those in 60 mg, control 1 and control 2 groups (84.3, 89.0 and 87.0 respectively). In experiment 2, masculinization rates of two different groups of larvaes immersed in 1800 µg MDHT/liter once in 10dpf and twice in 10 and 14dpf were 80.0 and 91.9 percent respectively. There were no significant differences in total body length and weight averages measured in biometry 2 between different groups but significant differences were observed in total body length only in biometry 3 (P〈0.05) where the highest values occurred in experiment 1 and control 1 groups and the lowest one in experiment 2. Significant differences observed in survival rate of different groups of larvaes in this experiment based on chi-square test (χ=15.165, P〈0.05) and the rates in experiment 1, control 2 and 3 groups (89.9, 86.4 and 89.9% respectively) were higher than those in experiment 2 and control 1 groups (82.0 and 82.3 respectively). In experiment 3, three different doses of anti-aromatse letrozole (200, 300 and 400 mg/k feed) were fed to different groups of 7 day post fertilization (dpf) larvaes for 45 days from the beginning of the experiment. The larvaes in 400 group .were all masculinized whereas the masculinization rates in 200 and 300 mg groups were 99.0 and 99.6% respectively. There were significant differences in total body length and weight averages measured in biometry 2 and 3 among groups in this experiment (P〈0.05) where the highest and the lowest values occurred in control 2 and experime2 groups respectively. Based on chi-square, the survival rate of different groups was significantly different (χ=41.119, P〈0.05) and the lowest rate occurred in experiment 2 group. No significant differences observed in gender ratios within all control groups in this study based on chi-square test. According to the findings acquired under the condition of brackish water at the present study, it would be potentially recommended to use MT and letrozole for the production of all male populations of Nile tilapia fish in order to provide fish farmers with no harmful environmental impacts on water sources in rivers and seas which occured due to the uncontroled breeding of tilapia. However, more research is needed to draw firm conclusions to use hormones and in especial anti-aromase letrozole because of the shortage of sufficient data in current references.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Yazd province ; Bafgh ; Masculinization ; Nile tilapia ; 17α-methyl testosterone ; Methyl di hydro testosterone ; Mestanolone ; Body weight gain ; Total body lenght ; Brackish water ; Male ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Hormones ; Temperature ; Salinity ; pH ; Dissolved oxygen ; Fertilization ; Survival rate ; Larvae ; Investigation
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25404 | 18721 | 2018-09-20 12:28:18 | 25404 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Population dynamics parameters and exploitation ratio of Jinga Shrimp, Metapenaeus affinis were studied from Sep 2011 to Dec 2011 and data collected from two landing places (Hendijan and Lifee-Bosif). During the project, more than 2200 specimens of jinga shrimp were measured. The mean value of length for the male and female were calculated as 9.8±0.86, 10.24±1.18 and mean value of weight for the male and female was as 6.730±1.64, 8.14±2.90 respectively. The length-weight relation were calculated as TW=0.024TL2.24 (n=1084,R^2=0.71) for males, TW=0.011TL2.80 (n=1081,R^2= 0.81) for females also we found significant different level length-weight relation in P〈0.05. The growth parameters of von Bertalanffy equation were as, L_∞: 14.73 and K: 1.1 and t0: -0.02. The estimated valve of total mortality, natural mortality, fishing mortality and exploitation ratio is Z: 4.35, M: 1.68, F: 2.67, E: 0.61 respectively. By using method analyses knife-edge selection, relative yield per recruitment (Y'/R) :0.014, relative biomass per recruitment, (B'/R) :0.085., Exploitation ratio maximum sustainable yield, Emax : 0.38; biological reference points for Jinga Shrimp stock was calculated. MSY and fmsy value was 600T and 46100day respectively. Result in this study showed exploitation ratio Jinga Shrimp stock is over fishing and decreases exploitation ratio proposed.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Khuzestan province ; Jinga Shrimp ; Population ; Dynamics ; Exploitation ; Tiger tooth Croaker ; Otolithes ruber ; Metapenaeus affinis ; Population ; Male ; Female ; Mortality ; Coastal waters
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25184 | 18721 | 2018-09-03 17:16:24 | 25184 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: During last 65 years the catch of mullets had increasing trends with some fluctuations in the Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea .In this period about 138 thousand tons of mullets have been caught. Mullet’s account for 35% of total catch annually .In recent years species composition of mullets has chanched in the Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea and catch composition of golden grey mullet increased from 76% in 1995 to 98% in 2006. In this survey some biological characteristics of golden grey mullet have been studied in Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea .Fish samples have been gathered from commercial catch of beach seine cooperatives monthly in Iranian coastal water of the Caspian Sea over 2006 and 2007. In the laboratory fishes have been measured biometrically and biological parameters have been calculated .Also catch statistics of mullets during 2006-2007 have been obtained and discussed. Results showed that the catch of mullets in beach seine cooperatives during 2006 and 2007 was 4181 and 3685 tons respectively that golden grey mullet contribute 99% and 98% of the catch composition of mullets respectively. Length range of golden grey mullet caught by beach seine cooperatives was 19-50.2 cm with mean length of 32.7 ± 6.4 (± SD) and weight range was 67-1475 gr with mean weight of 411 ± 255 gr. The age structure of this species was comprised 2-10 years old fish with mean age of 4.42 years old. In this survey totally the sex ratio of male: female of golden grey mullet was 356: 434 that was significant variation from equal sex ratio. Pick of the spawning in Guilan province was in October and in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces was in November. In October the proportion of spawning females declined from western area (Guilan province) towards eastern parts (Golestan province).The highest proportion of spawning females was in December in Golestan province. The highest GSI index value was observed in September and October and it was decreased in November and December and it was consistent during January till April. The mean absolute fecundity was 700881±429987 eggs with minimum and maximum fecundity of 200112 and 2282862 eggs respectively. The Lm 50% for female golden grey mullet was calculated as 33.6 cm.
    Keywords: Biology ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Golestan province ; Guilan province ; Golden grey mullet ; Liza aurata ; Species ; Survey ; Samples ; Male ; Female ; Sex ratio ; Spawning ; GSI ; Fecundity ; Coastal waters
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25202 | 18721 | 2018-09-05 16:22:51 | 25202 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: The Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, is one of the most important bony fishes in Iranian coastal of Caspian Sea. Its harvest range is between 9000-10000 tons in a year, nearly 60% of the income of Bony fish fishery produced by kutum fishery. The stock of this species reduced drastically in 1982 and the catch slumped to the less than 250 tons in a year. Kutum spawning grounds deterioration, illegal catch, and lack of restocking program were the main cause of the decline. This Spices in nature comprised by two distinct form, autumn and spring form. It is worth to be mentioned, by the effect of Caspian Sea Bony fishes Research Center s experts in 1983, artificial spawning and releasing the fries to the sea were commenced and the catch steadily improved. But all activities concerning restocking of kutum concentrated in spring form, as at present about 260 million its fries are released into sea for restocking by Iranian Fisheries Organization, but for above reasons and lack of restocking program, the populations of autumn form gravely shrinked and neared to be extinct. Therefore, to enhance the biodiversity and boost fishers livelihood of kutum in Caspian Sea this project implemented by cooperation of Iranian Fisheries Organization (IFRO) and Caspian Environment Program (CEP) in Aquaculture Institute (Inland Waters). In this project, brooders caught from Anzali lagoon and maintained in two different condition, include of floating cages in Anzali lagoon and earthen ponds in Sefidrud Fisheries Research Station. The results showed that there weren’t significant differences between two maintenance statuses in maturation period and other reproductive characteristics of brooders. The ratio of male to female was 1 to 1.4. Minimum and maximum weight measured 1450 to 3100 g (with average of 1850 g) in female and 670 to 1900 g (with average of 1165 g) in male, respectively. The first natural spawning of brooders occurred in the end of January in temperature of 8 till 10 °C in concrete ponds. Also, some of maintained brooders in earthen ponds spawned in February. The average number of absolute, function and relative fecundity determined 88565 16809, 73805 14008 and 48670 12056, respectively. For artificial spawning, male and female brooders injected by pituitary gland with dose of 2-3 and 4-5 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Approximately, 10 and 8 present of female were over-ripe and immature in March (artificial spawning time), respectively. More than 59 % of injected female brooders induced to spawning in first stage after 10-12 hours and 13 % of them in twice stage and 7-8 hours after first stage. And also, 27.6% of females didn’t positive response to injection. Dry method used for eggs fecundity and incubation period lasted 7- 10 days in 14-16 °C. In totally, eggs fertilization were more than 95% and the average of eggs fertilization percent in throughout of period measured more than 92.7 6 %. Eyed eggs appearance occurred 3 days after fecundity and its mean was 92.7 15.1%. Larvae after yolk sac absorption feed with dry milk for 4-5 days and then introduced into fertilized earthen ponds (500 m2 and equipped to aerators) in intensive condition and fed with micro pellet food for 3-4 month. In finally, more than 1.8 million fries of 1-2 g and some more than 5 g produced and released into Anzali lagoon to its restocking for first time. It is expected that continuing of restocking process of autumn form kutum by Iranian Fisheries Organization eventuate to population increasing of this form in Caspian Sea in future.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Caspian Sea ; Anzali Lagoon ; Sefidrud River ; Artificial propagation ; Culture ; Rutilus frisii kutum ; Kutum ; Bony Fish ; Fishery ; Spawning ; Biodiversity ; Aquaculture ; Brooders ; Fecundity ; Male ; Female ; Population
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  • 84
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/25801 | 18721 | 2018-10-13 08:37:23 | 25801 | Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Publication Date: 2021-07-16
    Description: Due to the usefulness of shrimp broodstock pelleted diets, from aspects of, easier maintenance, transportation, broodstock feeding, and cheaper as compared to natural wet diets, the use of natural wet foods, include sand worm (Perinereis nuntica), cattle fish )Sepia pharaonis) and veal livier decreased and the quantity of pelleted diet increased. Survey was conducted, in tankes with a volume of 300 liters. Tanks were filled with 150 liters of water. 10 broodstock in each tank was left, with an average weight of 37±2 grams. Daily feeding rate, was twenty-five percent of their biomass. The survey was include, 9 treatments with 3 replicates in each tank as described below. Control treatment: broodstock feeding only with, sand worm (33%), cattle fish (34%) and bull livier (33%). Exprimental treatment 1: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 50 percent crude protein and 8 percent crude fat (50%)+sand worm (16 %)+cattle fish (18%)+veal livier (16%). Treatment 2: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 50 percent crude protein and 10 percent crude fat (50 %)+sand worm (16 %)+cattle fish (18%) and veal livier (16%). Treatment 3: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 40 percent crude protein and 10 percent crude fat (50%)+sand worm (16 %)+cattle fish (18 %) and veal livier (16 %). Treatment 4: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 40 percent crude protein and 8 percent crude fat (50 %)+sand worm (16 %)+cattle fish (18 %) and veal livier (16 %). Treatment 5: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 50 percent crude protein and 10 percent crude fat (100 %). Treatment 6: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 50 percent crude protein and 8 percent crude fat (100 %). Treatment 7: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 40 percent crude protein and 10 percent crude fat (100 %). Treatment 8: broodstock feeding with pelleted diet contain 40 percent crude protein and 8 percent crude fat (100%). The results showed that, Gonadosomatic index (GSI) in treatments 3: control and 6, was significantly more than others treatments (p〈0.05). Hepatosomatic indexes, in often treatments was almost equal, and in some cases were significantly different (p〈0.05). In treatments 3 and control, absolute fecundity, was significantly more than others treatment (p〈0.05). The survival percent, in treatment 8 was significantly less than others treatments (p〈0.05). The survival percent in others treatments was not significantly difference (p〉0.05). From the aspect of mean weight of broodstock, wasn’t significant difference in treatments (p〉0.05). From the aspect of mean length of carapac, wasn’t significant difference in treatments (p〉0.05). From the aspect of mean body length, wasn’t significant difference in often treatments (p〉0.05), and in treatments 5 and 6 was significantly less than others (p〈0.05). In the determination of relasheship between kind of treatments and abundance of maturated broodsock, wasn’t significantly difference (p〉0.05). In the determination of, correlation between weight (g) and total length(cm), (r=0.71), weight and carapace length (cm) (r=0.70), the correlation was strong. Between GSI, HIS, carapace length and total length the correlation was intermediate (r=0.54). The correlation between absolutely fecundity and total length (r=0.20), absolutely fecundity and carapace length (r=0.28), absolutely fecundity and weight (r=0.35) was weak. The results showed that, the use of combination of pelleted diet and natural wet diets can increase female maturation indexes. Totally we can noted that, GSI, HIS and absolute fecundity of broodstock, that fed with pelleted diet contain 40 percent crude protein and 10 percent crude fat (50 %)+sand worm (16 %)+cattle fish (18 %) and veal livier (16 %) (treatment 3) was better than the other treatments. Positive effects of this treatnent on sexual indexes, was due to provide part of nutritional requirement of shrimp broodstock from pelleted diet.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Iran ; Natural wet diet ; Pelleted diets ; Maturation ; Male ; Female ; Western white shrimp ; Artifitial diets ; Broodstock ; Litopenaeus vannamei
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: Activation of the serine-threonine kinase p34cdc2 at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle leads to cell death that resembles apoptosis. Premature activation of p34cdc2 was shown to be required for apoptosis induced by a lymphocyte granule protease. The kinase was rapidly activated and tyrosine dephosphorylated at the initiation of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation and nuclear collapse could be prevented by blocking p34cdc2 activity with excess peptide substrate, or by inactivating p34cdc2 in a temperature-sensitive mutant. Premature p34cdc2 activation may be a general mechanism by which cells induced to undergo apoptosis initiate the disruption of the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, L -- Nishioka, W K -- Th'ng, J -- Bradbury, E M -- Litchfield, D W -- Greenberg, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1143-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Deoxyribonucleases/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Induction ; Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perforin ; Phosphorylation ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 1990-08-10
    Description: The stimulation of phospholipase A2 by thrombin and type 2 (P2)-purinergic receptor agonists in Chinese hamster ovary cells is mediated by the G protein Gi. To delineate alpha chain regulatory regions responsible for control of phospholipase A2, chimeric cDNAs were constructed in which different lengths of the alpha subunit of Gs (alpha s) were replaced with the corresponding sequence of the Gi alpha subunit (alpha i2). When a carboxyl-terminal chimera alpha s-i(38), which has the last 38 amino acids of alpha s substituted with the last 36 residues of alpha i2, was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the receptor-stimulated phospholipase A2 activity was inhibited, although the chimera could still activate adenylyl cyclase. Thus, alpha s-i(38) is an active alpha s, but also a dominant negative alpha i molecule, indicating that the last 36 amino acids of alpha i2 are a critical domain for G protein regulation of phospholipase A2 activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gupta, S K -- Diez, E -- Heasley, L E -- Osawa, S -- Johnson, G L -- DK37871/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM30324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 10;249(4969):662-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2166341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; Arachidonic Acids/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chlorides/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Lithium/pharmacology ; Lithium Chloride ; Macromolecular Substances ; *Mutation ; Phospholipases/*metabolism ; Phospholipases A/*metabolism ; Phospholipases A2 ; Receptors, Purinergic/drug effects/*physiology ; Restriction Mapping ; Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Transfection
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 1990-08-17
    Description: The transcription factor C/EBP uses a bipartite structural motif to bind DNA. Two protein chains dimerize through a set of amphipathic alpha helices termed the leucine zipper. Highly basic polypeptide regions emerge from the zipper to form a linked set of DNA contact surfaces. In the recently proposed a "scissors grip" model, the paired set of basic regions begin DNA contact at a central point and track in opposite directions along the major groove, forming a molecular clamp around DNA. This model predicts that C/EBP must undertake significant changes in protein conformation as it binds and releases DNA. The basic region of ligand-free C/EBP is highly sensitive to protease digestion. Pronounced resistance to proteolysis occurred when C/EBP associated with its specific DNA substrate. Sequencing of discrete proteolytic fragments showed that prominent sites for proteolysis occur at two junction points predicted by the "scissors grip" model. One junction corresponds to the cleft where the basic regions emerge from the leucine zipper. The other corresponds to a localized nonhelical segment that has been hypothesized to contain an N-cap and facilitate the sharp angulation necessary for the basic region to track continuously in the major groove of DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shuman, J D -- Vinson, C R -- McKnight, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 17;249(4970):771-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Research Laboratories, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, MD 21210.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2202050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Leucine ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Peptide Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Trypsin/metabolism
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 1990-10-12
    Description: The mechanism by which phytohormones, like abscisic acid (ABA), regulate gene expression is unknown. An activity in nuclear extracts that interacts with the ABA response element (ABRE) from the 5' regulatory region of the wheat Em gene was identified. A complementary DNA clone was isolated whose product is a DNA binding protein (EmBP-1) that interacts specifically with an 8-base pair (bp) sequence (CACGTGGC) in the ABRE. A 2-bp mutation in this sequence prevented binding of EmBP-1. The same mutation reduced the ability of the ABRE to confer ABA responsiveness on a viral promoter in a transient assay. The 8-bp EmBP-1 target sequence was found to be conserved in several other ABA-responsive promoters and in promoters from plants that respond to signals other than ABA. Similar sequences are found in promoters from mammals, yeast, and in the major late promoter of adenovirus. The deduced amino acid sequence of EmBP-1 contains conserved basic and leucine zipper domains found in transcription factors in plants, yeast, and mammals. EmBP-1 may be a member of a highly conserved family of proteins that recognize a core sequence found in the regulatory regions of various genes that are integrated into a number of different response pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guiltinan, M J -- Marcotte, W R Jr -- Quatrano, R S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 12;250(4978):267-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2145628" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abscisic Acid/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Leucine Zippers/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Plants/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Triticum/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-02-02
    Description: The RNA moiety of the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase from the ciliate Euplotes crassus was identified and its gene was sequenced. Functional analysis, in which oligonucleotides complementary to portions of the telomerase RNA were tested for their ability to prime telomerase in vitro, showed that the sequence 5' CAAAACCCCAAA 3' in this RNA is the template for synthesis of telomeric TTTTGGGG repeats by the Euplotes telomerase. The data provide a direct demonstration of a template function for a telomerase RNA and demarcate the outer boundaries of the telomeric template. Telomerase can now be defined as a specialized reverse transcriptase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shippen-Lentz, D -- Blackburn, E H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 2;247(4942):546-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1689074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Ciliophora/enzymology/*genetics ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/*genetics ; Genes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; RNA/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; *Templates, Genetic
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  • 90
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-04-06
    Description: The rate of release of guanine nucleotides from the ras proteins (Ras) is extremely slow in the presence of Mg2+. It seemed likely, therefore that a factor might exist to accelerate the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and hence the exchange of GDP for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Such a factor has now been discovered in rat brain cytosol. Brain cytosol was found to catalyze, by orders of magnitude, the release of guanine nucleotides from recombinant v-H-Ras protein bound with [alpha-32P]GDP. This effect occurred even in the presence of a large excess of Mg2+, but was destroyed by heat or by incubation of the cytosol for an hour at 37 degrees C in the absence of phosphatase inhibitors. The effect was observed with either v-H-Ras or c-H-Ras, but not with p25rab3A, a small G protein with about 30% similarity to Ras. The effect could not be mimicked by addition of recombinant Ras-GAP or purified GEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor involved in the regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis. By gel filtration chromatography, the factor appears to possess a molecular size between 100,000 and 160,000 daltons. This protein (Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factor, or Ras-GRF) may be involved in the activation of p21ras.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolfman, A -- Macara, I G -- CA 43551/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES 01247/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM 41220/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Apr 6;248(4951):67-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2181667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; Brain/metabolism ; Cholic Acids ; Cytosol/*metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotides/*metabolism ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) ; Guanosine Diphosphate/*metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; Kinetics ; Magnesium Chloride/pharmacology ; Molecular Weight ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; Rats ; Thionucleotides/metabolism
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 1990-06-01
    Description: Better understanding of the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) would be greatly facilitated by a relevant animal model that uses molecularly cloned virus of defined sequence to induce the disease. Such a system would also be of great value for AIDS vaccine research. An infectious molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was identified that induces AIDS in common rhesus monkeys in a time frame suitable for laboratory investigation. These results provide another strong link in the chain of evidence for the viral etiology of AIDS. More importantly, they define a system for molecular dissection of the determinants of AIDS pathogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kestler, H -- Kodama, T -- Ringler, D -- Marthas, M -- Pedersen, N -- Lackner, A -- Regier, D -- Sehgal, P -- Daniel, M -- King, N -- AI25328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR00169/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1109-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2160735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Opportunistic Infections/etiology ; *Retroviridae Infections/complications/immunology ; *Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics/immunology/isolation & ; purification/pathogenicity ; Transfection ; Virus Replication
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 1990-07-06
    Description: Oligonucleotides equipped with EDTA-Fe can bind specifically to duplex DNA by triple-helix formation and produce double-strand cleavage at binding sites greater than 12 base pairs in size. To demonstrate that oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation is a viable chemical approach for the site-specific cleavage of large genomic DNA, an oligonucleotide with EDTA-Fe at the 5' and 3' ends was targeted to a 20-base pair sequence in the 340-kilobase pair chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Double-strand cleavage products of the correct size and location were observed, indicating that the oligonucleotide bound and cleaved the target site among almost 14 megabase pairs of DNA. Because oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation has the potential to be a general solution for DNA recognition, this result has implications for physical mapping of chromosomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strobel, S A -- Dervan, P B -- GM 42966/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jul 6;249(4964):73-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2195655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chromosomes, Fungal/*metabolism ; DNA, Fungal/*genetics/metabolism ; Densitometry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligonucleotides/*genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 1990-11-02
    Description: Voltage-gated sodium channels are transmembrane proteins of approximately 2000 amino acids and consist of four homologous domains (I through IV). In current topographical models, domains III and IV are linked by a highly conserved cytoplasmic sequence of amino acids. Disruptions of the III-IV linker by cleavage or antibody binding slow inactivation, the depolarization-induced closed state characteristic of sodium channels. This linker might be the positively charged "ball" that is thought to cause inactivation by occluding the open channel. Therefore, groups of two or three contiguous lysines were neutralized or a glutamate was substituted for an arginine in the III-IV linker of type III rat brain sodium channels. In all cases, inactivation occurred more rapidly rather than more slowly, contrary to predictions. Furthermore, activation was delayed in the arginine to glutamate mutation. Hence, the III-IV linker does not simply act as a charged blocker of the channel but instead influences all aspects of sodium channel gating.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moorman, J R -- Kirsch, G E -- Brown, A M -- Joho, R H -- HL-36930/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- KL-01858/PHS HHS/ -- NS-23877/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 2;250(4981):688-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2173138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Cytoplasm/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Sodium Channels/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 94
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dusheck, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 28;249(4976):1494-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Congresses as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Men ; United States ; *Women
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 1990-08-31
    Description: The protein encoded by the wild-type p53 proto-oncogene has been shown to suppress transformation, whereas certain mutations that alter p53 become transformation competent. Fusion proteins between p53 and the GAL4 DNA binding domain were made to anchor p53 to a DNA target sequence and to allow measurement of transcriptional activation of a reporter plasmid. The wild-type p53 stimulated transcription in this assay, but two transforming mutations in p53 were unable to act as transcriptional activators. Therefore, p53 can activate transcription, and transformation-activating mutations result in a loss of function of the p53 protein. The inability of the p53 mutant proteins to activate transcription may enable them to be transformation competent.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935288/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935288/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raycroft, L -- Wu, H Y -- Lozano, G -- CA16672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA47296/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA047296/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA047296-12/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 31;249(4972):1049-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Houston 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2144364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; HeLa Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Phosphoproteins/*genetics ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Suppression, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/*genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 1990-01-05
    Description: A nonlysosomal pathway exists for the degradation of newly synthesized proteins retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This pathway is extremely selective: whereas some proteins are rapidly degraded, others survive for long periods in the ER. The question of whether this selectivity is due to the presence within the sensitive proteins of definable peptide sequences that are sufficient to target them for degradation has been addressed. Deletion of a carboxyl-terminal sequence, comprising the transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail of the alpha chain of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR-alpha), prevented the rapid degradation of this polypeptide. Fusion of this carboxyl-terminal sequence to the extracellular domain of the Tac antigen, a protein that is normally transported to the cell surface where it survives long-term, resulted in the retention and rapid degradation of the chimeric protein in the ER. Additional mutagenesis revealed that the transmembrane domain of TCR-alpha alone was sufficient to cause degradation within the ER. This degradation was not a direct consequence of retention in the ER, as blocking transport of newly synthesized proteins out of the ER with brefeldin A did not lead to degradation of the normal Tac antigen. It is proposed that a 23-amino acid sequence, comprising the transmembrane domain of TCR-alpha, contains information that determines targeting for degradation within the ER system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonifacino, J S -- Suzuki, C K -- Klausner, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 5;247(4938):79-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/*metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 1990-01-12
    Description: The murine white spotting locus (W) is allelic with the proto-oncogene c-kit, which encodes a transmembrane tyrosine protein kinase receptor for an unknown ligand. Mutations at the W locus affect various aspects of hematopoiesis and the proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells and melanoblasts during development to varying degrees of severity. The W42 mutation has a particularly severe effect in both the homozygous and the heterozygous states. The molecular basis of the W42 mutation was determined. The c-kit protein products in homozygous mutant mast cells were expressed normally but displayed a defective tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. Nucleotide sequence analysis of mutant complementary DNAs revealed a missense mutation that replaces aspartic acid with asparagine at position 790 in the c-kit protein product. Aspartic acid-790 is a conserved residue in all protein kinases. These results provide an explanation for the dominant nature of the W42 mutation and provide insight into the mechanism of c-kit-mediated signal transduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tan, J C -- Nocka, K -- Ray, P -- Traktman, P -- Besmer, P -- P01-CA-16599/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA-32926/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 12;247(4939):209-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1688471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Homozygote ; Liver/analysis/cytology/embryology ; Mast Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; *Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; RNA/analysis ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Signal Transduction
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 1990-07-27
    Description: There is currently a need for vaccine development to improve the immunogenicity of protective epitopes, which themselves are often poorly immunogenic. Although the immunogenicity of these epitopes can be enhanced by linking them to highly immunogenic carriers, such carriers derived from current vaccines have not proven to be generally effective. One reason may be related to epitope-specific suppression, in which prior vaccination with a protein can inhibit the antibody response to new epitopes linked to the protein. To circumvent such inhibition, a peptide from tetanus toxoid was identified that, when linked to a B cell epitope and injected into tetanus toxoid-primed recipients, retained sequences for carrier but not suppressor function. The antibody response to the B cell epitope was enhanced. This may be a general method for taking advantage of previous vaccinations in the development of new vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etlinger, H M -- Gillessen, D -- Lahm, H W -- Matile, H -- Schonfeld, H J -- Trzeciak, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jul 27;249(4967):423-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Central Research Unit F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1696030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Epitopes/*immunology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/immunology ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Tetanus Toxoid/*immunology ; *Vaccination ; Vaccines/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 1990-06-01
    Description: The amyloid beta peptide (A beta P) is a small fragment of the much larger, broadly distributed amyloid precursor protein (APP). Abundant A beta P deposition in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease suggests that altered APP processing may represent a key pathogenic event. Direct protein structural analyses showed that constitutive processing in human embryonic kidney 293 cells cleaves APP in the interior of the A beta P, thus preventing A beta P deposition. A deficiency of this processing event may ultimately prove to be the etiological event in Alzheimer's disease that gives rise to senile plaque formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Esch, F S -- Keim, P S -- Beattie, E C -- Blacher, R W -- Culwell, A R -- Oltersdorf, T -- McClure, D -- Ward, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1122-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Athena Neurosciences, Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA 94080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2111583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification ; Protein Precursors/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational/*physiology ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-09-21
    Description: Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop an autoimmune form of diabetes, becoming hyperglycemic after 3 months of age. This process was accelerated by injecting young NOD mice with CD4+ islet-specific T cell clones derived from NOD mice. Overt diabetes developed in 10 of 19 experimental animals by 7 weeks of age, with the remaining mice showing marked signs of the disease in progress. Control mice did not become diabetic and had no significant pancreatic infiltration. This work demonstrates that a CD4 T cell clone is sufficient to initiate the disease process in the diabetes-prone NOD mouse.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haskins, K -- McDuffie, M -- P01 DK40144/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 21;249(4975):1433-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/analysis/*immunology ; Clone Cells ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*immunology/pathology ; Female ; Islets of Langerhans/*immunology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/transplantation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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