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  • United States  (164)
  • Male  (121)
  • Cell Line  (60)
  • Phenotype
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (359)
  • Springer  (5)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 2000-2004  (364)
  • 2000  (364)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (359)
  • Springer  (5)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
Years
  • 2000-2004  (364)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Understanding agri-food networks as social relations (2000)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 17 (2000), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Agri-food network ; Gender ; Sustainable agriculture ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Actor network theory and supply chainmanagement theory provide suggestive researchdirections for understanding regional agri-foodnetworks. These theories claim that relationshipsbased upon trust and cooperation are critical to thestrength and vitality of the network. This means thatexploring and detailing these relationships among thesuppliers, producers, workers, processors, brokers,wholesalers, and retailers within specific regionalgeographies of these networks are critical forfurthering cooperation and trust. Key areas ofcooperation include resource sharing andapprenticeship programs. Employing food networks as akey unit of contextual analysis will deepen ourunderstanding of how to enhance their resiliency andvibrancy. Important questions can be raised about thedifference gender makes for farmers, brokers,entrepreneurs, and workers in local food networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007692303118
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A broad exploration of a transgenic population of citrus: stability of gene expression and phenotype (2000)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 100 (2000), S. 670-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Stability ; uidA ; nptII ; Phenotype ; Carrizo citrange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstracts  A collection of 70 transgenic citrus plants for the uidA and nptII genes have been maintained under screenhouse conditions over a period of 4–5 years. A detailed scanning of the plants allowed us to detect four phenotypic off-type plants and a large variation of transgene integration and expression patterns among the population. Off-type plants were analysed and characterised as nucellar tetraploids, probably originating from tetraploid starting tissues rather than from somaclonal variation events. Transgene integration and expression analyses revealed that: (1) a significant negative correlation was found between copy number and GUS activity; (2) rearrangements of the T-DNA inserts did not imply low expression levels; and (3) stability of integration and expression of the transgenes was confirmed for all the transformants grown under natural environmental conditions. These combined features validate transformation as a tool for the genetic improvement of citrus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051338
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic diversity among plantain landraces (Musa spp., AAB group) (2000)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 101 (2000), S. 1056-1065 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Plantain ; Musa ; RAPD ; Phenotype ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic diversity amongst 76 plantain landraces has been studied using RAPD analysis at two levels of intensity and compared with groupings based on phenotypic indices and morphotype. There was a good correlation (R2=0.78) between estimates of genetic diversity based on 76 RAPD bands and 164 RAPD bands. However, there was a poor correlation between RAPD-based estimates of genetic diversity and a phenotypic index based on agronomic characters. There was also a poor correlation between RAPD analyses and morphotype group (based on bunch type and stature). These results suggest that the traditional designations of plantain landraces based on morphotype do not provide a true reflection of overall genetic divergence. Similarly, classification systems using phenotypic indices based on agronomic characters may not provide accurate taxonomic differentiation. The level of genetic divergence within morphogroups based on bunch type suggests that True Horn plantains are derived from False Horn plantains which in turn are derived from French plantains. Genetic divergence was found to be generally quite low within the plantain landrace genepool, which is consistent with the proposed evolution of this germplasm through somatic mutation of a relatively small number of introductions. However, putative synonyms/duplicates have been shown to be genetically distinct. In contrast, a group of 12 landraces have been identified that are highly distinct from one another (showing 20–35% dissimilarity). Fertile members of this group may be useful for generating genetically diverse 2x and 4x breeding populations that can be used in breeding secondary triploid hybrid plantain varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051580
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary distributional analysis of US endangered bird species (2000)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 9 (2000), S. 1313-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: BIOCLIM ; birds ; conservation strategies ; ecological niche modeling ; endangered species ; GARP ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A first exploration of applications of ecological niche modeling and geographic distributional prediction to endangered species protection is developed. Foci of richness of endangered bird species are identified in coastal California and along the southern fringe of the United States. Species included on the Endangered Species List on the basis of peripheral populations inflate these concentrations considerably. Species without protection in the US National Park System are focused particularly in peninsular Florida. Application of this methodology to additional taxa and regions holds promise for diverse conservation applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008924322405
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Western migrants in central Europe: Isolated individuals or members of transnational communities? (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: community ; Czech Republic ; East Central Europe ; ethnicity ; migration ; Prague ; social exclusion ; transnationalism ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Migration flows from western Europe, the United States and Canada to east central Europe have received little attention so far. But numbers are now considerable and in the context of globalisation it seems appropriate to conceptualise communities of Westerners in terms of transnational social spaces as defined by Glick Schiller et al. Study of Americans in Prague reveals three main groups: enterprise managers, lifestyle migrants and entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized enterprises. All are engaged in a variety of different processes of community-building, often with clear trends towards a new transnationalism. Yet, the individual attempt to live in two societies is limited by the marked boundaries of the communities and by the degree of social exclusion which they experience from the majority population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007183532417
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  • 6
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    Linkage disequilibrium and recombination in hominid mitochondrial DNA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The assumption that human mitochondrial DNA is inherited from one parent only and therefore does not recombine is questionable. Linkage disequilibrium in human and chimpanzee mitochondrial DNA declines as a function of the distance between sites. This pattern can be attributed to one mechanism only: recombination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Awadalla, P -- Eyre-Walker, A -- Smith, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2524-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 1JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fathers ; Female ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; *Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; *Recombination, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Dietary supplements: what is in the public's best interest? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hathcock, J N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2269; author reply 2270-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Consumer Advocacy ; Consumer Product Safety/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; *Legislation, Drug ; *Legislation, Food ; Lobbying ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    U.S. and Cuban scientific exchange (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rasenick, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2449-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Commerce ; Cuba ; *International Cooperation ; *Neurosciences ; Politics ; Technology Transfer ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Funding for the unexpected (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dwyer, D S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2452.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Financing, Government ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Peer Review, Research ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Molecular linkage underlying microtubule orientation toward cortical sites in yeast (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: Selective microtubule orientation toward spatially defined cortical sites is critical to polarized cellular processes as diverse as axon outgrowth and T cell cytotoxicity. In yeast, oriented cytoplasmic microtubules align the mitotic spindle between mother and bud. The cortical marker protein Kar9 localizes to the bud tip and is required for the orientation of microtubules toward this region. Here, we show that Kar9 directs microtubule orientation by acting through Bim1, a conserved microtubule-binding protein. Bim1 homolog EB1 was originally identified through its interaction with adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor, raising the possibility that an APC-EB1 linkage orients microtubules in higher cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korinek, W S -- Copeland, M J -- Chaudhuri, A -- Chant, J -- GM07620-19/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM07620-20/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM49782/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2257-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubule Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/metabolism/*physiology ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Spindle Apparatus/*physiology ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Role of the mouse ank gene in control of tissue calcification and arthritis (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Mutation at the mouse progressive ankylosis (ank) locus causes a generalized, progressive form of arthritis accompanied by mineral deposition, formation of bony outgrowths, and joint destruction. Here, we show that the ank locus encodes a multipass transmembrane protein (ANK) that is expressed in joints and other tissues and controls pyrophosphate levels in cultured cells. A highly conserved gene is present in humans and other vertebrates. These results identify ANK-mediated control of pyrophosphate levels as a possible mechanism regulating tissue calcification and susceptibility to arthritis in higher animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, A M -- Johnson, M D -- Kingsley, D M -- 5T32GM07365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):265-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beckman Center B300, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport ; COS Cells ; Calcinosis/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dna ; Diphosphates/*metabolism ; Durapatite/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phosphate Transport Proteins ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Tissue Distribution
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 12
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    Vaccine development. Radical steps urged to help underserved (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1562-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858127" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Developing Countries ; Drug Industry/economics ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *Vaccines
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: Allergic asthma is caused by the aberrant expansion in the lung of T helper cells that produce type 2 (TH2) cytokines and is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils and bronchial hyperreactivity. This disease is often triggered by mast cells activated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic challenge. Activated mast cells release various chemical mediators, including prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), whose role in allergic asthma has now been investigated by the generation of mice deficient in the PGD receptor (DP). Sensitization and aerosol challenge of the homozygous mutant (DP-/-) mice with ovalbumin (OVA) induced increases in the serum concentration of IgE similar to those in wild-type mice subjected to this model of asthma. However, the concentrations of TH2 cytokines and the extent of lymphocyte accumulation in the lung of OVA-challenged DP-/- mice were greatly reduced compared with those in wild-type animals. Moreover, DP-/- mice showed only marginal infiltration of eosinophils and failed to develop airway hyperreactivity. Thus, PGD2 functions as a mast cell-derived mediator to trigger asthmatic responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsuoka, T -- Hirata, M -- Tanaka, H -- Takahashi, Y -- Murata, T -- Kabashima, K -- Sugimoto, Y -- Kobayashi, T -- Ushikubi, F -- Aze, Y -- Eguchi, N -- Urade, Y -- Yoshida, N -- Kimura, K -- Mizoguchi, A -- Honda, Y -- Nagai, H -- Narumiya, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2013-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allergens/immunology ; Animals ; Asthma/immunology/metabolism/pathology/*physiopathology ; Bronchial Hyperreactivity ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology/immunology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Interleukins/metabolism ; Lung/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Male ; Mast Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mucus/secretion ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Prostaglandin D2/metabolism/*physiology ; *Receptors, Immunologic ; Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Respiratory Mucosa/secretion
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Global health. Group urges action on Third World drugs (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1571.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anti-Infective Agents ; *Developing Countries ; *Drug Industry/economics ; European Union ; Financing, Government ; *Global Health ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Japan ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; United States ; *Vaccines
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Dialog on depression (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Persaud, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):975.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada/epidemiology ; Depression/*epidemiology/etiology ; Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: In this month's essay, Anne McLaren traces the winding and pitted pathways that connect the early days of the cell theory of biology in the 1830s to the new and unfolding era of cloning science and technology that came to worldwide attention in 1997 with the announcement of the birth of Dolly, the Scottish cloned sheep. The possibilities, including the potential for new medical treatments and perhaps even human cloning, are fantastic ... and ethically charged.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1775-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome/CRC Institute, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/embryology/genetics ; Bioethics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; *Cloning, Organism/history/trends ; Cytoplasm/physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Therapeutics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bicoid-independent formation of thoracic segments in Drosophila (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: The maternal determinant Bicoid (Bcd) represents the paradigm of a morphogen that provides positional information for pattern formation. However, as bicoid seems to be a recently acquired gene in flies, the question was raised as to how embryonic patterning is achieved in organisms with more ancestral modes of development. Because the phylogenetically conserved Hunchback (Hb) protein had previously been shown to act as a morphogen in abdominal patterning, we asked which functions of Bcd could be performed by Hb. By reestablishing a proposed ancient regulatory circuitry in which maternal Hb controls zygotic hunchback expression, we show that Hb is able to form thoracic segments in the absence of Bcd.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wimmer, E A -- Carleton, A -- Harjes, P -- Turner, T -- Desplan, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2476-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl Genetik, Universitat Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Patterning ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila/*embryology/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Thorax/embryology ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology ; Transgenes ; Zinc Fingers ; Zygote/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Ecology. Food fight drives evolution (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: On page 441 of this issue, evolutionary biologists showcase the purple-throated carib hummingbird as a rare example of food supply--in this case, flower shape--spurring the evolution of a sexual dimorphism, or a feature that differs between males and females. On St. Lucia, an island in the West Indies, female caribs sport bills a third longer and twice as curved as those of their male counterparts--one of the most extreme bill differences between the sexes in any hummingbird species. In the paper, the researchers link these "whoppingly dimorphic bills" to the specific flowers the male and female caribs frequent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):369-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Plant Structures/anatomy & histology ; Saint Lucia ; *Sex Characteristics ; Zingiberales/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    NIH nomination on hold for this year (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):587.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; Politics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Property claims. A deluge of patents creates legal hassles for research (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):255-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biotechnology ; Drug Industry ; Europe ; Genome ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout/genetics ; *Mice, Transgenic/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; *Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Technology Transfer ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Has America's tide of violence receded for good? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Experts in the young field of violence epidemiology blame guns and crack cocaine for America's deadly crime surge in the early 1990s. Explaining the subsequent decline in violent crime rates has been more difficult, however. Some of the factors that seem to have helped squelch crime could be temporary, such as low unemployment rates. But others, including a growing intolerance for violence as a means of settling interpersonal disputes, seem to have become cultural norms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):582-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939973" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abortion, Legal ; Crack Cocaine ; Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Firearms ; Homicide/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Police ; Prisons ; Street Drugs ; United States ; Violence/*statistics & numerical data
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    Transforming a discipline. A new breed of scientist-advocate emerges (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1192-3, 1195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biology ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Politics ; *Public Policy ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    How a bland statement sent stocks sprawling (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2127.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*economics ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Factual ; Genetics, Medical/economics ; *Genome, Human ; Great Britain ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Investments ; Molecular Biology/*economics ; Patents as Topic ; Public Policy ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genomics. Rat genome off to an early start (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1267-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Financing, Government ; *Genome ; Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Mice/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Rats/*genetics ; Research Support as Topic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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    U.S. postdocs. Report urges better treatment, status (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1854-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012348" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education, Graduate ; Job Satisfaction ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; *Research Personnel/economics/statistics & numerical data ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; United States ; Workload
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Research policy. Report tracks federal funding in each state (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *Financing, Government ; Government ; Maryland ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Gene patents. Patent on HIV receptor provokes an outcry (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1375, 1377.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents ; Biotechnology/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Design ; *Genes ; Humans ; *Patents as Topic ; Receptors, CCR5/*genetics/physiology ; United States
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    5TH International Ancient DNA Conference. Divining diet and disease from DNA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Some 110 scientists from a range of disciplines gathered in the overcast British midlands for the 5th International Ancient DNA Conference, held here from 12 to 14 July. Among the attractions were new insights into the diets of early Americans gleaned from ancient human coprolites and intriguing reports of nuclear DNA and ancient viral sequences extracted from mammoth bones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):530-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/virology ; DNA/*analysis/history ; DNA, Viral/analysis/*history ; Diet/*history ; Elephants/*genetics/virology ; Feces/*chemistry ; Female ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Texas
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    Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861-1999 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life-span limit. We examined the maximum age at death in Sweden, which rose from about 101 years during the 1860s to about 108 years during the 1990s. The pace of increase was 0.44 years per decade before 1969 but accelerated to 1. 11 years per decade after that date. More than 70 percent of the rise in the maximum age at death from 1861 to 1999 is attributable to reductions in death rates above age 70. The rest are due to increased numbers of survivors to old age (both larger birth cohorts and increased survivorship from infancy to age 70). The more rapid rise in the maximum age since 1969 is due to the faster pace of old-age mortality decline during recent decades.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilmoth, J R -- Deegan, L J -- Lundstrom, H -- Horiuchi, S -- K02-AG00778/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG11552/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG14698/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2366-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2120, USA. jrw@demog.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/trends ; Life Tables ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality/trends ; Probability ; Sweden
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    Plan to reduce number of new grants tempers enthusiasm for NIH budget hike (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):953.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    What makes a police officer a victim? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: In the United States, about 150 police officers die every year in the line of duty, and government figures suggest that some 350 suspected criminals are justifiably killed in confrontations with police. Seeking lessons behind these gruesome statistics and other disturbing trends in violent behavior nationwide (see main text) are researchers at the Federal Bureau of Investigation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):584.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939974" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Crime ; Criminology ; Humans ; *Personality ; *Police/education ; United States
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    Ecology. When fire ants move in, others leave (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Researchers have uncovered new evidence about the long-range, and potentially long-term, ecological damage being wrought by an invasive species of fire ant. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta displaces other ant species and upsets the structures of native communities of ants--disruptions that appear to be permanent, they report in the July issue of Ecology Letters. The drop in biodiversity could represent a significant loss, experts note, because of the critical role ants play in recycling nutrients and other biological material.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; United States
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    Science education. Ehlers offers remedies for ailing U.S. system (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):419.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798973" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Government Agencies ; Mathematics ; Politics ; Public Policy ; Science/*education ; United States
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    Intellectual property. NIH cuts deal on use of OncoMouse (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Mice ; *Mice, Transgenic ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Neoplasms, Experimental ; *Patents as Topic ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Neuroimaging evidence for dissociable forms of repetition priming (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Repetition priming has been characterized neurophysiologically as a decreased response following stimulus repetition. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether this repetition-related response is sensitive to stimulus familiarity. A right fusiform region exhibited an attenuated response to the repetition of familiar stimuli, both faces and symbols, but exhibited an enhanced response to the repetition of unfamiliar stimuli. Moreover, both repetition effects were modulated by lag between successive presentations. Further experiments replicated the interactions between repetition, familiarity, and lag and demonstrated the persistence of these effects over multiple repetitions. Priming-related responses are therefore not unitary but depend on the presence or absence of preexisting stimulus representations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henson, R -- Shallice, T -- Dolan, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1269-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. r.henson@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10678834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Regression Analysis ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Cooperating on childhood cancer (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sieber, S M -- Galson, S K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1205-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Neoplasms/epidemiology/*etiology ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Regulation of cell fate decision of undifferentiated spermatogonia by GDNF (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: The molecular control of self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells has remained enigmatic. Transgenic loss-of-function and overexpression models now show that the dosage of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), produced by Sertoli cells, regulates cell fate decisions of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells that include the stem cells for spermatogenesis. Gene-targeted mice with one GDNF-null allele show depletion of stem cell reserves, whereas mice overexpressing GDNF show accumulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia. They are unable to respond properly to differentiation signals and undergo apoptosis upon retinoic acid treatment. Nonmetastatic testicular tumors are regularly formed in older GDNF-overexpressing mice. Thus, GDNF contributes to paracrine regulation of spermatogonial self-renewal and differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meng, X -- Lindahl, M -- Hyvonen, M E -- Parvinen, M -- de Rooij, D G -- Hess, M W -- Raatikainen-Ahokas, A -- Sainio, K -- Rauvala, H -- Lakso, M -- Pichel, J G -- Westphal, H -- Saarma, M -- Sariola, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1489-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Programs of Developmental Biology, Molecular Neurobiology, Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cobalt/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mitosis ; *Nerve Growth Factors ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Sertoli Cells/cytology/physiology ; *Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/*cytology/drug effects ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Testicular Neoplasms/pathology ; Testis/anatomy & histology ; Vitamin A/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Paleoforensics. Ice Man warms up for European scientists (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2253-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Europe ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Ice ; Italy ; Male ; *Mummies ; Paleodontology ; Paleopathology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Pseudomonas survival strategies in cystic fibrosis (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LeClerc, J E -- Cebula, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):391-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939947" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Base Pair Mismatch ; Chronic Disease ; Cystic Fibrosis/complications/*microbiology ; DNA Repair ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Humans ; Lung/*microbiology ; MutS DNA Mismatch-Binding Protein ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas Infections/complications/*microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neurobiology. Receptors as kissing cousins (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milligan, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):65-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Energy Transfer ; Fluorescence ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/*metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D5 ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, Somatostatin/agonists/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Somatostatin/metabolism
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    Medical ethics. Principles for human gene therapy studies (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friedmann, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2163-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Human Gene Therapy, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA. tfriedmann@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Conflict of Interest ; Disclosure ; *Ethics, Medical ; Federal Government ; *Genetic Therapy/adverse effects ; *Government Regulation ; Human Experimentation ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation ; Patient Selection ; Public Policy ; Research Subjects ; Risk Assessment ; Therapeutic Human Experimentation ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Two-amino acid molecular switch in an epithelial morphogen that regulates binding to two distinct receptors (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: Ectodysplasin, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, is encoded by the anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) gene. Mutations in EDA give rise to a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of hair, sweat glands, and teeth. EDA-A1 and EDA-A2 are two isoforms of ectodysplasin that differ only by an insertion of two amino acids. This insertion functions to determine receptor binding specificity, such that EDA-A1 binds only the receptor EDAR, whereas EDA-A2 binds only the related, but distinct, X-linked ectodysplasin-A2 receptor (XEDAR). In situ binding and organ culture studies indicate that EDA-A1 and EDA-A2 are differentially expressed and play a role in epidermal morphogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yan, M -- Wang, L C -- Hymowitz, S G -- Schilbach, S -- Lee, J -- Goddard, A -- de Vos, A M -- Gao, W Q -- Dixit, V M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):523-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Ectodermal Dysplasia/genetics ; Ectodysplasins ; Epidermis/embryology/*metabolism ; Humans ; *I-kappa B Proteins ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Proteins/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 ; Transfection
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    Induction and maintenance of the neuronal cholinergic phenotype in the central nervous system by BMP-9 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have multiple functions in the developing nervous system. A member of this family, BMP-9, was found to be highly expressed in the embryonic mouse septum and spinal cord, indicating a possible role in regulating the cholinergic phenotype. In cultured neurons, BMP-9 directly induced the expression of the cholinergic gene locus encoding choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and up-regulated acetylcholine synthesis. The effect was reversed upon withdrawal of BMP-9. Intracerebroventricular injection of BMP-9 increased acetylcholine levels in vivo. Although certain other BMPs also up-regulated the cholinergic phenotype in vitro, they were less effective than BMP-9. These data indicate that BMP-9 is a differentiating factor for cholinergic central nervous system neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lopez-Coviella, I -- Berse, B -- Krauss, R -- Thies, R S -- Blusztajn, J K -- P01 AG09525/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):313-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/biosynthesis ; Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/*physiology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Central Nervous System ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/genetics ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Growth Differentiation Factor 2 ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mice ; Neurons/metabolism ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Septum of Brain/embryology/metabolism ; Spinal Cord/embryology/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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    Perspectives: drug delivery. Regulating export of ER cargo (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aridor, M -- Balch, W E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):816-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Line ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism/secretion ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Growth Hormone/chemistry/metabolism/secretion ; Immunophilins/chemistry/metabolism ; Insulin/chemistry/metabolism/secretion ; Ligands ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism/secretion ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
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    Scientists have not been silent (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nettleton, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):392-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; *Biotechnology ; Public Policy ; Societies, Scientific ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    "Fluorescent timer": protein that changes color with time (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-25
    Description: We generated a mutant of the red fluorescent protein drFP583. The mutant (E5) changes its fluorescence from green to red over time. The rate of color conversion is independent of protein concentration and therefore can be used to trace time-dependent expression. We used in vivo labeling with E5 to measure expression from the heat shock-dependent promoter in Caenorhabditis elegans and from the Otx-2 promoter in developing Xenopus embryos. Thus, E5 is a "fluorescent timer" that can be used to monitor both activation and down-regulation of target promoters on the whole-organism scale.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terskikh, A -- Fradkov, A -- Ermakova, G -- Zaraisky, A -- Tan, P -- Kajava, A V -- Zhao, X -- Lukyanov, S -- Matz, M -- Kim, S -- Weissman, I -- Siebert, P -- 1 RO3 TW01362-01/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1585-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Alexey.Terskikh@Stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11090358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/embryology/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology/genetics ; Cell Line ; Color ; Fluorescence ; Gene Expression Profiling/*methods ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Luminescent Proteins/*chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Otx Transcription Factors ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Xenopus laevis/embryology
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    Waiting for organ transplantation. Institute of Medicine Committee on Organ Transplantation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, R D -- Meltzer, D -- Duan, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):237-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rdgib@uic.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Government Regulation ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Institute of Medicine (U.S.) ; *Liver Transplantation/mortality ; *Organ Transplantation/mortality ; *Patient Selection ; *Resource Allocation ; Time Factors ; *Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; United States
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    Dioxin draft sparks controversy (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1313-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10847834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Burden ; *Carcinogens ; Dioxins/*adverse effects/analysis/pharmacokinetics/toxicity ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced ; Occupational Exposure/adverse effects ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Society of Toxicology meeting. Hazards of particles, PCBs focus of Philadelphia meeting (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):424-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798974" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/*adverse effects ; Animals ; Carbon/*adverse effects ; Heart Diseases/etiology ; Humans ; Immune System/*drug effects ; Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects ; Infant ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/*adverse effects/blood ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Recovery and management options for spring/summer chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-04
    Description: Construction of four dams on the lower Snake River (in northwestern United States) between 1961 and 1975 altered salmon spawning habitat, elevated smolt and adult migration mortality, and contributed to severe declines of Snake River salmon populations. By applying a matrix model to long-term population data, we found that (i) dam passage improvements have dramatically mitigated direct mortality associated with dams; (ii) even if main stem survival were elevated to 100%, Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) would probably continue to decline toward extinction; and (iii) modest reductions in first-year mortality or estuarine mortality would reverse current population declines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kareiva, P -- Marvier, M -- McClure, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):977-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fresh Water ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Northwestern United States ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmon/growth & development/physiology ; Survival Rate
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    Insect population control using a dominant, repressible, lethal genetic system (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: A major modification to the sterile insect technique is described, in which transgenic insects homozygous for a dominant, repressible, female-specific lethal gene system are used. We demonstrate two methods that give the required genetic characteristics in an otherwise wild-type genetic background. The first system uses a sex-specific promoter or enhancer to drive the expression of a repressible transcription factor, which in turn controls the expression of a toxic gene product. The second system uses non-sex-specific expression of the repressible transcription factor to regulate a selectively lethal gene product. Both methods work efficiently in Drosophila melanogaster, and we expect these principles to be widely applicable to more economically important organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, D D -- Donnelly, C A -- Wood, R J -- Alphey, L S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2474-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Egg Proteins/genetics ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fat Body/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Dominant ; *Genes, Insect ; *Genes, Lethal ; Genes, ras ; Homozygote ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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    South Africa's new enemy (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Many South Africans long dreamed of the day when the oppressive apartheid system would end. That day has come, but now the country faces a new disaster: one of the world's worst HIV epidemics--and most confusing government responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2168-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Government ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Public Policy ; *Research ; South Africa/epidemiology
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    Requirement of the inositol trisphosphate receptor for activation of store-operated Ca2+ channels (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-04
    Description: The coupling mechanism between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ion (Ca2+) stores and plasma membrane (PM) store-operated channels (SOCs) is crucial to Ca2+ signaling but has eluded detection. SOCs may be functionally related to the TRP family of receptor-operated channels. Direct comparison of endogenous SOCs with stably expressed TRP3 channels in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells revealed that TRP3 channels differ in being store independent. However, condensed cortical F-actin prevented activation of both SOC and TRP3 channels, which suggests that ER-PM interactions underlie coupling of both channels. A cell-permeant inhibitor of inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) function, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, prevented both receptor-induced TRP3 activation and store-induced SOC activation. It is concluded that InsP3Rs mediate both SOC and TRP channel opening and that the InsP3R is essential for maintaining coupling between store emptying and physiological activation of SOCs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, H T -- Patterson, R L -- van Rossum, D B -- Birnbaumer, L -- Mikoshiba, K -- Gill, D L -- AR07592/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- HL55426/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1647-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Boron Compounds/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Carbachol/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Diglycerides/metabolism/pharmacology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors ; Ionomycin/pharmacology ; Macrocyclic Compounds ; Oxazoles/pharmacology ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry/*metabolism ; Strontium/metabolism ; TRPC Cation Channels ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology ; Transfection ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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    AIDS research. Vaccine studies stymied by shortage of animals (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):959-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; *Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; Breeding ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Housing, Animal ; India ; *Macaca mulatta ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; United States
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    Biotechnology. Transgenic crops report fuels debate (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777400" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Conflict of Interest ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Legislation, Food ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Pest Control, Biological/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; *Public Policy ; Societies, Scientific ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Evolution. Parasites make scaredy-rats foolhardy (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):525-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Fear ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Personality ; Rats ; Toxoplasma/*physiology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology/*psychology ; Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral/parasitology/*psychology
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    Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: Theories of the regulation of cognition suggest a system with two necessary components: one to implement control and another to monitor performance and signal when adjustments in control are needed. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a task-switching version of the Stroop task were used to examine whether these components of cognitive control have distinct neural bases in the human brain. A double dissociation was found. During task preparation, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) was more active for color naming than for word reading, consistent with a role in the implementation of control. In contrast, the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's areas 24 and 32) was more active when responding to incongruent stimuli, consistent with a role in performance monitoring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacDonald, A W 3rd -- Cohen, J D -- Stenger, V A -- Carter, C S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1835-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Cognition/*physiology ; Color ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Reading
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    Designer labs: architecture discovers science (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):210-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Architecture as Topic ; Creativity ; Facility Design and Construction ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; *Laboratories ; *Research ; United States
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    CD95/CD95 ligand interactions on epithelial cells in host defense to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe infections, particularly of the lung, that are life threatening. Here, we show that P. aeruginosa infection induces apoptosis of lung epithelial cells by activation of the endogenous CD95/CD95 ligand system. Deficiency of CD95 or CD95 ligand on epithelial cells prevented apoptosis of lung epithelial cells in vivo as well as in vitro. The importance of CD95/CD95 ligand-mediated lung epithelial cell apoptosis was demonstrated by the rapid development of sepsis in CD95- or CD95 ligand-deficient mice, but not in normal mice, after P. aeruginosa infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grassme, H -- Kirschnek, S -- Riethmueller, J -- Riehle, A -- von Kurthy, G -- Lang, F -- Weller, M -- Gulbins, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):527-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD95/genetics/*metabolism ; *Apoptosis ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Line ; Epithelial Cells/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Lung/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Lung Diseases/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Pseudomonas Infections/*immunology/microbiology/pathology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Sepsis/microbiology ; Spleen/microbiology
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    Epidemiology. Tracking the human fallout from 'mad cow disease' (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: A task force here has been studying cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), an incurable malady of the brain and nervous system that has been linked to eating beef or other products from cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease." The team's goal is to find out just how the patients got infected and how many of them there may ultimately be. The number of confirmed or probable vCJD cases in the United Kingdom is still relatively small--a total of 80 as Science went to press--and recent estimates of the number of potential cases are lower than was once feared. Yet the task force's own recent results show that the incidence of vCJD is rising, and researchers remain determined to try to solve the riddles posed by vCJD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1452-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cattle ; Cluster Analysis ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/*epidemiology/transmission ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform/epidemiology/transmission ; Female ; *Food ; Great Britain/epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Meat ; Surveys and Questionnaires
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    Molecular biology. Mothers setting boundaries (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Certain genes are only expressed at one allele, a phenomenon called imprinting. Although it is well established that one allele of certain imprinted genes is silenced through methylation, this does not appear to be the case for all imprinted genes. In a thoughtful Perspective, Thorvaldsen and Bartolomei discuss new findings showing that insertion of insulator elements (boundary regions) between the promoter of a gene and its enhancer (a sequence that boosts gene expression) may be another way in which genes are silenced during imprinting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thorvaldsen, J L -- Bartolomei, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2145-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. thorvald@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896590" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dinucleoside Phosphates ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fathers ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Mothers ; Muscle Proteins/genetics ; Ovum/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; *RNA, Untranslated ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Repressor Proteins ; Spermatozoa/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Zinc Fingers
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    Genetic suppression of polyglutamine toxicity in Drosophila (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-10
    Description: A Drosophila model for Huntington's and other polyglutamine diseases was used to screen for genetic factors modifying the degeneration caused by expression of polyglutamine in the eye. Among 7000 P-element insertions, several suppressor strains were isolated, two of which led to the discovery of the suppressor genes described here. The predicted product of one, dHDJ1, is homologous to human heat shock protein 40/HDJ1. That of the second, dTPR2, is homologous to the human tetratricopeptide repeat protein 2. Each of these molecules contains a chaperone-related J domain. Their suppression of polyglutamine toxicity was verified in transgenic flies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kazemi-Esfarjani, P -- Benzer, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1837-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. parsa@its.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10710314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/anatomy & histology/embryology/*genetics/metabolism ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Eye/metabolism ; Eye Abnormalities ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; *Genes, Suppressor ; HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nerve Degeneration ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Peptides/genetics/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Proteins/chemistry ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retina/metabolism ; Suppression, Genetic
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    Biomedical policy. New minister hopes to create an Italian NIH (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):791.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; Financing, Government ; *Government Agencies/organization & administration ; Italy ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Support as Topic/organization & administration ; United States
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    Surface expression of HLA-E, an inhibitor of natural killer cells, enhanced by human cytomegalovirus gpUL40 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-11
    Description: The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis by interacting with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Surface expression of HLA-E depends on binding of conserved peptides derived from MHC class I molecules. The same peptide is present in the leader sequence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein UL40 (gpUL40). It is shown that, independently of the transporter associated with antigen processing, gpUL40 can up-regulate expression of HLA-E, which protects targets from NK cell lysis. While classical MHC class I molecules are down-regulated, HLA-E is up-regulated by HCMV. Induction of HLA-E surface expression by gpUL40 may represent an escape route for HCMV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tomasec, P -- Braud, V M -- Rickards, C -- Powell, M B -- McSharry, B P -- Gadola, S -- Cerundolo, V -- Borysiewicz, L K -- McMichael, A J -- Wilkinson, G W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):1031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10669413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigens, CD ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Conserved Sequence ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Down-Regulation ; HLA Antigens/immunology/*metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Protein Sorting Signals/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Transfection ; Up-Regulation ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Mate selection and the evolution of highly polymorphic self/nonself recognition genes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: Multicellular organisms use the products of highly polymorphic genes to distinguish self from conspecific nonself cells or tissues. These allorecognition polymorphisms may regulate somatic interactions between hosts and pathogens or between competitors (to avoid various forms of parasitism), as well as reproductive interactions between mates or between gametes (to avoid inbreeding). In both cases, rare alleles may be advantageous, but it remains unclear which mechanism maintains the genetic polymorphism for specificity in self/nonself recognition. Contrary to earlier reports, we show that mate selection cannot be a strong force maintaining allorecognition polymorphism in two colonial marine invertebrates. Instead, the regulation of intraspecific competitive interactions appears to promote the evolution of polymorphisms in these species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grosberg, R K -- Hart, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2111-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, One Shields Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. rkgrosberg@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11000110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cnidaria/*genetics/physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Genes ; Genotype ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Male ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Urochordata/*genetics/physiology
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    Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: To protect genome integrity and ensure survival, eukaryotic cells exposed to genotoxic stress cease proliferating to provide time for DNA repair. Human cells responded to ultraviolet light or ionizing radiation by rapid, ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent protein degradation of Cdc25A, a phosphatase that is required for progression from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. This response involved activated Chk1 protein kinase but not the p53 pathway, and the persisting inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdk2 blocked entry into S phase and DNA replication. Overexpression of Cdc25A bypassed this mechanism, leading to enhanced DNA damage and decreased cell survival. These results identify specific degradation of Cdc25A as part of the DNA damage checkpoint mechanism and suggest how Cdc25A overexpression in human cancers might contribute to tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mailand, N -- Falck, J -- Lukas, C -- Syljuasen, R G -- Welcker, M -- Bartek, J -- Lukas, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1425-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Cyclin E/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; G1 Phase ; Humans ; Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; S Phase ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays ; cdc25 Phosphatases/genetics/*metabolism
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    Paleoanthropology. A glimpse of humans' first journey out of Africa (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):948-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Female ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Georgia (Republic) ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Male ; Paleodontology ; Skull/*anatomy & histology
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    CikA, a bacteriophytochrome that resets the cyanobacterial circadian clock (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: The circadian oscillator of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus, like those in eukaryotes, is entrained by environmental cues. Inactivation of the gene cikA (circadian input kinase) shortens the circadian period of gene expression rhythms in S. elongatus by approximately 2 hours, changes the phasing of a subset of rhythms, and nearly abolishes resetting of phase by a pulse of darkness. The CikA protein sequence reveals that it is a divergent bacteriophytochrome with characteristic histidine protein kinase motifs and a cryptic response regulator motif. CikA is likely a key component of a pathway that provides environmental input to the circadian oscillator in S. elongatus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmitz, O -- Katayama, M -- Williams, S B -- Kondo, T -- Golden, S S -- GM37040/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):765-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; *Bacterial Proteins ; *Biological Clocks/genetics/physiology ; *Circadian Rhythm/genetics/physiology ; Cyanobacteria/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Reporter ; Luminescent Measurements ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Sequence Alignment
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    Two cheers for new stem cell rules (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1469.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Cell Line ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Politics ; *Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Plant breeding. Hopes grow for hybrid rice to feed developing world (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):429.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Developing Countries ; Hybridization, Genetic ; India ; *Oryza/genetics ; United States
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    Stem cells. Report would open up research in Japan (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):949.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Bioethics ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Japan ; Professional Staff Committees ; *Research ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Promiscuity and the primate immune system (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: The behavioral and ecological factors involved in immune system evolution remain poorly explored. We present a phylogenetic analysis of white blood cell counts in primates to test three hypotheses related to disease risk: increases in risk are expected with group size or population density, exposure to soil-borne pathogens, and mating promiscuity. White blood cell counts were significantly greater in species where females have more mating partners, indicating that the risk of sexually transmitted disease is likely to be a major factor leading to systematic differences in the primate immune system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nunn, C L -- Gittleman, J L -- Antonovics, J -- GM60766-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1168-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA. charlie.nunn@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073457" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Biological Evolution ; Body Weight ; Female ; Haplorhini/blood/*immunology ; Immune System/*physiology ; *Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Population Density ; Primate Diseases/epidemiology/immunology ; Risk Factors ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology/immunology/veterinary ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    NF-kappaB-induced loss of MyoD messenger RNA: possible role in muscle decay and cachexia (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: MyoD regulates skeletal muscle differentiation (SMD) and is essential for repair of damaged tissue. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is activated by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a mediator of skeletal muscle wasting in cachexia. Here, the role of NF-kappaB in cytokine-induced muscle degeneration was explored. In differentiating C2C12 myocytes, TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB inhibited SMD by suppressing MyoD mRNA at the posttranscriptional level. In contrast, in differentiated myotubes, TNF plus interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) signaling was required for NF-kappaB-dependent down-regulation of MyoD and dysfunction of skeletal myofibers. MyoD mRNA was also down-regulated by TNF and IFN-gamma expression in mouse muscle in vivo. These data elucidate a possible mechanism that may underlie the skeletal muscle decay in cachexia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guttridge, D C -- Mayo, M W -- Madrid, L V -- Wang, C Y -- Baldwin, A S Jr -- AI35098/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA72771/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K01 CA78595/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2363-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Mason Farm Road, Campus Box 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cachexia/*etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; *I-kappa B Proteins ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Interleukins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Nude ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; MyoD Protein/*genetics/metabolism ; NF-kappa B/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factor RelA ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Essays on science and society. Not (just) in Kansas anymore (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, E C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):813-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Science Education, El Cerrito, CA 94530-2810, USA. scott@natcenscied.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Biology/education ; Kansas ; Religion and Science ; Science/*education ; United States
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    Animal research. Activists win big on rodent, bird rules (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: A federal judge last month ruled that animal-rights activists have the legal right to challenge U.S. Department of Agriculture rules that exempt the vast majority of research animals from federal regulation. Observers say that the ruling almost guarantees that the agency will extend regulations governing animal handling and housing to thousands of academic and industry laboratories that work with rodents and birds. Those new rules, say animal-care experts, could impose costly new requirements on labs that don't meet standards set by the private Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):377.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Rights/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Welfare/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Budgets ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Allosteric effects of Pit-1 DNA sites on long-term repression in cell type specification (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: Reciprocal gene activation and restriction during cell type differentiation from a common lineage is a hallmark of mammalian organogenesis. A key question, then, is whether a critical transcriptional activator of cell type-specific gene targets can also restrict expression of the same genes in other cell types. Here, we show that whereas the pituitary-specific POU domain factor Pit-1 activates growth hormone gene expression in one cell type, the somatotrope, it restricts its expression from a second cell type, the lactotrope. This distinction depends on a two-base pair spacing in accommodation of the bipartite POU domains on a conserved growth hormone promoter site. The allosteric effect on Pit-1, in combination with other DNA binding factors, results in the recruitment of a corepressor complex, including nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR, which, unexpectedly, is required for active long-term repression of the growth hormone gene in lactotropes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scully, K M -- Jacobson, E M -- Jepsen, K -- Lunyak, V -- Viadiu, H -- Carriere, C -- Rose, D W -- Hooshmand, F -- Aggarwal, A K -- Rosenfeld, M G -- R01 DK18477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK54802/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM49327/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1127-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallization ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Growth Hormone/*genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1 ; Pituitary Gland/cytology/*metabolism ; Prolactin/*genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factor Pit-1 ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation
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    Song replay during sleep and computational rules for sensorimotor vocal learning (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: Songbirds learn a correspondence between vocal-motor output and auditory feedback during development. For neurons in a motor cortex analog of adult zebra finches, we show that the timing and structure of activity elicited by the playback of song during sleep matches activity during daytime singing. The motor activity leads syllables, and the matching sensory response depends on a sequence of typically up to three of the preceding syllables. Thus, sensorimotor correspondence is reflected in temporally precise activity patterns of single neurons that use long sensory memories to predict syllable sequences. Additionally, "spontaneous" activity of these neurons during sleep matches their sensorimotor activity, a form of song "replay." These data suggest a model whereby sensorimotor correspondences are stored during singing but do not modify behavior, and off-line comparison (e.g., during sleep) of rehearsed motor output and predicted sensory feedback is used to adaptively shape motor output.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dave, A S -- Margoliash, D -- MH11615/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH59831/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH60276/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):812-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052946" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acoustic Stimulation ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Feedback ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/physiology ; Prosencephalon/*physiology ; Sleep/physiology ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/*physiology
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    Patent prompts Rochester to sue for slice of drug profits (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):410-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/economics/therapeutic use ; Celecoxib ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; *Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/economics/therapeutic use ; Drug Industry/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics ; Lactones/economics/therapeutic use ; Membrane Proteins ; New York ; *Patents as Topic ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics ; Pyrazoles ; Sulfonamides/economics/therapeutic use ; Sulfones ; United States ; Universities/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Requirement for DARPP-32 in progesterone-facilitated sexual receptivity in female rats and mice (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-11
    Description: DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein (32 kilodaltons in size), is an obligate intermediate in progesterone (P)-facilitated sexual receptivity in female rats and mice. The facilitative effect of P on sexual receptivity in female rats was blocked by antisense oligonucleotides to DARPP-32. Homozygous mice carrying a null mutation for the DARPP-32 gene exhibited minimal levels of P-facilitated sexual receptivity when compared to their wild-type littermates. P significantly increased hypothalamic cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. These increases were not inhibited by a D1 subclass dopamine receptor antagonist. P also enhanced phosphorylation of DARPP-32 on threonine 34 in the hypothalamus of mice. DARPP-32 activation is thus an obligatory step in progestin receptor regulation of sexual receptivity in rats and mice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mani, S K -- Fienberg, A A -- O'Callaghan, J P -- Snyder, G L -- Allen, P B -- Dash, P K -- Moore, A N -- Mitchell, A J -- Bibb, J -- Greengard, P -- O'Malley, B W -- MH49662/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH57442/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS 35457/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):1053-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. smani@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10669419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Dopamine/pharmacology ; Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 ; Female ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Posture ; Progesterone/*pharmacology ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Signal Transduction
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    High frequency of hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: The lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are chronically infected for years by one or a few lineages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacterial populations adapt to the highly compartmentalized and anatomically deteriorating lung environment of CF patients, as well as to the challenges of the immune defenses and antibiotic therapy. These selective conditions are precisely those that recent theoretical studies predict for the evolution of mechanisms that augment the rate of variation. Determination of spontaneous mutation rates in 128 P. aeruginosa isolates from 30 CF patients revealed that 36% of the patients were colonized by a hypermutable (mutator) strain that persisted for years in most patients. Mutator strains were not found in 75 non-CF patients acutely infected with P. aeruginosa. This investigation also reveals a link between high mutation rates in vivo and the evolution of antibiotic resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oliver, A -- Canton, R -- Campo, P -- Baquero, F -- Blazquez, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1251-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Unit for Cystic Fibrosis, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, National Institute of Health (INSALUD), 28034 Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10818002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics/radiation effects ; Bronchi/microbiology/pathology ; Chronic Disease ; Cystic Fibrosis/epidemiology/genetics/*microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas Infections/epidemiology/genetics/*microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/*genetics/isolation & purification/radiation ; effects ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique ; Spain/epidemiology
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    Anthropology. Age, sex, and old goats (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marean, C W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2174-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. curtis.marean@sunysb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animal Husbandry/*history ; Animals ; *Animals, Domestic/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Archaeology ; Female ; *Goats/anatomy & histology/physiology ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Iran ; Iraq ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Sheep/anatomy & histology/physiology
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    Policy forum: genetic technologies. Monitoring and labeling for genetically modified products (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haslberger, A G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):431-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Federal Chancellory, Vienna, Austria. hasi1@via.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10671171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; Europe ; European Union ; *Food ; *Food Labeling ; *Genetic Engineering ; International Cooperation ; *Legislation, Food ; Risk Assessment ; United States
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    Heterozygous germ line hCHK2 mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The hCHK2 gene encodes the human homolog of the yeast Cds1 and Rad53 G2 checkpoint kinases, whose activation in response to DNA damage prevents cellular entry into mitosis. Here, it is shown that heterozygous germ line mutations in hCHK2 occur in Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a highly penetrant familial cancer phenotype usually associated with inherited mutations in the TP53 gene. These observations suggest that hCHK2 is a tumor suppressor gene conferring predisposition to sarcoma, breast cancer, and brain tumors, and they also provide a link between the central role of p53 inactivation in human cancer and the well-defined G2 checkpoint in yeast.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, D W -- Varley, J M -- Szydlo, T E -- Kang, D H -- Wahrer, D C -- Shannon, K E -- Lubratovich, M -- Verselis, S J -- Isselbacher, K J -- Fraumeni, J F -- Birch, J M -- Li, F P -- Garber, J E -- Haber, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2528-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Risk Analysis and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Apoptosis ; Brain Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Checkpoint Kinase 2 ; Female ; G1 Phase ; *G2 Phase ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genes, p53 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Germ-Line Mutation ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Li-Fraumeni Syndrome/enzymology/*genetics/pathology ; Male ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Protein Kinases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics/metabolism ; Sarcoma/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Cortical mechanisms of human imitation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: How does imitation occur? How can the motor plans necessary for imitating an action derive from the observation of that action? Imitation may be based on a mechanism directly matching the observed action onto an internal motor representation of that action ("direct matching hypothesis"). To test this hypothesis, normal human participants were asked to observe and imitate a finger movement and to perform the same movement after spatial or symbolic cues. Brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. If the direct matching hypothesis is correct, there should be areas that become active during finger movement, regardless of how it is evoked, and their activation should increase when the same movement is elicited by the observation of an identical movement made by another individual. Two areas with these properties were found in the left inferior frontal cortex (opercular region) and the rostral-most region of the right superior parietal lobule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iacoboni, M -- Woods, R P -- Brass, M -- Bekkering, H -- Mazziotta, J C -- Rizzolatti, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2526-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brain Mapping Center, Neuropsychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7085, USA. iacoboni@loni.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Female ; Fingers/physiology ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Humans ; Imitative Behavior/*physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Movement ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Gene therapy death prompts review of adenovirus vector (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2244-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviruses, Human/*genetics ; Adolescent ; Advisory Committees ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; Fatal Outcome ; Genetic Therapy/*adverse effects ; Genetic Vectors/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase/genetics ; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease/*therapy ; *Research Subjects ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tissue engineering. Growing human corneas in the lab (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2051, 2053.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Testing Alternatives ; *Biomedical Engineering ; Cell Line ; *Cornea/cytology/growth & development ; Corneal Stroma/cytology/growth & development ; Corneal Transplantation ; *Culture Techniques ; Endothelium, Corneal/cytology/growth & development ; Epithelium, Corneal/cytology/growth & development ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dietary supplements: what is in the public's best interest? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Talbott, S M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2269-70; author reply 2270-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Consumer Advocacy ; Consumer Product Safety ; *Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; *Legislation, Drug ; *Legislation, Food ; Lobbying ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Policy forum: food safety. Food irradiation--the neglected solution to food-borne illness (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lutter, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2275-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉American Enterprise Institute (AEI)-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, Washington, DC 22036, USA. rlutter@aei.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Consumer Product Safety ; Food Industry ; *Food Irradiation/legislation & jurisprudence ; Food Labeling ; Foodborne Diseases/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Legislation, Drug ; Legislation, Food ; Public Opinion ; Radiation Dosage ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture ; *United States Food and Drug Administration ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Perspectives: evolutionary biology. Sex and death (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Resznick, D N -- Ghalambor, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2458-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. david.reznick@ucr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging/genetics ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Drosophila/genetics/physiology ; Female ; *Longevity/genetics ; Male ; *Reproduction/genetics ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Deformed frogs. Link to parasites grows stronger (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2434.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/abnormalities/parasitology ; Forelimb/abnormalities ; Hindlimb/abnormalities ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Ranidae/*abnormalities/*parasitology ; Trematoda/*isolation & purification/physiology ; United States ; Urodela/abnormalities/parasitology ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*adverse effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mice cloned from cultured stem cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2437.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Mice/embryology/genetics ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mutation ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breakthrough of the year. Capturing the promise of youth (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2238-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Bioethics ; *Biomedical Research ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; Internationality ; Mice ; Public Policy ; *Stem Cells/cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    PCR. Taq polymerase patent ruled invalid (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 17;286(5448):2251, 2253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Industry ; Drug Industry ; *Patents as Topic ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Proteins ; *Taq Polymerase/isolation & purification ; United States
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    Perception of brassinosteroids by the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase BRI1 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: An assay was developed to study plant receptor kinase activation and signaling mechanisms. The extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and transmembrane domains of the Arabidopsis receptor kinase BRI1, which is implicated in brassinosteroid signaling, were fused to the serine/threonine kinase domain of XA21, the rice disease resistance receptor. The chimeric receptor initiates plant defense responses in rice cells upon treatment with brassinosteroids. These results, which indicate that the extracellular domain of BRI1 perceives brassinosteroids, suggest a general signaling mechanism for the LRR receptor kinases of plants. This system should allow the discovery of ligands for the LRR kinases, the largest group of plant receptor kinases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Z -- Wang, Z Y -- Li, J -- Zhu, Q -- Lamb, C -- Ronald, P -- Chory, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2360-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Biology Laboratory, The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Brassinosteroids ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Chitinase/genetics ; Cholestanols/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Ligands ; Oryza/cytology/*metabolism/microbiology ; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/genetics ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Kinases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Respiratory Burst ; *Signal Transduction ; Steroids, Heterocyclic/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Xanthomonas/physiology
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    Cell biology. Travel bulletin--traffic jams cause tumors (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-06
    Description: All animal cells have a polarity, that is, different proteins are clustered in distinct domains of the plasma membrane and these regions carry out different jobs. As Peifer discusses in a lively Perspective, new work (Bilder et al.) identifies some of the molecular characters that direct proteins to their different cellular destinations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peifer, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):67-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA. peifer@unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10928931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; *Cell Division ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Cell Polarity ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Intercellular Junctions/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*etiology/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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    Academic facilities. The mouse house as a recruiting tool (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):254-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Housing, Animal/*economics ; *Mice ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; United States ; *Universities
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    Black-footed ferret recovery (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dobson, A -- Lyles, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):985-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA. andy@eno.princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841720" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Animals, Zoo ; Breeding ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Female ; *Ferrets/genetics/physiology ; Founder Effect ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Northwestern United States ; Predatory Behavior ; Sciuridae ; Southwestern United States
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    Restoration ecology. Returning America's forests to their 'natural' roots (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kloor, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):573, 575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Medical ethics. Moratorium urged on germ line gene therapy (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2023.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cytoplasm/transplantation ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; *Ethics, Medical ; *Genetic Therapy ; *Germ Cells ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Ovum ; Public Policy ; Reproductive Techniques ; Research Support as Topic ; Societies, Scientific ; United States
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    Epidemiology. Duke study faults overuse of stimulants for children (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: Some experts are growing concerned that Ritalin, a stimulant of the central nervous system used to calm a type of fidgety behavior called "attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder" (ADHD), is overused. Most psychiatrists think, however, that stimulants are being underprescribed, because too many cases of ADHD are going untreated. Now, an authoritative study published in this month's Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry shows that Ritalin is being given to many children who don't fit the diagnosis of ADHD, while others who do are not receiving the drug.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):721.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*diagnosis/*drug ; therapy/epidemiology ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Drug Utilization ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methylphenidate/*therapeutic use ; United States/epidemiology
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