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  • Articles  (146)
  • Male  (85)
  • Rats  (70)
  • Fisheries
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1995-1999  (146)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1950-1954
  • 1997  (146)
  • Physics  (146)
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  • Articles  (146)
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  • 1995-1999  (146)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Genetic testing for cancer risk (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Genetic testing for cancer susceptibility is already part of the clinical management of families with some of the well-defined (but uncommon) inherited cancer syndromes. In cases where the risks associated with a predisposing mutation are less certain, or where there is no clearly effective intervention to offer those with a positive result, its use is more controversial. Careful evaluation of costs and benefits, and of the efficacy of interventions in those found to be at risk, is essential and is only just beginning. An immediate challenge is to ensure that both health professionals and the public understand clearly the issues involved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ponder, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1050-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 238, Level 3 Lab Block, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. bajp@mole.bio.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353178" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Confidentiality ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Genetic Counseling ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Services ; *Genetic Testing ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Insurance, Life ; Male ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*genetics ; Resource Allocation ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Sexual selection in Asian elephants (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tiedemann, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1550-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Elephants/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Female ; Incisor/anatomy & histology ; India ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Sri Lanka
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: Angiogenesis is thought to depend on a precise balance of positive and negative regulation. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is an angiogenic factor that signals through the endothelial cell-specific Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Like vascular endothelial growth factor, Ang1 is essential for normal vascular development in the mouse. An Ang1 relative, termed angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), was identified by homology screening and shown to be a naturally occurring antagonist for Ang1 and Tie2. Transgenic overexpression of Ang2 disrupts blood vessel formation in the mouse embryo. In adult mice and humans, Ang2 is expressed only at sites of vascular remodeling. Natural antagonists for vertebrate receptor tyrosine kinases are atypical; thus, the discovery of a negative regulator acting on Tie2 emphasizes the need for exquisite regulation of this angiogenic receptor system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maisonpierre, P C -- Suri, C -- Jones, P F -- Bartunkova, S -- Wiegand, S J -- Radziejewski, C -- Compton, D -- McClain, J -- Aldrich, T H -- Papadopoulos, N -- Daly, T J -- Davis, S -- Sato, T N -- Yancopoulos, G D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):55-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Angiopoietin-1 ; Angiopoietin-2 ; Animals ; Blood Vessels/embryology/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphokines/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptor, TIE-2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: Recent evidence demonstrating multiple regions of human cerebral cortex activated by pain has prompted speculation about their individual contributions to this complex experience. To differentiate cortical areas involved in pain affect, hypnotic suggestions were used to alter selectively the unpleasantness of noxious stimuli, without changing the perceived intensity. Positron emission tomography revealed significant changes in pain-evoked activity within anterior cingulate cortex, consistent with the encoding of perceived unpleasantness, whereas primary somatosensory cortex activation was unaltered. These findings provide direct experimental evidence in humans linking frontal-lobe limbic activity with pain affect, as originally suggested by early clinical lesion studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rainville, P -- Duncan, G H -- Price, D D -- Carrier, B -- Bushnell, M C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):968-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉D-epartement de Psychologie and Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Affect/*physiology ; *Brain Mapping ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Gyrus Cinguli/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pain/*physiopathology/*psychology ; Pain Measurement ; Regional Blood Flow ; Regression Analysis ; Somatosensory Cortex/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Thermosensing ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Amidation of bioactive peptides: the structure of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: Many neuropeptides and peptide hormones require amidation at the carboxyl terminus for activity. Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) catalyzes the amidation of these diverse physiological regulators. The amino-terminal domain of the bifunctional PAM protein is a peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) with two coppers that cycle through cupric and cuprous oxidation states. The anomalous signal of the endogenous coppers was used to determine the structure of the catalytic core of oxidized rat PHM with and without bound peptide substrate. These structures strongly suggest that the PHM reaction proceeds via activation of substrate by a copper-bound oxygen species. The mechanistic and structural insight gained from the PHM structures can be directly extended to dopamine beta-monooxygenase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prigge, S T -- Kolhekar, A S -- Eipper, B A -- Mains, R E -- Amzel, L M -- DK32949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM44692/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1300-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Copper/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dipeptides/metabolism ; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/chemistry/metabolism ; Electrons ; Hydroxylation ; Ligands ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; *Multienzyme Complexes ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Peptides/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Rats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    A mouse model with features of familial combined hyperlipidemia (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-17
    Description: Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is a common inherited lipid disorder, affecting 1 to 2 percent of the population in Westernized societies. Individuals with FCHL have large quantities of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) and develop premature coronary heart disease. A mouse model displaying some of the features of FCHL was created by crossing mice carrying the human apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3) transgene with mice deficient in the LDL receptor. A synergistic interaction between the apolipoprotein C-III and the LDL receptor defects produced large quantities of VLDL and LDL and enhanced the development of atherosclerosis. This mouse model may provide clues to the origin of human FCHL.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masucci-Magoulas, L -- Goldberg, I J -- Bisgaier, C L -- Serajuddin, H -- Francone, O L -- Breslow, J L -- Tall, A R -- HL 21006/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 54591/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 17;275(5298):391-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apolipoprotein C-III ; Apolipoproteins B/blood ; Apolipoproteins C/*genetics ; Apolipoproteins E/blood ; Arteriosclerosis/etiology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Cholesterol/blood ; Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood ; Cholesterol, VLDL/blood ; Diet ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Susceptibility ; Female ; *Glycoproteins ; Humans ; *Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined/blood/genetics ; Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV/genetics ; Lipoproteins/blood ; Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, LDL/*genetics/metabolism ; Transgenes ; Triglycerides/blood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Gene discovery offers tentative clues to Parkinson's (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):1973.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Lewy Bodies/chemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics ; Oxidative Stress ; Parkinson Disease/etiology/*genetics ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Rats ; Synucleins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    NGF signals ride a trolley to nucleus (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Axonal Transport ; Axons/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Nerve Growth Factors/*metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor, trkA ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Thanks to a parasite, asexual reproduction catches on (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1743.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/parasitology ; Female ; Male ; Moths/parasitology ; Ovum/parasitology ; *Parthenogenesis ; Rickettsiaceae/*physiology ; Wasps/microbiology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    How much pain for cardiac gain? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 30;276(5317):1324-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9190672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Exercise/*physiology/psychology ; Female ; Guidelines as Topic ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Life and death of neurons in the aging brain (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by extensive neuron death that leads to functional decline, but the neurobiological correlates of functional decline in normal aging are less well defined. For decades, it has been a commonly held notion that widespread neuron death in the neocortex and hippocampus is an inevitable concomitant of brain aging, but recent quantitative studies suggest that neuron death is restricted in normal aging and unlikely to account for age-related impairment of neocortical and hippocampal functions. In this article, the qualitative and quantitative differences between aging and Alzheimer's disease with respect to neuron loss are discussed, and age-related changes in functional and biochemical attributes of hippocampal circuits that might mediate functional decline in the absence of neuron death are explored. When these data are viewed comprehensively, it appears that the primary neurobiological substrates for functional impairment in aging differ in important ways from those in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morrison, J H -- Hof, P R -- AG05138/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG06647/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MHDA52145/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):412-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories, the Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, and the Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. morrison@cortex.neuro.mssm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Animals ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Entorhinal Cortex/pathology ; Estrogens/physiology ; Female ; Hippocampus/cytology/pathology/*physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Memory ; Neocortex/cytology/pathology/*physiology ; *Nerve Degeneration ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/pathology ; Neurofilament Proteins/metabolism ; Neurons/cytology/pathology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Neurogenesis in postnatal rat spinal cord: a study in primary culture (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: Spinal cord injuries result in paralysis, because when damaged neurons die they are not replaced. Neurogenesis of electrophysiologically functional neurons occurred in spinal cord cultured from postnatal rats. In these cultures, the numbers of immunocytochemically identified neurons increased over time. Additionally, neurons identified immunocytochemically or electrophysiologically incorporated bromodeoxyuridine, confirming they had differentiated from mitotic cells in vitro. These findings suggest that postnatal spinal cord retains the capacity to generate functional neurons. The presence of neuronal precursor cells in postnatal spinal cord may offer new therapeutic approaches for restoration of function to individuals with spinal cord injuries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kehl, L J -- Fairbanks, C A -- Laughlin, T M -- Wilcox, G L -- DA07097/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA07234/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DE00225/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):586-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/analysis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mitosis ; Neurons/chemistry/*cytology/metabolism ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/analysis ; Rats ; Spinal Cord/chemistry/*cytology ; Tubulin/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 13
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    Rat model for Gulf War syndrome? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 21;278(5342):1404.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411763" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Hippocampus/*drug effects/metabolism ; Humans ; Isoflurophate/*toxicity ; Maze Learning/drug effects ; Military Personnel ; Nicotinic Antagonists/toxicity ; Persian Gulf Syndrome/*chemically induced/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Nicotinic/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Marijuana: harder than thought? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):1967-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/drug effects/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*drug effects/metabolism ; *Cannabis ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*metabolism ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dronabinol/adverse effects/*pharmacology ; Humans ; Naloxone/pharmacology ; Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/*metabolism ; Substance-Related Disorders/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Longer tusks are healthy signs (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bagla, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):1972.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Commerce ; Elephants/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*parasitology ; Female ; Helminthiasis, Animal/*immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; Incisor/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Parasite Egg Count/veterinary ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Regulatory phosphorylation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors by CaM-KII during long-term potentiation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory, requires calcium-dependent protein kinases. Induction of LTP increased the phosphorus-32 labeling of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs), which mediate rapid excitatory synaptic transmission. This AMPA-R phosphorylation appeared to be catalyzed by Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-KII): (i) it correlated with the activation and autophosphorylation of CaM-KII, (ii) it was blocked by the CaM-KII inhibitor KN-62, and (iii) its phosphorus-32 peptide map was the same as that of GluR1 coexpressed with activated CaM-KII in HEK-293 cells. This covalent modulation of AMPA-Rs in LTP provides a postsynaptic molecular mechanism for synaptic plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barria, A -- Muller, D -- Derkach, V -- Griffith, L C -- Soderling, T R -- NS27037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054408/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2042-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects ; Male ; Peptide Mapping ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Estrogen stakes claim to cognition (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):675-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy ; Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Brain/cytology/metabolism ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism ; Cognition/drug effects/*physiology ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Estrogens/pharmacology/*physiology/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Memory/drug effects/*physiology ; Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Synapses/physiology
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    Subtle, secret female chimpanzees (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wrangham, R W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 8;277(5327):774-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. wrangham@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9273699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Male ; Pan troglodytes/*psychology ; *Reproduction ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Dominance
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    The many faces of WAS protein (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Featherstone, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):27-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cell Membrane/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cytoskeleton/metabolism/ultrastructure ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ; *Signal Transduction ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome/genetics/*metabolism ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ; src Homology Domains
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A new way to resist AIDS? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1258.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9064779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology/virology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*virology ; Cells, Cultured ; HIV/*physiology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Male ; Virus Replication
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  • 21
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    Large porous particles for pulmonary drug delivery (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: A new type of inhalation aerosol, characterized by particles of small mass density and large size, permitted the highly efficient delivery of inhaled therapeutics into the systemic circulation. Particles with mass densities less than 0.4 gram per cubic centimeter and mean diameters exceeding 5 micrometers were inspired deep into the lungs and escaped the lungs' natural clearance mechanisms until the inhaled particles delivered their therapeutic payload. Inhalation of large porous insulin particles resulted in elevated systemic levels of insulin and suppressed systemic glucose levels for 96 hours, whereas small nonporous insulin particles had this effect for only 4 hours. High systemic bioavailability of testosterone was also achieved by inhalation delivery of porous particles with a mean diameter (20 micrometers) approximately 10 times that of conventional inhaled therapeutic particles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, D A -- Hanes, J -- Caponetti, G -- Hrkach, J -- Ben-Jebria, A -- Eskew, M L -- Mintzes, J -- Deaver, D -- Lotan, N -- Langer, R -- GM26698/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD29125/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1868-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 204 Fenske Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA. dxe11@psuv.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Administration, Inhalation ; Aerosols ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; *Drug Carriers ; Drug Compounding ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood/pharmacokinetics ; *Lactic Acid ; *Lung ; Male ; Particle Size ; *Polyglycolic Acid ; *Polylysine ; *Polymers ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Testosterone/administration & dosage/blood/pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Quantitative trait loci for refractoriness of Anopheles gambiae to Plasmodium cynomolgi B (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: The severity of the malaria pandemic in the tropics is aggravated by the ongoing spread of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs and mosquito resistance to insecticides. A strain of Anopheles gambiae, normally a major vector for human malaria in Africa, can encapsulate and kill the malaria parasites within a melanin-rich capsule in the mosquito midgut. Genetic mapping revealed one major and two minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for this encapsulation reaction. Understanding such antiparasite mechanisms in mosquitoes may lead to new strategies for malaria control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, L -- Cornel, A J -- Wang, R -- Erfle, H -- Voss, H -- Ansorge, W -- Kafatos, F C -- Collins, F H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):425-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/*genetics/immunology/*parasitology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genotype ; Insect Vectors/*genetics/immunology/*parasitology ; Lod Score ; Male ; Melanins/physiology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; Plasmodium cynomolgi/*immunology
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    Rapid colorectal adenoma formation initiated by conditional targeting of the Apc gene (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) is a disease characterized by the development of multiple colorectal adenomas, and affected individuals carry germline mutations in the APC gene. With the use of a conditional gene targeting system, a mouse model of FAP was created that circumvents the embryonic lethality of Apc deficiency and directs Apc inactivation specifically to the colorectal epithelium. loxP sites were inserted into the introns around Apc exon 14, and the resultant mutant allele (Apc580S) was introduced into the mouse germline. Mice homozygous for Apc580S were normal; however, upon infection of the colorectal region with an adenovirus encoding the Cre recombinase, the mice developed adenomas within 4 weeks. The adenomas showed deletion of Apc exon 14, indicating that the loss of Apc function was caused by Cre-loxP-mediated recombination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, H -- Toyama, K -- Shioya, H -- Ito, M -- Hirota, M -- Hasegawa, S -- Matsumoto, H -- Takano, H -- Akiyama, T -- Toyoshima, K -- Kanamaru, R -- Kanegae, Y -- Saito, I -- Nakamura, Y -- Shiba, K -- Noda, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):120-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/*genetics ; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Adenoviridae/genetics ; Animals ; Colon/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/biosynthesis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Exons ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Targeting ; *Genes, APC ; Genetic Vectors ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Homozygote ; Integrases/genetics/metabolism ; Introns ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Viral Proteins
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    Experiments in a Parkinson's rat model (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pallini, R -- Consales, A -- Lauretti, L -- Fernandez, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):389-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dopamine/physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes/*metabolism ; *Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Neurons/metabolism/pathology ; *Neuroprotective Agents ; Oxidopamine/pharmacology ; Parkinson Disease/pathology/*therapy ; Rats ; *Stilbamidines ; Substantia Nigra/metabolism/*pathology
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    Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Expression of Agouti protein is normally limited to the skin where it affects pigmentation, but ubiquitous expression causes obesity. An expressed sequence tag was identified that encodes Agouti-related protein, whose RNA is normally expressed in the hypothalamus and whose levels were increased eightfold in ob/ob mice. Recombinant Agouti-related protein was a potent, selective antagonist of Mc3r and Mc4r, melanocortin receptor subtypes implicated in weight regulation. Ubiquitous expression of human AGRP complementary DNA in transgenic mice caused obesity without altering pigmentation. Thus, Agouti-related protein is a neuropeptide implicated in the normal control of body weight downstream of leptin signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ollmann, M M -- Wilson, B D -- Yang, Y K -- Kerns, J A -- Chen, Y -- Gantz, I -- Barsh, G S -- EY07106/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- GM07365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30DK-34933/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):135-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Glands/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Male ; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Melanophores/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Mice, Obese ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Obesity/etiology ; Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology/*physiology ; RNA/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3 ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 ; Receptors, Corticotropin/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptors, Peptide/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Xenopus
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    When should fatherhood stop? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gavrilov, L A -- Gavrilova, N S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):17-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9229762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Male ; *Nuclear Family ; *Paternal Age
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    The origin of dogs: running with the wolves (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1647-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9206828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Carnivora/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Dogs/*genetics ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Male
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    A neural substrate of prediction and reward (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schultz, W -- Dayan, P -- Montague, P R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1593-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Physiology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Wolfram.Schultz@unifr.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Dopamine/*physiology ; *Learning ; Mesencephalon/*physiology ; *Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; *Reward
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    Requirement for the transcription factor LSIRF/IRF4 for mature B and T lymphocyte function (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-24
    Description: Lymphocyte-specific interferon regulatory factor (LSIRF) (now called IRF4) is a transcription factor expressed only in lymphocytes. Mice deficient in IRF4 showed normal distribution of B and T lymphocyes at 4 to 5 weeks of age but developed progressive generalized lymphadenopathy. IRF4-deficient mice exhibited a profound reduction in serum immunoglobulin concentrations and did not mount detectable antibody responses. T lymphocyte function was also impaired in vivo; these mice could not generate cytotoxic or antitumor responses. Thus, IRF4 is essential for the function and homeostasis of both mature B and mature T lymphocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mittrucker, H W -- Matsuyama, T -- Grossman, A -- Kundig, T M -- Potter, J -- Shahinian, A -- Wakeham, A -- Patterson, B -- Ohashi, P S -- Mak, T W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 24;275(5299):540-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Graft vs Host Reaction ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulins/blood ; Interferon Regulatory Factors ; Lymphatic Diseases/etiology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology ; Male ; Mast-Cell Sarcoma/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, SCID ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology
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  • 30
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    Fyn-kinase as a determinant of ethanol sensitivity: relation to NMDA-receptor function (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: Animals vary in their sensitivity to ethanol, a trait at least partly determined by genetic factors. In order to identify possible responsible genes, mice lacking Fyn, a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase, were investigated. These mice were hypersensitive to the hypnotic effect of ethanol. The administration of ethanol enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the hippocampus of control mice but not in Fyn-deficient mice. An acute tolerance to ethanol inhibition of NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal slices developed in control mice but not in Fyn-deficient mice. These results indicate that Fyn affects behavioral, biochemical, and physiological responses to ethanol.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyakawa, T -- Yagi, T -- Kitazawa, H -- Yasuda, M -- Kawai, N -- Tsuboi, K -- Niki, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):698-701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Neurobiology of Emotion, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama-ken 351-01, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Central Nervous System Depressants/*pharmacology ; Ethanol/*pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Flurazepam/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/*drug effects ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Alternative cleavage of Alzheimer-associated presenilins during apoptosis by a caspase-3 family protease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Most cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the presenilin 1 (PS1) and PS2 proteins, both of which undergo regulated endoproteolytic processing. During apoptosis, PS1 and PS2 were shown to be cleaved at sites distal to their normal cleavage sites by a caspase-3 family protease. In cells expressing PS2 containing the asparagine-141 FAD mutant, the ratio of alternative to normal PS2 cleavage fragments was increased relative to wild-type PS2-expressing cells, suggesting a potential role for apoptosis-associated cleavage of presenilins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, T W -- Pettingell, W H -- Jung, Y K -- Kovacs, D M -- Tanzi, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):373-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetics and Aging Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; *Caspases ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Etoposide/pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Rats ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Genetic feminization of pheromones and its behavioral consequences in Drosophila males (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-06
    Description: Pheromones are intraspecific chemical signals important for mate attraction and discrimination. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, hydrocarbons on the cuticular surface of the animal are sexually dimorphic in both their occurrence and their effects: Female-specific molecules stimulate male sexual excitation, whereas the predominant male-specific molecule tends to inhibit male excitation. Complete feminization of the pheromone mixture produced by males was induced by targeted expression of the transformer gene in adult oenocytes (subcuticular abdominal cells) or by ubiquitous expression during early imaginal life. The resulting flies generally exhibited male heterosexual orientation but elicited homosexual courtship from other males.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferveur, J F -- Savarit, F -- O'Kane, C J -- Sureau, G -- Greenspan, R J -- Jallon, J M -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 6;276(5318):1555-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mecanismes de communication, Unite de Recherche Associee-CNRS 1491, Batiment 446, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay-Cedex, France. ferveur@ext.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9171057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homosexuality ; Male ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Sex Attractants/genetics/*physiology ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Differentiation ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Transgenes
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    Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sampson, R J -- Raudenbush, S W -- Earls, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):918-24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chicago ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; *Residence Characteristics ; Social Conditions ; *Social Control, Informal ; *Social Environment ; Social Values ; Socioeconomic Factors ; *Violence
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    Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-08
    Description: Computational studies suggest that acquisition of a motor skill involves learning an internal model of the dynamics of the task, which enables the brain to predict and compensate for mechanical behavior. During the hours that follow completion of practice, representation of the internal model gradually changes, becoming less fragile with respect to behavioral interference. Here, functional imaging of the brain demonstrates that within 6 hours after completion of practice, while performance remains unchanged, the brain engages new regions to perform the task; there is a shift from prefrontal regions of the cortex to the premotor, posterior parietal, and cerebellar cortex structures. This shift is specific to recall of an established motor skill and suggests that with the passage of time, there is a change in the neural representation of the internal model and that this change may underlie its increased functional stability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shadmehr, R -- Holcomb, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 8;277(5327):821-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, 419 Traylor, Baltimore, MD 21205-2195, USA. reza@bme.jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9242612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellar Cortex/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; *Memory ; Motor Cortex/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; *Motor Skills ; Parietal Lobe/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Prefrontal Cortex/blood supply/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Putamen/blood supply/physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
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    NMDA channel regulation by channel-associated protein tyrosine kinase Src (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediates synaptic transmission and plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) and is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. In membrane patches excised from mammalian central neurons, the endogenous tyrosine kinase Src was shown to regulate the activity of NMDA channels. The action of Src required a sequence [Src(40-58)] within the noncatalytic, unique domain of Src. In addition, Src coprecipitated with NMDA receptor proteins. Finally, endogenous Src regulated the function of NMDA receptors at synapses. Thus, NMDA receptor regulation by Src may be important in development, plasticity, and pathology in the CNS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, X M -- Askalan, R -- Keil, G J 2nd -- Salter, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):674-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8 Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; N-Methylaspartate/metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; src-Family Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Fear of hope (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):1907.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Cell Transplantation ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; *Nerve Regeneration ; Neuroglia/*transplantation ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/transplantation ; Rats ; Spinal Cord Injuries/surgery/*therapy
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    Separate neural bases of two fundamental memory processes in the human medial temporal lobe (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: The participation of medial temporal-lobe structures in memory performance was examined by functional magnetic resonance imaging of local blood oxygenation level-dependent signals. Signals were measured during encoding into memory complex scenes or line drawings and during retrieval from memory of previously studied line drawings or words. Encoding tasks yielded increased signals for unfamiliar information in a posterior medial-temporal region that were focused in the parahippocampal cortex. Retrieval tasks yielded increased signals for successfully remembered information in an anterior medial-temporal region that were focused in the subiculum. These results indicate that separate components of the human medial temporal-lobe memory system are active during distinct memory processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gabrieli, J D -- Brewer, J B -- Desmond, J E -- Glover, G H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):264-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. gabrieli@psych.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Recall/*physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology
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    The product of the proto-oncogene c-cbl: a negative regulator of the Syk tyrosine kinase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: Engagement of antigen and immunoglobulin receptors on hematopoietic cells is directly coupled to activation of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that then phosphorylate critical intracellular substrates. In mast cells stimulated through the FcvarepsilonRI receptor, activation of several PTKs including Syk leads to degranulation and release of such mediators of the allergic response as histamine and serotonin. Regulation of Syk function occurred through interaction with the Cbl protein, itself a PTK substrate in this system. Overexpression of Cbl led to inhibition of Syk and suppression of serotonin release from mast cells, demonstrating its ability to inhibit a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. Complex adaptor proteins such as Cbl can directly regulate the functions of the proteins they bind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ota, Y -- Samelson, L E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):418-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Degranulation ; Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mast Cells/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl ; Rats ; Receptors, IgE/metabolism ; Receptors, IgG/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Vaccinia virus
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  • 39
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    Independent and additive effects of central POMC and leptin pathways on murine obesity (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: The lethal yellow (AY/a) mouse has a defect in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) signaling in the brain that leads to obesity, and is resistant to the anorexigenic effects of the hormone leptin. It has been proposed that the weight-reducing effects of leptin are thus transmitted primarily by way of POMC neurons. However, the central effects of defective POMC signaling, and the absence of leptin, on weight gain in double-mutant lethal yellow (AY/a) leptin-deficient (lepob/lepob) mice were shown to be independent and additive. Furthermore, deletion of the leptin gene restored leptin sensitivity to AY/a mice. This result implies that in the AY/a mouse, obesity is independent of leptin action, and resistance to leptin results from desensitization of leptin signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boston, B A -- Blaydon, K M -- Varnerin, J -- Cone, R D -- DK/AR517330/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK02404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HD33703/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1641-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenalectomy ; Agouti Signaling Protein ; Alleles ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/*metabolism ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Corticosterone/blood ; Crosses, Genetic ; Eating/drug effects ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/blood ; *Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Leptin ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Neurons/metabolism ; Obesity/genetics/*metabolism ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin/*metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Weight Gain
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    Environment and cancer: who are susceptible? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Acting in concert with individual susceptibility, environmental factors such as smoking, diet, and pollutants play a role in most human cancer. However, new molecular evidence indicates that specific groups-characterized by predisposing genetic traits or ethnicity, the very young, and women-may have heightened risk from certain exposures. This is illustrated by molecular epidemiologic studies of environmental carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. Individual genetic screening for rare high-risk traits or for more common, low-penetrant susceptibility genes is problematic and not routinely recommended. However, knowledge of the full spectrum of both genetic and acquired susceptibility in the population will be instrumental in developing health and regulatory policies that increase protection of the more susceptible groups from risks of environmental carcinogens. This will necessitate revision of current risk assessment methodologies to explicitly account for individual variation in susceptibility to environmental carcinogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perera, F P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1068-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University School of Public Health, 60 Haven Avenue, B-1, New York, NY 10032, USA. fpp1@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Amines/adverse effects ; Carcinogens, Environmental/*adverse effects ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasms/chemically induced/ethnology/*etiology/genetics/prevention & control ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/adverse effects ; Risk Factors ; *Sex Characteristics
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    Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: The cerebellum traditionally has been viewed as a neural device dedicated to motor control. Although recent evidence shows that it is involved in nonmotor operations as well, an important question is whether this involvement is independent of motor control and motor guidance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to demonstrate that attention and motor performance independently activate distinct cerebellar regions. These findings support a broader concept of cerebellar function, in which the cerebellum is involved in diverse cognitive and noncognitive neurobehavioral systems, including the attention and motor systems, in order to anticipate imminent information acquisition, analysis, or action.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, G -- Buxton, R B -- Wong, E C -- Courchesne, E -- R01-MH36840/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1940-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉San Diego State University-University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072973" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellar Cortex/physiology ; Cerebellum/*physiology ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Motor Activity ; *Psychomotor Performance
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    The flu pandemic that might have been (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1600-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chickens/virology ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Influenza A virus/isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*transmission/*virology ; Male
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    Nonsyndromic deafness DFNA1 associated with mutation of a human homolog of the Drosophila gene diaphanous (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The gene responsible for autosomal dominant, fully penetrant, nonsyndromic sensorineural progressive hearing loss in a large Costa Rican kindred was previously localized to chromosome 5q31 and named DFNA1. Deafness in the family is associated with a protein-truncating mutation in a human homolog of the Drosophila gene diaphanous. The truncation is caused by a single nucleotide substitution in a splice donor, leading to a four-base pair insertion in messenger RNA and a frameshift. The diaphanous protein is a profilin ligand and target of Rho that regulates polymerization of actin, the major component of the cytoskeleton of hair cells of the inner ear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynch, E D -- Lee, M K -- Morrow, J E -- Welcsh, P L -- Leon, P E -- King, M C -- R01-DC01076/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1315-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. eric@lynch.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Cochlea/metabolism ; *Contractile Proteins ; Deafness/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Hair Cells, Auditory/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Male ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Profilins ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; X Chromosome
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    Mutation of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-20
    Description: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe central visual impairment among the elderly and is associated both with environmental factors such as smoking and with genetic factors. Here, 167 unrelated AMD patients were screened for alterations in ABCR, a gene that encodes a retinal rod photoreceptor protein and is defective in Stargardt disease, a common hereditary form of macular dystrophy. Thirteen different AMD-associated alterations, both deletions and amino acid substitutions, were found in one allele of ABCR in 26 patients (16%). Identification of ABCR alterations will permit presymptomatic testing of high-risk individuals and may lead to earlier diagnosis of AMD and to new strategies for prevention and therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allikmets, R -- Shroyer, N F -- Singh, N -- Seddon, J M -- Lewis, R A -- Bernstein, P S -- Peiffer, A -- Zabriskie, N A -- Li, Y -- Hutchinson, A -- Dean, M -- Lupski, J R -- Leppert, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1805-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9295268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*genetics/metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Macula Lutea/pathology ; Macular Degeneration/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology ; Retinal Drusen/pathology ; Sequence Deletion
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    A synaptically controlled, associative signal for Hebbian plasticity in hippocampal neurons (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: The role of back-propagating dendritic action potentials in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) was investigated in CA1 neurons by means of dendritic patch recordings and simultaneous calcium imaging. Pairing of subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) with back-propagating action potentials resulted in an amplification of dendritic action potentials and evoked calcium influx near the site of synaptic input. This pairing also induced a robust LTP, which was reduced when EPSPs were paired with non-back-propagating action potentials or when stimuli were unpaired. Action potentials thus provide a synaptically controlled, associative signal to the dendrites for Hebbian modifications of synaptic strength.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magee, J C -- Johnston, D -- MH44754/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS09482/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS11535/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):209-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jmagee@ptp.bcm.tmc.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/drug effects/physiology ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Feedback ; In Vitro Techniques ; Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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    Microtubule architecture specified by a beta-tubulin isoform (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: In Drosophila melanogaster, a testis-specific beta-tubulin (beta2) is required for spermatogenesis. A sequence motif was identified in carboxyl termini of axonemal beta-tubulins in diverse taxa. As a test of whether orthologous beta-tubulins from different species are functionally equivalent, the moth Heliothis virescens beta2 homolog was expressed in Drosophila testes. When coexpressed with beta2, the moth isoform imposed the 16-protofilament structure characteristic of that found in the moth on the corresponding subset of Drosophila microtubules, which normally contain only 13-protofilament microtubules. Thus, the architecture of the microtubule cytoskeleton can be directed by a component beta-tubulin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raff, E C -- Fackenthal, J D -- Hutchens, J A -- Hoyle, H D -- Turner, F R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):70-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Indiana Molecular Biology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. eraff@bio.indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8974394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Microtubules/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/genetics ; Spermatids/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Spermatogenesis ; Tubulin/chemistry/genetics/*physiology
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    Modulating irrelevant motion perception by varying attentional load in an unrelated task (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Lavie's theory of attention proposes that the processing load in a relevant task determines the extent to which irrelevant distractors are processed. This theory was tested by asking participants in a study to perform linguistic tasks of low or high load while ignoring irrelevant visual motion in the periphery of the display. Although task and distractor were unrelated, both functional imaging of motion-related activity in cortical area V5 and psychophysical measures of the motion aftereffect showed reduced motion processing during high load in the linguistic task. These findings fulfill the prediction that perception of irrelevant distractors depends on the relevant processing load.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rees, G -- Frith, C D -- Lavie, N -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1616-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. g.rees@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Attention/*physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Motion Perception ; Psychomotor Performance ; Superior Colliculi/physiology
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    A bitter battle over insulin gene (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1028-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; California ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Recombinant ; Drug Industry ; *Genetic Research ; *Genetic Vectors ; Guideline Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Insulin/*genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; *Plasmids ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins ; Scientific Misconduct/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; Universities
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    Molecules give new insights into deadliest brain cancers (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brevican ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Chloride Channels/*physiology ; Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ; Glioma/*metabolism/*pathology/therapy ; Humans ; Lectins, C-Type ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Neuroglia/metabolism ; Rats ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Evolutionary psychologists look for roots of cognition (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):29-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta/psychology ; Male ; Memory ; Reward ; *Social Sciences
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    Seeing the synapse (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kelner, K L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):547.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9148416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Stimulation ; Hippocampus ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; R-SNARE Proteins ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptotagmins
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    Getting the brain's attention (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):35-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9340756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention/*physiology ; Brain/*physiology ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Emotions/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; *Reward ; Ventral Tegmental Area/physiology
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    The year of the dendrite (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sejnowski, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):178-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, University of California, San Diego, CA 92186, USA. terry@salk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Ion Channels ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Synapses/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
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    Calcium waves in retinal glial cells (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-02-07
    Description: Calcium signals were recorded from glial cells in acutely isolated rat retina to determine whether Ca2+ waves occur in glial cells of intact central nervous system tissue. Chemical (adenosine triphosphate), electrical, and mechanical stimulation of astrocytes initiated increases in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ that propagated at approximately 23 micrometers per second through astrocytes and Muller cells as intercellular waves. The Ca2+ waves persisted in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ but were largely abolished by thapsigargin and intracellular heparin, indicating that Ca2+ was released from intracellular stores. The waves did not evoke changes in cell membrane potential but traveled synchronously in astrocytes and Muller cells, suggesting a functional linkage between these two types of glial cells. Such glial Ca2+ waves may constitute an extraneuronal signaling pathway in the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410141/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410141/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Newman, E A -- Zahs, K R -- EY04077/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY10383/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY004077/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY004077-19/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 7;275(5301):844-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Minnesota, 435 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Astrocytes/*metabolism ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Heparin/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials ; Neuroglia/*metabolism ; Physical Stimulation ; Rats ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Retina/*cytology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stimulation, Chemical ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology
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    Nuclear export of NF-ATc enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: The transcription factor NF-AT responds to Ca2+-calcineurin signals by translocating to the nucleus, where it participates in the activation of early immune response genes. Calcineurin dephosphorylates conserved serine residues in the amino terminus of NF-AT, resulting in nuclear import. Purification of the NF-AT kinase revealed that it is composed of a priming kinase activity and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 phosphorylates conserved serines necessary for nuclear export, promotes nuclear exit, and thereby opposes Ca2+-calcineurin signaling. Because GSK-3 responds to signals initiated by Wnt and other ligands, NF-AT family members could be effectors of these pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beals, C R -- Sheridan, C M -- Turck, C W -- Gardner, P -- Crabtree, G R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1930-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Brain/enzymology ; COS Cells ; Calcineurin ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ; Glycogen Synthase Kinases ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
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    Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: Deciding advantageously in a complex situation is thought to require overt reasoning on declarative knowledge, namely, on facts pertaining to premises, options for action, and outcomes of actions that embody the pertinent previous experience. An alternative possibility was investigated: that overt reasoning is preceded by a nonconscious biasing step that uses neural systems other than those that support declarative knowledge. Normal participants and patients with prefrontal damage and decision-making defects performed a gambling task in which behavioral, psychophysiological, and self-account measures were obtained in parallel. Normals began to choose advantageously before they realized which strategy worked best, whereas prefrontal patients continued to choose disadvantageously even after they knew the correct strategy. Moreover, normals began to generate anticipatory skin conductance responses (SCRs) whenever they pondered a choice that turned out to be risky, before they knew explicitly that it was a risky choice, whereas patients never developed anticipatory SCRs, although some eventually realized which choices were risky. The results suggest that, in normal individuals, nonconscious biases guide behavior before conscious knowledge does. Without the help of such biases, overt knowledge may be insufficient to ensure advantageous behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bechara, A -- Damasio, H -- Tranel, D -- Damasio, A R -- P01 NS19632/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1293-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Division of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036851" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Brain Damage, Chronic/physiopathology/psychology ; *Decision Making ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Gambling/psychology ; Humans ; *Intuition ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology/physiopathology ; *Unconscious (Psychology)
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    Curing rat glioblastoma: immunotherapy or graft rejection? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beutler, A S -- Banck, M S -- Aguzzi, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):20-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Glioblastoma/*immunology/*therapy ; *Graft Rejection ; Histocompatibility Antigens/*immunology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*genetics ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; RNA, Antisense/*therapeutic use ; Rats ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Removal of osteoclast bone resorption products by transcytosis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. During the resorption cycle, osteoclasts undergo dramatic changes in their polarity, and resorbing cells reveal four functionally and structurally different membrane domains. Bone degradation products, both organic and inorganic, were endocytosed from the ruffled border membrane. They were then found to be transported in vesicles through the cell to the plasma membrane domain, located in the middle of the basal membrane, where they were liberated into the extracellular space. These results explain how resorbing osteoclasts can simultaneously remove large amounts of matrix degradation products and penetrate into bone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salo, J -- Lehenkari, P -- Mulari, M -- Metsikko, K -- Vaananen, H K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):270-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Biocenter, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 52 A, 90220 Oulu, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092479" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Biotin/metabolism ; Bone Matrix/*metabolism ; *Bone Resorption ; Cattle ; Cell Membrane/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cell Polarity ; Cells, Cultured ; Endocytosis ; Extracellular Space/metabolism ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron ; Minerals/metabolism ; Organelles/metabolism ; Osteocalcin/metabolism ; Osteoclasts/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Tetracycline/metabolism
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    The importance of a well-groomed child (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sapolsky, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1620-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. sapolsky@leland.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; *Behavior, Animal ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/secretion ; *Grooming ; *Handling (Psychology) ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; *Maternal Behavior ; Rats ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
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    Macrophages as a source of HIV during opportunistic infections (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: The source of increasing viremia that characterizes the latter stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has remained a paradox because it occurs at a time when lymphoid tissue is quantitatively and qualitatively impaired, and the patients' CD4 T lymphocytes are steadily declining. Here, macrophages, both infected and uninfected with common opportunistic pathogens of HIV disease such as Mycobacterium avium complex and Pneumocystis carinii, were identified as highly productive sources of HIV in coinfected lymph nodes. These observations indicate that tissue macrophages are not only infected with HIV, but that common pathogens of HIV disease can dramatically increase their production of virus. Thus, prevention or successful treatment of opportunistic coinfections, or both, potentially benefits the patient twofold by limiting the pathology caused by opportunistic infection and by controlling induction of HIV replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orenstein, J M -- Fox, C -- Wahl, S M -- DE12585/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1857-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA. jmo@gwis2.circ.gwu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/*virology ; Adult ; Dendritic Cells/virology ; HIV Infections/*virology ; HIV-1/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lymph Nodes/virology ; Macrophages/*virology ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/virology ; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/virology ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Virus Replication
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    How does the brain organize memories? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eichenbaum, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):330-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA. hbe@bu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amnesia/physiopathology/psychology ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Cues ; Haplorhini ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; *Memory ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/physiology ; Rats
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    Regulation of gliogenesis in the central nervous system by the JAK-STAT signaling pathway (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: A mechanism by which members of the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-leukemia inhibitory factor cytokine family regulate gliogenesis in the developing mammalian central nervous system was characterized. Activation of the CNTF receptor promoted differentiation of cerebral cortical precursor cells into astrocytes and inhibited differentiation of cortical precursors along a neuronal lineage. Although CNTF stimulated both the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) and Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cortical precursor cells, the JAK-STAT signaling pathway selectively enhanced differentiation of these precursors along a glial lineage. These findings suggest that cytokine activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway may be a mechanism by which cell fate is controlled during mammalian development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonni, A -- Sun, Y -- Nadal-Vicens, M -- Bhatt, A -- Frank, D A -- Rozovsky, I -- Stahl, N -- Yancopoulos, G D -- Greenberg, M E -- NIHP30-HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA43855/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):477-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334309" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Astrocytes/*cytology/drug effects/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/embryology ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Cytokine Receptor gp130 ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/biosynthesis ; Growth Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Interleukin-6 ; Janus Kinase 1 ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit ; Lymphokines/metabolism/pharmacology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, OSM-LIF ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Postsynaptic glutamate transport at the climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synapse (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: The role of postsynaptic, neuronal glutamate transporters in terminating signals at central excitatory synapses is not known. Stimulation of a climbing fiber input to cerebellar Purkinje cells was shown to generate an anionic current mediated by glutamate transporters. The kinetics of transporter currents were resolved by pulses of glutamate to outside-out membrane patches from Purkinje cells. Comparison of synaptic transporter currents to transporter currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes suggests that postsynaptic uptake at the climbing fiber synapse removes at least 22 percent of released glutamate. These neuronal transporter currents arise from synchronous activation of transporters that greatly outnumber activated AMPA receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Otis, T S -- Kavanaugh, M P -- Jahr, C E -- NS21419/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS33270/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1515-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, L-474, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Transport System X-AG ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Dicarboxylic Acids/pharmacology ; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Nerve Fibers/*metabolism ; Oocytes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Purkinje Cells/*metabolism ; Pyrrolidines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Glutamate/*metabolism ; *Symporters ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Xenopus
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    The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: Human immune responses are heterogeneous and may involve antagonism between T helper (TH) lymphocyte subsets and their cytokines. Atopy is characterized by immediate immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity to agents such as dust mites and pollen, and it underlies the increasingly prevalent disorder asthma. Among Japanese schoolchildren, there was a strong inverse association between delayed hypersensitivity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atopy. Positive tuberculin responses predicted a lower incidence of asthma, lower serum IgE levels, and cytokine profiles biased toward TH1 type. Exposure and response to M. tuberculosis may, by modification of immune profiles, inhibit atopic disorder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shirakawa, T -- Enomoto, T -- Shimazu, S -- Hopkin, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):77-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lung Research Laboratory, Osler Chest Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK. jhopkin@immsvr.jr2.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8974396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Asthma/epidemiology/etiology/immunology ; BCG Vaccine/immunology ; Child ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Cytokines/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity, Delayed/*immunology ; Hypersensitivity, Immediate/epidemiology/*etiology/immunology ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Interferon-gamma/blood ; Japan/epidemiology ; Male ; Th1 Cells/immunology ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; Tuberculin/*immunology ; Tuberculin Test ; Tuberculosis/*epidemiology/immunology
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    Bcl-2: prolonging life in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: Mutations in the gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme produce an animal model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), a fatal disorder characterized by paralysis. Overexpression of the proto-oncogene bcl-2 delayed onset of motor neuron disease and prolonged survival in transgenic mice expressing the FALS-linked mutation in which glycine is substituted by alanine at position 93. It did not, however, alter the duration of the disease. Overexpression of bcl-2 also attenuated the magnitude of spinal cord motor neuron degeneration in the FALS-transgenic mice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kostic, V -- Jackson-Lewis, V -- de Bilbao, F -- Dubois-Dauphin, M -- Przedborski, S -- NS01724/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):559-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 650 West 168 Street, BB-307, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/genetics/mortality/pathology/*therapy ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; *Genes, bcl-2 ; *Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Neurons/pathology ; Nerve Degeneration ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/analysis ; Spinal Cord/pathology ; Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/metabolism ; Survival Rate ; Ubiquitins/analysis
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    Induction of cell migration by matrix metalloprotease-2 cleavage of laminin-5 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: Structural changes in the extracellular matrix are necessary for cell migration during tissue remodeling and tumor invasion. Specific cleavage of laminin-5 (Ln-5) by matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP2) was shown to induce migration of breast epithelial cells. MMP2 cleaved the Ln-5 gamma2 subunit at residue 587, exposing a putative cryptic promigratory site on Ln-5 that triggers cell motility. This altered form of Ln-5 is found in tumors and in tissues undergoing remodeling, but not in quiescent tissues. Cleavage of Ln-5 by MMP2 and the resulting activation of the Ln-5 cryptic site may provide new targets for modulation of tumor cell invasion and tissue remodeling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giannelli, G -- Falk-Marzillier, J -- Schiraldi, O -- Stetler-Stevenson, W G -- Quaranta, V -- CA47858/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DE10063/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):225-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Breast/*cytology/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/*metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; *Cell Movement ; Cell Size ; Collagenases/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Female ; Fibrinolysin/metabolism ; Gelatinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; Metalloendopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Mice ; Phenylalanine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Skin Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology ; Thiophenes/pharmacology
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    Association of mutations in a lysosomal protein with classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-20
    Description: Classical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease whose defective gene has remained elusive. A molecular basis for LINCL was determined with an approach applicable to other lysosomal storage diseases. When the mannose 6-phosphate modification of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes was used as an affinity marker, a single protein was identified that is absent in LINCL. Sequence comparisons suggest that this protein is a pepstatin-insensitive lysosomal peptidase, and a corresponding enzymatic activity was deficient in LINCL autopsy specimens. Mutations in the gene encoding this protein were identified in LINCL patients but not in normal controls.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sleat, D E -- Donnelly, R J -- Lackland, H -- Liu, C G -- Sohar, I -- Pullarkat, R K -- Lobel, P -- DK45992/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- NS30147/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1802-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9295267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Aminopeptidases ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Codon ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases ; Endopeptidases ; Female ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Isoelectric Point ; Lysosomes/*enzymology ; Male ; Mannosephosphates/analysis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; *Mutation ; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses/enzymology/*genetics ; Pepstatins/pharmacology ; Peptide Hydrolases/*chemistry/deficiency/*genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Serine Proteases
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    Bone sizes trace the decline of man (and woman) (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 9;276(5314):896-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9163034" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Body Constitution ; Body Weight ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Female ; Femur Head/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male
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    Ideas on human origins evolve at anthropology gathering (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):535-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9148414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Asia ; Biological Evolution ; Europe ; *Family ; Female ; Fossils ; *Haplotypes ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Male ; *Postmenopause
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    Transgenic knockout mice with exclusively human sickle hemoglobin and sickle cell disease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-05
    Description: To create mice expressing exclusively human sickle hemoglobin (HbS), transgenic mice expressing human alpha-, gamma-, and betaS-globin were generated and bred with knockout mice that had deletions of the murine alpha- and beta-globin genes. These sickle cell mice have the major features (irreversibly sickled red cells, anemia, multiorgan pathology) found in humans with sickle cell disease and, as such, represent a useful in vivo system to accelerate the development of improved therapies for this common genetic disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paszty, C -- Brion, C M -- Manci, E -- Witkowska, H E -- Stevens, M E -- Mohandas, N -- Rubin, E M -- HL20985/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL31579/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HB-07086/HB/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 31;278(5339):876-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Human Genome Center and Department of Subcellular Structure, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road (MS 74-157), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. c_paszty@csa2.lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9346488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anemia, Sickle Cell/*genetics/pathology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Globins/genetics ; Hemoglobin, Sickle/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic
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    A TEL-JAK2 fusion protein with constitutive kinase activity in human leukemia (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The Janus family of tyrosine kinases (JAK) plays an essential role in development and in coupling cytokine receptors to downstream intracellular signaling events. A t(9;12)(p24;p13) chromosomal translocation in a T cell childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient was characterized and shown to fuse the 3' portion of JAK2 to the 5' region of TEL, a gene encoding a member of the ETS transcription factor family. The TEL-JAK2 fusion protein includes the catalytic domain of JAK2 and the TEL-specific oligomerization domain. TEL-induced oligomerization of TEL-JAK2 resulted in the constitutive activation of its tyrosine kinase activity and conferred cytokine-independent proliferation to the interleukin-3-dependent Ba/F3 hematopoietic cell line.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lacronique, V -- Boureux, A -- Valle, V D -- Poirel, H -- Quang, C T -- Mauchauffe, M -- Berthou, C -- Lessard, M -- Berger, R -- Ghysdael, J -- Bernard, O A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U 301 de l'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale and SD 401 No. 301 CNRS, Institut de Genetique Moleculaire, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biopolymers ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Child, Preschool ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Interleukin-3/physiology ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; *Milk Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets ; *Repressor Proteins ; STAT5 Transcription Factor ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Translocation, Genetic
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    Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: A systematic search of the nonrecombining region of the human Y chromosome (NRY) identified 12 novel genes or families, 10 with full-length complementary DNA sequences. All 12 genes, and six of eight NRY genes or families previously isolated by less systematic means, fell into two classes. Genes in the first group were expressed in many organs; these housekeeping genes have X homologs that escape X inactivation. The second group, consisting of Y-chromosomal gene families expressed specifically in testes, may account for infertility among men with Y deletions. The coherence of the NRY's gene content contrasts with the apparently haphazard content of most eukaryotic chromosomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lahn, B T -- Page, D C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):675-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381176" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression ; *Genes ; Humans ; Infertility, Male/genetics ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Proteins ; Recombination, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Seminal Plasma Proteins ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spermatogenesis/genetics ; Testis/metabolism ; X Chromosome/genetics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Peripheral and cerebral asymmetries in the rat (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: Rats learn a novel foraging pattern better with their right-side whiskers than with their left-side whiskers. They also learn better with the left cerebral hemisphere than with the right hemisphere. Rotating an already learned maze relative to the external environment most strongly reduces right-whisker performance; starting an already learned maze at a different location most strongly reduces left-whisker performance. These results suggest that the right-periphery-left-hemisphere system accesses a map-like representation of the foraging problem, whereas the left-periphery-right-hemisphere system accesses a rote path. Thus, as in humans, functional asymmetries in rats can be elicited by both peripheral and cortical manipulation, and each hemisphere makes qualitatively distinct contributions to a complex natural behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉LaMendola, N P -- Bever, T G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):483-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; *Dominance, Cerebral ; Functional Laterality ; Male ; *Maze Learning ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vibrissae/*physiology
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    The endocrinology of aging (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: Most aging individuals die from atherosclerosis, cancer, or dementia; but in the oldest old, loss of muscle strength resulting in frailty is the limiting factor for an individual's chances of living an independent life until death. Three hormonal systems show decreasing circulating hormone concentrations during normal aging: (i) estrogen (in menopause) and testosterone (in andropause), (ii) dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate (in adrenopause), and (iii) the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis (in somatopause). Physical changes during aging have been considered physiologic, but there is evidence that some of these changes are related to this decline in hormonal activity. Hormone replacement strategies have been developed, but many of their aspects remain controversial, and increasing blood hormone levels in aging individuals to those found during mid-adult life has not been uniformly proven to be safe and of benefit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamberts, S W -- van den Beld, A W -- van der Lely, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):419-24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands. lamberts@inw3.azr.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334293" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Glands/physiology ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Climacteric/physiology ; Dehydroepiandrosterone/blood/therapeutic use ; Endocrine Glands/*physiology ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy ; Female ; Frail Elderly ; Human Growth Hormone/secretion/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Menopause/physiology ; Pituitary Gland/physiology ; Testosterone/blood/therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Spatially and functionally distinct Ca2+ stores in sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: The organization of calcium (Ca2+) stores in the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (S-ER) is poorly understood. The dynamics of the storage and release of calcium in the S-ER of intact, cultured astrocytes and arterial myocytes were studied with high-resolution imaging methods. The S-ER appeared to be a continuous tubular network; nevertheless, calcium stores in the S-ER were organized into small, spatially distinct compartments that functioned as discrete units. Cyclopiazonic acid (an inhibitor of the calcium pump in the S-ER membrane) and caffeine or ryanodine unloaded different, spatially separate compartments. Heterogeneity of calcium stores was also revealed in cells activated by physiological agonists. These results suggest that cells can generate spatially and temporally distinct calcium signals to control individual calcium-dependent processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golovina, V A -- Blaustein, M P -- HL-32276/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS-16106/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1643-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Center for Vascular Biology and Hypertension, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Caffeine/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Cells, Cultured ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Fura-2/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Indoles/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Ryanodine/pharmacology ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Serotonin/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Defective excitation-contraction coupling in experimental cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure caused by high blood pressure were studied in single myocytes taken from hypertensive rats (Dahl SS/Jr) and SH-HF rats in heart failure. Confocal microscopy and patch-clamp methods were used to examine excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, and the relation between the plasma membrane calcium current (ICa) and evoked calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which was visualized as "calcium sparks." The ability of ICa to trigger calcium release from the SR in both hypertrophied and failing hearts was reduced. Because ICa density and SR calcium-release channels were normal, the defect appears to reside in a change in the relation between SR calcium-release channels and sarcolemmal calcium channels. beta-Adrenergic stimulation largely overcame the defect in hypertrophic but not failing heart cells. Thus, the same defect in EC coupling that develops during hypertrophy may contribute to heart failure when compensatory mechanisms fail.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gomez, A M -- Valdivia, H H -- Cheng, H -- Lederer, M R -- Santana, L F -- Cannell, M B -- McCune, S A -- Altschuld, R A -- Lederer, W J -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):800-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and the Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Universit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Calcium Channels, L-Type ; Cardiomegaly/etiology/*physiopathology ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Heart Failure/etiology/*physiopathology ; Hypertension/complications ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Muscle Proteins/metabolism ; Myocardial Contraction/drug effects/*physiology ; Myocardium/*metabolism ; Nifedipine/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The architecture of hearing (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1223-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cilia/ultrastructure ; Cochlea/metabolism ; Connexins/*genetics ; Deafness/*genetics/pathology ; Dyneins ; Female ; Gap Junctions/physiology/ultrastructure ; Genes, Recessive ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Neurologic Mutants ; Mutation ; Myosins/*genetics ; Pedigree
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Dopamine's role (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gray, J A -- Young, A M -- Joseph, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1548-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Dopamine/metabolism/*physiology ; Humans ; Nucleus Accumbens/*metabolism ; Rats ; Reinforcement (Psychology)
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    Phosphorylation of the translational repressor PHAS-I by the mammalian target of rapamycin (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: The immunosuppressant rapamycin interferes with G1-phase progression in lymphoid and other cell types by inhibiting the function of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR was determined to be a terminal kinase in a signaling pathway that couples mitogenic stimulation to the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4E-binding protein, PHAS-I. The rapamycin-sensitive protein kinase activity of mTOR was required for phosphorylation of PHAS-I in insulin-stimulated human embryonic kidney cells. mTOR phosphorylated PHAS-I on serine and threonine residues in vitro, and these modifications inhibited the binding of PHAS-I to eIF-4E. These studies define a role for mTOR in translational control and offer further insights into the mechanism whereby rapamycin inhibits G1-phase progression in mammalian cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brunn, G J -- Hudson, C C -- Sekulic, A -- Williams, J M -- Hosoi, H -- Houghton, P J -- Lawrence, J C Jr -- Abraham, R T -- AR41189/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- DK28312/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK50628/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):99-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Androstadienes/pharmacology ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/pharmacology ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E ; G1 Phase ; Heat-Shock Proteins/pharmacology ; Humans ; Insulin/pharmacology ; Peptide Initiation Factors/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Polyenes/*pharmacology ; *Protein Kinases ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sirolimus ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosohemoglobin in the physiological oxygen gradient (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: The binding of oxygen to heme irons in hemoglobin promotes the binding of nitric oxide (NO) to cysteinebeta93, forming S-nitrosohemoglobin. Deoxygenation is accompanied by an allosteric transition in S-nitrosohemoglobin [from the R (oxygenated) to the T (deoxygenated) structure] that releases the NO group. S-nitrosohemoglobin contracts blood vessels and decreases cerebral perfusion in the R structure and relaxes vessels to improve blood flow in the T structure. By thus sensing the physiological oxygen gradient in tissues, hemoglobin exploits conformation-associated changes in the position of cysteinebeta93 SNO to bring local blood flow into line with oxygen requirements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stamler, J S -- Jia, L -- Eu, J P -- McMahon, T J -- Demchenko, I T -- Bonaventura, J -- Gernert, K -- Piantadosi, C A -- HL 52529/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HR59130/HR/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Room 321 MSRB, Box 2612, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Pressure ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Cysteine/chemistry/metabolism ; *Hemodynamics ; Hemoglobins/analysis/chemistry/*physiology ; *Mercaptoethanol ; Models, Molecular ; Nitric Oxide/blood/metabolism ; Nitroso Compounds/blood ; Oxygen/*blood ; Oxyhemoglobins/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; *S-Nitrosothiols
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    Coding the locations of objects in the dark (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: The ventral premotor cortex in primates is thought to be involved in sensory-motor integration. Many of its neurons respond to visual stimuli in the space near the arms or face. In this study on the ventral premotor cortex of monkeys, an object was presented within the visual receptive fields of individual neurons, then the lights were turned off and the object was silently removed. A subset of the neurons continued to respond in the dark as if the object were still present and visible. Such cells exhibit "object permanence," encoding the presence of an object that is no longer visible. These cells may underlie the ability to reach toward or avoid objects that are no longer directly visible.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Graziano, M S -- Hu, X T -- Gross, C G -- EY11347/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):239-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. graziano@princeon.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Darkness ; Macaca fascicularis ; Male ; *Memory ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Space Perception ; Touch ; Visual Pathways
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    Proinsulin C-peptide--biological activity? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steiner, D F -- Rubenstein, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):531-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. dfsteine@midway.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; C-Peptide/chemistry/pharmacology/*physiology ; Capillary Permeability/drug effects ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Insulin/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Neural Conduction ; Proinsulin/chemistry ; Protein Folding ; Rats ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism
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    A catalog of cancer genes at the click of a mouse (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1023-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Computer Communication Networks ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; *Databases, Factual ; Europe ; Financing, Government ; Gene Expression ; *Gene Library ; Genes ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Newfound gene holds key to cell's cholesterol traffic (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):180-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9235630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carrier Proteins ; Child ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Niemann-Pick Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Dual role of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate in the activation of protein kinase B (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: Protein kinase B (PKB) is a proto-oncogene that is activated in signaling pathways initiated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Chromatographic separation of brain cytosol revealed a kinase activity that phosphorylated and activated PKB only in the presence of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. Phosphorylation occurred exclusively on threonine-308, a residue implicated in activation of PKB in vivo. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 was determined to have a dual role: Its binding to the pleckstrin homology domain of PKB was required to allow phosphorylation by the upstream kinase and it directly activated the upstream kinase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokoe, D -- Stephens, L R -- Copeland, T -- Gaffney, P R -- Reese, C B -- Painter, G F -- Holmes, A B -- McCormick, F -- Hawkins, P T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):567-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Onyx Pharmaceuticals, 3031 Research Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA. stokoe@cc.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blood Proteins/chemistry ; Brain/enzymology ; COS Cells ; Cytosol/enzymology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; *Phosphoproteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Stereoisomerism
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    New tumor suppressor found--twice (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1876-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Glioma/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Microfilament Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; Patents as Topic ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Publishing ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Identification of a gene that causes primary open angle glaucoma (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness and is characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Analyses of sequence tagged site (STS) content and haplotype sharing between families affected with chromosome 1q-linked open angle glaucoma (GLC1A) were used to prioritize candidate genes for mutation screening. A gene encoding a trabecular meshwork protein (TIGR) mapped to the narrowest disease interval by STS content and radiation hybrid mapping. Thirteen glaucoma patients were found to have one of three mutations in this gene (3.9 percent of the population studied). One of these mutations was also found in a control individual (0.2 percent). Identification of these mutations will aid in early diagnosis, which is essential for optimal application of existing therapies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, E M -- Fingert, J H -- Alward, W L -- Nguyen, T D -- Polansky, J R -- Sunden, S L -- Nishimura, D -- Clark, A F -- Nystuen, A -- Nichols, B E -- Mackey, D A -- Ritch, R -- Kalenak, J W -- Craven, E R -- Sheffield, V C -- EY02477/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY08905/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY10564/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):668-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Eye Proteins/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*genetics ; *Glycoproteins ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; Trabecular Meshwork/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sensitization to morphine induced by viral-mediated gene transfer (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-08
    Description: Repeated administration of morphine sensitizes animals to the stimulant and rewarding properties of the drug. It also selectively increases expression of GluR1 (an AMPA glutamate receptor subunit) in the ventral tegmental area, a midbrain region implicated in morphine action. By viral-mediated gene transfer, a causal relation is shown between these behavioral and biochemical adaptations: Morphine's stimulant and rewarding properties are intensified after microinjections of a viral vector expressing GluR1 into the ventral tegmental area. These results confirm the importance of AMPA receptors in morphine action and demonstrate specific locomotor and motivational adaptations resulting from altered expression of a single localized gene product.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlezon, W A Jr -- Boundy, V A -- Haile, C N -- Lane, S B -- Kalb, R G -- Neve, R L -- Nestler, E J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 8;277(5327):812-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9242609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Conditioning, Classical ; *Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Male ; Morphine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/*genetics/*physiology ; Reward ; Simplexvirus/genetics ; Transgenes ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*drug effects/metabolism
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  • 89
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    PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: Mapping of homozygous deletions on human chromosome 10q23 has led to the isolation of a candidate tumor suppressor gene, PTEN, that appears to be mutated at considerable frequency in human cancers. In preliminary screens, mutations of PTEN were detected in 31% (13/42) of glioblastoma cell lines and xenografts, 100% (4/4) of prostate cancer cell lines, 6% (4/65) of breast cancer cell lines and xenografts, and 17% (3/18) of primary glioblastomas. The predicted PTEN product has a protein tyrosine phosphatase domain and extensive homology to tensin, a protein that interacts with actin filaments at focal adhesions. These homologies suggest that PTEN may suppress tumor cell growth by antagonizing protein tyrosine kinases and may regulate tumor cell invasion and metastasis through interactions at focal adhesions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, J -- Yen, C -- Liaw, D -- Podsypanina, K -- Bose, S -- Wang, S I -- Puc, J -- Miliaresis, C -- Rodgers, L -- McCombie, R -- Bigner, S H -- Giovanella, B C -- Ittmann, M -- Tycko, B -- Hibshoosh, H -- Wigler, M H -- Parsons, R -- 5R35 CA39829/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1943-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072974" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Brain Neoplasms/genetics ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Glioblastoma/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Microfilament Proteins/chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase ; *Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Sequence Deletion ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Marijuana addiction (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grinspoon, L -- Bakalar, J B -- Zimmer, L -- Morgan, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 8;277(5327):749; author reply 750-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9273692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cannabis ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dronabinol/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects/metabolism ; Rats ; Reward ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; *Substance-Related Disorders
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  • 91
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    Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olfactory ensheathing cells (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: The upper cervical corticospinal tract was transected on one side in adult rats. A suspension of ensheathing cells cultured from adult rat olfactory bulb was injected into the lesion site. This induced unbranched, elongative growth of the cut corticospinal axons. The axons grew through the transplant and continued to regenerate into the denervated caudal host tract. Rats with complete transections and no transplanted cells did not use the forepaw on the lesioned side for directed reaching. Rats in which the transplanted cells had formed a continuous bridge across the lesion exhibited directed forepaw reaching on the lesioned side.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Y -- Field, P M -- Raisman, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):2000-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Norman and Sadie Lee Research Centre, Division of Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Brain Tissue Transplantation ; Cell Transplantation ; Cells, Cultured ; Denervation ; Female ; Microscopy, Electron ; Myelin Sheath/physiology ; *Nerve Regeneration ; Neuroglia/physiology/*transplantation/ultrastructure ; Olfactory Bulb/*cytology ; Olfactory Nerve/*cytology ; Rats ; Spinal Cord/*physiology ; Spinal Cord Injuries/*surgery
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Failure of parturition in mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-01
    Description: Mice lacking the gene encoding the receptor for prostaglandin F2alpha (FP) developed normally but were unable to deliver normal fetuses at term. Although these FP-deficient mice showed no abnormality in the estrous cycle, ovulation, fertilization, or implantation, they did not respond to exogenous oxytocin because of the lack of induction of oxytocin receptor (a proposed triggering event in parturition), and they did not show the normal decline of serum progesterone concentrations that precedes parturition. Ovariectomy at day 19 of pregnancy restored induction of the oxytocin receptor and permitted successful delivery in the FP-deficient mice. These results indicate that parturition is initiated when prostaglandin F2alpha interacts with FP in ovarian luteal cells of the pregnant mice to induce luteolysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugimoto, Y -- Yamasaki, A -- Segi, E -- Tsuboi, K -- Aze, Y -- Nishimura, T -- Oida, H -- Yoshida, N -- Tanaka, T -- Katsuyama, M -- Hasumoto, K -- Murata, T -- Hirata, M -- Ushikubi, F -- Negishi, M -- Ichikawa, A -- Narumiya, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 1;277(5326):681-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9235889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Corpus Luteum/*metabolism ; Dinoprost/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; *Labor, Obstetric ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ovariectomy ; Oxytocin/biosynthesis/pharmacology ; Pregnancy ; Progesterone/blood ; Receptors, Oxytocin/biosynthesis ; Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics/*metabolism ; Uterine Contraction/drug effects ; Uterus/metabolism
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  • 93
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    Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a lifetime incidence of approximately 2 percent. A pattern of familial aggregation has been documented for the disorder, and it was recently reported that a PD susceptibility gene in a large Italian kindred is located on the long arm of human chromosome 4. A mutation was identified in the alpha-synuclein gene, which codes for a presynaptic protein thought to be involved in neuronal plasticity, in the Italian kindred and in three unrelated families of Greek origin with autosomal dominant inheritance for the PD phenotype. This finding of a specific molecular alteration associated with PD will facilitate the detailed understanding of the pathophysiology of the disorder.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Polymeropoulos, M H -- Lavedan, C -- Leroy, E -- Ide, S E -- Dehejia, A -- Dutra, A -- Pike, B -- Root, H -- Rubenstein, J -- Boyer, R -- Stenroos, E S -- Chandrasekharappa, S -- Athanassiadou, A -- Papapetropoulos, T -- Johnson, W G -- Lazzarini, A M -- Duvoisin, R C -- Di Iorio, G -- Golbe, L I -- Nussbaum, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2045-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetic Disease Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age of Onset ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Genetic Markers ; Greece ; Humans ; Italy ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Parkinson Disease/*genetics ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; *Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Synucleins ; alpha-Synuclein
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  • 94
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    Fishing for answers to whirling disease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Potera, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):225-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9340769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Eukaryota/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; Fish Diseases/diagnosis/*parasitology ; Fisheries ; Montana ; Oligochaeta/parasitology ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*parasitology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protozoan Infections/diagnosis/parasitology ; *Protozoan Infections, Animal ; RNA, Protozoan/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Spores/physiology ; Temperature
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  • 95
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    HIV suppressed long after treatment (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):1927.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; HIV/*physiology ; HIV Infections/complications/*drug therapy/virology ; Hepatitis A/complications ; Humans ; Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use ; Male ; Time Factors ; *Viral Load
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  • 96
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    Measuring serotonin distribution in live cells with three-photon excitation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-24
    Description: Tryptophan and serotonin were imaged with infrared illumination by three-photon excitation (3PE) of their native ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence. This technique, established by 3PE cross section measurements of tryptophan and the monoamines serotonin and dopamine, circumvents the limitations imposed by photodamage, scattering, and indiscriminate background encountered in other UV microscopies. Three-dimensionally resolved images are presented along with measurements of the serotonin concentration ( approximately 50 mM) and content (up to approximately 5 x 10(8) molecules) of individual secretory granules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maiti, S -- Shear, J B -- Williams, R M -- Zipfel, W R -- Webb, W W -- RR04224/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR07719/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 24;275(5299):530-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Survival ; Cytoplasmic Granules/*chemistry ; Dopamine/analysis ; Lasers ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/instrumentation/*methods ; Photochemistry ; *Photons ; Rats ; Serotonin/*analysis ; Tryptophan/analysis ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 97
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    Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: Activity-driven modifications in synaptic connections between neurons in the neocortex may occur during development and learning. In dual whole-cell voltage recordings from pyramidal neurons, the coincidence of postsynaptic action potentials (APs) and unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) was found to induce changes in EPSPs. Their average amplitudes were differentially up- or down-regulated, depending on the precise timing of postsynaptic APs relative to EPSPs. These observations suggest that APs propagating back into dendrites serve to modify single active synaptic connections, depending on the pattern of electrical activity in the pre- and postsynaptic neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Markram, H -- Lubke, J -- Frotscher, M -- Sakmann, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):213-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Medizinische Forschung, Abteilung Zellphysiologie, Jahnstrasse 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. bnmark@weizmann.weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/physiology ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Down-Regulation ; Electric Stimulation ; In Vitro Techniques ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; Up-Regulation
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  • 98
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    Two modulatory effects of attention that mediate object categorization in human cortex (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-02-07
    Description: Attentional modulation of cortical activity was examined by varying the rate of visual stimuli in object categorization tasks according to single and conjoined features. Activation of dorsolateral frontal cortex was independent of the stimulus presentation rate and elicited by the participant's attention to conjoined compared with single features. Several cortical regions showed attentionally modulated activity. In inferior temporal cortex, modulation was due to an additional bias signal underlying normal rate-correlated activity. In two other regions (premotor cortex and cerebellum), attention modified the correlation of activity and the stimulus presentation rate. Attentional effects in the human cortex are expressed by at least two physiologically distinct mechanisms acting on spatially distributed areas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rees, G -- Frackowiak, R -- Frith, C -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 7;275(5301):835-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9012351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; *Attention ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebellum/blood supply/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/*physiology ; Frontal Lobe/blood supply/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Cortex/blood supply/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Regional Blood Flow ; Temporal Lobe/blood supply/physiology ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Visual Perception/*physiology
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  • 99
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    Differential effects of early hippocampal pathology on episodic and semantic memory (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Global anterograde amnesia is described in three patients with brain injuries that occurred in one case at birth, in another by age 4, and in the third at age 9. Magnetic resonance techniques revealed bilateral hippocampal pathology in all three cases. Remarkably, despite their pronounced amnesia for the episodes of everyday life, all three patients attended mainstream schools and attained levels of speech and language competence, literacy, and factual knowledge that are within the low average to average range. The findings provide support for the view that the episodic and semantic components of cognitive memory are partly dissociable, with only the episodic component being fully dependent on the hippocampus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vargha-Khadem, F -- Gadian, D G -- Watkins, K E -- Connelly, A -- Van Paesschen, W -- Mishkin, M -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):376-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London Medical School, Wolfson Centre, Mecklenburgh Square, London WC1N 2AP, UK. fkhadem@ich.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219696" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Amnesia/*pathology/physiopathology/psychology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology/physiopathology ; Child ; Female ; Hippocampus/*pathology/physiopathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Memory ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Temporal Lobe/pathology/physiopathology
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  • 100
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    Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were analyzed from 162 wolves at 27 localities worldwide and from 140 domestic dogs representing 67 breeds. Sequences from both dogs and wolves showed considerable diversity and supported the hypothesis that wolves were the ancestors of dogs. Most dog sequences belonged to a divergent monophyletic clade sharing no sequences with wolves. The sequence divergence within this clade suggested that dogs originated more than 100,000 years before the present. Associations of dog haplotypes with other wolf lineages indicated episodes of admixture between wolves and dogs. Repeated genetic exchange between dog and wolf populations may have been an important source of variation for artificial selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vila, C -- Savolainen, P -- Maldonado, J E -- Amorim, I R -- Rice, J E -- Honeycutt, R L -- Crandall, K A -- Lundeberg, J -- Wayne, R K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1687-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Carnivora/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Dogs/classification/*genetics ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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