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  • Springer  (137,713)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (10,727)
  • 1995-1999  (148,440)
  • 1999  (70,176)
  • 1995  (78,264)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biology of the stingless beePlebeia remota (Holmberg): observations and evolutionary implications (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 71-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Stingless bees ; Plebeia remota ; social evolution ; division of labour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genusPlebeia has a special significance for the study of social evolution of stingless bees: morphologically primitive, its species display a wealth of behavioural evolution, especially with respect to the oviposition process. We comparePlebeia remota with the few other members of the genus studied so far. Related to its subtropical geographical range, brood production is seasonal (there is no brood in the colony in colder months), and adult workers occur as summer and winter bees. The nest is in tree cavities, and the involucrum is absent or restricted to the winter period. Brood cells are arranged in horizontal combs, and new cells are built completely synchronously. Each series consists of up to 50 cells, their number being mainly dependent on colony size. Construction speed is remarkably constant, allowing 4–6 batches per 24 hours. Cell building and provisioning are activities of a small group of specialized workers. The oviposition cycle follows the classical subdivisions for stingless bees. During the patrolling phase a worker may “offer” a trophic egg in a most remarkable way: while retreating backward from the queen she bends the abdomen under thorax and head, and lays an egg on the comb. This egg is eaten by the queen or a worker. The provisioning, oviposition and operculation of all cells occur simultaneously, each cell is provisioned by 4–9 workers. Localization of a cell by the queen may be facilitated by its characteristic guard, which “defends” the cell against the approaching queen. The degree of synchronization within a batch is very high: the duration per cell lasts 420–950 sec, the batch of up till 50 cells needs only 557–1160 sec. Operculation is done by a worker that was not involved in the previous steps. Males are generally produced by the queen. Several male producing cycles per year occur. In orphan colonies laying workers give rise to males, and in queenright colonies workers may occasionally reproduce as well. Division of labour follows the general pattern for stingless bees; however, cell building and provisioning are activities of a specialized group of workers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245700
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of queen rearing in European and Africanized honey beesApis mellifera L. by synthetic queen mandibular gland pheromone (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; queen pheromone ; queen rearing ; monogyny ; Africanized
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Queen rearing is suppressed in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) by pheromones, particularly the queen's mandibular gland pheromone. In this study we compared this pheromonally-based inhibition between temperate and tropically-evolved honey bees. Colonies of European and Africanized bees were exposed to synthetic queen mandibular gland pheromone (QMP) for ten days following removal of resident queens, and their queen rearing responses were examined. Queen rearing was suppressed similarly in both European and Africanized honey bees with the addition of synthetic QMP, indicating that QMP acts on workers of both races in a comparable fashion. QMP completely suppressed queen cell production for two days, but by day six, cells containing queen larvae were present in all treated colonies, indicating that other signals play a role in the suppression of queen rearing. In queenless control colonies not treated with QMP, Africanized bees reared 30% fewer queens than Europeans, possibly due to racial differences in response to feedback from developing queens and/or their cells. Queen development rate was faster in Africanized colonies, or they selected older larvae to initiate cells, as only 1 % of queen cells were unsealed after 10 days compared with 12% unsealed cells in European colonies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242447
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Drone congregations apart from the nest inMelipona favosa (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Drone congregation area ; sexual behaviour ; chemical communication ; male competition ; Meliponinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This is a first behavioural description of a large non-nest associated drone congregation of the stingless beeMelipona favosa. The about 400 drones had originated from different nests. The males interacted aggressively. Several gynes arrived at the drone congregation area (DCA). Olfactory stimuli triggered specific behaviours of the males as well as of the gynes but matings were not observed at the DCA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242448
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  • 4
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    Unique habits of stomodeal trophallaxis in the ponerine antHypoponera sp. (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Stomodeal trophallaxis ; Ponerinae ; ergatoid male ; ergatoid queen ; Hypoponera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes for the first time that adult-to-adult trophallaxis exists in ponerine ants. Furthermore, it shows that the adult castes of the ponerine andHypoponera sp. have different habits of trophallaxis. Workers display a soliciting behavior toward queens, males and workers, but receive regurgitated food only from workers. The workers are forced to stop soliciting for regurgitated food by the “whipping behavior” of the queen. Callow queens solicit regurgitated food from workers and ergatoid males and receive it, while mature queens do not solicit regurgitation from workers. Ergatoid males receive regurgitated food from workers and regurgitate it to queens. Alate males show no trophallactic food exchange with workers and queens. Trophallactic behavior was never observed between males of either winged or ergatoid types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242450
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Distribution of humic compounds in mounds of some soil-feeding termite species of tropical rainforests: its influence on soil structure stability (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 167-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Soil-feeding termites ; tropical rainforest ; humic compounds ; structural stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A comparison was made of some physicochemical characteristics of epigeous termitaries (nest walls and surrounding horizons) of four species of soil-feeding termites living in tropical rainforests. Our aim was to determine whether these species affect the different compounds involved in the structural stability of soil in a similar manner. Our data support the general finding that the structural stability of soil is correlated with organic matter, cations and the relative proportion of mineral elements. Of these parameters, the content of organic matter is the most significant factor effecting the stability of termite building materials. Analysis of humic compound distribution revealed that fulvic and humic acids, owing to their electrochemical properties, are highly involved. Also, the organic matter in termitaries is more polymerized than that of humiferous control horizons, leading to FA/HA ratios close to 1. The stability of nest walls and topsoils differs between the species. Generally, the speciesNoditermes lamanianus, Thoracotermes macrothorax andCubitermes fungifaber build nests that are enriched with organic matter and exchangeable cations, resulting in high structural stability. In contrast, materials worked byCrenetermes albotarsalis are not enriched with organic matter or cations and do not differ in stability from the control soils. It is concluded that any generalization on the overall influence of soil-feeding termites on soil fertility might be misleading. Only species which enrich their materials with organic matter, especially stabilised humic acids, contribute to soil conservation and hence fertility. Once the termitary is dead, its organic matter is again available to the soil ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242453
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  • 6
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    Resource choice of social wasps: influence of presence, size and species of resident wasps (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Vespula, Polistes, Vespidae, foraging, resource choice.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The role of visual cues provided by resident wasps on resource choice by yellowjacket and paper wasp foragers was investigated. Large spring queen yellowjackets and small early season yellowjacket foragers (Vespula germanica, Vespula maculifrons, and Vespula vidua) were extracted in hexane to remove odors and posed as though feeding at petri dish feeders bearing daisy-like flower models, equipped with microcapillary feeding tubes, and containing 1:3 honey:water solution. An array of five feeders was presented to foragers at a suburban and a woodland site in Saratoga Springs, New York. The visual cues provided by resident wasps influenced resource choice by approaching social wasp foragers. Vespula germanica, an introduced yellowjacket species that tends to dominate at rich resources, was the only wasp visiting the suburban feeders. Foragers of this species preferentially fed on feeders and flowers with posed wasps and fed most often next to large wasps. Polistes fuscatus foragers at the woodland site similarly preferred to feed on occupied feeders and flowers. Vespula maculifrons and V. consobrina preferentially visited unoccupied feeders. Individual V. maculifrons, V. consobrina and V. vidua foragers that landed on occupied feeders all preferentially visited unoccupied flowers on those feeders. Vespula vidua and V. flavopilosa foragers did not demonstrate a feeder preference based on the presence/absence of posed wasps. Vespula consobrina foragers that visited occupied feeders preferred those occupied by extracted V. maculifrons queens and workers; no other wasps showed species based landing preferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050123
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  • 7
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    Paternity and maternity frequencies in Apis mellifera sicula (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Mating frequency, polyandry, Apis mellifera sicula, honey bees, microsatellite.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Honey bee queens have been shown to mate with a high number of males, but the evolutionary advantage of this high degree of polyandry is still unclear. Mating data from a number of different Apis species and subspecies are needed to help explain polyandry in honey bees. Pupae of four colonies of Apis mellifera sicula from Sicily were genotyped on three polymorphic microsatellite loci. The genotypes of the queens and fathering drones from these colonies were deduced from the genotypes of the pupae. We found no evidence for polygyny, at least we can exclude more than one functional queen, even super-sister queens, if maternity contributions are equal. The four queens mated with at least 5 to 12 (mean: 9.3 ± 3.0 SE) drones. We estimate the error in our determination of the mating frequency that is caused by limited genetic resolution of the marker loci to be less than 1 mating given that Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are satisfied. However, the drones the single queens mated with may be a non-random sample of the whole population, so that detection error may be more severe. The average pedigree relatedness among workers within the colonies was estimated to be 0.341. These results are within the range of those found in other A. mellifera subspecies and Apis species except A. dorsata. We speculate that mating frequency may be positively correlated with drone density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050124
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  • 8
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    Worker size variation and the evolution of an ant-plant mutualism: Comparative morphometrics of workers of two closely related plant-ants, Petalomyrmex phylax and Aphomomyrmex afer (Formicinae) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Worker polymorphism, ant-plant interaction, mutualism, morphometrics.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: We compared intranidal variation in worker size in the two closely related plant-ants Aphomomyrmex afer and Petalomyrmex phylax. Each of these genera is monotypic, and the two appear to be sister species among extant ants. Workers of A. afer are larger on average and exhibit much greater intranidal size variation. Workers of P. phylax are smaller and much less variable in size. Both species show weak allometry for some pairs of characters. Head shape is also different in workers of the two species. We discuss these differences in relation to the ecology of A. afer and P. phylax, and propose a scenario for the evolutionary divergence of worker morphology in these two species. Based on comparisons of these two monotypic genera with related ants, we suggest that reduced intranidal variation in worker size is a derived trait in Petalomyrmex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050129
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  • 9
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    Nestmate recognition in the stingless bee Melipona panamica (Apidae, Meliponini) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 208-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Melipona panamica, stingless bees, Apidae, nestmate recognition, worker oviposition.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Nestmate recognition was studied in the Neotropical stingless bee Melipona panamica, a species in which workers “sneak” their own reproductive eggs into 1 % of brood cells. We manipulated four factors that could influence individual recognition cues: the mother queen, the environment during the immature stage, the environment during the early adult stage, and worker age. We also simulated the action of natural enemies on colonies tested for discrimination of such worker characteristics. All factors that we tested affected responses of the discriminating workers, which could recognize sisters, nieces and unrelated workers. Previous exposure of unrelated callow bees to the odor of the host nest greatly increased chances of acceptance by the host colony. Probability of acceptance decreased, however, with increasing age of introduced bees or increasing disturbance of the host colony. These complexities in patterns of nestmate recognition and nest defense are adequately explained from the standpoint of inclusive fitness of the discriminating workers. Differences in nestmate recognition and worker egg laying among Meliponini are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050136
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  • 10
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    Suppression of plant growth on the mounds of the termite Coptotermes lacteus Froggatt (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 366-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Termites, nest construction, plant growth suppression, plant abundance.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Termites invest considerable time and energy constructing elaborate mounds out of clay, sand, silt, excreta and saliva, which they defend vigorously against predators and parasites. Termite mounds are fertile and potentially attractive resources for plants, which may threaten the stability of the mound. Field surveys at Boola Boola Forest in SE Australia revealed significantly higher abundance and diversity of vascular plants growing on uninhabited than inhabited mounds of the termite Coptotermes lacteus. These data reveal that the presence of termites affects the establishment and growth of vegetation. Germination experiments indicate that plant growth suppression is not chemically mediated but rather is due to the impenetrable nature of the mound surface. Analyses of soil types suggests that termite workers may choose particular clay minerals for mound construction, which enhances surface impenetrability and thus increases the engineered integrity of the mound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050158
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  • 11
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    Reproductive schedule and factors affecting soldier production in the eusocial bamboo aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola (Homoptera, Aphididae) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 378-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Eusocial aphids, Pseudoregma bambucicola, resource allocation, soldier investment, reproductive schedule.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The reproductive characteristics of the soldier-producing aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola were studied in Kagoshima, Southern Japan, to know the factors affecting soldier production of eusocial aphids. The soldier proportion in aphid colonies was highest from October to November. In some large colonies, soldiers were observed in all seasons except in July when colony size was relatively small. Multiple regression analysis showed that the colony size was a principal factor affecting soldier proportion throughout a year. Other social or environmental factors such as aphid composition, host plant conditions and predator abundance were not always significant. Rearing experiments revealed that large colonies (≥1,000 individuals) produced soldiers in almost all seasons while small colonies (〈1,000) never produced any soldiers. The caste-production schedule of adult females was examined in the field. When solitary females produced both castes, they usually produced normal nymphs first and then soldiers. Females from large colonies tended to produce more soldiers in the earlier period of their lifetime, whereas females from newly established small colonies produced no or only a few soldiers at later times. The average number of soldiers and normal nymphs produced consecutively by a single female was 〉10 and 〉20, respectively. Because they have a small number of ovarioles (〈15 on average), females should alter caste production within the same ovarioles according to changes in environmental conditions. Artificial removal or introduction of predators and reduction of colony size did not affect soldier production over two successive generations, revealing maternal effects on soldier production. Females cannot shift caste production quickly in response to changes in predator abundance and colony size. This is probably due to early developmental determination of castes within the mother's body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050160
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  • 12
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    Nest-founding behavior induced in the first descendants ofPolistes dominulus Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) colonies (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 385-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Polistes wasps ; nest founding ; workers ; behavioral flexibility ; hibernation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary First descendants' founding ability was tested inP. dominulus colonies by experimentally removing the original nests and queens 21–24 days after the first emergence. Foundation tests were carried out after three different periods had elapsed after the removal and the results were analyzed with regards to the effects of participation in social tasks, duration of stay within the colony and seasonal factors. 1.Immediately after the removal, the foundations that occurred were performed almost entirely by workers, regardless of the duration of their stay within the colony. The number of foundations depended on the season in which the females had emerged. 2.Two months and four months after the removal, foundations were made by only a small number of females (workers and non-workers). These females, which were therefore able to found a nest the year they were born, were mostly among the very first-born individuals in the colonies. 3.The following year after hibernation: females (workers and non-workers) which had stayed for only a short time within the colony (1–15 days) had the highest survival rates. The foundation rates among the surviving females depended only on seasonal factors, since the foundation rates were higher among the non-workers which had emerged later in the season. The results throw some light on the first descendants' nest-founding potential in colonies developing under natural conditions, where many workers in fact stay for only a short time at the nest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242167
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  • 13
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    Long-duration feedings and caste differentiation in Bombus terrestris larvae (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Bombus terrestris, bumble bee, larval feeding, caste differentiation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The duration of feedings received by Bombus terrestris larvae was studied using video-recordings. In the last days of development all larvae received feedings mainly of long duration. Worker larvae of the third brood received significantly longer feedings than worker larvae reared in the other broods. Throughout the development queen larvae and worker larvae received feedings of similar duration. Male larvae received shorter feedings than both kinds of female larvae. Therefore, the duration of feedings seems to be associated to the sex and stage of development of the larvae.¶The causes of the long-duration feedings seem not to be related to the amount of food provided, workers' age and size, to the workers' abdominal contraction or to the amount of pollen in the larval food. Perhaps the feeding duration is caused by the viscosity of the food, which is a consequence of the presence of pollen grains, sugar and glandular material. Although the precise amount of pollen was not measured, the differences in colour showed clearly that the larval food samples contained variable quantities of pollen grains. Some of the samples did not contain any pollen at all.¶It is suggested that the duration of feedings may be related (among other factors) to the presence of glandular material (proteins and enzymes) which is added to the larval food. This could be especially important for queen larvae in the last phase of their development. Because they have a long development and are fed with a high frequency they might receive large amounts of these substances. This could help them to grow more efficiently using a relatively smaller amount of pollen than expected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050151
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  • 14
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    Behavioural development and abdomen inflation of gynes and newly mated queens of Melipona beecheii (Apidae, Meliponinae) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 361-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Pre-mating behaviour, gyne, abdomen enlargement, Melipona beecheii, stingless bee.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The behaviour of gynes of Melipona beecheii in queen-deprived colonies was studied. The period after emergence until acceptance is characterized by agonistic behaviour of workers towards the gynes. The gynes escaped from this worker aggression by hiding in the periphery of the nest, by performing rapid turn-arounds once grabbed by a worker, and "feigning death". Between acceptance and nuptial flight, gynes spent most of their time in pushing, hiding, and antennal contact with workers, and self-grooming or food solicitation. After the nuptial flight the queen's behavioural repertoire shifted to less pushing and food solicitation, to an increase in standing, tapping and antennal contact.¶Accepted gynes had a significantly more prolonged abdomen inflation than gynes that were eliminated.¶An hypothesis is presented to explain how abdomen enlargement and behavioural development influences the acceptance of gynes and the establishment of a dominance relation with workers under queenless conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050157
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  • 15
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    Damage to coastal villages due to the 1992 Flores Island earthquake tsunami (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 481-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Coastal damage due to tsunamis ; coeismic crustal motion ; aftershock area ; secondary tsunamis by induced landslides ; short arrival time of tsunami ; liquefaction ; sand blow ; relationship between tsunami height and ratio of mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A field survey of the 1992 Flores Island earthquake tsunami was conducted during December 29, 1992 to January 5, 1993 along the north coast of the eastern part of Flores Island. We visited over 40 villages, measured tsunami heights, and interviewed the inhabitants. It was clarified that the first wave attacked the coast within five minutes at most of the surveyed villages. The crust was uplifted west of the Cape of Batumanuk, and subsided east of it. In the residential area of Wuring, which is located on a sand spit with ground height of 2 meters, most wooden houses built on stilts collapsed and 87 people were killed even though the tsunami height reached only 3.2 meters. In the two villages on Babi Island, the tsunami swept away all wooden houses and killed 263 of 1,093 inhabitants. Tsunami height at Riang-Kroko village on the northeastern end of Flores Island reached 26.2 meters and 137 of the 406 inhabitants were killed by the tsumani. Evidence of landslides was detected at a few points on the coast of Hading Bay, and the huge tsunami was probably formed by earthquake-induced landslides. The relationship between tsunami height and mortality was checked for seven villages. The efficiencies of trees arranged in front of coastal villages, and coral reefs in dissipating the tsunami energy are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874380
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  • 16
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    Laboratory experiments of tsunami runup on a circular island (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 569-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunamis ; tsunami runup ; laboratory experiments ; physical models ; three-dimensional models ; tsunami simulation ; solitary waves ; wavemakers ; tsunami evolution ; instrumentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments of a 7.2-m-diameter conical island were conducted to study three-dimensional tsunami runup. The 62.5-cm tall island had 1 on 4 side slopes and was positioned in the center of a 30-m-wide by 25-m-long flat-bottom basin. Solitary waves with height-to-depth ratios ranging from 0.05 to 0.20 and “source” lengths ranging from 0.30 to 7.14 island diameters were tested in water depths of 32 and 42 cm. Twenty-seven capacitance wave gages were used to measure surface wave elevations at incident and four radial transects on the island slope. Maximum vertical runup measurements were made at 20 locations around the perimeter of the island using rod and transit. A new runup gage was located on the back or lee side of the island to record runup time series.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874384
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  • 17
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    Field survey of the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki earthquake tsunami (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 649-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunami ; runup ; arrival time ; edge wave ; Japan Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Runup data in Hokkaido and in three prefectures in the Tohoku District are described with a few witnessed arrival times and with comments of tide records. The highest runup of 31.7 m was found at the bottom of a narrow valley on the west coast of Okushiri Island. In order to explain high runups of 20 m at Hamatsumae in the sheltered area, roles of edge waves, refraction of the Okushiri Spur and tsunami generation by causes other than the major fault motion should be understood. An early arrival of the tsunami on the west coast of Hokkaido suggests another tsunami generation mechanism in addition to the major fault motion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874388
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  • 18
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    Scaling relations for seismic events induced by mining (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Induced seismicity ; scaling relations ; self-similar behavior ; P- andS-wave corner frequencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The values of seismic moment andS-wave corner frequency from 1575 seismic events induced in South African, Canadian, Polish, and German underground mines were collected to study their scaling relations. The values ofP-wave corner frequency from 649 events were also available. Seismic moments of these events range from 5*103 to 2*1015 N·m (moment magnitude is from −3.6 to 4.1), theS-wave corner frequency ranges from 0.7 to 4438 Hz, and theP-wave corner frequency is between 5 and 4010 Hz. The slope of a regression line between the logarithm ofS- andP-wave corner frequencies is equal to one, and the corner frequencies ofP waves are higher than those ofS waves on the average by about 25 percent. In studies of large and moderate earthquakes it has been found that stress drop is approximately independent of the seismic moment, which means that seismic moment is inversely proportional to the third power of corner frequency. Such a behavior was confirmed for most of the data considered here. A breakdown in the similarity betwen large and small events seems to occur for the events with moment magnitude below −2.5. The average values of seismic moment referred to the same range of corner frequency, however, are vastly different in various mining areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878631
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    A study of rupture length vs. moment for synthetic earthquakes (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 211-228 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mass-spring model ; seismic moment ; earthquake moment ; rupture length ; fractal ; velocity-dependent friction law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract From the events synthesized from the one-dimensional dynamical mass-spring model proposed byBurridge andKnopoff (1967), the relation between rupture length Δ and earthquake momentM is studied for various model parameters. The earthquake moment is defined to be the total displacement of a connected set of mass elements which slide during an event. A parameter stiffness ratios is defined as the ratio of the spring constant between the two mass elements to that between one mass element and the moving plate. The velocity-dependent friction law (including weakening and hardening processes) is taken to control the sliding of a mass element. The distribution of the breaking strengths over the system is considered to be a fractal function. The cases for severals values and different velocity-dependent friction laws with different decreasing ratesr w of the frictional force with sliding velocity are studied numerically. The weakening process of the frictional force from the static one to the dynamic one obviously affects theM−Δ relation. Meanwhile, a rapid weakening process rather than a slow weakening process can result in aM−Δ relation, which is comparable to the observed one. Although an increase in thes value can yield an increase in the upper bound of the Δ value and the number of events with largeM and Δ values, the scaling of theM−Δ relation is not affected by the change of thes value. For the cases in this study, the theoretical Δ−M relations for small events withM〈1 are almost in the form: Δ∼M 1/2, while those for large events withM〉1 have a scaling exponent less than but close to 1. In addition, the fractal dimension, the friction drop ratio and the roughness of the distribution of the breaking strengths over the fault surface are the minor parameters influencing the Δ−M relation. A comparison between the theoreticalM−Δ relation and the observed one for strike-slip earthquakes shows that for large events the theoreticalM−Δ relation is quite consistent with the observed one, while for small events there is a one-order difference in the two relations. For the one-dimensional model, the decreasing rate of the dynamic frictional force with velocity is the main factor in affecting the characteristic value of the earthquake moment, at which the scaling of theM−Δ relation changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878632
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    Bayesian probabilities of earthquake occurrences in Greece and surrounding areas (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 307-319 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Greece ; hazard ; Bayesian probabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Bayesian extreme-value distribution of earthquake occurrences has been adopted to estimate the seismic hazard in some seismogenic zones in Greece and surrounding regions. Seismic moment, slip rate, earthquake recurrence rate and magnitude were considered as basic parameters for computing the prior estimates of the seismicity. These estimates are then updated in terms of Bayes' theorem and historical estimates of seismicity associated with each zone. High probabilities for earthquakes withM≥6.0 have been obtained for the northwestern part of Greece as well as for the southwestern part of the Hellenic arc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878637
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    Physical, radiative, and dynamical processes within a nighttime marine stratus cloud (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 321-350 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Marine stratus ; aircraft observations ; IR cooling ; dynamical and physical processes ; moisture and heat fluxes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations taken by aircraft and conventional platforms are used to investigate dynamical, physical, and radiative processes within a marine stratus cloud during the Canadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) II field project which took place over the east coast of Canada. Stratus which formed over the ocean on February 6, 1992 during the nighttime, is studied to analyze cloud top and base processes. The cloud was supercooled during the study period. Fluctuations and fluxes are calculated along constant flight altitude legs approximately 100 km long in space. The scales of structures larger than 5 km are removed from the analysis using a running average technique. Droplet spectra obtained by a forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP) were used in a 1-D radiative transfer model to calculate infrared (IR) fluxes and radiative heating rates. A heat conservation equation was used to estimate vertical air velocity (w a ) within the cloud. The results showed that, because of a warmer ocean surface, significant moisture and heat were transferred from the ocean surface to the boundary layer. The cloud base was at about 400 m height and the top was at about 1.4 km.w a at the cloud base was estimated about 5 cm s−1. Strong IR cooling rate at the cloud top was calculated to be 75°C day−1 for a 100 m thick layer. Negative skewness inw a , suggesting narrow downdrafts, was likely due to radiative cooling at the cloud top. The entrainment velocity was found to be about 1.5 cm s−1 at cloud top. Mean moisture and heat fluxes within the cloud were estimated to be comparable to those from the ocean surface. Vertical air velocity at the cloud top due to radiative cooling was found to be about −40 cm s−1.
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    Book reviews (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 351-372 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878639
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    Analysis and automatic processing in near-field of eight 1992–1994 tsunamigenic earthquakes: Improvements towards real-time tsunami warning (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 381-408 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunami ; tsunami earthquakes ; seismic moment ; mantle magnitude
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study eight tsunamigenic earthquakes of 1992–1994 with data from single near-field 3-component long-period stations. The analysis is made from the standpoint of tsunami warning by an automatic process which estimates the epicentral location and the seismic moment through the variable-period mantle magnitudeM m . Simulations of early warning based on the real-time computation of the seismic moment are also tested with this system, which would give a justified warning in each region of tsunami potentiality. By exploiting the dependence of moment rate release with frequency, the system has the capability of recognizing both “tsunami earthquakes” such as the 1992 Nicaragua and 1994 Java events, as well as instances of the opposite case of low-frequency deficiency, interpreted as indicating a deeper than normal source (1993 Guam event). We report both the results of delayed-time processing of the near-field stations, and the actual real-time warnings at PPT, which confirm the former.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874374
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    Source parameters of mining-induced seismic events: An evaluation of homogeneous and inhomogeneous faulting models for assessing damage potential (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 3-27 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mining-induced seismicity ; faulting models ; peak ground parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Source parameter estimates based on the homogeneous and inhomogeneous source models have been examined for an anomalous sequence of seven mine-induced events located between 640 and 825 m depth at Strathcona mine, Ontario, and having magnitudes ranging betweenm N 0.8 and 2.7. The derived Brune static stress drops were found to be similar to those observed for natural earthquakes (∼30 bars), whereas dynamic stress drops were found to range up to 250–300 bars. Source radii derived from Madariaga's model better fit documented evidence of underground damage. These values of source radii were similar to those observed for the inhomogeneous model. The displacement at the source, based on the observed attenuation relationship, was about 60 mm for three magnitude 2.7 events. This is in agreement with slip values calculated using peak velocities and assuming the asperity as a Brune source within itself (72 mm). By using Madariaga's model for the asperity, the slip was over 3 times larger than observed. Peak velocity and acceleration scaling relations with magnitude were investigated by incorporating available South African data, appropriately reduced to Canadian geophysical conditions. The dynamic stress drop scaled as the square root of the seismic moment, similar to reported results in the literature for crustal earthquakes. This behavior suggests that the size of the asperities responsible for the peak ground motion, with respect to the overall source size, follow distributions that may be similar over a wide range of magnitudes. Measurements of source rupture complexity (ranging from 2 to 4) were found to agree with estimates of overall source to asperity radii, suggesting, together with the observed low rupture velocities (0.3 β to 0.6 β), that the sources were somewhat complex. Validation of source model appropriateness was achieved by direct comparison of the predicted ground motion level to observed underground damage in Creighton mine, located within the same regional stress and geological regime as Strathcona mine. Close to the source (〈100 m), corresponding to relatively higher damage levels, a good agreement was found between the predicted peak particle velocities for the inhomogeneous model and velocities derived based on established geomechanical relationships. The similarity between asperity radii and the regions of the highest observed damage provided additional support for the use of the inhomogeneous source model in the assessment of damage potential.
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    Research on earthquakes induced by water injection in China (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 59-68 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; water injection ; oil field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In China, the earthquakes induced by water injection have occurred in four oil fields including the Renqiu oil field, and in two mines. Production of oil from the Renqiu oil field began in 1975 and the injection of water into the oil field commenced in July 1976. The induced earthquakes have been occurring in the area for the past 17 years, since December 1976. The controlled experiments of water injection showed the cause and effect relation between water injection and earthquakes. Source parameters such as source dimension, seismic moment and stress drop of a large number of the induced earthquakes, andQ factor for the area have been determined. The results indicate that the stress drop varies from 0.2 to 3.0 bar and theQ factor has an average value of 75.0. The low-stress drop and lowQ factor values imply that the earthquakes are caused by the brittle fracture of weak rocks under low ambient stresses, due to a decrease in their strength because of the injection of water. The induced earthquakes are unevenly distributed in the oil field. The northern part of the oil field, where the reservoir rocks are characterized by low porosity and low permeability, exhibits high seismic activity with the largest earthquake registering a magnitude of 4.5 and about 68% of the total number of induced earthquakes in this part. Whereas, the southern part of the oil field with higher porosity and higher permeability is characterized by low seismic activity with the largest earthquake registering a magnitude of 2.5 and only 4% of the total number of earthquakes which occurred in this part. These features of the focal region suggest that larger earthquakes may not occur in the Renqiu oil field area.
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    Source model of Noto-Hanto-Oki earthquake tsunami of 7 February 1993 (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 621-631 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Noto-Hanto-Oki earthquake tsunami ; source model ; spectral synthesis ; numerical simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A source model was discussed for a small tsunami accompanied by the Noto-Hanto-Oki earthquake (M s 6.6), striking Japan on 7 February, 1994. Assuming a fault model under the sea bottom, we estimated the focal parameters jointly, using synthesized tsunami source spectra as well as the tsunami numerical simulation. The fault proposed by this study consists of a plane sized 15×15 km, dipping N47°W with the dip angle of 42°, which is almost pure reverse fault (slip angle 87°) with a dislocation of 1 meter. The numerical simulation shows that the shallow sea in the source region caused a comparatively long recurring tsunami (the periods are 12–18 minutes) in spite of its small size. The model fault is corresponding to an aftershock area of this earthquake.
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    Two 1993 Kamchatka earthquakes (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 633-647 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake parameters ; tsunamis ; earthquake cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two earthquakes occurred in 1993 off southern Kamchatka. They have similar surface wave magnitudes, focal mechanisms, and depths, but have distinctly different characteristics. The November earthquake is a standard or “impulsive”M7 underthrusting event. The June earthquake is a tsunamigenic or “low-stress-drop” event with several unusual characteristics, including a large, diffuse aftershock zone, directivity, and a long source time function. The 1993 earthquakes ruptured a segment of the Kamchatka Arc which has not ruptured since 1904. The 1993 earthquakes seem to signal the midpoint in the southern Kamchatka seismic cycle.
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    Tsunami deposits from the 1993 Southwest Hokkaido earthquake and the 1640 Hokkaido Komagatake eruption, northern Japan (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 719-733 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tsunami deposit ; distribution ; lithofacies ; 1993 Hokkaido tsunami ; 1640 Komagatake eruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The southwest Hokkaido tsunami of July 12th, 1993, left continuous onshore sand deposits along the west coast of Oshima Peninsuka, Hokkaido, northern Japan. We investigated spatial distribution and lithofacies of the new tsunami deposits for its identification of ancient tsunami deposits. An eyewitness acount and bent plants helped our interpretation of the onshore tsunami behavior. We regard the following properties as typical of the coastal tsunami sand deposits: (1) The deposits cover the surface almost continuously on gentle topography. (2) Deposit thicknesses and mean grain sizes descrease with distance from the sea. (3) Deposit thicknesses and lithofacies vary greatly across local surface undulation. (4) Graded bedding reflecting tsunami runup and backwash is present in thick deposits. (5) The deposits are widely distributed along the coast and extend inland several tens of meters to 100 m. We examined a candidate for the paleo-tsunami deposits associated with the 1640 Komagatake eruption, and confirmed that the similar patterns are typical of ancient tsunami deposits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874391
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    Role of dykes in induced seismicity at Bhatsa reservoir, Maharashtra, India (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 155-165 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Dykes ; pore pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The geological and hydrological conditions near the reservoir site play an important role in the generation or absence of seismic activity. Near Bhatsa reservoir, along the west coast of India intense seismic activity occurred during August–September 1983, after a lag of six years of initial impounding. From July 1983 to September 1990, 15,388 earthquakes (mostlyM 1〈3.0) were recorded, the largest being of magnitude 4.9. The spatial distribution of well located 172 earthquakes suggest a strong correlation between the epicenters and the disposition of dykes and faults around the Bhatsa region. It is inferred that these dykes have acted as “barriers” for the diffusion of water from the reservoir, thereby becoming zones of instability due to increased pore pressure not only along them but also over the volume they bound.
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    Reservoir associated characteristics using deterministic chaos in Aswan, Nurek and Koyna reservoirs (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 209-217 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquakes ; strange attractor ; deterministic chaos ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nurek, Aswan and Koyna reservoirs were affected by moderate earthquakes with continuing seismic activity. Microearthquake data recorded through local networks have been used to determine the strange attractor dimensions, using deterministic chaos which were found as 7,2, 3.8 and 4.8, respectively. This would imply that while 8 parameters are needed to model earthquakes near Nurek reservoir, only 4 to 5 parameters are needed for the Aswan and Koyna regions. The differences in the strange attractor dimension suggest them to be a measure of seismotectonics around such reservoirs.
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    Use of mode-converted waves in marine seismic data to investigate the lithology of the sub-bottom sediments in Isfjorden, Svalbard (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 145 (1995), S. 313-325 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Mode-conversion ; marine/land geometry ; V p /V s ratios ; lithology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstracts The compression wavefield is efficiently converted to shear-wave energy at post-critical angles in areas of high impedance contrast at the sea floor. We have analysed mode-converted shear waves in a data set acquired with a hybrid marine/land geometry in Isfjorden, Svalbard. Through a kinematic 2D ray-tracing modellingV p/Vs ratios for part of the uppermost 5km of the crust are obtained. Low values (V p /V s =1.65) are tentatively associated with the section of Devonian sandstones which appears to attain a minimum thickness of 1.5km below 3 km depth about 10km west of Kapp Thorden.
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    Modeling the seismic source and tsunami generation of the December 12, 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia, earthquake (1995)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 144 (1995), S. 537-554 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Earthquake source ; body waves ; moment tensor ; tsunami modeling ; submarine slumps ; Indonesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract On December 12, 1992 a large earthquake (M s 7.5) occurred just north of Flores Island, Indonesia which, along with the tsunami it generated, killed more than 2,000 people. In this study, teleseismicP andSH waves, as well asPP waves from distances up to 123°, are inverted for the orientations and time histories of multiple point sources. By repeating the inversion for reasonable values of depth, time separation and spatial separation, a 2-fault model is developed. Next, the vertical deformation of the seafloor is estimated from this fault model. Using a detailed bathymetric model, linear and nonlinear tsunami propagation models are tested. The data consist of a single tide gauge record at Palopo (650 km to the north), as well as tsunami runup height measurements from Flores Island and nearby islands. Assuming a tsunami runup amplification factor of two, the two-fault model explains the tide gauge record and the tsunami runup heights on most of Flores Island. It cannot, however, explain the large tsunami runup heights observed near Leworahang (on Hading Bay) and Riangkroko (on the northeast peninsula). Massive coastal slumping was observed at both of these locations. A final model, which in addition to the two faults, includes point sources of large vertical displacement at these two locations explains the observations quite well.
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    Estimation of Mining Tremor Occurrence by Using Neural Networks (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 154 (1999), S. 57-72 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Mining tremors, neural networks, time series.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Changes of the primary strain-stress state (caused by interaction between natural conditions and mining activity) can result, under special circumstances, to the origin of seismic induced events. The question of induced seismic activity prediction was treated as a problem of time series extrapolation of maximum cumulative amplitudes and numbers of seismic events recorded per day. The treatment was carried out by means of Multilayered Perceptron Neural Networks (MLP NN). The application to mining tremor prediction has been tested and methodological conditions have been obtained. It was proved that the prediction of the number of mining tremors per day is more precise than the prediction of future energy (maximum amplitudes). Further advance, based on the processing of seismo-acoustic activity series, is introduced.
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    A Study on the Performance of the NCMRWF Analysis and Forecasting System During Asian Summer Monsoon: Thermodynamic Aspects (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 154 (1999), S. 141-162 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Asian summer monsoon, systematic errors, temperature, moisture, heat budget, moisture budget.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —The thermodynamic characteristics of the Asian summer monsoon are examined with a global analysis-forecast system. In this study, we investigated the large-scale balances of heat and moisture by making use of operational analyses as well as forecast fields for June, July and August (JJA), 1994. Apart from elucidating systematic errors in the temperature and moisture fields, the study expounds the influence of these errors on the large-scale budgets of heat and moisture over the monsoon region. The temperature forecasts of the model delineate predominant cooling in the middle and lower tropospheres over the monsoon region. Similarly, the moisture forecasts evince a drying tendency in the lower troposphere. However, certain sectors of moderate moistening exist over the peninsular India and adjoining oceanic sectors of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.¶The broad features of the large-scale heat and moisture budgets represented by the analysis/forecast fields indicate good agreement with the observed aspects of the summer monsoon circulation. The model forecasts fail to retain the analyzed atmospheric variability in terms of the mean circulation, which is indicated by underestimation of various terms of heat and moisture budgets with an increase in the forecast period. Further, the forecasts depict an anomalous diabatic cooling layer in the lower middle troposphere of the monsoon region which inhibits vertical transfer of heat and moisture from the mixed layer of the atmospheric boundary layer to the middle troposphere. In effect, the monsoon circulation is considerably weakened with an increase in the forecast period. The treatment of shallow convection and the use of interactive clouds in the model can reduce the cooling bias considerably.
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    Sources of Tsunami and Tsunamigenic Earthquakes in Subduction Zones (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 154 (1999), S. 467-483 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Tsunami, subduction zones, interplate earthquakes, intraplate earthquakes, tsunami earthquakes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —We classified tsunamigenic earthquakes in subduction zones into three types earth quakes at the plate interface (typical interplate events), earthquakes at the outer rise, within the subducting slab or overlying crust (intraplate events), and "tsunami earthquakes" that generate considerably larger tsunamis than expected from seismic waves. The depth range of a typical interplate earthquake source is 10–40km, controlled by temperature and other geological parameters. The slip distribution varies both with depth and along-strike. Recent examples show very different temporal change of slip distribution in the Aleutians and the Japan trench. The tsunamigenic coseismic slip of the 1957 Aleutian earthquake was concentrated on an asperity located in the western half of an aftershock zone 1200km long. This asperity ruptured again in the 1986 Andreanof Islands and 1996 Delarof Islands earthquakes. By contrast, the source of the 1994 Sanriku-oki earthquake corresponds to the low slip region of the previous interplate event, the 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquake. Tsunamis from intraplate earthquakes within the subducting slab can be at least as large as those from interplate earthquakes; tsunami hazard assessments must include such events. Similarity in macroseismic data from two southern Kuril earthquakes illustrates difficulty in distinguishing interplate and slab events on the basis of historical data such as felt reports and tsunami heights. Most moment release of tsunami earthquakes occurs in a narrow region near the trench, and the concentrated slip is responsible for the large tsunami. Numerical modeling of the 1996 Peru earthquake confirms this model, which has been proposed for other tsunami earthquakes, including 1896 Sanriku, 1946 Aleutian and 1992 Nicaragua.
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    Rupture Process of the 1995 Antofagasta Subduction Earthquake (Mw = 8.1) (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 154 (1999), S. 677-708 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Finite-source rupture models, Chilean tectonics, seismic directivity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —A finite-source rupture model of the July 30, 1995, M w = 8.1 Antofagasta (Northern Chile) subduction earthquake is developed using body and surface waves that span periods from 20 to 290s. A long-period (150–290s) surface-wave spectral inversion technique is applied to estimate the average finite-fault source properties. Deconvolutions of broadband body waves using theoretical Green’s functions, and deconvolutions of broadband fundamental mode surface waves using empirical Green’s functions provided by a large aftershock, yield effective source time functions containing periods from 20 to 200s for many directivity parameters. The source time functions are used in an inverse radon transform to image a one-dimensional spatial model of the moment rate history. The event produced a predominantly unilateral southward rupture, yielding strong directivity effects on all seismic waves with periods less than a few hundred seconds. The aftershock information, spectral analysis, and moment rate distribution indicate a rupture length of 180–200km, with the largest slip concentrated in the first 120km, a rupture azimuth of 205°± 10° along the Chilean coastline, and a rupture duration of 60–68s with a corresponding average rupture velocity of 3.0–3.2km/s. The overall rupture character is quite smooth, accentuating the directivity effects and reducing the shaking intensity, however there are three regions with enhanced moment rate distributed along the rupture zone near the epicenter, 50 to 80km south of the epicenter, and 110 to 140km south of the epicenter.
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    Some Atmospheric Surface Layer Characteristics over Varanasi from MONTBLEX-90 (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 81-92 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: MONTBLEX, atmospheric surface layer, friction velocity, Monin-Obukhov length scale, turbulent kinetic energy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —An attempt has been made to study the atmospheric surface layer characteristics such as Richardson number (Ri). Monin-Obukhov length scale (L), friction velocity (U *  ), friction temperature (θ * ), roughness length (Z 0 ), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), ratio of eddy conductivity to eddy diffusivity (K m  /K h  ) over a semi-moist convective regime. Data which were collected at Varanasi (25°18′N, 83°E) as part of the experiment known as MONTBLEX-90 (Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment) during the summer monsoon season was used in the present study. The variation of the above parameters with stability has been discussed. The differences within the surface layer are also pointed out. Some broad features are found to coincide with that of Businger et al. (1971). The heterogeneity and the anisotropic turbulence typical of monsoon tropical atmosphere are shown to be responsible for the deviations noticed within the surface layer.
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    Book Reviews (1999)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 183-201 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000240050261
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    Introduction: Seismogenic and Tsunamigenic Processes in Shallow Subduction Zones (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 154 (1999), S. 405-407 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    The December 5th, 1456 Central Italy Earthquake: A Discussion of a Possible Reshaping of Intensity Distribution by Vectorial Modelling (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 131-148 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Central Italy, macroseismic intensity distribution, epicentre, attenuation directions, felt area.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —A study of the intensity distribution of the earthquake of December 5th 1456, which affected a large area of central and southern Italy was carried out, verifying, through a recently proposed methodology, the two hypotheses assumed by different authors for one single seismic event and three distinct and close ones. This methodology is based on a vectorial modelling of the macroseismic intensity distribution which aims at determining the epicentre and the principal (minimum and maximum) attenuation directions.¶The study was structured, considering each of the two assumed hypotheses, in a set of tests obtained for the macroseismic field and the intensity map, by analysing different configurations of the observed intensity distribution.¶The results obtained are in agreement with the hypothesis of the time coexistence of three distinct seismic events, for which the calculated epicentres and the principal attenuation directions are compatible with the observed intensity distribution and with the tectonic trend of the Apennine region, respectively.
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    Direct Assessment of Wood’s Metal Wettability on Quartz (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 119-129 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Capillarity, Wood's metal, surface tension, wettability, porosity.
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    Notes: Abstract —A tensiometric method (Wilhelmy plate) is used to study Wood’s metal dynamic wettability on specially prepared surfaces of quartz single crystals at low velocities of immersion (2 to 16 μm/s). After correction for buoyancy, the force exerted on the plate by the molten metal is used to derive the unit work of wetting γ cos θ where γ is the Wood’s metal surface tension and θ is the interfacial contact angle. Tests at different temperatures (85, 120 and 200°C) show that below 120°C, viscosity effects cannot be neglected. At an immersion/emersion rate of 2 μm/s, γ cos θ is in the range 0.417–0.444 N/m at 120°C, and 0.432–0.458 N/m at 200°C. These figures allow the conversion of injection pressures into capillary diameters during Wood’s metal injection tests. The method is promising since it may be used in porous materials to check the sensitivity of the unit work of wetting γ cos θ to parameters such as roughness and mineralogy, which are known to vary in a wide range within the pores and cracks of rocks.
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    Radiation Fog Prediction Using a Simple Numerical Model (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 57-80 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Fog prediction, radiation fog, numerical fog modeling.
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    Notes: Abstract —A simple one-dimensional numerical-analytical model was developed by Meyer and Rao (1995) to predict the onset of radiation fog. The model computes radiative cooling and turbulent diffusion of heat and vapor through the lower boundary layer and produces heat and vapor fluxes at the soil–atmosphere interface. The model is designed for Air Force forecasters who have access to a personal computer, an early evening surface observation of the dry bulb and dewpoint temperature, wind speed, the lapse rate in the upper boundary layer, and the previous 24-h precipitation amount. These initial data are used to predict the diurnal variation of the dry bulb and dewpoint temperatures at 10 m above the surface. In accordance with conventional synoptic observing practices, fog is defined as a restriction of the surface visibility generally to less than 1000 m. Fog is assumed to occur in the model predictions when the dewpoint depression falls to less than 1°C. Observations, from several Air Force bases for selected days when fog was observed to occur, were used to test the model. The present model with default parameters appears to predict the onset of fog slightly ahead of its occurrence. Better verification results are expected when site-relevant parameters are used in model predictions.
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    Physical Basis for Statistical Patterns in Complex Earthquake Populations: Models, Predictions and Tests (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 575-607 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Earthquakes, friction, threshold systems, stochastic resonance, nonequilibrium systems, driven dissipative systems.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —Understanding the physics of earthquakes and the space-time patterns they produce is illuminated by the use of coarse-grained models and simulations that capture the basic physical processes, and that are amenable to analysis. We present a summary of ideas that describe the nucleation, growth, and arrest of earthquakes on individual faults. Under shear loading, we find that faults reside in a metastable state near a classical spinodal that governs the nucleation and growth of slip events. The roughness of an associated stress distribution field Σ(x, t) determines whether slip events are confined within the initial high stress patch, or break away and grow to become very large. We find a critical value of roughness that is associated with a first-order, "order–disorder" transition. We also give a number of predictions, examples and applications of these ideas, and indicate how they might be tested through systematic observational programs.
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    How Can One Test the Seismic Gap Hypothesis? The Case of Repeated Ruptures in the Aleutians (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 259-278 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Seismic gap, seismotectonics, earthquake prediction.
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    Notes: Abstract —The test that Kagan and Jackson (1991, 1995) applied to the seismic gap hypothesis did not bring us closer to understanding the generation of large earthquakes. On the contrary, it led some to the conclusion that the rebound theory of earthquake generation should be rejected. We disagree with this point of view and argue that a global test of the simplified gap hypothesis cannot be done because it cannot account for differences in the slip history of fault segments and tectonic differences between separate plate boundaries. Kagan and Jackson did show, however, that the original gap hypothesis was oversimplified and should be refined. We propose that consideration of all the facts, including slip history and seismicity patterns in the Andreanof Islands, show that the concept of seismic gaps and the elastic rebound theory are correct for that segment of the plate boundary. The coseismic slip in the M w 8.7 earthquake that broke this plate boundary segment in 1957 was only 2 m, as published before the repeat earthquake of 1986 (M w 8), and thus, using a plate convergence rate of 7.3 cm/year, the return time in this cycle was expected to be less than 30 years, unless substantial aseismic creep occurs. This supports the time predictable model of mainshock recurrence. In addition, Kisslinger et al. (1985) and Kisslinger (1986) noticed a seismic quiescence in the subsequent source volume before the 1986 earthquake and attempted to predict it. The specific parameters he estimated were not entirely correct although his interpretation of the observed quiescence as a precursor was. We conclude that the 1986, M w 8, Andreanof earthquake was not an example that disproves the seismic gap hypothesis. On the contrary, it shows that the hypothesis that plate motions reload plate boundaries after most of the elastic energy is released in great ruptures was correct in this case. This suggests that great earthquakes occur preferably in mature gaps. We believe the testing of the seismic gap hypothesis by algorithm on a global scale is an example that illustrates that overly simplified tests can lead to erroneous conclusions. To make progress in the actual understanding of the physics of the process of great earthquake ruptures, one must consider all the facts known for case histories.
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    Precursory Seismic Quiescence before the 1994 Kurile Earthquake (Mw = 8.3) Revealed by Three Independent Seismic Catalogs (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 443-470 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Seismicity pattern, seismic quiescence, Kurile, Hokkaido Toho-Oki, earthquake prediction.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —We have found that the M w = 8.3 Kurile earthquake on October 4, 1994 followed an outstanding seismic quiescence starting 5–6 years before the mainshock near the ruptured area. We have analyzed three independent seismic catalogs Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University (ISV), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and International Seismology Center (ISC). In spite of selecting different magnitude bands and time windows all three catalogs presented the common feature of the seismic quiescence. This fact strongly suggests that the seismic quiescence should not be a man-made change but actually occurred. Moreover we have confirmed that the seismic quiescence was the most significant and the earthquake was the largest in the past twenty-five years in this region. Therefore we confidently interpret this seismic quiescence as an indication of a preparation process for the M w = 8.3 Kurile earthquake.
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    Seismicity Analysis through Point-process Modeling: A Review (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 471-507 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Causal relationship, ETAS model, modified Omori formula, relative quiescence, season ality of seismicity, space-time models.
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    Notes: Abstract —The occurrence times of earthquakes can be considered to be a point process, and suitable modeling of the conditional intensity function of a point process is useful for the investigation of various statistical features of seismic activity. This manuscript summarizes likelihood based methods of analysis of point processes, and reviews useful models for particular analyses of seismicity. Most of the analyses can be implemented by the computer programs published by the author and collaborators.
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    Rethinking Earthquake Prediction (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 207-232 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Earthquakes, earthquake prediction, earthquake precursors, physics of earthquakes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —We re-examine and summarize what is now possible in predicting earthquakes, what might be accomplished (and hence might be possible in the next few decades) and what types of predictions appear to be inherently impossible based on our understanding of earthquakes as complex phenomena. We take predictions to involve a variety of time scales from seconds to a few decades. Earthquake warnings and their possible societal uses differ for those time scales. Earthquake prediction should not be equated solely with short-term prediction—those with time scales of hours to weeks—nor should it be assumed that only short-term warnings either are or might be useful to society. A variety of "consumers" or stakeholders are likely to take different mitigation measures in response to each type of prediction. A series of recent articles in scientific literature and the media claim that earthquakes cannot be predicted and that exceedingly high accuracy is needed for predictions to be of societal value. We dispute a number of their key assumptions and conclusions, including their claim that earthquakes represent a self-organized critical (SOC) phenomenon, implying a system maintained on the edge of chaotic behavior at all times. We think this is correct but only in an uninteresting way, that is on global or continental scales. The stresses in the regions surrounding the rupture zones of individual large earthquakes are reduced below a SOC state at the times of those events and remain so for long periods. As stresses are slowly re-established by tectonic loading, a region approaches a SOC state during the last part of the cycle of large earthquakes. The presence of that state can be regarded as a long-term precursor rather than as an impediment to prediction. We examine other natural processes such as volcanic eruptions, severe storms and climate change that, like earthquakes, are also examples of complex processes, each with its own predictable, possibly predictable and inherently unpredictable elements. That a natural system is complex does not mean that predictions are not possible for some spatial, temporal and size regimes. Long-term, and perhaps intermediate-term, predictions for large earthquakes appear to be possible for very active fault segments. Predicting large events more than one cycle into the future appears to be inherently difficult, if not impossible since much of the nonlinearity in the earthquake process occurs at or near the time of large events. Progress in earthquake science and prediction over the next few decades will require increased monitoring in several active areas.
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    Precursory Activation of Seismicity in Advance of the Kobe, 1995, M = 7.2 Earthquake (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 155 (1999), S. 409-423 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Earthquake prediction, algorithms M8 and MSc, seismicity, Japan.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —A succession of precursory changes of seismicity characteristic to earthquakes of magnitude 7.0–7.5 occurred in advance of the Kobe 1995, M = 7.2, earthquake. Using the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) regional catalog of earthquakes, the M8 prediction algorithm (Keilies-Borko and Kossobokov, 1987) recognizes the time of increased probability, TIP, for an earthquake with magnitude 7.0–7.5 from July 1991 through June 1996. The prediction is limited to a circle of 280-km radius centered at 33.5°N, 133.75°E. The broad area of intermediate-term precursory rise of activity encompasses a 175 by 175-km square, where the sequence of earthquakes exhibited a specific intermittent behavior. The square is outlined as the second-approximation reduced area of alarm by the "Mendocino Scenario" algorithm, MSc (Kossobokov et al., 1990). Moreover, since the M8 alarm starts, there were no swarms recorded except the one on 9–26 Nov. 1994, located at 34.9°N, 135.4°E. Time, location, and magnitude of the 1995 Kobe earthquake fulfill the M8-MSc predictions. Its aftershock zone ruptured the 54-km segment of the fault zone marked by the swarm, directly in the corner of the reduced alarm area. The Kobe 1995 epicenter is less than 50 km from the swarm and it coincides with the epicenter of the M 3.5 foreshock which took place 11 hours in advance.
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    The Use of Wave-field Directivity for Velocity Estimation: Moving Source Profiling (MSP) Experiments at KTB (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 303-318 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key words: Borehole seismics, velocity estimation, KTB seismic experiments, vertical receiver array, transmitted wave field, P-to-S conversion.
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    Notes: Abstract —Within the "Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz 1989 (ISO89)" a three-component Moving Source Profiling (MSP) experiment, also named walk-away VSP, was carried out at the drilling site of the "Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (KTB)" in Germany. Analysis of transmitted waves traveling from the source locations at the surface down to the receiver array in the borehole reveals velocity information about the illuminated part of the subsurface. Complementary to the widely used evaluation of travel-time perturbations to locate velocity inhomogeneities we suggest the use of the directivity of transmitted wave types down in the borehole. To determine the wave-field directivity we focus on transmitted arrivals by employing principles of "Controlled Directional Reception (CDR)." We calculate local slant-stacks for three different depth positions as a function of the source offset, thus obtaining the variation of the vertical slowness (vertical ray parameter) of incident waves along the horizontal source profile and the vertical receiver array. The slowness data combined with travel times are interpreted by forward modeling taking into account geological information of the survey area. Our findings confirm results from gravity measurements which suggest the existence of large amphibolite/metabasite complexes in the vicinity of the borehole. The described method is also used to identify P-to-S converted energy originating from fracture zones above the receiver array and to locate the region in which conversion occurs.
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    Seismic Velocities and Anisotropy of the Lower Continental Crust: A Review (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 97-122 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Seismic anisotropy, lower crust, shear-waves, Poisson’s ratio.
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    Notes: Abstract —Seismic anisotropy is often neglected in seismic studies of the earth’s crust. Since anisotropy is a common property of many typically deep crustal rocks, its potential contribution to solving questions of the deep crust is evaluated. The anisotropic seismic velocities obtained from laboratory measurements can be verified by computations based on the elastic constants and on numerical data pertaining to the texture of rock-forming minerals. For typical lower crustal rocks the influence of layering is significantly less important than the influence of rock texture. Surprisingly, most natural lower crustal rocks show a hexagonal type of anisotropy. Maximum anisotropy is observed for rocks with a high content of aligned mica. It seems possible to distinguish between layered intrusives and metasediments on the basis of in situ measurements of anisotropy, which can thus be used to validate different scenarios of crustal evolution.
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    3-D Prestack-migration of Wide-angle Data from a Variscan Transition Zone (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 173-186 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Variscan basement, 3-D wide-angle data, DEKORP, deep seismic sounding, crustal structure, prestack-migration.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —In addition to the near normal-incidence observations within the German DEKORP 2 project in 1984, wide-angle observations have been carried out on a parallel profile across the boundary between the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian crust, approximately 50 km NE of the main transect to control three-dimensional variations. Explosion sources have been used for the entire survey, providing excellent conditions for wide-angle registrations. A velocity model has been derived on the basis of in- and off-line refraction measurements using a kinematic raytracer which was extended to three dimensions by interpolation of 2-D velocity fields between parallel sections. Although prestack-migration of the data led to aliasing effects due to large shot and geophone spacing, stable results were obtained by forming envelopes after single-shot migration. The migrated sections reveal a strongly reflective Moho at about 31 km depth and a steeply (50°) dipping intracrustal reflector, which seems to be related to the border between the two Variscan units.
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    Comparison of Isoplanatic Angles Derived from Thermosonde and Optical Measurements (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 503-524 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Optical turbulence, thermosonde, isoplanometer, isoplanatic angle.
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    Notes: Abstract —A comparison of isoplanatic angles θ 0 derived from (1) balloon-borne in situ measurements of the index of refraction structure constant (C n 2) profiles and (2) ground-based optical measurements of stellar intensity fluctuations using an isoplanometer is presented. Concurrent data taken over a six-day period in the spring of 1986 show reasonably good agreement between the mean values determined by the two methods. Comparisons in light of meteorological conditions suggest an isoplanatic angle behavior consistent with the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability where the best correlation was found between the optically-measured isoplanatic angle and the layer-averaged wind shear. Differences between the two measurement methods are largest for isoplanometer azimuth angles perpendicular to the balloon trajectory and for lower values of mean shear.
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    Preliminary Model for Scaling of Fourier Spectra of Strong Ground Motion Recorded on Kamchatka (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 445-468 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —To determine the average relationship among the Fourier spectrum of horizontal acceleration FSA(f), moment magnitude M W and hypocentral distance R for Kamchatka earthquakes, we analyzed 44 analog strong-motion records recorded here in 1969–1993. The records of acceleration and velocity meters were obtained at 11 rock to medium-ground sites from 36 earthquakes with M W = 4.5–7.8, at distances R = 30–250 km and depths 0–80 km. Amplitude spectra FSA(f) were calculated from digitized, baseline corrected records of 81 horizontal components, and then divided by instrumental transfer function. After smoothing the values were picked at a set of fixed frequencies. With the scarce amount of data at hand it was impossible to determine reliably the entire FSA(M W , R| f) average trend surface. Hence we first performed distance equalization with distance corrections calculated on a theoretical basis, and thus reduced the observed data to the reference distance of R 0 = 100 km. The model of distance attenuation applied included point source decay terms (1/R plus attenuation specified by Q(f) = 250 f 0.8) and finite source correction (using the formula for a disc-shaped incoherent source, its size depending on M W ); its general applicability was later checked by analysis of residuals. After reduction we determined the FSA(M W , R 0|f) vs. M W trends. To do this we employed a multiple regression procedure with ground type and station dummy variables. The M W dependence was assumed to consist of two linear branches intersecting at M W = 6.5. The result of multiple regression represents the first systematic description of spectral properties of destructive ground motion for Kamchatka earthquakes. The empirical FSA vs. M W trend flattens as frequency increases. This flattening persists even between 3 and 16 Hz, suggesting the decrease of source-related f max with increasing magnitude.
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    An Evaluation on H/V Ratio vs. Spectral Ratio for Site-response Estimation Using the 1994 Northridge Earthquake Sequences (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 631-649 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: H/V ratio, spectral ratio, site response, microtremor, resonant frequency, amplification.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —The applicability of the single-station H/V method, based on the spectral ratio between the horizontal and the vertical components of strong ground motions, is examined for site-response estimation using the high quality data from the 1994 Northridge earthquake sequence. Instead of using Rayleigh-wave data from microtremors, the large amplitude-wave part of the S-wave data is used and based on the 1994 Northridge mainshock and aftershock recordings. We have found that upon averaging over a number of recordings for a given station, the station site responses, derived both from the single-station H/V ratio and from the standard spectral ratio (with respect to a reference rock-site station) are sufficiently close for practical purposes. We therefore conclude that the H/V ratio can reasonably predict the resonant frequency and the amplification level of a site response, especially for sites in the neighborhood of the epicenters. In the absence of a reference rock-site station, the H/V ratio provides a practical alternative to the standard site-response estimation.
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    Structure of the Lower Crust Revealed by One- and Two-dimensional Modeling of Wide-angle Reflections — West Bengal Basin, India (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 701-718 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Bengal basin, crystalline basement, crustal structure, gravity high, Moho configuration, wide-angle reflections.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract —The crustal structure in the West Bengal basin, India has been investigated by means of wide-angle reflection data recorded along (i) Bishnupur-Palashi-Kandi, 227-km long profile in the north-south direction and (ii) Taki-Arambagh, 120-km long profile in the east-west direction. The data were acquired using multichannel digital seismic instruments with close station spacing. The crustal model, initially derived by 1-D forward modeling of the wide-angle reflection data, has been iteratively refined by 2-D ray tracing and modeling of travel-time observations and the corresponding synthetic seismograms computation. The structural contour map of the Moho prepared from the present data set, indicates the crustal thickness of about 37 km in the western margin of the basin, thinning to about 28 km in the east with an upwarp in the Moho boundary. The upwarp in the Moho and the inferred structural features may be indicative of crustal rifting. The well-known gravity anomaly in the West Bengal basin, ‘Calcutta gravity high,’ appears to have resulted from the Moho upwarp in combination with the huge thickness of sediments deposited east of the steep flexure of the crystalline basement representing the ‘Hinze zone.’
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    Focusing in Prestack Isochrone Migration Using Instantaneous Slowness Information (1999)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 187-206 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Prestack migration, instantaneous slowness, migration artefact, crystalline crust, DEKORP.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —Prestack migration finds increasing application in processing crustal seismic data. However, less effort has been made to incorporate slowness information in the imaging process. The combination of slowness information with migration leads to an improved image in the depth domain, especially by reducing migration artefacts and noise. A slowness-driven isochrone migration scheme is introduced for migration of 2-D seismic data. Instantaneous slowness information p(x, t) is extracted from the data using correlation analysis in moving time and space windows. Slowness values resulting from spatial coherent energy (signal) and incoherent background noise are distinguished by the simultaneous evaluation of an instantaneous coherence criterion g(x, t). In slowness-driven isochrone migration this information is used for locally weighting the amplitude A(x, t) smearing on the isochrone surface. In particular, slowness p and coherence criterion g determine position and sharpness of a Gaussian weighting function. The method is demonstrated using two synthetic data examples and is subsequently applied to two deep crustal data sets, one wide-angle (along DEKORP4) and one steep-angle reflection seismic observation (KTB8506). Both data sets were collected in the surroundings of the KTB drill site, Oberpfalz, as part of the German DEKORP project.
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    Upper Mantle Domains beneath Central-Southern Italy: Petrological, Geochemical and Geophysical Constraints (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 421-443 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Potassic magmatism, upper mantle, metasomatism, geophysical-geochemical models, central-southern Italy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —The Italian peninsula shows high complexity of the mantle-crust system and of the Plio-Quaternary magmatism. The lithospheric thickness has remarkable lateral variations from about 110 km to about 30 km. Intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes indicate the presence of a lithospheric slab under the Aeolian-Calabrian area and at the southern end of Campania. Much less extensive intermediate-depth seismicity characterizes the Roman-Tuscany region, where the existence of a relic slab has been hypothesized. The deep seismicity in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea is associated with active calcalkaline to shoshonitic volcanism in the Aeolian arc. Alkaline potassic volcanism occurs in central Italy, and potassic lamproitic magmatism coexists with crustal anatectic and various types of hybrid rocks in the Tuscany area.¶The parallelism between changing magmatism and variation of the structure of the crust-mantle system makes central-southern Italy a key place where petrological and geophysical data can be used to work out an integrated model of the structure and composition of the upper mantle. Beneath Tuscany the upper mantle has been affected by intensive subduction-related metasomatism. This caused the formation of phlogopite-rich veins that cut through residual spinel-harzburgite and dunite. These veins, possibly partially molten, may explain the unusually soft mechanical properties that are detected just below the Moho. In the Roman Province, the upper mantle is formed by a relatively thin lid (the mantle part of the lithosphere) and by metasomatic fertile peridotite, probably connected with the upraise of an asthenospheric mantle wedge above the Apennines subduction zone. Geochemical data indicate that metasomatism, though still related to subduction, had different characteristics and age than in Tuscany. In the eastern sector of the Aeolian arc and in the Neapolitan area, the upper mantle appears to be distinct from the Roman and Tuscany areas and is probably formed by fertile peridotite contaminated by the presently active subduction of the Ionian Sea floor.¶The overall picture is that of a mosaic of various mantle domains that have undergone different evolutionary history in terms of both metasomatism and pre-metasomatic events. The coexistence side by side of these sectors is a key factor that has to be considered by models of the geodynamic evolution of the Central Mediterranean area.
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    Book Rewievs (1999)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 543-555 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Modelling of Block-structure Dynamics: Parametric Study for Vrancea (1999)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 395-420 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Block-structure dynamics, Vrancea, block motions.
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —The dependence of synthetic earthquake catalog obtained by numerical modelling of block-structure dynamics for the Vrancea (Romania) seismoactive region on values of the model parameters is studied. The features of the synthetic seismicity, such as the spatial distribution of epicentres, the level of seismic activity, the relative activity of the different faults, are considered as functions of the directions of motions of the different blocks of the structure. The likelihood of the features of the synthetic and of the real seismicity could be used as criterion for the reconstruction of the direction of the tectonic motions.
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    Simulation of Tropical Cyclone Circulation over Bay of Bengal Using the Arakawa-Schubert Cumulus Parametrization. Part I — Description of the Model, Initial Data and Results of the Control Experiment (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 525-542 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Bay of Bengal, tropical cyclone, Arakawa-Schubert, simulation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —A ten-level axi-symmetric primitive equation model with cylindrical coordinates is used to simulate the tropical cyclone evolution from a weak vortex for the Bay of Bengal region. The physics of the model comprises the parameterization schemes of Arakawa-Schubert cumulus convection (Lord et al., 1982) and Deardorff’s (1972) planetary boundary layer. The initial conditions have been taken from the climate mean data for November of Port Blair (92.4 E, 11.4 N) in the Bay of Bengal, published by the India Meteorological Department. An initial vortex has been designed to have tangential wind maximum of 10 m/s at 120-km radius with a central surface pressure of 1008 hPa. As a control experiment, referred to as ASBB1, the model is integrated for 240 h maintaining the sea-surface temperature (SST) constant at 301 K. The results of the control experiment reveal a slow decrease of the Central Surface Pressure (CSP) from the initial value of 1008 hPa to 970 hPa at 156 h. After 156 h the CSP decreased sharply until 186 h, attaining 890 hPa. The tangential wind at 1 km level attained the Cyclone Threshold Intensity (CTI) of 17 m/s around 78 h and a maximum of 87 m/s was found at 210 h. These features indicate a predeveloping stage up to 156 h, a deepening stage of 30 h from 156–186 h followed by the mature stage. The mature stage is characterized by the simulation of the central eye region, warm core, strong cyclonic circulation in the central 300 km with low-level inflow; strong vertical motion at the eye wall and outflow aloft. The convection features of the different cloud types conform with the circulation features. The control experiment clearly indicates the evolution of a cyclone with hurricane intensity from a weak vortex. In part two of the paper, results from sensitivity experiments with respect to variations in latitude, SST and initial thermodynamic state have been presented.
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    The Problem of Regionalization in the Study of Magnitude-intensity Correspondences in the Mediterranean Area: A Distribution-free Approach (1999)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 156 (1999), S. 651-665 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Key Words: Magnitude-intensity relationships, distribution-free statistics, regionalization, Mediterranean, seismicity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract —A distribution-free statistical approach is proposed for tackling the problem of regionalization devoted to the study of magnitude-intensity relationships in the Mediterranean area. The training-set constitutes a compilation of more than 2000 earthquakes which occurred in the Mediterranean region since the end of the nineteenth century, when instrumental data became available, with epicentral or maximum intensity ≥ VI and MS magnitude values. Firstly an empirical magnitude-intensity correspondence has been computed for each intensity class by using the entire data set in the assumption of homogeneity at the regional scale. Residuals of such relation have been analyzed by a distribution-free statistical approach in order to evaluate the opportunity of a regionalization able to locally improve the performances of magnitude-intensity relationships. The analysis indicates that data concerning larger earthquakes (intensity ≥ VII) do not suggest the opportunity of zonation, and that unbiased estimates of macroseismic magnitude can also be obtained in the assumption that magnitude-intensity correspondences are uniform over the entire Mediterranean area. Therefore, better constrained relations determined for the entire Mediterranean region should be preferred to ill-defined local ones. As concerns smaller events (intensity VI), the procedure suggests that medium/small-scale lateral variations (on a wavelength lower than 102 km) should be taken into account if an efficient estimate of magnitudes from maximum observed intensity is pursued, but that data presently available are not sufficient to suggest any reliable zonation of the area under study.
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    Gravity and Capillary-Gravity Periodic Travelling Waves for Two Superposed Fluid Layers, One Being of Infinite Depth (1999)
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    Journal of mathematical fluid mechanics 1 (1999), S. 24-61 
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    ISSN: 1422-6952
    Keywords: Keywords. Water waves, bifurcations, spectral theory, dynamical systems.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The mathematical study of 2D travelling waves in the potential flow of two superposed layers of perfect fluid, with free surface and interfaces (with or without surface tensions) and with the bottom layer of infinite depth, is set as an ill-posed reversible evolution problem, where the horizontal space variable plays the role of a “time”. We give the structure of the spectrum of the linearized operator near equilibrium. This spectrum contains a set of isolated eigenvalues of finite multiplicities, a small number of which lie near or on the imaginary axis, and the entire real axis constitutes the essential spectrum, where there is no eigenvalue, except 0 in some cases. We give a general constructive proof of bifurcating periodic waves, adapting the Lyapunov-Schmidt method to the present (reversible) case where 0 (which is “resonant”) belongs to the continuous spectrum. In particular we give the results for the generic case and for the 1 : 1 resonance case.
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    Unconditional Stability of Stationary Flows of Compressible Heat-Conducting Fluids Driven by Large External Forces (1999)
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    Journal of mathematical fluid mechanics 1 (1999), S. 168-186 
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    ISSN: 1422-6952
    Keywords: Keywords. Navier-Stokes equations, heat-conducting fluids, steady states, asymptotic behaviour.
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    Notes: Abstract. We prove that any solution to the full Navier-Stokes system of equations of heat-conducting compressible fluid stabilizes to an equilibrium when time tends to infinity.
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    Well-Posedness of a Gas—Solid Phase Transition Problem (1999)
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    Journal of mathematical fluid mechanics 1 (1999), S. 282-308 
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    ISSN: 1422-6952
    Keywords: Keywords. Viscous, compressible, heat conducting fluid, liquid—solid phase transition, free boundary, classical solution.
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    Notes: Abstract. A new model for liquid—solid phase transitions within the frame of complete Navier—Stokes equations in a liquid phase is proposed. It takes into account such properties of liquid as compressibility, viscosity, and heat conductivity. The local existence and uniqueness of a smooth solution to the related initial-boundary value problem is proved.
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    On Partial Regularity of Suitable Weak Solutions to the Three-Dimensional Navier—Stokes equations (1999)
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    Journal of mathematical fluid mechanics 1 (1999), S. 356-387 
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    Keywords: Keywords. Navier—Stokes equations, initial-boundary value problems, partial regularity, Hausdorff's dimension.
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    Notes: Abstract. We prove a criterion of local Hölder continuity for suitable weak solutions to the Navier—Stokes equations. One of the main part of the proof, based on a blow-up procedure, has quite general nature and can be applied to other problems in spaces of solenoidal vector fields.
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    Interior Regularity for Solutions to the Modified Navier—Stokes Equations (1999)
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    Journal of mathematical fluid mechanics 1 (1999), S. 235-281 
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    Keywords: Keywords. The modified Navier—Stokes equations, initial-boundary value problems, interior regularity, Hausdorff's dimension.
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    Notes: Abstract. We discuss interior regularity of solutions to the three-dimensional modified Navier—Stokes equations. In particular, we formulate sufficient conditions that guarantee the local Hölder continuity of the velocity gradient.
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    Equivalence of the Euler Equation with a Variational Problem (1999)
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    Journal of mathematical fluid mechanics 1 (1999), S. 388-408 
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    ISSN: 1422-6952
    Keywords: Keywords. Lagrange functional, stationary points, C2 solutions of the Euler equation.
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    Notes: Abstract. We show in detail in which sense the following two properties of a time dependent, C 2-smooth, divergence-free vector field v are equivalent:¶a) v satisfies the Euler equation of hydrodynamics (with some pressure function p)¶b) v is a stationary point of a suitable Lagrange functional.¶Important steps are the study of surjectivity properties of the derivative of the action functional, and the identification of vector fields orthogonal to the divergence-free fields as gradients, in the sense of classical differentiability. Thus, a foundation of the Euler equation from a variational principle is provided in a form which, to the author's knowledge, was not available so far.
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    Undergraduate Projects in the Application of Artificial Intelligence to Chemistry. I. Background (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 238-241 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the development of intelligent machines is widely recognized. It is less widely appreciated that the methods which computer scientists use in their work on AI are also applicable to the solution of numerous problems in science. In many cases, AI methods are preferable to more conventional approaches, being superior in terms of time, quality of solution, or both. Most AI tools are comparatively simple to understand, despite their power, and computer programs to implement them can be written by anyone with average programming skills. This series of papers will demonstrate how AI methods are of value in science, why they work, and how they can be introduced into the syllabus as undergraduate research projects; suggestions of projects, illustrative programs and Java source code will be provided. This paper introduces the topic of AI and explains some of the ways in which an AI program differs from a conventional program.
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    Critical Safety Incidents. A videotape prepared by the Learning and Teaching Centre, University of Victoria, Canada. Videotape and 8-page guidebook. $60 (Canadian) in Canada, $65 (US) for U.S. and foreign orders (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 37-38 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia. By Robert Bud and Deborah Jean Warner (Eds.) Garland Encyclopedias in the History of Science Vol. 2; Garland Reference Library of the Social Sciences Vol. 936; The Science Museum, London and The National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution in association with Garland Publishing, Inc.: New York & London, 1998. Illustrations. xxv + 709 pp. 18.4 × 26.0 cm. $138.00 Hardbound. ISBN 0-8153-1561-9 (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 36-37 
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    Chemical Equations for Multireaction Systems (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 3-5 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract While the balanced chemical equations for a multireaction system are generally not unique, the minimum number of independent equations, R, is a characteristic property of the system. Deleting one nonspectator species from the system leads to a system with R reduced by one. In this way each system can be reduced to a single-reaction system and ultimately to a no-reaction system. The least number of chemical species that can be deleted to obtain a no-reaction system equals R. Every multireaction system, therefore, can be reduced to a number of single-reaction equations which can be balanced by any one of the standard techniques. Some examples are given where balancing by inspection is employed.
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    The Light-Induced “Worm” in Undergraduate Physical Chemistry (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 6-11 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We suggest a one-term course project based on a light-induced “worm” that can improve students’ understanding of several major principles, such as the material-balance equation, light absorption, and line broadening in laser spectroscopy. A description of the effect of the light-induced worm is presented along with the results for a trial run of the project and plans for future enhancements.
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    Demonstrating Linear Regression and Error Using an Experiment with a Microwave Oven (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 16-18 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To provide an application for the method of linear least squares to data collected in a laboratory, a beaker with water is heated in a microwave oven, and the water temperature is measured as a function of heating variables (time and oven setting). This procedure enables a student to obtain a regression line for each oven setting, and to evaluate the intercept and slope of this line and compare them with the initial temperature of the water and the heating versus oven setting relationship described in the microwave’s manufacturer’s manual. They also are asked to identify any sources of errors observed in this experiment.
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    Quantum Chemistry Comes of Age (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 259-267 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract On December 10, 1998, the 102nd anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death, in Stockholm’s Konserthus (Concert Hall), Sweden’s King Carl XVI Gustav awarded one half of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (3,800,000 kronor, about $489,000) to Professor John A. Pople, 73, of Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois “for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.”The remaining half of the prize, the ne plus ultra of chemistry, was awarded to Professor Walter Kohn, 75, of the University of California, Santa Barbara “for his development of the density-functional theory” [1–9]. Because of health problems in his family, Kohn was unable to attend the ceremony but presented his Nobel lecture in Stockholm on January 28, 1999. According to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: “The laureates have each made pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved” [7].
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    Energy Levels in Atoms and Molecules. By W. G. Richards and P. R. Scott. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1994; 96 pp, 246 mm × 189 mm, softcover ISBN 0-19-855804-X, £6.99 (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 271-272 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Teaching Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Through the “Chemical of the Week” (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 214-218 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many general chemistry courses spend little time on descriptive inorganic chemistry. An approach used, which has met with considerable interest by students, is to select a different chemical each week as the Chemical of the Week. A 15 minutes presentation of this chemical is given at the end of the last lecture of the week. Compounds are chosen which appeal to students based on health, environmental, or current media interest. The chemicals discussed, in order, are ozone, Freons, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, ammonia, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, lead, mercury, and cisplatin. The presentations are arranged so that later chemicals build on information from earlier chemicals. Each presentation usually follows a general format of the chemical’s synthesis, its environmental impact, practical applications, and personal relevance. Details of each presentation are given.
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    The Macrogalleria (web site). http://www.psrc.usm.edu/ macrog/ Developed by the Polymer Science Department, University of Southern Mississippi (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 38-39 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Characterizing the Gel to Liquid Crystal Transition in Lipid-Bilayer Model Systems (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 12-15 
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    Notes: Abstract A laboratory exercise that introduces differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is presented. In order to connect this basic physical chemistry technique with an application in the biological sciences, students investigated the thermodynamic properties of lipid-bilayer model compounds. DSC was used to characterize the gel-to-liquid-crystal transition for three phosphatidylcholines of varying acyl chain length. The laboratory exercise is suitable only for students with some background in physical chemistry and biochemistry.
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    Chemical Equations for Multireaction Systems (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 23-27 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Algebraic equations were derived for plotting theoretical titration curves involving argentometric titration of binary halide mixtures. These generic equations are applied to three cases of binary halide mixtures in spreadsheet programs. The results are presented graphically as plots of half-cell potential versus volume of the titrant. This approach may serve as a more effective and logical method of showing students how to simulate a complex system involving multiple equilibria.
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    The Biochemistry of Life’s Energy (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 28-35 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract On December 10, 1997, the 101st anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death, in Stockholm’s Concert Hall Swedish King Carl XVI Gustav awarded one half of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (3.75 million kronor, about $500,000) to Professor Emeritus Paul Delos Boyer, age 79, of the University of California, Los Angeles and Dr. John Ernest Walker, age 56, of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England “for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)” and one half (3.75 million kronor, about $500,000) to Professor Emeritus Jens Christian Skou, age 79, of Århus University, Århus, Denmark “for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase.”
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    American Chemical Society Directory of Graduate Research. By The ACS Committee on Professional Training; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1997. xv + 1708 pp. 21.4 × 28.3 cm. $65.00 HB ISBN 0-8412-3544-9 (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 36-36 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990280a
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    The Joule-Thomson Coefficient for Pure Gases and Their Mixtures (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 51-57 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The properties of the Joule-Thomson coefficient are discussed in general for pure gases, and the possibility of a nonlinear effect in binary mixtures is analyzed using the First Law of Thermodynamics and some common cubic equations of state. It is shown that although theoretically a binary mixture of gases may exhibit a Joule-Thomson effect different from the molar-weighted mean of the pure-component effects, the possibility of observing a positive difference is very low.
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    The Le Châtelier Principle: How Much a Principle? (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 58-62 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Principle of Le Châtelier is analyzed for the case of reactions taking place with real gases. The Principle, as usually stated in textbooks, is true only for ideal gas mixtures, and may be violated when the nonideal behavior of a gas is taken into consideration.
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    Spectroscopic and Potentiometric Investigation of a Diprotic Acid: An Experimental Approach to Understanding Alpha Functions (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 68-72 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory experiment suitable for second- or higher-year chemistry students uses thymol blue, an organic dye, for investigating the fraction of each colored species present as a function of pH. Visible color changes in the vivid, highly absorbing dye permit students to “see” relative amounts of acid, base, and ampholyte species during the titration, while potentiometric measurement of pH and spectroscopic determination of concentrations permit quantitation of the species present. A standard Beer’s law calibration curve is constructed for known concentrations of the pure forms of each species at a pH where that species is present as nearly 100% of the total analytical concentration of the dye. Using the molar absorptivities of the three species computed from the calibration curves, simultaneous determination of concentration by species is performed on a set of solutions having constant total concentration of dye such that each solution represents one point in the range pH 0 to pH 13. A mathematical software application is used to solve the simultaneous equations and determine the fraction of each species present. Students then use a spreadsheet application to plot the fractions as functions of pH (the alpha functions). The significance of the isosbestic points in the spectra is also explored.
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    Introduction to Organic Spectroscopy. By Laurence M. Harwood and Timothy D. W. Claridge, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997. ISBN 0-19-855755-8 (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 122-122 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990304a
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    Beer’s Law Is Not a Straight Line: Amplification of Errors by Transformation (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Beer’s law plots are commonly straight-line graphs in which absorbance is plotted versus concentration. The errors in such a plot are accentuated in the high-absorbance region due to the logarithmic transformation. This paper discusses the errors inherent in all Beer’s law plots and the choices the student has available: the use of either linear or nonlinear plotting methods. An experiment is described in which student Beer’s law data are treated in several ways to find out if transformation errors are significant. The conclusion is that if the absorbance values obtained for the calibration data exceed A=1, then nonlinear regression or weighted linear regression is indicated.
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    Mathematica Programs for Physical Chemistry. By W. H. Cropper, Springer, New York, 1998, ISBN 0-387-98337-6 (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 123-124 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990306a
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    Protein Unfolding of metMyoglobin Monitored by Spectroscopic Techniques (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 94-101 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this experiment the unfolding of the protein, myoglobin, will be monitored using both fluorescence and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Changes in the absorbance at 409.5 nm, the absorption maximum of the native state, will be monitored in order to probe changes in the protein conformation after initiation of unfolding by addition of a chemical denaturant. Protein unfolding will also be monitored after exciting the sample at 280 nm and following protein fluorescence emission at 345 nm, the fluorescence maximum for the unfolded state. The absorption run follows the time-dependent decrease in the concentration of the native-state species, whereas the fluorescence experiment monitors the increase in the concentration of the unfolded state. Kinetic rate constants obtained using the two techniques will be compared.
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    Investigating a Reaction of N-Methyltriazolinedione (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 134-136 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This undergraduate laboratory experiment challenges students to use their combined knowledge of organic reaction mechanisms and spectroscopic analysis to determine the product of a reaction that has several possible outcomes. The result is that students gain the “real-life” experience, commonly encountered by most research chemists, of characterizing and identifying an unknown organic substance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990316a
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    A Practical Approach to Potentiometric Biosensors Based on Consolidated Composites: Construction and Evaluation of a D-Amygdalin Biosensor (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 137-140 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A simple procedure to be used in an analytical chemistry laboratory by undergraduate students to prepare a potentiometric biosensor for D-amygdalin is given. The membrane material is prepared by simple compression of a solid sensing mixture (β-glucosidase mixed with Ag2S and AgI). This new technology has some advantages. It presents a simple way to prepare a biosensor membrane and this methodology adapts well to mass production technology. Simple polishing before each new measurement can renew the membrane. This type of biosensor produced by consolidated biocomposites can serve as a base material for different biosensing schemes. Using this technique, students can easily envision the functioning of a potentiometric biosensor where the classic detection mechanism as of an I-ISE is combined with the biological recognition of an enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990317a
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    Aleksandr Abramovich Grinberg (1898–1966), Russian Coordination Chemist: A Centennial Retrospect (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 147-156 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Yurii Nikolaevich Kukushkin (1931–1998), who died suddenly of a stroke on November 30, 1998, during its composition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990315a
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    Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. By Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr. Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1999. Figures, tables, charts. xiv + 642 pp, 21.0 × 26.0 cm. $92.00. ISBN 0-13-841891-8 (Photo reproduced with permission from Prentice-Hall, Inc) (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 200-200 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990322a
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    Students’ Microscopic, Macroscopic, and Symbolic Representations of Chemical Reactions (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 158-167 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the mental representations of chemical reactions used by six students (three male, three female) who achieved above-average grades in a college freshman chemistry class at a large midwestern university. The representations expressed by the students in structured interviews were categorized as microscopic, macroscopic, or symbolic representations of chemical reactions. The study revealed that the participants did make at least some use of each of the three representations; however, there were wide variations among participants in the sophistication of the various representations they used and in their understanding of the relationships between representations. Also, participants receiving very similar course grades sometimes demonstrated very different conceptual understandings of chemical reactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990325a
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    The Making of the Chemist: The Social History of Chemistry in Europe 1789-1914. By David Knight and Helge Kragh, Eds. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England; and New York, 1998. Figures, tables, maps. xxi + 353 pp. 18.0 × 25.3 cm. $80.00; £50.00. ISBN 0-521-58351-9 (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 201-203 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990319a
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    Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use. By Ernst von Weizsacker, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins; Earthscan: London, England; 1998. 9 pounds 99 p. ISBN softcover 1 85383 406 8, xxix + 322 pp, 46 Figures, 15 color plates (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 203-204 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990321a
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    A Senior-level Experiment in Structural Elucidation Using 2-D NMR (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract One-dimensional (1H, 13C, DEPT), and two-dimensional (COSY, HETCOR) NMR experiments are used to assemble the chemical structures of monoterpene unknowns assigned to senior instrumental analysis students. Students were asked to use their knowledge of NMR to deduce the structure of their assigned compound.
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    Simple Statistical Calculations of Entropy Changes (1999)
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    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 211-213 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The simple statistical treatment of the temperature equilibration of two two-level systems provides an easily understandable example of changes in entropy during reversible and irreversible processes. This treatment yields the fundamental formula dS = dqrev/T; thus, it provides a useful link between the classical (macroscopic) and statistical (microscopic) view of thermodynamic processes.
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    An Organic Synthesis Laboratory Exercise: Preparation of 2-Methoxyanthracene (1999)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 4 (1999), S. 219-220 
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    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Methoxyanthracene (target), a non-natural polycyclic aromatic compound, was obtained from the commercially available phthalic anhydride (starting material) through familiar reactions but a new approach.
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    A Qualitative Scenario Approach to Managing Evolving Requirements (1999)
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    Requirements engineering 4 (1999), S. 92-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-010X
    Keywords: Key words:Fixed-point theorem – Grounded theory – Grounded systems engineering methodology – GSEM – Information systems requirements – Qualitative methodology – Qualitative scenarios – Requirements engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we argue that information systems requirements are inherently dynamic, and that a methodology that caters for such dynamicity must enable the evaluation of requirements, as they evolve, against dynamic contexts. Moreover, information systems contexts are soft, ambiguous, and are thus mainly characterised by qualitative data. We present an analytical technique, based on the grounded theory method for developing qualitative scenarios against which statements of requirements can be evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007660050016
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    On the Architectonics of Requirements (1999)
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    Requirements engineering 4 (1999), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 1432-010X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007660050026
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