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  • Articles  (3,052)
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  • 1996  (3,052)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental properties of fluoropolyether-based resins and related coatings (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 111-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neuartige Fluoropolyether-Polyol-Harze, die mit konventionellen Härtern wie Polyisocyanaten oder Melaminen aushärtbar sind, wurden hergestellt. Zunächst wurden oligomere NCO-terminierte Prepolymere durch Addition von Fluorpolyether-Makrodiolen unterschiedlicher Molekulargewichte an Isophorondiisocyanate erhalten. Durch die Reaktion dieser Prepolymeren mit Trimethylolpropan wurden endständige Hydroxygruppen eingeführt. Die Viskosität von Lösungen dieser Harze wurde bei unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen (Massenbruch 0,4-0,8) und Temperaturen (25°C-65°C) gemessen. Die erhaltenen Werte wurden auf der Basis der Erickson-Gleichung (Konzentrationsabhängigkeit von η) und unter Berücksichtigung des WLF-und des Arrhenius-Modells (Temperaturabhängigkeit von η) diskutiert. Das thermische Verhalten der Harze und von ausgehärteten Filmen wurde mit DSC bestimmt. Dabei wurden zwei Glasübergange beobachtet, die den separierten fluorhaltigen und nicht-fluorhaltigen Phasen zugeordnet werden können. Die Analyse des Zugverhaltens der Filme zeigte besonders bei den mit Isocyanat gehärteten Proben ein ausgeprägtes hart-plastisches Verhalten. Diese Werkstoffe erscheinen für die Anwendung als hoch-wertige, dauerfeste und klare Beschichtungen geeignet.
    Notes: New fluoropolyether polyolic resins are presented suitable to be cured with conventional hardeners as polyisocyanates or melamines. These resins are prepared by addition of fluoropolyether macrodiols (Fomblin® ZDOLTX) of various molecular weights to isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to give oligomeric NCO-terminated prepolymers. The final hydroxy functionality is obtained by the reaction of those prepolymers with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The viscosity of the resins is measured at various concentrations (weight fraction 0.8 - 0.4) and temperatures (T = 25-65°C). The results are discussed in terms of the Erickson equation (η vs. concentration) and using the WLF and Arrhenius models (η vs. T). The thermal behavior is studied by DSC for both the resins and cured films indicating the presence of two Tgs, corresponding to the segregated fluorinated and hydrogenated phases, the former particularly evident with the highest molecular weights of the fluorinated macromer. Tensile curves of selfsupported films are then analyzed showing an evident tough-plastic behavior especially for the isocyanate-cured films. The application of such materials as high-durability clear coats is finally proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052360109
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of melamine-formaldehyde moulding compounds with epoxy resins (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 1-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Verbesserung der Maßhaltigkeit und der Zähigkeit von gehärteten Melamin-Formaldehyd-Harz-Formmassen (MF) wurden teilverträgliche, methylolgruppenhaltige Epoxidharze (EP) auf Bisphenol A-Basis hergestellt und charakterisiert. Die Vernetzung solcher Epoxyresolharze durch 2-Ethyl-4-methylimidazol in Gegenwart von MF-Harz wurde untersucht. Spritzgepreßte Probekörper zeigen eine Zweiphasenstruktur; die EP-Phase kann als Wirt für carboxy-funktionalisierte, oligomere NBR-Kautschuke (CTBNX) dienen, die für sich allein in MF-Harzen nicht wirksam sind. Unter der Voraussetzung von kovalenten Bindungen in der Phasengrenzfläche kann durch den Zusatz von 0,5 bis 4 Gew.-% CTBNX zur MF-Formmasse bei EP-Anteilen bis 20 Gew.-% eine 50 bis 100proz. Steigerung von Bruchdehnung und Schlagzähigkeit erreicht werden, ohne daß Steifigkeit und Wärmeformbeständigkeit wesentlich abfallen. Bei moderaten EP/CTBNX-Gehalten wird zusätzlich die Nachschwindung von MF-Formteilen vermindert.
    Notes: In order to improve dimension stability and toughness of melamine formaldehyde moulding materials (MF), compatible bisphenol A epoxy resins (EP) with additional methylol groups were synthesized and characterized. Crosslinking of those epoxyresol resins with 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole in the presence of MF resin was investigated. Transfer-moulded specimens revealed a two-phase morphology in which the EP phase is used as a host for modification with carboxylic functionalized oligomeric NBR rubber (CTBNX), which is not effective in MF moulding materials alone. The addition of 0.5 - 4 wt.-% CTBNX to the MF moulding materials at an epoxy content of maximum 20 wt.-% results in 50-100 % increase of elasticity and toughness without serious decrease in stiffness and heat deflection temperature, provided that covalent interfacial bonds exist. In addition, the post-shrinkage of MF parts decreases if a moderate EP/CTBNX content is introduced.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052370101
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  • 3
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    Electronic Resource
    New poly(vinyl chloride) blends, IIIPart II cf.5.. Physico-mechanical properties (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 11-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der gleichzeitige Einfluß des Verhältnisses von Fließhilfsmittel (Paraloid K 120N), Rußart und Schlagzähmodifikator (CPE 3615 und Kane Ace B56 A) auf die wichtigsten physiko-mechanischen Eigenschaften unplastifizierter PVC-Mischungen wurde studiert.Die erhaltenen Resultate wurden mathematisch verarbeitet und graphisch als Funktionsflächen dargestellt. Bemerkenswert ist, daß die Einführung von 2,5 und 5 Teilen Ruß eine Verbesserung der physico-mechanischen Eigenschaften ermöglicht. Dieses Resultat ist durch die Anwesenheit der Schlagzäh- und Fließmodifikatoren zu erklären.
    Notes: The concurrent influence of the processing aid (Paraloid K 120N) and the carbon black ratio, as well as the nature and the ratio of the impact modifier (CPE 3615 and Kane Ace B56 A) on the main physico-mechanical characteristics of the poly(vinyl chloride)-based unplasticized mixtures have been studied. The results obtained, processed mathematically and plotted graphically in the form of response surfaces, evidenced that the improvement of certain physico-mechanical properties becomes possible by the introduction of 2.5 parts and 5.0 parts carbon black into these compounds. This is due to the introduction of impact modifiers and processing aids into the mixtures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380102
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    New polyhydrazides and poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s containing pendent phenoxy groups (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe neuartiger Polyhydrazide mit endständigen Phenoxygruppen wurde aus äquimolaren Anteilen von Dicarbonsäuredichloriden und Phenoxyterephthalsäuredihydrazid durch Lösungspolykondensation in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinon (NMP) bei niedriger Temperatur hergestellt. Durch thermische Cyclisierung der Polyhydrazide wurden die entsprehchenden Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazol)e mit endständigen Phenoxygruppen erhalten. Die Polymeren wurden durch Viskosimetrie, Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen, IR-Spektroskopie, Differentialkalorimetrie und Thermogravimetrie charakterisiert.
    Notes: A series of new polyhydrazides containing pendent phenoxy groups has been synthesized by low-temperature solution polycondensation of equimolar amounts of diacid dichlorides and 2-phenoxyterephthalic dihydrazide in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidi-none (NMP). The thermal cyclization of the polyhydrazides gave the corresponding poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s containing pendent phenoxy groups. The polymers were characterized by viscometry, solubility measurements, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380106
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  • 5
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    Effect of electron beam radiation on mechanical and electrical properties of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein Ethylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymeres (EVA) mit 12% Vinylacetat-Gehalt wurde mit Trimethylolpropantrimethacrylat (TMPTMA) als Sensibilisator mit Elektronen bestrahlt. Die mechanischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften der bestrahlten Copolymerproben wurden untersucht. Die Resultate zeigen, daß sich Zugfestigkeit und Bruchdehnung zunächst mit zunehmender Strahlungsdosis verbessern und bei Überschreiten einer optimalen Strahlungsdosis und Sensibilisatorkonzentration wieder verschlechtern. Durch die Bestrahlung wird eine Vernetzung des Polymeren ausgelöst, die auf den sich mit der Strahlungsdosis erhöhenden Gelanteil zurückgeführt wird. Im Vergleich mit den Originalproben nehmen sowohl die Dielektrizitätskonstante als auch der dielektrische Verlustfaktor durch die Elektronenbestrahlung ab.
    Notes: Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer (12% vinyl acetate content) is subjected to electron beam irradiation using trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) as a radiation sensitizer. Mechanical and electrical studies of these irradiated samples show that the strength properties (tensile strength, elongation at break) are increased with radiation dosage up to an optimum radiation dose and sensitizer level above which the properties begin to deteriorate. Crosslinking of the polymer takes place on irradiation which is attributed to an increased gel content with increasing radiation dose. Compared to the original samples both dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor decrease for samples subjected to irradiation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380110
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  • 6
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    Homogeneous synthesis of cellulose p-toluenesulfonates in N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent system (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 143-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cellulose-p-toluolsulfonsäureester (Cellulosetosylate) lassen sich durch homogene Umsetzung von Cellulose in einer Lösung aus N,N-Dimethylacetamid und LiCl mit Tosylchlorid (Tos-Cl) und Triethylamin in 24 h bei 8°C in hoher Ausbeute und mit minimalem Einbau von Chlordesoxy-Gruppen herstellen. Die unterschiedlichen Celluloseausgangsmaterialien hatten durchschnittliche Polymerisationsgrade von 280 bis 5100. Die Produkte wurden mit Elementaranalyse, 13C-NMR- und FTIR-Spektroskopie und durch Bestimmung der Grenzviskositäten charakterisiert. Die Erhöhung des Molverhältnisses Tos-Cl/Anhydroglucose-Einheit (AGU) von 0.6 auf 9.0 führte zu einem Anstieg des Substitutionsgrades (DS) von 0.4 bis auf einen Maximalwert von 2.3. Die Cellulosetosylate sind in herkömmlichen organischen Lösungsmitteln wie Dimethylsulfoxid (im gesamten DS Bereich) und in N,N-Dimethylacetamid, N,N-Dimethylformamid, Aceton, Tetrahydrofuran und Trichlormethan (in Abhängigkeit von DS) löslich. Durch 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Tosylierung am O-6 Atom der AGU schneller als an den O-2/3 Atomen erfolgt. Die Analyse der korrespondierenden Ioddesoxycellulosen, die durch Umsetzung mit NaI in Acetylaceton synthetisiert wurden, bestätigte dies zusätzlich. Darüber hinaus wurden wichtige Eigenschaften der Cellulosetosylate wie die Stabilität gegenüber Alkali und thermischer Beanspruchung untersucht.
    Notes: Pure cellulose p-toluenesulfonates (tosylates) with an insignificant formation of chlorodeoxy groups were prepared by reacting cellulose dissolved in a solution of N,N-dimethylacetamide and LiCI with tosylchloride (Tos-CI) in the presence of triethylamine within 24 h at 8°C. Various cellulosic starting materials with a degree of polymerization from 280 to 5 100 were used. The samples obtained were characterized by means of elemental analysis, FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and their intrinsic viscosities. The rise of the molar ratio of Tos-CI/anhydroglucose unit (AGU) from 0.6 to 9.0 leads to an increase in the degree of substitution (DS) from 0.4 up to a maximum value of 2.3. The cellulose tosylates are readily soluble in common organic solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (within the whole DS range) and in N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and trichloromethane depending on DS. As revealed by 13C NMR spectroscopy a faster tosylation takes place at the O-6 atom of AGU compared with the O-2/3 atoms. This was additionally confirmed by analysis of the corresponding iododeoxy celluloses synthesized with NaI in acetylacetone. Furthermore, some important properties as stability against alkaline and heat were studied as well.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380113
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  • 7
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    Coating of carbon-fiber surface by silicon carbide via sol-gel mixtures of tetraethyl orthosilicate and phenolic resin (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Herstellung einer SiC-Oberfläche auf Kohlefasern unter Verwendung einer Sol-Gel-Mischung von Tetraethylorthosilikat (TEOS) und Phenolharz wurde untersucht. FTIR- und SEM-Untersuchungen zeigten, daß die SiC-Oberfläche durch carbothermische Reduktion der Sol-Gel-Mischung bei 1 420°C innerhalb von 15-20 min in einer Argon-Atmosphäre gebildet werden kann. Mittels TGA konnte gezeigt werden, daß die SiC-Beschichtung die thermo-oxidative Stabilität der Kohlefasern erhöht. Bei der erreichten SiC-Schichtdicke von 0,47 μm, bei einem C/Si-Verhältnis von 4, zeigt sich keine Beeinflussung der mechanischen Stabilität der Kohlefasern.
    Notes: The preparation of a SiC coating on a carbon fiber surface using a sol-gel mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicat (TEOS) and phenolic resin was studied. FTIR and SEM investigations indicated that the SiC coating can be formed by carbothermal reduction of the sol-gel mixture at 1420°C for 15-20 min in an argon atmosphere. TGA of the coated fiber was also performed, showing that the SiC coating improves the thermooxidative stability of the carbon fiber. With the thickness of the obtained coating of 0.47 μm using a C/Si ratio of 4, this treatment does not affect the carbon fiber strength.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390103
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  • 8
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    Adhesive properties of some pressure-sensitive adhesive agents containing oligomer additives (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diese Mitteilung behandelt den Einfluß von oligomeren Polypropylen- und Polybutylenölen mit unterschiedlichem Molekulargewicht auf die adhäsiven Eigenschaften von ataktischem Polypropylen (aPP) und dessen Mischungen mit einem Styrol-Ethylhexylacrylat-Copolymeren. Die mechanische Adhäsionsarbeit Am von Mischungen, die ataktisches Polypropylen und das Oligomere enthalten, steigt mit dem Molekulargewicht des Oligomeren, was im Fall des Propylenöls signifikanter ist. Im Fall der ternären Mischungen des ataktischen Polypropylens mit dem Styrol-Ethylhexylacrylat-Copolymeren und Oligomeren wird ein Adhäsions-Maximum beobachtet, wenn der Gehalt an Styrol-Ethylhexylacrylat-Copolymeren in der Mischung ungefähr 30 Gew.-% erreicht. Wenn kein Oligomeres in der Mischung vorhanden ist, kann man bei dieser Zusammensetzung ein Adhäsions-Minimum beobachten, was auf die Unverträglichkeit der übrigen Komponenten zurückzuführen ist.
    Notes: This paper deals with the influence of oligomers, namely propylene oil and butylene oil, of different molecular weight on the adhesive properties of atactic polypropylene (aPP) and its mixtures with styrene-2-ethylhexyl acrylate (S-EHA) copolymer. The mechanical work of adhesion Am of the mixture containing atactic polypropylene and oligomer increases with the molecular weight of the oligomer, which was more significant in the case of propylene oil. For ternary mixtures aPP-S-EHA copolymer/oligomer a maximum of adhesion can be observed if the content of the S-EHA copolymer in the mixture reaches about 30 mass-%. In the absence of oligomers in the mixture a minimum of adhesion can be observed for this composition, which can be attributed to the incompatibility of the remaining components.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390106
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  • 9
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    Untersuchungen zur synthese von poly(butadien-co-propylenoxid) mit einem ziegler-natta-titankatalysatorsystem (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: After comparison of three catalyst systems, i.e. [Nd(Oct)3/Al2Cl3ET3/Al(i-But)3, Ni(Oct)2/BF3OEt2/AlEt3 and Al(i-But)3/I2/TiCl4] the titanium catalyst system was used for the copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene with propylene oxide. The effects of monomer ratio on copolymer composition, conversion, microstructure, molar mass and molar mass distribution as well as of time of polymerization and of the aluminium/titanium ratio were evaluted. The copolymerization parameters were determined according to Kelen-Tüdős as rbutadiene = 0,9 and rpropylene oxide = 3,9. Copolymerization was confirmed by 13C NMR spectroscopy and extract evaluation combined with 1H NMR spectroscopy.
    Notes: Für die Copolymerisation von 1,3-Butadien mit Propylenoxid wurde nach dem Vergleich der drei Katalysatorsysteme Nd(Oct)3/Al2Cl3ET3/Al(i-But)3, Ni(Oct)2/ BF3OEt2/AlEt3 und Al(i-But)3/I2/TiCl4 das Titankatalysatorsystem eingesetzt. Neben dem Einfluß der Monomerzusammensetzung auf den Umsatz, die Microstruktur, die Copolymerzusammensetzung, die Molmassen sowie die Molmassenverteilungen wurden auch die Polymerisationszeit und das Aluminium/Titan-Verhältnis untersucht. Die Copolymerisationsparameter wurden nach Kelen-Tüdős zu rButadien = 0,9 und rPropylenoxid = 3,9 bestimmt. Der Copolymernachweis erfolgte über 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie und Extraktionsuntersuchungen in Verbindung mit 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390110
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  • 10
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    Phosphorus-containing polyurethanes based on bisphenol A via N-alkylation (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphorhaltige Polyurethane (PU-P) auf der Basis von Bisphenol A wurden durch N-Alkylierung hergestellt und mittels IR- und 1H NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Physikalische und thermische Eigenschaften dieser Polyurethane wurden mittels Differentialkalorimetrie, Thermogravimetrie, Röntgenbeugung und Untersuchungen der Löslichkeit, der Feuerbeständigkeit (Sauerstoffindex, LOI) und der reduzierten Viskosität bestimmt. Die Glastemperaturen der N-alkylierten Polymeren sanken von 120°C für das Ausgangspolymere bis auf 29°C für das N-alkylierte Polyurethan mit 2 Gew.-% Phosphor. Die Viskosität der N-alkylierten Polyurethane nahm von 0,36 dL g-1 auf 0,24 dL g-1 ab. Die phosphorhaltigen Polyurethane besitzen eine geringere thermische Stabilität und bessere Löslichkeit sowie höhere Feuerbeständlgkeit als das Ausgangspolymere. Die Röntgenstreuexperimente ergaben, daß ein erhöhter Phosphorgehalt der Polyurethane die Kristallinität herabsetzt.
    Notes: Phosporus-containing polyurethanes (PU-P) based on bisphenol A were prepared by N-alkylation. The structures of N-alkylated polyurethanes were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectra. Physical and thermal properties of the phosphorus-containing polyurethanes were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction, tests of solubility, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and reduced viscosity. Tg of the N-alkylated polymers decreased from 120°C for the starting polymer to 29°C of the 2.0 wt.-% phosphorus-containing polyurethanes. The viscosity of N-alkylated polyurethanes also decreased from 0.36 dL g-1 to 0.24 dL g-1. The thermal stability of polyurethanes decreased on the introduction of phosphorus groups. The LOI values of polyurethanes showed that fire resistance of phosphorus-containing polyurethanes was enhanced. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the increased phosphorus content was accompanied by decreased crystallinity of the polyurethanes. The solubility of PU-P was improved.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390116
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  • 11
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    Are cured thermoset resins inhomogeneous?Lecture presented at International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995 (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 1-15 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This question was addressed using various methods to monitor the process of curing and state of the final network. Attention was particularly focused on the possible inhomogeneous network formation as a consequence of the crosslinking process. An analysis of experimental data has revealed that some cured resins can be considered as homogeneous as the corresponding uncrosslinked materials. Resins cured by simple stepwise alternating chemistries, with good compatibility of components, usually fulfill the criterion of homogeneity. A family of epoxy resins cured with polyamines belongs to this category. Nodular structures seen by electron microscopy are a result of interaction of the electron beam or etching. Such structures are also observed for uncrosslinked polymers investigated under the same conditions. Formation of inhomogeneities in a number of thermoset systems is due to (a) chainwise mechanism of network formation with fast propagation inducing cyclization and steric volume exclusion and (b) poor compatibility of components of the system made stronger by increasing molecular weights and crosslinking during curing. Networks formed by freeradical polymerization and copolymerization of polyvinyl monomers can serve as an example of crosslinking-driven formation of inhomogeneities.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400101
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  • 12
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    Design of network polymers by photopolymerizationLecture presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai Univeristy, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 83-90 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The base and transition metal catalyzed isomerization of allyl and crotyl ethers affords a facile, high yield route to the preparation of a variety of mono-, di-, and multifunctional 1-propenyl and 1-butenyl ethers. Employing this novel method, monomers containing epoxide, ester, ether carbonate and urethane groups can be prepared from their readily available allyl and crotyl precursors. In general, these monomers display very high reactivity in cationic polymerizations. In our work, we have focused on photoinduced cationic polymerizations of these monomers using diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salt photoinitiators. To study these very fast photopolymerizations, extensive use of real-time infrared spectroscopy was made. Employing this technique, the effects of monomer and photoinitiator structure on the rates of polymerization were studied.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400107
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    Electronic Resource
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    Designing elastomer network for desired tire performance characteristics (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rubber elasticity is associated with changes in configurational entropy of a long chain. Because the chain cannot change its configuration instantaneously, there is a time delay in deformation to an applied force. This delayed response is the source of viscoelasticity and hysteresis energy loss of elastomer networks. Many tire performance properties are related to the viscoelasticity of tire components. Wet and dry traction of tire is related to the energy loss of the tread material at very high frequencies. On the other hand, rolling resistance of tire is characterized by the energy loss of tread material at relatively low frequencies. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of elastomer network shows characteristic zones on a frequency scale. At very high frequencies the energy loss is controlled by the segmental motions of the polymer chain. At lower frequencies the energy loss is related to the longer range motions of the chain. A series of polymers was synthesized to study the effect of micro- and macro-structure of the polymer on the viscoelastic properties of tread compounds and their tire performance properties. As expected from the theory, the wet traction of the tire was highly correlated to the segmental motions of the chains; namely, the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The energy loss of the compounds at a higher temperature, however, was related to the macrostructure of the polymer chain. Those examples illustrate that the fundamental understanding of the theory of elastomer network allows a tire engineer to obtain the best balance of tire performance characteristics.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400112
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  • 14
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    Molecular design of novel network polymers (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cationic, anionic, and radical ring-opening polymerization of spiro and bicyclic monomers, and their application to network polymers have been developed. Bicyclo orthoesters (BOEs), spiro orthoesters (SOEs), and spiro orthocarbonates (SOCs) were polymerized by cationic double ring-opening. Bicyclobis(γ-butyrolactone)s and spirobis(γ-butyrolactone)s were copolymerized with epoxides by anionic alternating ring-opening. Polymers from SOCs bearing exomethylene groups consisted of ring-opened and vinyl polymerized units. The degree of ring-opening of SOCs depended upon the number of rings and steric hindrance. The radical polymerization of vinylcyclopropanone cyclic acetals depended on the ring-size. With the monomers bearing 5- and 6-membered acetal rings, single ring-opened polymers were obtained. With the monomer bearing 7-membered acetal ring, the polymer mainly consisted of double ring-opened unit. These monomers could be crosslinked by bifunctionalization. Poly(cyclic orthoester)s linked by covalent bonds with dithiols to bifunctional SOEs were crosslinked by acid catalysts, and the reversible crosslinking-depolymerization system could be controlled by temperature.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400115
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    Characterization of polyurethane network elastomers (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyester urethane network elastomers with incorporated hard segment oligomers have been prepared by poly(ethylene adipate)glycol (PEA), 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), and 1,4-butanediol (BD). These hard segment oligomers were hydroxy-terminated oligomers ([BD-TDI]n-BD; n=1,3), obtained by reacting BD with TDI. Concentrations of allophanate as a cross-linking site were determined by the amine degradation method. Hard segment moieties were obtained by a novel selective hydrolysis of soft segments in the elastomers. Molecular weight distributions of hard segment were measured by means of GPC. Mechanical and thermal properties were measured. Dependence of rubber elasticity on physical cross-linking between normal elastomers and the elastomers with incorporated hard segment oligomers were discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400119
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  • 16
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    Network formation and swelling behavior of photosensitive poly(vinyl alcohol) gels prepared by photogenerated crosslinkingPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly (vinyl alcohol) with pendent styrylpyridinium groups (SbQ) is insolubilized by photoirradiation. An association takes place in SbQ groups. The association of polymer chains becomes marked with increasing the number of SbQ groups. Mainly intermolecular crosslinks were formed. Transparent and homogeneous macrogels consisting of several intermolecular crosslinks are obtained.The proportion of the free water to the bound water in PVA-SbQ gels was 3.3-2.9 despite of the large change in conversion of photodimerization of SbQ groups, x=0.27-0.58. The water uptake after swelling of the gels in water increased 6-27 times compared to the original weight at pH=7. The higher the degree of photocrosslinking, the lower was the degree of swelling. The water diffusion coefficients, D, were (2.2-5.8) × 10-5 cm2 S-1 for a 88% saponified PVA with 1 . 3 mol% SbQ groups. The volume of the gel increased discontinuously about 10-fold for the 99% saponified PVA with 0 . 096 mol% SbQ and 51% water (49% acetone). The acetone concentration at the transition decreased with increasing the degree of saponification of the PVA.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400122
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  • 17
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    Hydrogels for biomedical use based on 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone crosslinked with macromonomers (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch anionische Copolymerisation von Allylmethacrylat und Methylmethacrylat wurden Makromonomere unterschiedlicher Kettenlänge mit durchschnittlich drei Allyl-Doppelbindungen pro Kette hergestellt́ und mit NMR-Spektroskopie und Gelpermeationschromatographie charakterisiert. Durch Copolymerisation der Makromonomeren mit 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon wurden dreidimensionale Strukturen erhalten. Die optischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht, und die Quellungseigenschaften und Vernetzungsgrade wurden bestimmt. Die Copolymereigenschaften wurden durch Makromonomere mit Kettenlängen bis 40 Einheiten nur wenig beeinflußt. Bei Kettenlängen über 50 Einheiten wurde eine leichte Abnahme der Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit und eine deutliche Erhähung des Elastizitätsmoduls beobachtet. Die Vernetzungsgrade hängen von der Makromonomer-Kettenlange ab; eine merkliche Erhöhung aufgrund der groößeren Zahl an Methyl-Methyl-Wechselwirkungen wurde bei Kettenlangen über 50 Einheiten festgestellt. Die Copolymeren zeigen günstige Festigkeits-Dehnungs-Eigenschaften und einen geringen Gehalt an wasserlöslichen Extrakten, in denen durch IR-Spektroskopie 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon-Homopolymere identifiziert wurden. Obwohl mit allen untersuchten Makromonomeren gute Resultate erzielt wurden, scheint für die Copolymerisation mit 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon das Makromonomere mit 50 Einheiten am besten geeignet.
    Notes: Macromonomers of various chain lengths with an average of three allyl double bonds per chain were prepared by anionic copolymerization of allyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate. The macromonomers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. The macromonomers were then copolymerized with 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone to form three-dimensional structures. Their optical, swelling and mechanical properties were studied and the crosslinking efficiency was determined. The copolymer properties are not greatly affected by macromonomer chain lengths up to 40-mers; above 50-mers there is a slight decrease in the equilibrium water content and a significant increase in the modulus of elasticity. The crosslinking efficiency depends on the macromonomer chain length; a marked increase was observed for the 50-mer because of a greater number of methyl-methyl interactions. Copolymers have favourable strength-strain properties and a low content of water-soluble extracts, in which the IR analysis demonstrated the presence of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone homopolymers. In spite of the good results obtained for all the macromonomers described in this work, the 50-mer seems to be optimal for copolymerization with 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390113
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    Zur härtung von diandiglycidylether mit anhydridmodifizierten phenolischen härtern und zu vergleichbaren in situ-reaktionen (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 2,6-dimethylol-p-cresol modified by hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride was investigated and compared with the analogous in situ curing of DGEBA, hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride and 2,6-dimethylol-p-cresol. The chemical reactions were investigated by means of titration and different spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. It was examined whether the less complicated and therefore cheaper in situ reaction delivers postcured products with equal or better properties. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the results are similar using technical phenolic hardeners.
    Notes: Die Härtung von Diandiglycidylether (DDGE) mit hexahydrophthalsäureanhydridmodifiziertem 2,6-Dimethylol-p-kresol (HHPSA-DMPK) wurde untersucht und mit der in situ durchgeführten Vernetzung von DDGE mit Hexahydrophthalsäureanhydrid (HHPSA) und 2,6-Dimethylol-p-kresol (DMPK) verglichen. Die chemischen Reaktionen wurden durch Titration der Epoxidgruppen und mit verschiedenen spektroskopischen und chromatographischen Methoden untersucht. Es wurde geprüft, ob die weniger aufwendige und daher preiswertere in situ-Härtung zu Produkten mit gleichen oder besseren Endeigenschaften führt. Weiterhin wurde die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf den Einsatz technischer Phenolharzhärter getestet.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390117
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    Characterization and application of poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch composite as a sizing agentResults published in this paper were extracted from the Ph. D. Thesis to be submitted by M. M. Hashem to Cairo University, Egypt. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 149-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Entwicklung neuartiger ökologisch verträglicher makromolekularer Schlichtemittel wurden in früheren Arbeiten Copolymerisationsreaktionen zwischen Polyvinylalkohol (PVA) und Stärke unter Verwendung von chemisch reaktiven bifunktionellen Verbindungen wie N-Methylolacrylamid beschrieben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die physikochemischen Eigenschaften des resultierenden Copolymeren untersucht. Von Bedeutung sind hierbei insbesondere Merkmale wie Molekulargewichtsverteilung, Klebekraft, Stabilität, Löslichkeit sowie rheologische Eigenschaften. Derartige Kenntnisse über die physikochemische Beschaffenheit der PVA-Ausgangsverbindung sowie des makromolekularen Endproduktes sind eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von neuen Produkten, die als wasserlösliche, recycelbare Schlichtemittel zur Anwendung in der Textilindustrie kommen können.
    Notes: A macromolecular sizing agent based on the copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with hydrolysed starch was prepared using the chemically reactive bifunctional compound N-methylolacrylamide. Detailed characteristics of the resultant PVA/N-methylolcarbamoylethylated starch copolymer were studied where emphasis has been placed on solubility, rheological properties, molecular weight distribution, adhesive power and stability. Elucidation of the nature of the macromolecular segments of both N-methylolcarbamoylethylated PVA as well as PVA/N-methylolcarbamoylethylated starch copolymer fulfilled the prerequisite to tailor PVA/starch copolymer which is appropriate for application as a water-soluble recyclable sizing agent by ultrafiltration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410112
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    Peripherally restraining type rubber bearingLecture presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 151-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Seismic isolation was reconfirmed to be extremely efficient for the protection of buildings, and hence human life, on the occasion of the Great Hanshin Earthquake. Rubber bearings are placed under the buildings for isolation, and thus the type of rubber bearings is a dominant factor for efficient isolation. In this report, the performance of peripherally restraining type rubber bearing (PRB) was examined where its contracted model was found to simulate the performance of full scale PRB precisely. Damping ratio and vertical spring constant of PRB are as good as the existing ones. PRB showed lower critical shear strain, but it was concluded that no problems were found for the actual use of PRB.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400113
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    Computational study of network formation of phenolic resinsPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The network formation of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique. The observed value of the gel point, pc, was exactly determined as a critical extent of reaction, where the Mw/Mn in soluble parts is maximum. The MC simulation with the cubic percolation theory was applied to the gelation of phenolic resins and gave an exact gel point, which was in excellent agreement with the observed value of pc. The simulation showed that the intramolecular reaction occurred frequently with increasing the gel fraction beyond the gel point. The structural analysis of the maximum cluster with the computer strongly supported the contribution of the intramolecular reaction to the network formation of the gel.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400116
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  • 22
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    PH-induced structure change of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel crosslinked with poly(acrylic acid)Poster presented at the “International Symposium on Advaned Network-Polymers, Kansai University”(ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1955. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 213-219 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the hydrogel of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was investigated by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of synchrotron radiation. A physically crosslinked blend gel, which was prepared by repetitive freezing and thawing of an aqueous solution of PVA and PAA, could be chemically crosslinked by esterfication of PVA with PAA even in the hydrogel state. The chemical crosslinking induced the destruction of physical crosslinks into a folded structure, indicating that the chemical crosslinking proceeds at the sites around the physical crosslinks that contain PVA and PAA in much higher concentration than other portion of the gel. The pH-induced structure changes of the PVA hydrogels, chemically crosslinked with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were investigated by SAXS on the samples of various chemical crosslinking time. The gels were shrunk at pH4, and swollen at pH8. The results of SAXS showed, that the Porod slope changed with chemical crosslinking time from -3.5 to -2.9 at pH4, and from -2.9 to -2.4 at pH8. The results suggest that a folded structure as a structural domain, which is characterized by fractally rough interface, tends to change into the structure that corresponds to percolation cluster, particularly at pH8. The gels immersed in pH8 showed a remarkable structure change accompanying swelling. The results revealed that a conformational change of PAA chains, induced by the pH change, can be explained by the presence of a structural domain in the gel network, where both PVA chains and PAA chains get entangled and partially form a interpenetrating polymer network(IPN).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400120
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    Polyurethane-elastomer-actuatorPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 221-229 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyurethane elastomers were investigated as electrically active materials for actuators. Components in hard segment and soft segment in the elastomers were varied. The elastomers with excellent electrostrictive properties were limited to those which had soft segments of polyesters and polylactones. It turned out, that the elastomers, whose soft segments are polyethers are electrically inert under the experimental conditions. The chemical structure of the hard segment seems not to influence to the electrostrictive property. The charging and discharging process was investigated. The charging process was found to proceed simultaneously with the contracting process caused by the electric field, suggesting that the orientation of the soft segment in the elastomer plays critical rolls in the electrostrictive action. In the elastomer, which has a soft polyether segment and was inactive to the electric field, could be actuated very efficiently when the elastomer was swollen with dimethyl sulfoxide. We conclude that the polyurethane elastomer, whose soft segment has chemical bonds with a relatively large dipole moment, can be actuated by the electric field application, and that even the elastomer, whose soft segment is inactive, could be actuated in the presence of a solvent with a large dipole moment. Thus, the concept found with the gel, could be applied to an elastomer, the soft segment of which plays partly the roll of the solvent in the gel.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400121
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    Preparation of oxidized 6-O-glycolchitosan, pH sensitivity of its aqueous solution and of its cross-linked hydrogel (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 263-273 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Chitosan and 6-O-glycolchitosan, a water-soluble chitosan derivative, were oxidized by periodate. In the case of chitosan, only degradation products were obtained. With 6-O-glycolchitosan, however, water-soluble amphoteric polyelectrolyte derivatives of chitosan having higher molecular weight were obtained. The oxidized 6-O-glycolchitosan (OX-GC) showed a pH sensitive change of viscosity in aqueous solution. Moreover, the OX-GC hydrogel, cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, showed a pH sensitive swelling behavior. The OX-GC showed biodegradation behavior by lysozyme after acetylation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400125
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    A polymer network of unsaturated polyester and bismaleimide resins: Yielding and fracture behaviour (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 11-29 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Fließ- und Bruchverhalten eines durch das gleichzeitige Härten eines ungesättigten Polyesters (UP) und eines wärmehärtbaren Bismaleimidharzes (BMI) erhaltenen quervernetzten Polymernetzwerkes wurde über einen weiten Temperatur- und Beanspruchungsbereich untersucht. Die Fließspannung σy und der Youngsche Elastizitätsmodul E steigen bei Zunahme der Spannungsbeanspruchung bzw. bei Absinken der Temperatur. Zudem steigen bei ansonsten gleichen Testbedingungen σy und E mit zunehmendem BMI-Gehalt im Blend. Andererseits wurde eine Beeinflussung des Bruch-Parameters Kc durch die Gegenwart des BMI nicht beobachtet. Der Fließprozess wurde sowohl mit Hilfe der Theorie von Argon als auch mit der von Bowden untersucht; die daraus abgeleiteten Molekül-Parameter wurden mit der bei der Härtung gebildeten Molekularstruktur in Beziehung gesetzt.
    Notes: The yielding and the fracture behaviour of an intercrosslinked polymer network obtained by the simultaneous curing of an unsaturated polyester (UP) and a thermosetting bismaleimide resin (BMI) was investigated in a wide range of temperatures and testing rates. The yield stress σy and the Young's modulus E increase by increasing the testing rate and decreasing temperature. Moreover, under the same testing conditions, σy and E increased as the BMI content in the blend was enhanced. On the other hand, it was found that the fracture parameter Kc was not affected by the presence of BMI. The yielding process was analyzed using the theories both of Argon and Bowden and the molecular parameters derived there were related to the molecular structure of the network developed upon curing.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410102
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    Fluorinated poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole-imide-amide)s (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Dicarbonsäuredichloride mit sowohl Hexafluorisopropyliden-Brücken und Imidringen im Molekül wurden mit p-Aminobenzhydrazid oder Mischungen aus aromatischen Diaminen und p-Aminobenzhydrazid oder Terephthaldihydrazid zu Poly(hydrazidimid-amid)en umgesetzt, die anschließend zu neuen fluorhaltigen Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazol-imid-amid)en mit verschiedenem Amid/Oxadiazol-Verhältnis cyclodehydriert wurden. Diese sind in polaren amidischen Lösungsmitteln löslich; aus solchen Lösungen lassen sich flexible Filme herstellen. Die Glasübergangstemperaturen liegen zwischen 254°C und 325°C. Sie sind bis zu 415-450°C thermisch stabil.
    Notes: A series of new fluorinated poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole-imide-amide)s containing various ratios of amide/oxadiazole groups in the repeating unit have been prepared by cyclodehydration of the corresponding poly(hydrazide-imide-amide)s resulting from the reaction of diacid dichlorides incorporating both hexafluoroisopropylidene bridges and imide rings with p-aminobenzhydrazide or with mixtures of certain aromatic diamines and p-aminobenzhydrazide or terephthalic dihydrazide. The new polymers are soluble in polar amidic solvents and can be processed into flexible films by casting from solution. Their glass transition temperatures are in the range 254-325°C and they are thermally stable up to 415-450°C.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052420111
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    Electric resistivity of hydroscopic copoly(ester-ether)s containing zwitterionic units and their utilization for antistatic modification of polyester fiber (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Blockcopoly(ester-ether) mit verschiedenen ionischen Einheiten wie Sulfobetain (S-Betain), Carbobetain (C-Betain) und Ammoniumtosylat wurden hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als antistatische Modifikatoren für Polyethylenterephthalat (PET)-Fasern untersucht. Die ionischen Segmente wurden aus N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamin generiert und statistisch mit den Polyester- und Polyoxyethylen(PEO)-Einheiten cokondensiert. Aus den Copolymeren mit S-Betain-Einheiten wurden im Schmelzspinnverfahren dicke Filamente hergestellt und deren elektrischer Widerstand bestimmt. Abhängig von der Zusammensetzung (25-75 Gew.-% PEO, 1-2 mol-% S-Betain) wurden Widerstände zwischen 108 und 1010 Ω cm-1 gemessen. Die drei copolymerartigen Modifikatoren wurden mit PET durch Blendspinnen gemischt. Die so erhaltenen PET-Fasem zeigen nicht nur gute mechanische sondern auch verbesserte antistatische Eigenschaften. Die Fasern aus dem S-Betain enthaltenden Copolymeren weisen dabei die kürzeste Halbwertszeit des Abbaus der elektrostatischen Ladung auf, obwohl der Oberflächenwiderstand dieses Materials in der Größenordnung 1013 Ω cm-2 dem Wert der mit C-Betain und Ammoniumtosylat hergestellten Fasem ähnlich ist. Die PET-Fasern bewahren ihre guten antistatischen Eigenschften auch nach dem Fäben und wiederholtem Waschen, da sowohl die hydrophilen als auch die ionischen Gruppen an den Polyesterketten fixiert sind.
    Notes: Block copoly(ester-ether)s containing different ionic units, i.e., sulfobetaine (S-betaine), carbobetaine (C-betaine), and ammonium tosylate, were prepared and evaluated as antistatic modifiers of PET fiber. The ionic units were readily derived from N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine and co-condensed randomly with the polyester and poly(oxyethylene) (PEO) units. For the copolymers containing S-betaine units, a thick filament was melt-spun to evaluate their apparent electric resistivity. Depending on the unit compositions (25-75 wt.-% of PEO and 1-2 mol-% of S-betaine), resistivities ranging from 108 to 1010 Ω cm-1 were obtained. Then, the three copolymer-type modifiers were blended with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by the ordinary blend-spinning technique. The blend PET fibers obtained showed not only good mechanical properties, but also improved antistatic properties. Particularly, the fiber blended with the copolymer containing S-betaine units had the shortest half-life time of leakage of static charge, although the surface area resistivity, being in the order of 1013 Ω cm-2, was similar to that of the fibers blended with the copolymers containing C-betaine and ammonium tosylate units. These blend PET fibers were found to retain good antistatic properties even after dyeing and repeated washings, because both the hydrophilic and ionic groups are immobilized with the polyester chains.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Untersuchungen zum reaktionsverhalten beim vorliegen von depolymerisationsreaktionen. Untersuchung von copolymerisationen des α-methylstyrols (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 11-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: For radical copolymerizations of α-methylstyrene (MS) with methacrylonitrile (MAN) and of MS with acrylonitrile (AN) studies were carried out to examine postulations of kinetic models known from literature, in particular the terminal model with chain-length-independent and chain-length-dependent depolymerization steps. The results of investigations were based on measurements of the sequence length distributions from 13C-NMR spectra. Analyses of MS/MAN copolymers with various compositions were carried out. Reaction parameters and depolymerization constants depending on temperature were calculated. The values of enthalpy and entropy of polymerization and the ceiling temperature were computed for MS to ΔH = 26,5 ± 0,5 kJ mol-1, ΔS = 95 ± 5 J mol-1 K-1, Tceiling = 65 ± 1°C. The terminal model with depolymerization steps turned out to be wrong for the accurate description of the polymerization behaviour in case of the tested systems. Results clearly show important penultimate effects. At the point of knowledge, the description of the polymerization behaviour in terms of a penultimate model with depolymerization steps are suggested.
    Notes: Für die radikalischen Copolymerisationen von α-Methylstyrol (MS) mit Methacrylnitril (MAN) sowie MS mit Acrylnitril (AN) wurden Untersuchungen zur Prüfung der in der Literatur postulierten kinetischen Modelle des „sequenzlängenunabhängigen“ bzw. „sequenzlängenabhängigen“ Terminalmodells mit Depolymerisationsschritten durchgeführt. Sie basieren auf Analysen der Sequenzverteilungen aus 13C-NMR-Spektren. Resultate von 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen an MS/MAN-Polymeren variabler Zusammensetzung werden vorgestellt. Reaktionsparameter und Gleichgewichtskonstanten wurden direkt aus den Informationen der 13C-NMR-Spektren für das Terminalmodell mit Depolymerisationsschritten in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktionstemperatur der Polymeren bestimmt. Hieraus konnten die Polymerisationsenthalpie ΔH = 26,5 ± 0,5 kJ mol-1, die Polymerisationsentropie ΔS = 95 ± 5 J mol-1 K-1 sowie die Ceilingtemperatur Tceiling = 65 ± 1°C für MS bestimmt werden. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß im Rahmen der Terminalnäherung auch mit Berücksichtigung von Depolymerisationseinflüssen keine adäquate Beschreibung des Copolymerisationsverhaltens im Falle der untersuchten Systeme möglich ist. Vielmehr konnten als Ergebnis der Untersuchungen sowohl in Copolymeren von MS mit AN als auch mit MAN signifikante Penultimate-Effekte nachgewiesen werden. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wird die Anwendung eines auf einer Penultimate-Näherung basierenden Modells, welches auch das Gleichgewicht in den Wachstumsreaktionen von MS berücksichtigt, zur theoretischen Vorhersage des Copolymerisationsverhaltens vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene with molecular oxygen catalyzed by magnesium oxide supported polytitazane cobalt (III) complexes (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein auf Magnesiumoxid aufgebrachter Polytitazan-Cobalt (III)-Komplex diente als effektiver Katalysator für die Epoxidierung von cis-Cycloocten mit molekularem Sauerstoff bei Normaldruck in Gegenwart von Isobutyraldehyd als Reduktionsmittel. Nach XPS-Untersuchungen wird Cobalt (III) durch den mehrzähnigen Stickstoffliganden des Polytitazans stabilisiert. Bei 25°C beträgt der cis-Cycloocten-Umsatz nach fünf Stunden 95,2%, mit einer Selektivität von 100% für das cis-Cyclohexylenoxid. Der Katalysator Kann mindestens neun Mal ohne Aktivitätsverlust verwendet werden.
    Notes: Magnesium oxide supported polytitazane cobalt (III) complex is demonstrated as an effective catalyst for the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene with molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure in the presence of isobutyraldehyde as the sacrificial reductant. XPS data show that the high-valent cobalt (III) is stabilized by the multidentate nitrogen ligand of polytitazane. The conversion of cis-cyclooctene is as high as 95.2% with 100% selectivity to the cis-cyclooctene oxide at 25°C within 5 h. The catalyst can be used at least nine times without loss of its activity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Phase diagram and crystallization of polycarbonate/poly-∊-caprolactone blends (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 177-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird über die Gleichgewichts-Schmelzpunktsdepression von Polycarbonat aus Bisphenol A (PC) in Mischungen mit Poly-∊-caprolacton (PCL) berichtet. Hierzu wird ein Modell entwickelt, das den gekrümmten Verlauf der gemessenen Hoffman-Weeks-Plots zu erklären vermag. Es berücksichtigt die Konzentrationsinhomogenitäten, die mit fortschreitender Kristallisation an der Kristallwachstumsfront entstehen. Die gelegentlich beobachtete Schmelzpunktsdepression der PCL-Komponente wird diskutiert. Der Flory-Hugginssche Wechselwirkungsparameter wird zu -0,09 berechnet; aus diesem kleinen Wert muß geschlossen werden, daß die Mischungspartner enthalpisch nur schwach wechselwirken. Der merkliche Abfall der Glastemperatur des PC nach Einmischen von PCL bewirkt eine beträchtliche Kristallisation aus der Schmelze; es können PC-Kristallinitätsgrade bis zu 25% erreicht werden.
    Notes: It is reported on the equilibrium melting point depression of polycarbonate from bisphenol A (PC) in its blend with poly-∊-caprolactone (PCL). To this end, a model which explains the bended course of the measured Hoffman-Weeks plots is developed which takes into account the composition changes at the crystal growth front upon progressive crystallization. The occasional melting point depression of the PCL component is discussed. The calculated Flory-Huggins parameter of χ12 ≍ -0.09 indicates only weak enthalpic interactions. The remarkable drop in the glass transition temperature of PC with blending allows PC degrees of crystallinity up to 25% upon crystallization from the melt.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Synthesis and properties of powdery hydrogels based on acrylamide, methacrylamide, and their N-substituted derivatives (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Leicht vernetzte Hydrogele auf der Basis von Acrylamid, N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamid, N,N-Dimethylacrylamid, Methacrylamid, N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamid und N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]methacrylamid wurden in Form von pulverigen Substanzen synthetisiert, die aus Aggregaten sehr kleiner Partikel (∼10-1 μm) bestehen. Die pulverartigen Hydrogele wurden durch Fällungspolymerisation in Aceton und Diethylether unter Verwendung von N,N′-Methylenbisacrylamid und Ethylendimethacrylat als Vernetzungsmittel synthetisiert. Es wurden die Abhängigkeiten des Quellungsgrades in Wasser, der Größe, des Aggregationsgrades und der spezifischen Oberfläche von Partikeln, und des Inhalts von wasserlöslichen Substanzen in den Hydrogelen von den Bedingungen ihrer Synthese verfolgt. Die Eignung einzelner der synthetisierten Hydrogele für die Herstellung von Silikon-kautschuk-Hydrogel-Kompositen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Lightly crosslinked hydrogels based on acrylamide, N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide and N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]methacrylamide were synthesized in form of fine powders, consisting of aggregates of very small (∼10-1 μm) particles. The powdery hydrogels were obtained by precipitation polymerization in acetone and diethyl ether, using N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and ethylene dimethacrylate as crosslinking agents. Dependences of water-swellability, particle size, aggregation, specific surface and content of the uncrosslinked water-soluble polymers and low-molecular-weight substances in the hydrogels on the conditions of their synthesis were studied. Suitability of particular powdery hydrogels synthesized for the preparation of silicone rubber-hydrogel composites is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052430113
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    Polymerization of lactams, 87Part 86 cf.21.. Block copolymers of poly(∊-caprolactam) and polybutadiene prepared by anionic polymerization. Part I: Preparation and properties (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 123-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde der Einfluß der Polymerisationsbedingungen auf die Eigenschaften von Poly(∊-Caprolactam)-Polybutadien-Blockcopolymeren untersucht, die durch Reaktionsformgießen bei der anionischen ∊-Caprolactam-Polymerisation, initiiert durch das ∊-Caprolactam-Kaliumsalz, in Anwesenheit von α,ω-Dihydroxypolybutadien und Isocyanaten oder deren blockierter Derivate als Funktionalisierungsmittel hergestellt wurden.Es wurde der Einfluß des Polybutadiengehalts, dessen Molekulargewichts, des Isocyanat-Typs und der Polymerisationstemperatur auf die mechanischen Grundeigenschaften und auf die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bestimmt.
    Notes: The effect of the polymerization conditions on the properties of poly(∊-caprolactam)-polybutadiene block copolymers prepared by polymerization casting through anionic polymerization of ∊-caprolactam initiated with potassium salt of ∊-caprolactam in the presence of α,ω-dihydroxy-polybutadiene and isocyanates or their blocked derivatives as functionalizing agents was investigated.The influence of the content of telechelic polybutadiene, its molecular weight, type of diisocyanate, and polymerization temperature on the fundamental mechanical properties of the prepared materials and on the polymerization rate was evaluated.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052370107
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    Synthesis of tetrahydrofuran-styrene and tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate block copolymers via poly(tetrahydrofuran) with azo groups (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Tetrahydrofuran (THF) wurde mit dem Initiatorsystem 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanopentanoylchlorid)/SnCI4 kationisch polymerisiert. Das gebildete Poly(THF) mit je einer Azogruppe in der Hauptkette wurde als Initiator für die Polymerisation von Styrol (S) und Methylmethacrylat (MMA) bei 70°C eingesetzt. Die dabei entstandenen PTHF-PS-PTHF- bzw. PTHF-PMMA-Blockcopolymeren wurden mittels Fällungsfraktionierung, spektroskopischen Methoden und Viskositätsmessungen charakterisiert.
    Notes: The cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) initiated by 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoyl chloride) (ACPC) and SnCI4 is described. Poly(THF) samples possessing azo gorups in the main chain thus obtained were used as initiator in the polymerization of styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) at 70°C to yield PTHF-PS-PTHF and PTHF-PMMA block copolymers. Characterization of the block copolymers was carried out by fractional precipitation, spectroscopic methods and viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380105
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    The effects of a slushing oil on the curing and degradation behavior of an oil-accommodating epoxy adhesive (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 129-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Wirkung von aliphatischem Korrosionsschutzöl auf das Aushärte- und Abbauverhalten eines ölkompatiblen Epoxidharzklebers wurde mittels Differentialkalorimetrie (DSC), Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-Spektroskopie (FTIR) und Thermogravimetrie (TGA) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der DSC- und FTIR-Messungen deuten darauf hin, daß die Härtungsgeschwindigkeit des untersuchten Epoxid-Systems durch das Vorhandensein des Öls nur wenig beeinflußt wird. Dennoch bestätigt das Absinken der exothermen Härtungskurve, begleitet von einer Verbreiterung des Glasübergangstemperaturbereichs, daß das Öl den Aushärtemechanismus beeinflussen kann und in der Lage ist, die Struktur des gehärteten Harzes zu verändern. Außerdem geht aus den TGA-Messungen hervor, daß die Temperaturbeständigkeit des Harzes sich in Gegenwart des Öls verschlechtert; dies wird auf Veränderungen in der Struktur und im Abbaumechanismus des Epoxid-Systems zurückgeführt.
    Notes: The effect of aliphatic slushing oil on the curing and degradation behavior of an oil-accommodating epoxy adhesive is studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results of FTIR and DSC indicate that the curing rate of the tested epoxy system is little affected in the presence of the oil. However, the decrease of the curing exotherm accompanied with a broadening of the glass transition confirms that the oil can affect the curing mechanisms and may change the structure of the cured resin. Additionally, it is evident from the TGA results that the thermal resistance of the resin deteriorates in the presence of the oil, which is attributed to the changes in the structure and the degradation mechanism of the epoxy system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Electrochemical polymerization of some monomers with schiff's base structure. A voltammetric study (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die elektrochemische Polymerisation von Pyrrol-2-aldehyd-azin, 2,2′-[1,4-Phenylenbis(nitrilomethylidyn)]dipyrrol und 2,2′-[1,4-Biphenylylenbis(nitrilomethylidyn)]dipyrrol läuft als anodische Fällungspolymerisation ab. Monomere und Polymere wurden voltammetrisch unter Verwendung von Platin- und “Paste-carbon”-Elektroden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse stimmen mit MO-Berechnungen überein, wobei die Reaktivität der Monomeren nach Hückel abgeschätzt wurde.
    Notes: The electrochemical polymerization of some Schiff's base-type monomers like pyrrole-2-aldehyde azine, N,N′-di(2-pyrrolylmethylene)-1,4-diaminobenzeneSystematic name: 2,2′-[1,4-phenylenebis(nitrilomethylidyne)]dipyrrole., and N,N′-di(2-pyrrolylmethylene)-4,4′-diaminobiphenylSystematic name: 2,2′-[4,4′-biphenylylenebis(nitrilomethylidyne)]dipyrrole. proceeds as a precipitating polymerization to the anodic compartment. The voltammetric study of monomers and polymers using Pt electrodes and paste-carbon electrodes were carried out. The results are in agreement with the MO calculations using the Hückel approximation for evaluating of the reactivity of the monomers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Stereoselective polymerization of butadiene by a new dicationic nickel complex (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der neuartige dikationische Komplex [dppfNi(MeCN)4][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphin)ferrocen) zeigte in Anwesenheit von Diethylaluminiumchlorid (AIEt2CI) hohe Aktivität für die Polymerisation von 1,3-Butadien. Reaktionsdauer, Temperatur und das Aluminium/Nickel-Verhältnis wurden auf maximale Aktivität und Selektivität optimiert. Umsätze über 90% konnten erreicht werden. Im Vergleich zu Polybutadienen, die mit anderen Nickel-Phosphin-Systemen hergestellt wurden, zeigten die synthetisierten Polybutadiene höhere cis-1,4-Anteile (〈80%) und eine geringe Bildung von 1,2-Einheiten (2%). Alle Polymeren hatten niedrige mittlere Molekulargewichte (Mw 〉 11 800).
    Notes: The new dicationic nickel complex [dppfNi(MeCN)4][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) in the presence of diethylaluminium chloride (AIEt2CI) exhibited high activity on the 1,3-butadiene polymerization. Reaction time, temperature and aluminium/nickel molar ratio were optimized in order to achieve maximum activity and selectivity. Conversions higher than 90% were obtained in contrast to other nickel-based systems using phosphine ligands, the resulting polybutadiene showed high cis-1,4 (〈80%) content and only small amount of 1,2-units (2%). All polymers presented low molecular weights (Mw 〉 11 800).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Structural changes in poly(methyl methacrylate) during deep-etch X-ray synchrotron radiation lithography. Part II: Radiation effects on PMMAPart I cf.1. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Werner Borchard on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 79-91 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei der Bestrahlung von Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) mit Röntgensynchrotronstrahlung ändert sich die chemische Struktur des Polymeren. Die Ergebnisse der analytischen Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit weisen darauf hin, daß neben einem Abbau der Polymerketten auch einzelne Esterseitengruppen abgespalten werden. Durch die Bestrahlung entstehende Langkettenverzweigungen wurden bei PMMA nicht gefunden. Dadurch unterscheiden sich die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des bestrahlten Polymeren von denen des unbestrahlten.
    Notes: The irradiation of poly(methyl methacrylate) changes the chemical constitution of the polymer. In addition to a decrease in molar mass further radiation-induced radical reactions cause changes in the chemical constitution of the polymer. Analysis of the reaction products shows that formation of long-chain branching can be excluded. Along with degradation of the chain lengths, ester groups in the side chains are attacked. The result is a modified polymer with a physical and chemical behaviour different from that of the starting polymer.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Synthesis of flexible polyarylates by interfacial polycondensation. Part II: Incorporation of 4,4′-thiodiphenol (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 133-149 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Zähigkeit von Polyarylaten wurde durch den Einbau von 4,4′-Thiodiphenol und Bisphenol A, die in der wäßrigen Phase einer Grenzflächenpolykondensation vorgelegt wurden, erhöht. Die modifizierten Polyarylate besitzen leicht erniedrigte Zugfestigkeiten und Zugmoduli, aber aufgrund der Flexibilität der eingebauten Segmente stark erhöhte Izod-Schlagzähigkeiten. Darüber hinaus bleiben die guten thermischen Eigenschaften der Polyarylate nach der Modifizierung erhalten, so daß die hergestellten Materialien auch für Anwendungen mit sehr hohen Anforderungen an die thermische Belastbarkeit geeignet sind.
    Notes: The toughness of polyarylates was improved by incorporation of 4,4′-thiodiphenol and bisphenol A, being introduced in the aqueous phase of an interfacial polycondensation reaction. The modified polyarylates possessed slightly lower tensile strength and modulus but much higher Izod impact strength due to the flexibility of the incorporated segments. In addition, the superb thermal properties typical for polyarylates were reserved in the modified polyarylate, thus assuring its broad applicability for those applications where extremely stringent criteria of thermal characteristics are required.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    Le rôle des systèmes photoamorceurs dans l'efficacité de photoréticulation de l'homopolymère dicyclopentadiène acrylateNom systématique: Tricyclo[5.2.1.02.6]déc-4-en-8-yl acrylate. (DCPA) et acrylate d'éthyle (AE) et des dérivés copolymères DCPA/AE (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 169-190 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The photocrosslinking efficiency of a series of commercial photoinitiators and multicomponent photosensitive systems on uncrosslinked acrylic matrices has been estimated. Copolymers used for this study are tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-en-8-yl acrylate/ethyl acrylate copolymers of variable composition (100/0, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100) synthesized in solution by a free-radical process. The irradiations were carried out at large wavelengths (λ ≥ 310 nm). Systems of benzophenone/benzoyl peroxide led to really fast crosslinking kinetics for 10 min of irradiation.
    Notes: L'efficacité de photoréticulation de toute une série de photoamorceurs commerciaux et de systèmes photosensibles multicomposants a été évaluée sur des matrices acryliques non réticulées. Les polymères utilisés pour cette étude sont des homopolymères et des copolymères d'acrylate de dicyclopentadiène/acrylate d'éthyle de composition variable (100/0, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100) synthétisés en solution par voie radicalaire. Les irradiations ont été effectuées à des grandes longueurs d'ondes (λ ≥ 310 nm). Les systèmes benzophénone/peroxyde de benzoyle ont permis d'obtenir des cinétiques de réticulation très rapides pour des temps d'irradation de 10 min.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
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    Ideal crosslinked-polymers and their characterization in free-radical monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizationsPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The critical conditions in which the classical Flory-Stockmayer gelation theory (F-S theory) is applicable to monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizations were pursued in detail. The resulting prepolymers or precursors of ideal crosslinked-polymers were characterized as standard polymers for the discussion of network formation in free-radical monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizations. Methyl methacrylate was copolymerized with a small amount of ethylene dimethacrylate, butylene dimethacrylate or nonapropyleneglycol dimethacrylate in the presence of lauryl mercaptan, a chain transfer agent to reduce the occurrence of a thermodynamic excluded volume effect and intramolecular crosslinking as the primary and secondary factors, respectively, for the greatly delayed gelation in the free-radical monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizations and, moreover, to keep the primary chain length constant by inhibiting a gel effect. The ratio of the actual gel point to the theoretical one reached 1.1, supporting the validity of F-S theory. The resulting prepolymers were subjected to SEC-MALLS analysis to determine the molecular weights, the molecular-weight distributions and the radii of gyration; the correlations of molecular weight vs. elution volume and radius of gyration vs. molecular weight were useful for the characterization of the precursors of ideal network-polymers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Chemical reactions on polysaccharides, 5Part 4: Chloroacetylated derivatives of dextran, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 26 (1992) 675. Reaction of mesyl chloride with pullulan (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von Mesylchlorid mit vernetzten Pullulan-Mikropartikeln wurde untersucht, insbesondere der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf das Produktverhältnis Chlordeoxy-/O-Mesylpullulan. In N,N-Dimethylformamid wird vorwiegend Chlordeoxypullulan gebildet, während in Pyridin bei niedrigen Temperaturen der Mesylester das Hauptprodukt ist. In N,N-Dimethylacetamide entstehen Chlordeoxy und Mesylgruppen im Verhältnis 2:1. Durch die Einführung der Chlordeoxy- bzw. Mesylgruppen werden die Mikropartikel hydrophob.
    Notes: The reaction of mesyl chloride with crosslinked pullulan microparticles was investigated, in particular the influence of the reaction conditions on the ratio between the two possible products chlorodeoxy or O-mesyl pullulan. It was found that in N,N-dimethylformamide the preponderent reaction product is chlorodeoxy pullulan, while in pyridine at low temperatures the main product is the mesyl ester of pullulan. In N,N-dimethylacetamide, the substituent groups are both chlorodeoxy and mesyl ones, in about 2:1 ratio. By the introduction of either chlorodeoxy or mesyl groups, the pullulan-crosslinked microparticles become hydrophobic.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Structural analysis of poly(4-hydroxybutyl acrylate)-grafted silk fibres (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly(4-hydroxybutylacrylat) poly(4-HBA) wurde aus wäßrigem Medium mit Ammoniumpersulfat als Initiator auf Seide (bombyx mori) aufgepfropft. Die Gewichtszunahme stieg proportional mit der Monomerkonzentration im Pfropfsystem. Der Pfropfgrad lag im Bereich von 45 bis 65%. Die Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme nahm bei einer Gewichtszunahme von 〉10% stark ab. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Seidenfasern zeigten mit steigender Gewichtszunahme keine wesentliche Änderung. Doppelbrechung und isotroper Brechungsindex nahmen bis zu einer Gewichtszunahme von 35% ab und blieben dann unverändert. Röntgenbeugungsdiagramme zeigten, daß die kristalline Struktur durch die Pfropfbehandlung nicht modifiziert wird. Kalorimetrische (DSC), thermomechanische (TMA) und thermogravimetrische (TG) Analysen ergaben, daß das thermische Verhalten der poly(4-HBA)-gepfropften Seidenfasern nur leicht verändert wird. Die zur Bestimmung des dynamisch-mechanischen Verhaltens der Seidenfasern durchgeführten DMA-Messungen zeigten eine Verschiebung der E′- und E″-Modulspitzen zu niedrigeren Temperaturen mit steigender Gewichtszunahme. Ablagerungen auf der Faseroberfläche der bei einem hohen Monomer/Seide-Verhältnis (〉50%) gepfropften Seide wurden mit Rasterelektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Poly(4-hydroxybutyl acrylate) poly(4-HBA) was graft-copolymerized onto silk fibres (bombyx mori) in aqueous medium with ammonium persulfate as initiator. The weight gain increased with increasing concentration of monomer in the grafting system. The grafting efficiency ranged from 45 to 65%. Equilibrium moisture regain decreased sharply beyond 10% weight gain. The tensile properties of the silk fibres did not change significantly as a function of the increasing weight gain. Birefringence and isotropic refractive index decreased until 35% weight gain and then remained unchanged. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the crystalline structure was not affected by grafting. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical (TMA), and thermogravimetric (TG) measurements showed that poly(4-HBA)-grafted silk fibres underwent only slight changes in the thermal behaviour. The dynamic mechanical measurements (DMA) exhibited a downward shift of both the storage (E′) and loss modulus peak (E″) with increasing weight gain. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed the presence of some deposits adhering to the surface of silk fibres grafted at high monomer/silk ratio (〉50%).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Radiation-induced graft polymerization of vinyl monomers onto polyamide-6 (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 234 (1996), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die strahleninduzierte Pfropfcopolymerisation von 4-Vinylpyridin (VP) und eines binären Gemisches von VP mit Acrylnitril (AN) auf Polyamid-6 (PA6) wurde untersucht. Die optimalen Reaktionsbedingungen zur Erzielung maximaler Pfropfung wurden ermittelt. Die Pfropfcopolymeren wurden mittels IR-Spektroskopie und thermogravimetrischer Analyse charakterisiert. Die thermischen Eigenschaften der Fasern änderten sich durch das Pfropfen, das Färbeverhalten der Fasern bezüglich der Gesamtfarbstoffaufnahme jedoch kaum.
    Notes: Radiation-induced graft copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine (VP) and a binary mixture of VP and acrylonitrile (AN) onto polyamide-6 (PA6) fiber has been studied. Optimum reaction conditions leading to maximum percentage of grafting have been evaluated. The graft copolymers have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and also by studying the dyeing behaviour of the grafted and ungrafted fiber. It has been observed that, although the thermal properties of fibers had changed upon grafting, the dyeing behaviour, with respect to the total dye uptake, did show only little improvement.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Structural investigations on low-molecular-weight polyisobutenes (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 234 (1996), S. 71-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mittels 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie werden Strukturuntersuchungen an Polyisobutenen, die durch Selektivpolymerisation hergestellt wurden, und an Handelsprodukten durchgeführt. Es ist möglich, die Signale “normalen” und einigen ungewöhnlichen Doppelbindungsstrukturen zuzuordnen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Literaturdaten verglichen.
    Notes: Structural investigations of low-molecular-weight polyisobutenes synthesized by selective polymerization and of commercial polyisobutenes were made by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. It is possible to attribute the signals to “normal” and to some unusual olefinic structures. A comparison was made to literature data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Crosslinked polymers from resin acids (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 234 (1996), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Addition von Epichlorhydrin an Polyamide oder Poly(amidimid)e, die durch Polykondensation von Poly(alkylenpolyamid)en mit Diels-Alder-Verbindungen von Harzsäuren hergestellt wurden, konnten neuartige Polymere erhalten werden. Die Ausgangsverbindungen wurden aus Acrylsäure bzw. Maleinsäreanhydrid und Harzsäuren, die aus Kolophonium extrahiert wurden, synthetisiert. Die hergestellten Polymeren wurden mit den üblichen physikalischen und chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Sie haben eine dreidimensionale Struktur, sind heißhärtbar und verfügen über eine relativ gute thermische Stabilität.
    Notes: New polymers were synthesized by addition of epichlorohydrin to the polyamides or poly(amideimide)s derived from the polycondensation of poly(alkylenepolyamide)s with some Diels-Alder adducts of resin acids. The adducts were prepared by the reaction between resin acids (extracted from rosin) and acrylic acid or maleic anhydride. The obtained polymers, which were investigated by usual physical and chemical methods, are three-dimensional, thermosetting and fairly thermostable.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Modell zur beschreibung der viskoelastischen eigenschaften von synthetischen fasern (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 234 (1996), S. 159-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The evaluation of the viscoelastic response of synthetic fibres from stress-relaxation data over a wide range of time at different strain rates is very time-consuming. Therefore, mathematical models are used to describe the viscoelastic response. The characteristic of synthetic fibres is that already at very low deformation rates like an elongation 〈 1% a nonlinear viscoelasticity has to be considered.Based on the analytical representation of isothermal viscoelastic behaviour by Boltzmann a new model making an assertion to the nonlinear viscoelasticity is proposed. Applying this model, the calculated values of moduli and relaxation tensions of the fibres Nomex® and PEEK are in good agreement with the experimental values.
    Notes: Zur Beurteilung des viskoelastischen Verhaltens von Synthesefasern sind zeitaufwendige Relaxationsuntersuchungen erforderlich. Um zu schnelleren Aussagen zu gelangen, werden mathematische Modelle benötigt. Charakteristisch für Synthesefasern ist, daß bereits bei sehr kleinen Dehnungen 〈 1% kein lineares viskoelastisches Verhalten angenommen werden kann. Es wird ein auf der Grundlage der Boltzmann-Theorie erweitertes Modell vorgestellt, welches das nichtlineare viskoelastische Verhalten von Synthesefasern beschreibt. Unter Anwendung des hier vorgestellten Modells wird das Relaxationsverhalten der Synthesefasern Nomex® und PEEK beschrieben und ein Konzept zur Messung und Auswertung des Ergebnisses vorgestellt.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Study on electrorheological properties of semiconducting polyaniline-based suspensions (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 21-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Elektrorheologische (ER) Flüssigkeiten, bestehend aus einem Dispersionsmittel mit niedriger Dielektrizitätskonstante und mit Ammoniakwasser oder Natriumhydroxid bei verschiedenen Konzentrationen deprotonierten Polyanilin-Partikeln wurden hergestellt. Der Einfluß der Dielektrizitätskonstante, der Leitfähigkeit des Volumenanteils der Polyanilin-Partikel, der Art des Dispersionsmittels, der Zugabe eines Benetzungsmittels sowie der elektrischen Feldstärke und der Temperatur auf die elektrorheologischen Eigenschaften der ER-Flüssigkeiten wurde untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß eine feuchtigkeitsunempfindliche, hochaktive elektrorheologische Flüssigkeit aus chloriertem Paraffinöl und mit Ammoniakwasser bei bestimmten pH-Werten deprotonierten Polyanilin-Partikeln hergestellt werden kann. Das Produkt wies eine Streck-spannung von 〉 10 kPa und eine Stromdichte von 〈 40 μA cm-2 bei einer Stärke des elektrischen Feldes von 2.8 kV mm-1 auf.
    Notes: Electrorheological (ER) fluids composed of a dispersing medium with a low dielectric constant and polyaniline particles, deprotonated with ammonia or sodium hydroxide at different concentrations for 24 h were studied. The effects of dielectric constant, conductivity and volume fraction of the polyaniline particles, the kind of dispersing medium, addition of surfactant, as well as the electric field strength and temperature on the ER properties of the ER fluids were investigated. The results showed that a moisture-insensitive, highly ER-active fluid can be obtained from chlorinated paraffin oil and polyaniline particles deprotonated with ammonia water at certain pH values and exhibited a static yield stress 〉 10 kPa and current density 〈 40 μA cm-2 at 2.8 kV mm-1 DC electric field.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Pultruded fiber-reinforced polyurethane-toughened phenolic resin, I. Reactivity and morphology (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 35-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein Phenolharz-Polyurethan-Copolymeres wurde aus einem Phenolharz, einem geschützten Polyurethan und p-Toluolsulfonsäure hergestellt. Dieses Copolymere weist trotz großer Härte eine gute Verarbeitbarkeit (einschließlich Topfzeit und Reaktivität) auf. Die Synthese des Copolymeren wurde mit IR-Spektroskopie verfolgt. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Isocyanatgruppe des Polyurethans nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe mit der Hydroxygruppe des Phenolharzes reagierte. Glasfaserverstärkte Verbundwerkstoffe offenbarten bei SEM-Untersuchungen eine hervorragende Verbindung zwischen Faser und Matrix. Ein Überlappungspeak im DMA-Diagram wies auf Wechselwirkungen zwischen Phenolharz und Polyurethan hin, die die Härte des Phenolharzes verbessern.
    Notes: A phenolic resin/polyurethane copolymer was synthesized by reaction of a phenolic resin, a blocked-polyurethane and p-toluene sulfonic acid. The copolymer provides a good balance between the processability (including pot life, reactivity) and toughness. The reactions that proceeded during the synthesis of the copolymer was investigated by IR spectroscopy. It was found that blocked polyurethane reacted with the hydroxy group of the phenolic resin. Glass fiber-reinforced composites showed excellent bonding between fiber and matrix as revealed by SEM photographs. An overlap peak was found from the DMA diagram; it indicated that an interaction existed between phenolic resin and polyurethane and that improved the toughness of the phenolic resin.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    High-temperature and ageing properties of trans-polyoctenylene-filled natural rubber vulcanizates and their correlation with network changes (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß eines vernetzbaren Verarbeitungshilfsmittels, trans-Polyoctenylen (TOR), auf die Spannungs-Dehnungs-Eigenschaften von Vulkanisaten aus gefülltem Naturkautschuk (NR) bei hohen Temperaturen und nach einem Alterungsprozeß wurde systematisch untersucht. Zum Einsatz kamen drei verschiedene Vernetzungssysteme, ein konventionelles (CV), ein semi-effizientes (SEV) sowie ein effizientes (EV). Die beste Retention des 200%-Moduls und der Zugfestigkeit von NR bei hohen Temperaturen sowie nach der Alterung zeigte sich mit TOR für das CV-System. TGA-Messungen ergaben eine durch TOR bedingte erhöhte Stabilität der Elastomer/Polymer-Blends sowohl unter Sauerstoff als auch unter Stickstoff. Eine verbesserte thermische Stabilität wurde ebenfalls anhand der erhöhten Onset-und Peak-Temperaturen bei der Bestimmung der Rescan-Enthalpien mit DSC beobachtet. FTIR-(ATR)-Spektren zeigen allerdings keine Wechselwirkungen zwischen NR und TOR. Aufgrund der DSC-Ergebnisse wurde die Verbesserung der Eigenschaften im CV-System begründet, und es wurde ein wahrscheinlicher Mechanismus für die Änderung der Netzwerk-Struktur vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: A systematic study of filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates has been carried out to investigate the effect of a crosslinkable processing aid, trans-polyoctenylene (TOR) on stress-strain properties at high temperature and after ageing. Three different crosslinking systems, i. e., conventional (CV), semi-efficient (SEV) and efficient (EV), are included in this study. Retention of 200% modulus and tensile strength (TS) at high temperature as well as after ageing has been found to be better with TOR in the CV system. TGA results of gum polymeric blends showed enhanced stability with addition of TOR in both oxygen and nitrogen atmosphere. Enhanced thermal stability is also exhibited by higher onset and peak temperature while determining the rescan enthalpy of the filled vulcanized sample by means of DSC. FTIR (ATR) spectra however show no polymeric interaction between NR and TOR. The improvement of properties in the CV system has been explained with the help of DSC results and a probable mechanism has been suggested on the changes of network structure.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Surface functionalization of polymer networks. Sulfonation of the internal surface of macroporous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymersDedicated to Prof. Dr. Joachim Klein on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 131-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Oberflächenfunktionalisierung polymerer Netzwerke wurde anhand der Sulfonierung makroporöser Styrol-Divinylbenzol-Copolymerer (S-DVB) als Modellreaktion untersucht. Die Bedingungen für eine Oberflächensulfonierung wurden untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Sulfonierung mit Schwefelsäure in Gegenwart von Nitromethan eine geeignete Methode ist. Modelle und Vorstellungen über die Struktur der Netzwerke werden entwickelt, um Oberflächenkapazitäten abzuschätzen und um zu zeigen, daß oberflächensulfonierte Netzwerke erhalten wurden.
    Notes: Surface functionalization of porous polymer networks was investigated using the sulfonation of macroporous styrene-divinylbenzene (S-DVB) copolymers as model reaction. Reaction conditions for the surface sulfonation were studied. Sulfonation with sulfuric acid in the presence of nitromethane was found to be a suitable method. Models and ideas of network structure are developed in order to estimate surface capacities and to show that surface-sulfonated networks were obtained.
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    Niederdruckumkehrosmose mit modifizierten polyacrylnitril-ultrafiltrationsmembranen (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 161-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The chemical modification of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration (PAN-UF) membranes by hydroxylamine yields low-pressure reverse-osmosis (LP-RO) membranes containing amidoxime and hydroxamic acid groups besides nitrile groups. These membranes are positively charged at pH values of 4.0 to 6.5.The water permeability of the membranes decreases from 400 L h-1 m-2 to 15 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0.3 MPa) by this modification. A comprehensive characterization was carried out by retention curves, IR and NMR spectra, Hg porosimetry, measurement of membrane potentials and separation performance regarding different metal salts.Due to the Donnan exclusion these membranes have a retention of 88% at a filtrate flux of 8 L h-1 m-2(p = 0.3 MPa) regarding bivalent metal ions like Ca2+ and Mg2+ which cause the water hardness. Regarding heavy metal ions like Cu2+ and In3+ much higher filtrate fluxes from 90 to 100 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0.3 MPa) are possible.In water medium without any heavy metal ions the amidoxime and hydroxamic acid groups are hydrolysed to carboxylic acid groups which are able to reject multivalentanions. By this the water softening ability remains.
    Notes: Die chemische Modifizierung von Polyacrylnitril-Ultrafiltrations(PAN-UF)-Membranen mit Hydroxylamin führt zu Niederdruckumkehrosmose-Membranen, die neben verbleibenden Nitrilguppen sowohl Amidoxim- als auch Hydroxamsäuregruppen enthalten und bei einem pH von 4,0 bis 6,5 positiv geladen sind.Die Wasserdurchlässigkeit der Membranen sinkt durch diese Modifizierung von 400 L h-1 m-2 auf 15 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0,3 MPa). Eine umfassende Charakterisierung erfolgte anhand von Trennkurven, IR- und NMR-Spektren, der Hg-Porosimetrie, der Membranpotentialmessung und der Trennleistung für verschiedene Metallsalze. Infolge des Donnan-Ausschlusses haben diese Membranen für zweiwertige Metallionen, wie die Härtebildner des Wassers Ca2+ und Mg2+, eine Rückhaltung von 88% bei einem Filtratfluß von 8 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0.3 MPa). Für Schwermetallionen wie Cu2+ und In3+ sind bei annähernd gleicher Rükhaltung wesentlich höhere Durchflußraten von 90 bis 100 L h-1 m-2 (p = 0,3 MPa) möglich.Im wäßrigen, schwermetallionenfreien Medium unterliegen die Amidoxim- und Hydroxamsäuregruppen der Hydrolyse, und es entstehen an der Membranoberfläche Carboxylgruppen, durch die mehrwertige Anionen zurückgehalten werden. Ihr Vermögen zur Wasserenthärtung bleibt erhalten.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Synthesis of ketonic resins from self-polymerization of acetone, 2Part 1 cf.1.. Action of bases on acetone and the synthesis of halogenated and diels-alder adducts (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 21-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aceton wurde unter der Einwirkung von NaOH, NaOEt und KOH in ethanolischer oder methanolischer Lösung und bei Molverhältnissen Aceton/Base zwischen 1,5 : 1 und 12 : 1 zu einem flüssigen Harz polymerisiert. Das Polymerisationsprodukt wurde mit einer maximalen Ausbeute von 60% bezogen auf das eingesetzte Aceton und in allen Fällen mit unterschiedlichen Mengen an Isophoron als Nebenprodukt erhalten. Die Polyen-Struktur des Ketonharzes wurde mittels Elektronen- und IR-Spektroskopie sowie durch Vergleich mit einem Isophoron-Harz als Modellsubstanz nachgewiesen. Es wird vermutet, daß die Struktur des Acetonharzes der eines Kondensationsprodukts von Aceton mit Isophoron oder von Isophoron mit sich selbst entspricht. Acetonharze, die mit Brönsted-Säuren, Lewis-Säuren und alkalischen Katalysatorsystemen hergestellt wurden, lassen sich leicht bis zu einem bestimmten Sättigungsgrad halogenieren. Mit Maleinsäureanhydrid, 4-Benzochinon oder Fumarsäure bilden die Acetonharze Diels-Alder-Addukte, die ein bis zwei Dienophilmoleküle pro Harzmolekül aufweisen.
    Notes: Acetone was polymerized under the action of NaOH, NaOEt or KOH in ethanolic or methanolic solutions at a molar ratio acetone/base ranging from 1.5 : 1 to 12:1 to give a liquid resin. The liquid resin was obtained with a maximum yield of 60% over initial acetone and was always accompanied by variable quantities of isophorone. The polyenic nature of the ketonic resin obtained was shown by infrared and electronic spectroscopy, as well as by using an isophorone resin as model compound. It is proposed that the structure of the acetone resin should be a condensation product of acetone/ isophorone and isophorone/isophorone. Acetone resins (PCA) obtained both with Brönsted acids (PCA-B), Lewis acids (PCA-L) and alkaline catalysts (PCA-A) can be easily halogenated up to certain degrees of saturation. All PCA resins form Diels-Alder adducts with maleic anhydride, p-benzoquinone and fumaric acid. The adducts can contain from 1 to 2 dienophile molecules per molecule of resin.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    A novel process for the chlorination of polymers in solution (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 234 (1996), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird ein neuer und einheitlicher Prozeß für die Lösungschlorierung von PVC, PE und Naturkautschuk mit Initiierung durch γ-Strahlung oder radikalische Initiatoren (Azo-Verbindungen) beschrieben. Dichlormethan wird an Stelle der industriellen Lösungsmittel Tetrachlormethan oder -ethan verwendet. Die Reaktion wird in einem Rührautoklaven bei 70-100°C und 4-7 bar durchgeführt. Bei der gleichzeitig stattfindenden Chlorierung des Lösungsmittels entsteht als Hauptprodukt Trichlormethan und weniger als 1 Gew.-% Tetrachlormethan. Die Charakterisierung der chlorierten Polymeren durch DSC- und NMR-Messungen ergab keine Unterschiede zu konventiell hergestellten Proben.
    Notes: A new uniform process for the solution chlorination of PVC, PE, and natural rubber has been developed with initiation by γ-irradiation or radical initiators (azocompounds). The solvent used is dichloromethane instead of the industrially used tetrachloroethane or tetrachloromethane. The reaction is carried out in an autoclave with stirrer at temperatures between 70 and 100°C and pressures from 4 to 7 bar. As a result of the simultaneous chlorination of the solvent, trichloromethane is formed and only less than 1 wt.-% tetrachloromethane. Characterization of the chlorinated polymers by DSC and NMR measurements showed no differences to conventionally chlorinated products.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    New aspects of the synthesis of polymercaptals (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 234 (1996), S. 191-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die protonenkatalysierte Polykondensation von aromatischen Aldehyden und α,ω-Dithiolen führt zu Polymercaptalen. Die Reaktion kann in Substanz oder Lösung durchgeführt werden. Die Substanzpolykondensation wurde mit Hexafluorophosphorsäure (HPF6) katalysiert, welche photochemisch durch Bestrahlen der Proben nach Zusatz von Diaryliodoniumsalz erzeugt wurde. Die Polymeren werden in hohen Ausbeuten, aber mit relativ niedrigen Molekulargewichten von Mn 2300-5700 (Dampfdruckosmometrie, VPO) erhalten. Die Lösungspolykondensation in Dichlormethan mit p-Toluolsulfonsäure als Katalysator führt dagegen zu hochmolekularen Produkten mit Mn 9100-24000 (VPO). Die Polymeren wurden mit NMR, VPO, GPC und TGA charakterisiert. Außerdem wurden cyclische Nebenprodukte isoliert und analysiert. Unter bestimmten Reaktionsbedingungen konnten Polyrotaxanstrukturen erhalten werden.
    Notes: The proton-catalyzed polycondensation of aromatic aldehydes with aliphatic and aromatic α,ω-dithiols leads to polymercaptals. The reaction may be carried out in bulk or solution. The bulk polycondensation was catalyzed by hexafluorophosphorous acid (HPF6), formed photochemically by irradiation of the samples containing diaryliodonium salt. The polymers were obtained in high yields but with low molecular weights of Mn 2300-5700 determined by vapour pressure osmometry (VPO). High-molecular-weight products of Mn 9100-24000 (VPO) were obtained by solution polycondensation in dichloromethane catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid. The polymers have been characterized by NMR, VPO, GPC and TGA. Cyclic side products have been isolated and identified. Polyrotaxane structures were found under special conditions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)-β-cyclodextrin copolymer (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch aufeinanderfolgende Umsetzung von β-Cyclodextrin (BCD) mit Toluylendiisocyanat und Polyvinylalkohol (PVA) wurde ein PVA-BCD-Copolymeres hergestellt. Die Copolymerbildung wurde mittels IR-Spektroskopie, Differentialthermoanalyse (DSC) und Gelpermeationschromatographie nachgewiesen. Rasterelektronenmikroskopaufnahmen zeigen morphologische Unterschiede zwischen PVA und dem Copolymeren. Das Copolymere ist in gebräuchlichen Lösungsmitteln nahezu unlöslich; die Gleichgewichtsquellung in Wasser beträUgt 50%, womit es sich als Membranmaterial anbietet.
    Notes: A poly(vinyl alcohol)-β-cyclodextrin (PVA-BCD) copolymer was prepared by successive reaction of BCD with toluylene diisocyanate and PVA. Copolymer formation was evidenced by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation chromatography. Scanning electron micrographs show morphological differences between PVA and the copolymer. The copolymer, being almost insoluble in common solvents with an equilibrium swelling in water of 50%, is a potential membrane material.
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    Adhesive properties of poly(propylene) modified in bulk (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Isotaktisches Polypropylen (iPP) wurde in Masse durch Zusatz von niedermolekularen Verbindungen wie Maleinsäureanhydrid, Natriummoleat, Fettsäuren oder deren Natriumsalzen und Dibutylphthalat modifiziert. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Abhängigkeit der mechanischen Adhäsionsarbeit des Systems modifiziertes iPP-Polyvinylacetat von der Konzentration der niedermolekularen Stoffe im iPP ein Maximum aufweist. Das Maximum entspricht dem höchsten Wert der mechanischen Adhäsionsarbeit des modifizierten iPP mit einer bestimmten Konzentration an niedermolekularem Zusatzstoff. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der höchste Wert der mechanischen Adhäsionsarbeit für iPP mit 5 Gew.-% Maleinsäureanhydrid oder Natriummaleat und 1 oder 1,2 Gew.-% Fettsäuren oder deren Salze gilt. Als wirksamster Modifikator erwies sich Natriumoleat, das die mechanische Adhäsionsarbeit um den Faktor 6,4 erhöhte.
    Notes: Isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) was modified in bulk by addition of low-molecular compounds, e.g. maleic anhydride, sodium maleate, fatty acids or their sodium salts and dibutyl phthalate. It was found that the dependence of the mechanical work of adhesion in the system modified iPP-poly(vinyl acetate) on the concentration of the low-molecular compound in iPP exhibited a maximum. It was shown that the highest value of the mechanical work of adhesion was reached in iPP containing 5 wt.-% of maleic anhydride or sodium maleate and 1 or 1.2 wt.-% of fatty acids or their salts, respectively. It was found that sodium oleate is the most efficient modifier and its addition increased the mechanical work of adhesion by 6.4 times.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Effect of structure on the thermal behaviour of ethynyl-terminated imide resins (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 55-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe aromatischer Imide mit Phosphinoxid-Einheiten im Molekülgerüst und Ethinyl-Endgruppen wurde durch Reaktion vom 3-Ethinylanilin mit Tris(3-aminophenyl)-phosphinoxide oder Bis(3-aminophenyl)-methylphosphinoxide und Pyromellitsäuredianhydrid oder 3, 3′,4, 4′-Benzophenontetracarbonsäuredianhydrid oder 4, 4′-Hexafluorisopropylidenbis(phthalsäureanhydrid) hergestellt. Die Struktur der Substanzen wurde mittels IR- und NMR-Spektroskopie sowie Elementaranalyse charakterisiert. Das thermische Verhalten wurde mittels Differentialkalorimetrie und Thermogravimetrie untersucht. Die Ethinyl-Endgruppen ermöglichen eine Härtung bei hohen Temperaturen. Die Zersetzungstemperaturen unter Stickstoff der gehärteten Harze liegen bei über 500°C. Bei 800°C beträgt der Aschegehalt zwischen 52% und 63,5%.
    Notes: A series of ethynyl-terminated aromatic imide monomers containing phosphine oxide in the backbone were synthesized by the reaction of tris(3-aminophenyl) phosphine oxide (TAP) or bis(3-aminophenyl)methyl phosphine oxide (BAP) with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) or 3, 3′,4, 4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BTDA) or 4, 4′-perfluoroisopropylidenebis(phthalic anhydride), and 3-ethynyl aniline. Structural characterization was done by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Thermal characterization was done by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The decomposition temperatures of cured resins were above 500°C in nitrogen atmosphere. Char yield at 800°C ranged from 52-63.5%.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Einfluß von haftvermittlern auf das feuchteverhalten naturfaserverstärkter kunststoffeHerrn Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Dietrich Braun zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The poor resistance of cellulose fibres to moisture absorption and the lack of good interfacial adhesion make these fibres less attractive for reinforced plastics. By an optimal predrying, it is possible to increase the mechanical properties of jute-epoxy composites by 20%. Using silance as a coupling agent, the interface and, therefore, the composite properties are improved and the influence of moisture decreases. With this surface treatment, the tensile strength becomes independent of the moisture content of the composite. For the Young's modulus and the Wöhler curves, the influence of moisture on this composite properties decreases also distinctly.
    Notes: Die Feuchtigkeit stellt bei der Verwendung von Naturfasern in faserverstärkten Kunststoffen neben der geringen Faser-Matrix-Haftung eines der wesentlichen Problemfelder dar. Durch eine optimale Trocknung vor der Verarbeitung lassen sich bei Jute-EP-Verbunden die mechanischen Kennwerte um bis zu ca. 20% steigern.Durch den Einsatz von Haftvermittlern auf Silanbasis läßt sich neben einer Verbesserung der Faser-Matrix-Grenzschicht mit daraus resultierender deutlicher Erhöhung der mechanischen Verbundkennwerte auch der Feuchteeinfluß auf diese deutlich minimieren. So konnte die statische Zugfestigkeit durch die Silanisierung der Faseroberflächen unabhängig vom Feuchtegehalt der Verbunde eingestellt werden. Der Feuchteeinfluß auf den Verbund-E-Modul sowie auf die Wöhlerkurve konnte durch diese Art der Faserbehandlung auch deutlich reduziert werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 177-177 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052360114
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    Stat-poly(Ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide). Synthesis, NMR characterization and crystallinity studies. Correlation with monte carlo simulation (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 55-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch anionische Polymerisation nach einem bereits beschriebenen neuartigen heterogen-katalysierten Prozeß wurden statistische Poly(ethylenoxid-co-propylen-oxid)-Copolymere mit niedrigen Molekulargewichten hergestellt. Die Copolymeren wurden mit 1H NMR-und 13C NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert, um zum einen die Verteilung der um eine Ethylenoxid-Gruppe gebildeten Triaden und zum anderen die durchschnittliche Länge der Poly(ethylenoxid)-Sequenzen zu bestimmen. DSC-Messungen ergaben niedrige Kristallisationsgrade. Die so erhaltenen Copolymeren wurden erfolgreich als polymere Feststoffelektrolyte eingesetzt und zeigen bei Raumtemperatur hohe Leitfähigkeitswerte. Die Ergebnisse stimmen gut mit den Resultaten einer unter Verwendung des für die radikalische Polymerisation entwickelten Copolymerisations-Terminal-Modells durchgeführten Monte Carlo-Simulation überein.
    Notes: Low-molecular-weight stat-poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide) polymers have been prepared anionically using a new heterogeneous catalytic process previously reported. They were fully characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy in order to determine the distribution of the ethylene oxide (EO)-centered triads, as well as the average lengths of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) sequences. Low degrees of crystallization were determined by DSC. These copolymers have been successfully used for applications in the solid polymer electrolytes field and high levels of conductivity at room temperature have been measured. The results are in good agreement with those obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation method using the copolymerization terminal model developed for radical polymerization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Polymerization of acrylamide in inverse microemulsion in the presence of mixtures of oleophilic and hydrophilic surfactants (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Herstellung von einphasigen inversen Mikroemulsionen aus Toluol/Natrium-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sulfosuccinat(AOT)/Wasser/Acrylamid(AAm)/Natriumdodecylsulfat(SDS) wird beschrieben. Die Eigenschaften der Mikroemulsionen vor der Polymerisation (Makroviskosität in Abhängigkeit vom Volumenanteil Φaw der dispersen wäßrigen Phase (Wasser + Acrylamid + SDS) und vom SDS/Acrylamid-Gewichtsverhältnis) wurden untersucht. Bei 20°C werden drei Viskositätsmaxima beobachtet, die auch bei 50°C noch gefunden werden. Die Viskosität des ersten bzw. dritten Signals ist jedoch auf 5-8 mPa· s gesunken, während die des zweiten und stärksten Peaks noch 250 mPa· s beträgt. Die Dispersionspolymerisation von Acrylamid wurde mit Ammoniumperoxodisulfat (hydrophil) und Benzoylperoxid (lipophil) bei60 C initiiert. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit von Acrylamid sinkt bei einembestimmten [Toluol]l[AOT]-Molverhaltnis und AcrylamiWasser-Gewichtsverhaltnis bei Volumenanteilen der warigen Phase Qaw iiber 20% stetig. Das durch Viskositatsmessung ermittelte Molekulargewicht des Polyacrylamids nimmt bis zu einem Volumenanteil der waarigen Phase maw von 30% unabhangig von der Art des Initiators zu. Oberhalb eines Q,-Werts von 30% scheint sich das Molekulargewicht des Polyacrylamids mit Anzeichen eines flachen Minimums bei einem CP,-Wert von an nahernd 50% einzupendeln.
    Notes: The preparation of single-phase toluene/sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate(AOT)/water/acrylamide/sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) inverse microemulsions is described and their properties prior to polymerization (macroviscosity as a function of volume fraction Φaw of the dispersed aqueous (water + acrylamide(AAm) + SDS) phase, and of SDS/AAm mass ratio) are studied. At 20°C three viscosity maxima are observed. At 50°C all three peaks remain, the viscosity of the first and third peak, respectively, is lowered to 5-8 mPa· s while the second, most prominent peak still marks the level of ca. 250 mPa· s. The polymerization of acrylamide in dispersion systems is initiated by water-soluble ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) and oilsoluble dibenzoyl peroxide (DBP) at 60°C. The polymerization rate of acrylamide for a given [toluene]/[AOT] molar ratio and AAm/water mass ratio monotonically decreases for Φaw values greater than 20%. The polyacrylamide viscosity molecular mass increases up to a Φaw value of ca. 30%, irrespective of the nature of initiator. For Φaw values over 30% the viscosity molecular mass of polyacrylamide seems to level off with some sings of shallow minimum close to Φaw of 50%.
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    Einfluß der temperatur auf die zähigkeit, die bruchflächenmorphologie und das molekulare relaxationsverhalten von polycarbonat (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 191-208 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The dynamic toughness behaviour of polycarbonate was performed with the instrumented Charpy impact test. In dependence on the temperature, elastic and elastic-plastic material behaviour with predominantly instable crack growth and elastic-plastic material behaviour with greater parts of stable crack growth were observed. An analysis method which enables the assessment of temperature dependence in a wide range of temperature is available by the energy-determined fracture mechanical parameter, „J integral“. The J integral values show a stress-determined local maximum at -60°C and a global maximum at 60°C, which is related to a stress-in-duced shear flow process. The intersection point in an Arrhenius plot between the straight line of the p relaxation and the fracture frequency was found at a temperature of -60°C and at a frequency of 300 Hz. It follows that the toughness peak at -60°C was induced by the p relaxation. In the selected range of temperature, it was possible to determine the quantitative extension of different areas of the fracture faces using optical microscopy. These results were correlated to the mechanical material behaviour of polycarbonate.
    Notes: Das Zähigkeitsverhalten von Polycarbonat wird bei dynamischer Beanspruchung mittels instrumentierter Kerbschlagbiegeprüfung bestimmt. In Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur wird elastisches, elastisch-plastisches Werkstoffverhalten mit überwiegend instabilem Rißwachstum und elastisch-plastisches Werkstoffverhalten mit dominanten Anteilen an stabilem Rißwachstum beobachtet. Mit der energiebestimmten bruchmechanischen Kenngröße „J-Integral“ wird eine Auswertemethode zur Verfügung gestellt, die eine Bewertung der Temperaturabhängigkeit in einem weiten Temperaturbereich erlaubt. Die J-Integral-Werte zeigen ein kraftdeterminiertes lokales Maximum bei -60°C und ein globales Maximum bei 60°C, das mit einem spannungsinduzierten Scherfließprozeß in Beziehung steht. Der Schnittpunkt der Spur der ß-Relaxation mit der Bruchfrequenz im Arrhenius-Diagramm ergibt sich zu einer Temperatur von -60°C bei einer Frequenz von 300 Hz. Daraus ist zu ersehen, daß die Zähigkeitserhöhung bei -60°C durch die ß-Relaxation stimuliert wird. Im gewählten Temperaturbereich war es möglich, die quantitative Größe ausgewählter Bruchflächenphänomene mittels lichtmikroskopischer Untersuchungen zu ermitteln und in Beziehung zum Werkstoffverhalten zu setzen.
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    Microstructure and electrical conductivity of complex cathodes based on new vanadium oxides and polyether blends (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In dieser Arbeit wurden durch die Untersuchung der Kristallisationskinetik unter isothermen und nichtisothermen Bedingungen die Auswirkungen verschiedener Vanadiumoxide auf die Feinstruktur von PEO und PEO/PPO-Mischungen untersucht. Die elektrischen Eigenschaften der Probekörper wurden durch komplexe Impedanzanalyse ermittelt. Die Versuchsergebnisse bestätigen die Annahme, daß die verwendeten Zusätze (Ruß und Vanadiumoxide) aufgrund der Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Polymeren und den Additiven mikrostrukturelle Veränderungen im PEO/PPO-Polymerverbund hervorrufen.
    Notes: This paper studies the effect produced by different vanadium oxides on the microstructure of PEO and PEO/PPO blends by means of the analysis of the crystallization kinetics under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions. The electrical properties of the samples were characterized by complex impedance analysis. Results suggest that the additives employed (considering both carbon black and vanadium oxides) promote changes in the microstructure of PEO/PPO polymer blends because of polymer-additive interactions. All samples tested show good conductivity properties.
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    In-line-rheometrie durch direkte wandschubspannungsermittlung (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 73-86 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Considering the fundamentals of the capillary rheometry with the known correction method according to Rabinowitsch and Bagley, the traditional method to determine the die inlet pressure and the wall shear stress value is described.For some materials this method can lead to an incorrect assessment of the flow properties since a linear pessure drop in the dies is assumed. Therefore, a new method for direct shear stress determination as well as the necessary measuring device are described. This is a die which can be integrated in-line and determines the reac-tion force of the flowing melt onto the die wall on the basis of a die section resting on piezo-force transducers.The measuring results show that when determining the flow properties of materials with a potential to form structures during the flow process, e. g. LCP, the in-line die determines the correct wall shear stresses. With the classical method of capillary rheometry, however, comparable results for such materials can only be obtained if additional assumptions concerning the pressure profile are made.
    Notes: Ausgehend von den Grundlagen zur Kapillarrheometrie mit den bekannten Korrekturverfahren nach Rabinowitsch und Bagley wird das traditionelle Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Düseneinlaufdrucks sowie des Wandschubspannungswerts dargestellt. Dieses Verfahren kann bei manchen Materialien zur fehlerhaften Bewertung des Fließverhaltens führen, da ein linearer Druckabfall in den Meßdüsen unterstellt wird. Daher wird eine neue Methode zur direkten Schubspannungsermittlung vorgestellt sowie die dazu notwendige Meßeinrichtung beschrieben. Es handelt sich dabei um eine in-line integrierbare Düse, die auf der Basis eines auf Piezokraftaufnehmern gelagerten Düsenabschnitts die Reaktionskraft der strömenden Schmelze auf die Düsenwandung ermittelt.Die Meßergebnisse zeigen, daß bei der Ermittlung der Fließeigenschaften von Materialien, die ein Potential zur Strukturbildung während des Fließvorganges aufweisen, wie z. B. flüssigkristalline Polyester (LCP), mit der In-line-Düse korrekte Wandschubspannungen erhalten werden. Mit der klassischen Methode der Kapillarrheometrie hingegen können bei solchen Materialien nur dann vergleichbare Ergebnisse gewonnen werden, wenn zusätzliche Annahmen über den Druckverlauf in der Meßdüse gemacht werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    New azomethine-urethanic compounds (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 119-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Umsetzung von 2,2′-[Methylenbis(nitrilomethylidyn)]diphenol mit Toluylen-2,4-diisocyanat und Phenylisocyanat wurden neue Azomethin-Urethanverbindungen hergestellt, nämlich ein Polymeres bzw. dessen Modellverbindung. Die Produkte wurden mittels Elementaranalyse, IR- und NMR-Spektroskopie sowie Thermogravimetrie, DSC und Viskosimetrie charakterisiert. Beim Erhitzen dieser Verbindungen finden Umlagerungen statt, wobei sowohl Additions- als auch Kondensationsreaktionen ablaufen können, die zur Bildung thermostabiler Produkte, wahrscheinlich mit Hexahydrotriazin-Strukturen, führen.
    Notes: New azomethine-urethanic compounds were synthesized, starting from 2,2′-[methylenebis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol and phenylisocyanate for the model compound and tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate for the polymer. The products were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetry, DSC and viscosimetry. Through heating, these compounds suffer chemical modification, both addition and condensation reactions being possible. Thermogravimetric studies have evidenced the formation of thermostable products, possibly due to hexahydrotriazinic structures resulted from the thermal treatment.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Surface treatment of an epoxy resin by CO2 laser irradiation (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 177-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß von CO2-Laserstrahlung auf die Oberflächeneigenschaften eines Epoxid-Laminierharzes (wärmebeständig bis 120°C) für kohlefaserverstärkte Kunststoffe (CFK) wird untersucht. Infrarot- und XPS-Spektroskopie zeigen, daß die Hydroxygruppen des Harzes unter Bildung von Doppelbindungen eliminiert werden. In Kohlendioxidatmosphäre werden tiefer liegende Teile des Harzes modifiziert als bei der Behandlung in Luft. Eine Steigerung der Reproduzierbarkeit der Klebfestigkeit des verwendeten CFK auf Basis des untersuchten Harzes ist nur bei gleichzeitiger Verringerung der Klebfestigkeit selbst möglich. Beim Einsatz eines heißhärtenden Klebstoffes kann kein Einfluß der Laserbehandlung auf die Klebfestigkeit festgestellt werden.
    Notes: The influence of CO2 laser radiation on the surface properties of a lamination resin (temperature resistant up to 120°C) which is used for carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) is examined. It is shown by XPS and infrared spectroscopy that the hydroxy groups of the resin are eliminated by the laser radiation. Using a carbon dioxide atmosphere, also deeper parts of the resin are influenced compared to the treatment in air. The reproducibility of the bond strength is higher for the laser-treated samples than for untreated samples if a room temperature-curing adhesive is used, but the bond strength itself is lower. Laser treatment shows no influence at all if a hot-curing adhesive is used.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380115
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    Synthesis of a new macromonomeric peroxyinitiator having poly(tetrahydrofuran)Systematic name: poly(oxytetramethylene). Units (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein neuartiger makromonomerer Peroxyinitiator (MMPI) wurde aus Polytetrahydrofurandiol (p-THF-diol, Mw 1 000), Isophorondiisocyanat (IPDI), 2,5-Dimethylhexyl-2,5-dihydroperoxid und 2-Isocyanatoethylmethacrylat (IEM) hergestellt. Die Polymerisation von MMPI bei 80°C ergab vernetztes Polytetrahydrofuran (poly-THF) mit Quellungsverhältnissen in Trichlormethan (CHCl3) zwischen 1,4 und 4,2. Die mit MMPI initiierte Massepolymerisation von Styrol bei 80°C führte zu vernetzten Poly(THF-b-polystyrol)-Blockcopolymeren. Die Gesamtgeschwindigkeitskonstante k für Polymerausbeuten unter 15% wurde zu 1 · 10-4 (L mol-1)1/2 s-1 bestimmt. Die Quellungsverhältnisse der vernetzten Blockcopolymeren in CHCl3, lagen je nach MMPI-Konzentration und Polymerisationszeit zwischen 2,7 und 75, die Quellungsverhältnisse bei konstanter MMPI-Konzentration und zunehmender Polymerisationszeit zwischen 335 und 7,07. Die thermogravimetrische Analyse ergab, daß die vernetzten Blockcopolymeren noch unzersetzte Peroxy-Gruppen enthielten, die eine thermische Styrolpolymerisation initiieren und somit zu mmehrkomponentigen vernetzten Copolymeren führen können.
    Notes: A new macromonomeric peroxyinitiator (MMPI) was synthesized by the reaction of polytetrahydrofurandiol (p-THF-diol), Mw (1000), isophorone diisocyanate, 2,5-dimethylhexyl-2,5-dihydroperoxide and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate. Homopolymerization of MMPI at 80°C gave crosslinked polytetrahydrofuran (poly-THF) with swelling ratios in CHCl3 varying between 1.4 and 4.2.Styrene polymerization initiated by MMPI at 80°C in bulk gave crosslinked poly-THF-b-polystyrene block copolymers. The overall rate constant, k, was found to be 1 · 10-4 (L mol-1)1/2 s-1 by keeping the polymer yield below 15%. Swelling ratios of the crosslinked block copolymers in CHCl3 were between 2.7 and 75 according to the concentration of MMPI and the polymerization time. In case the MMPI concentration was kept constant while the polymerization time was increased, swelling ratios were found between 3.55 and 7.07. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the crosslinked block copolymers were still containing undecomposed peroxy groups, so they can thermally initiate styrene polymerization in order to obtain multicomponent cross-linked copolymers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Structural changes in poly(methyl methacrylate) during deep-etch X-ray synchrotron radiation lithography. Part I: Degradation of the molar massDedicated to Prof. Dr. Hansjörg Sinn on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 63-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In der Röntgentiefenlithographie wird Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) gezielt mit Röntgensynchrotronstrahlung bestrahlt. Dadurch ändert sich die chemische Struktur des Polymeren, so daß es mit Hilfe eines selektiven Lösemittelgemisches vom restlichen unbestrahlten Polymeren abgetrennt werden kann. Ein wesentlicher Punkt der strahleninduzierten Strukturänderungen von PMMA ist die Molmassenabnahme, welche durch den Einsatz einer SEC-MALLS Kopplung zur Absolutbestimmung der Molmasse erstmals quantitativ bestimmt werden konnte. Zur Darstellung des experimentell ermittelten Verlaufs wurde eine kinetische Funktion abgeleitet, welche den Zusammenhang zwischen Dosis und Molmasse mit sehr guter Genauigkeit wiedergibt.
    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate) is a preferred material used in X-ray lithography. One effect observed after irradiation is a change of its chemical structure, combined with a decrease of the molar mass. This was analysed quantitatively using size exclusion chromatography combined with multi-angle laser-light scattering. Based on a kinetic model, an equation was derived which gives a satisfactory description of the dependence of the molar mass on the radiation dose.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Preparation and uranyl ion adsorptivity of macroreticular chelating resins containing a pair of neighboring amidoxime groups in a monomeric styrene unit (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 121-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Reaktion eines chlormethylierten Styrol/Divinylbenzol-Copolymeren mit Natriumcyanid wurde ein cyanmethyliertes Styrol/Divinylbenzol-Copolymeres hergestellt. Ein makroretikuläres Harz auf Polystyrolbasis, das zwei benachbarte Nitrilgruppen pro Monomereinheit enthielt, wurde durch die Reaktion des cyanmethylierten Copolymeren mit 3-Chlorpropionitril unter Phasentransferbedingungen hergestellt. Durch Reaktion mit Hydroxylamin wurde ein Chelatharz mit zwei Amidoximgruppen pro Monomereinheit erhalten. Das Chelatharz zeigte hohes Adsorptionsvermögen für Uranylionen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das Harz ein wirksames Adsorbens für andere Schwermetallionen wie z. B. Hg2+ und Pb2+ ist.
    Notes: A cyanomethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer was prepared by the reaction of a chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with sodium cyanide. A polystyrene-based macroreticular resin containing a pair of neighboring nitrile groups in each monomeric styrene unit was obtained from the reaction of the cyanomethylated copolymer with 3-chloropropionitrile under phase transfer conditions. The resin was reacted with hydroxylamine to afford a chelating resin containing a pair of neighboring amidoxime groups in each monomeric styrene unit. The chelating resin showed high adsorption capacity for uranyl ions. It was found that the resin was an effective adsorbent for other heavy metal ions such as Hg2+ and Pb2+.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Graft polymerization of vinylidene chloride onto cellulose. A method to ascertain the grafting yield (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Pfropfausbeute bei der mit Cer-Ionen initiierten Pfropfpolymerisation von Vinylidenchlorid (VDC) auf Cellulose erhöht sich mit zunehmender Reaktionsdauer und stabilisiert sich nach 6 h. Der Pfropfungsgrad nimmt von anfangs hohen Werten bei kurzen Reaktionszeiten rasch bis zu einem, konstanten Wert ab. Die Pfropfpolymerisation verläuft nach dem „from“-Mechanismus. Die Trennung von Homopolymerem und Pfropfpolymerem ist erforderlich, um die Pfropfausbeute und den Pfropfungsgrad zu ermitteln. Poly(vinylidenchlorid) (PVDC) ist aufgrund seiner großen Kristallinität und seines hohen Schmelzpunktes nur bei ausreichend hohen Temperaturen löslich. In Cyclohexanon löst sich PVDC bei 120°C unter teilweisem Abbau von Cellulose, der auf die Bildung von Chlorwasserstoff durch die Dehydrochlorierung des Polymeren zurückzuführen ist. Die Abtrennung des Homopolymeren vom Polymerisationsprodukt ohne Abbau der Cellulose gelingt mit einem Lösungsmittel-gemisch aus trockenem Cyclohexanon und 4-Methylpyridin.
    Notes: The graft polymerization of vinylidene chloride (VDC) onto cellulose initiated by ceric ions is reported. The grafting yield increases with reaction time and then levels off after 6 h. On the other hand, the grafting efficiency decreases rapidly from high initial values at short reaction times and then approaches to a constant value. The mechanism from of grafting is suggested for the present copolymerization. In order to determine both grafting yield and grafting efficiency, the separation of homopolymer and graft polymer is required. Sufficiently high temperatures are needed to dissolve poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) because of its high crystallinity and melting point. Cyclohexanone dissolves the graft copolymer at 120°C bringing about some degradation of cellulose. Degradation is produced by hydrogen chloride formed throughout a slight dehydrochlorination of the synthetic polymer. A method inert for cellulose is suggested to retrieve the homopolymer from the polymerization crude by using a mixture of dry cyclohexanone and 4-methylpyridine as solvent.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Elastic properties of thermosets in glassy state (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio v of various thermosets, including 6 amine crosslinked epoxies, one anhydride crosslinked epoxy, one styrene crosslinked polyester and one styrene crosslinked vinylester, were determined from tensile tests in the 220-393 K temperature range and 1.6710-4-1.6710-2 s-1 strain rate range. The bulk (B) and shear (G) modulus were calculated from E and v. Some observations about structure-property relationships can be derived from these data and their comparison with corresponding ones relative to linear polymers. B appears to depend essentially of the cohesion and packing density and does not depend, practically, of temperature and strain rate. In contrast, G depends sharply of the local molecular mobility, this latter being affected by an antiplasticization mechanism. The Poisson's ratio seems to be systematically higher for thermosets than for linear polymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Synthesis and properties of epoxy-episulfide resins (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 67-81 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Standard epoxy resins have good mechanical properties, but their prolonged low temperature curing time limits their potential use in clinical applications as well as in many industrial applications. A fast-curing epoxy-episulfide resin has been developed. The gel time of epoxy-episulfide made from EPONTrade mark of Shell Chemical Company. 828 ranges from 2 to 10 minutes by changing the ratio of the ingredients. The heat of reaction of this system is low, resulting in low cure shrinkage. Water absorption of the episulfide network is low. The epoxy-episulfide system cured with polyamide curing agent V-40 exhibits two transition temperatures, at about 85°C and 130°C, as shown in dynamic mechanical analysis data. In order to solve the long term stability problem of the above episulfides, and also the mixing problem, a lower viscosity resin, Eponex, was used to make Eponex-sulfide. Eponex-sulfide systems show promise in that they remain in a stable liquid form without epoxy. The other advantages appear to be retained.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Molecular design of reactive microgels (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 99-112 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Structure and properties of microgels prepared by emulsion copolymerization depend on the composition and concentration of the monomers at the reaction sites, on the reactivity ratios and on the solubility of the comonomers in water. By separate and joint solubilization of 1,4-divinyl benzene and various comonomers of different solubility it could be shown, that the diffusion control of the copolymerization rate is favoured by crosslinking, by a high concentration of an oil-soluble initiator and of the emulsifier and by a low solubility of the comonomer in water.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400109
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    Microgels 4: The preparation of novel microgels and their applicationsLecture presented at the International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 113-121 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes studies on the formation of microgels from high functionality mixtures of monomers which are able to polymerise by a step-growth process to polyurethanes in the specially selected solvent butan-2-one. Using the reactants poly(ethylene glycol) 6000, 1,2,6-hexanetriol and biscyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate in formulations made to comprise exactly one isocyanate group per hydroxyl, it was found that microgels of number average molecular weight, as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography, of less than 20,000 were obtained up to the Critical Gelation Concentration which ranged from w/w reactant to solvent concentrations of from ∼ 0.24 to 0.74 at PEG/HT ratios of 1:4 to 4:4 respectively. These polymerisations surprisingly, went to complete conversion without gelation and produced 95 - 99% yields of microgel product after precipitation into a non-solvent. Intrinsic viscosity determinations on the microgels dissolved in chloroform were determined and used to obtain estimates of the swollen coil densities at infinite dilution from which the critical packing concentration of these swollen coils in the solvent used for the solvent could be estimated. The critical packing concentration was in all cases well below the Critical Gelation Concentration. It was thus clearly demonstrated that the formation of “soluble” microgels is progressing in spite of the system being critically packed. This is a surprising observation and especially so when it is combined with the very low measured weight average molecular weights and high conversions of the products in the critically packed region. The GPC molecular weights decreased at the higher concentrations which is contrary to expectations. The ability to form microgels above critical packing confirms the results obtained and reported previously by us, that a similar phenomenom occurs in the case of the polymerisation of polyfunctional free-radically polymerised monomer systems. These observations will need to be taken into account when formulating mathematical analyses of the gelation process. This class of products are able to be crystallised from organic solvents and are soluble in water. They are potentially useful as components of pharmaceutical formulations for the controlled release of drugs, high molecular weight active materials and living microorganisms.
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    Polycondensation of novolacs containing dominately ortho-ortho-methylene linkages (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 57-66 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In der frühen Phase der Polykondensation von mit Metallacetaten (Me2+(ac)2) katalysierten Phenol/Formaldehyd(Ph/F)-Systemen ist die Bildung von 2-Hydroxybenzylalkohol (2-OH-BA) in schwach saurem Medium und in Gegenwart des Katalysators selektiv. Die Konzentrationsänderung des 2-OH-BA und seines Hemiformals (HF) wurde durch GPC als Funktion des pH-Wertes des Systems und der Katalysatorkonzentration verfolgt und erwies sich als unabhängig von dem Metallatom des Katalysators, aber abhängig vom pH-Wert des Mediums und von der Katalysatorkonzentration. Eine extrem hohe Katalysatorkonzentration verursachte keine weitere Zunahme der Bruttogeschwindigkeit der 2-OH-BA-Bildung. 1H-NMR-Untersuchungen zeigten, daß bei höheren Umsätzen und in Gegenwart des Me2+(ac)2-Katalysators vorwiegend o-o′-Ar—CH2—Ar Ar-Isomeren anstelle der o,p′- und p,p′-Isomeren genbildet werden. Novolak-Harze mit überwiegend o,o′-Diphenylmethan-Strukturen sind hitzebeständing bis 400°C und lassen sich ohne Hexamethylentetramin (HEXA) vernetzen.
    Notes: In an early stage of the polycondensation of phenol/formaldehyde (Ph/F) systems catalyzed by bivalent metal acetates (Me2+(ac)2), 2-hydroxy-benzylalcohol (2-OH-BA) formation was selective in the weak acidic medium and only in the presence of the catalyst. The concentration change in 2-OH-BA and its hemiformal (HF) was followed by GPC as a function of the pH value of the system and the catalyst concentration and was found to be independent of the type of metal used in the catalyst but dependent on the pH value of the medium and on the catalyst concentration. An extremely high catalyst concentration does not cause further increase in the overall rate of 2-OH-BA formation. It was proved by 1H NMR that at higher conversion and in the presence of Me2+(ac)2 catalyst, the o-o′-Ar—CH2—Ar isomers are dominating over o, p′ and p,p′ ones. Novolacs with overwhelming o-diphenylmethane structures are thermally stable up to 400°C and can be crosslinked without hexamethylenetetramine (HEXA).
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    Molecular characterization of branched thermoplastic polyurethane in dilute solutions on N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sieben polymerhomologe Proben eines thermoplastischen Polyurethans (TPU) wurden in verdünnter Lösung in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinon (NMP) mit Größenausschlußchromatographie (SEC) auf Normalphase-Silicagel, Viskosimetrie bei kleinem Schergefälle und Membranosmometrie charakterisiert. Die Staudinger-Mark-Houwink (SMH)-Konstanten dieser homologen Serie wurden mit einer neuen Methode auf der Basis der universellen Kalibrierung der SEC mit engen Polystyrol-Standards berechnet. Die ermittelten SMH-Konstanten dieser TPU-Proben in NMP bei 298 K (K = 3,94 mL g-1, a = 0,29) bewiesen die verzweigte Struktur dieser TPU-Proben und wurden durch die Osmometrie bestätigt.
    Notes: Seven homologous samples of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were characterized in dilute solutions of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on normal-phase silica gel, low-shear viscometry and membrane osmometry. The Staudinger-Mark-Houwink (SMH) constants of this homologous series were obtained by a new procedure of calculation on the basis of universal calibration of SEC with narrow polystyrene standards. The calculated SMH constants for these TPU samples in NMP at 298 K (K = 3.94 mL g-1, a = 0.29) prove the branched structure of this TPU samples and were further confirmed by osmometry.
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    Monte-carlo modelling of the formation, structure and properties of polymer networks (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 39-57 
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    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm is reported which enables RAfa +RBfb polymerisations to be simulated. It is based on the random reaction of pairs of groups for intermolecular reaction, with intramolecular reaction weighted according to Gaussian statistics and the size of ring structure being formed. The algorithm counts all the ring structures formed and enables polymerisations to be simulated efficiently up to complete reaction. Gel point and modulus results from trifunctional and tetrafunctional polyurethane-forming polymerisations are modelled, with particular emphasis on the effects on modulus of network defects at complete reaction. More in keeping with experiment, higher reductions in modulus at complete reaction are predicted using the the present algorithm than using Biosym MC software. However, it is shown that quantitative agreement with experiment cannot be obtained unless relationships defining the entropies of various ring structures are elucidated and more accurate modelling of the chain statistics governing the intramolecular reaction forming ring structures of various sizes is used.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400104
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    Synthesis and properties of acrylic/silicone polymer networks by hydrosilylation reaction (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The present investigation concerns acrylic/silicone polymer networks formed by the hydrosilylation reaction. Acrylic polymers containing alkenyl groups have been obtained by radical polymerization of a monomer having an alkenyl group and other vinyl monomers. Also a silicone polymer containing SiH groups has been prepared by the equilibrium reaction in presence of sulfuric acid. They are compatible with each other and can be crosslinked by the hydrosilylation reaction. The cured films are approximately of uniform structure and their acid resistance is excellent.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400108
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    The effect of alumina particulate morphology on the properties of reinforced poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) compositesPoster presented at “Euro-Fillers 95”, September 11-15, 1995, Mulhouse, France. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß von Partikelgröße und Morphologie verschiedener Aluminiumoxid-Sorten auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften der thermoplastischen Matrizen Polypropylen und Poly(ethylen-co-vinylacetat) wurde untersucht. Optimale Eigenschaften wurden mit dem Aluminiumoxid mit kleinster Partikelgröße und kleinstem Kantenverhältnis erreicht. Voruntersuchungen mit Silan als Haftvermittler ergaben eine Verbesserung der Zugfestigkeit der Composite.
    Notes: The effect of alumina particulates on a thermoplastic matrix is investigated, in particular the effect altering the alumina particle size and morphology has on the mechanical properties. Different grades of alumina are used and two thermoplastic matrices; namely poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). Investigations showed that optimum properties were achieved with the alumina of smallest particle size and lowest aspect ratio. Preliminary work has also been performed on the use of silane coupling agents and they have proved effective in increasing the tensile properties of the composites.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052420102
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    Optimal design of free-radical batch polymerizations with one charge of monomers and initiator (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 47-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Auf der Basis einer früher erschienenen Arbeit von Chen und Lee wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das bei einer diskontinuierlichen, radikalischen, azeotropen Copolymerisation mit isothermer Fahrweise die Ermittlung optimaler Reaktionszeiten erlaubt, um vorgegebene Monomerumsätze und mittlere Polymerisationsgrade zu erzielen. Durch das Verfahren werden für die gegebenen Bedingungen der zulässige Bereich der Monomerkonzentrationen, ein geeigneter Initiator und seine Konzentration ermittelt, um das gesteckte Ziel in möglichst kurzer Reaktionszeit zu erreichen. Die Gültigkeit des Modells wurde am System Acrylnitril-Butadien in Chlorbenzol bei 343 K mit den Initiatoren 1,1′-Azocyclohexannitril (ACN) und 2,2′-Azoisobutyronitril (AIBN) getestet. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen theoretischen und experimentellen Werten ist zufriedenstellend. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß der Geleffekt in das Modell eingearbeitet werden kann, und daß das Verfahren auch auf radikalische Homopolymerisationen übertragbar ist.
    Notes: Based on an earlier paper of Chen and Lee, a procedure is developed to determine optimal reaction times for predetermined monomer conversions and number-average degrees of polymerization in an azeotropic free-radical batch copolymerization with one charge of monomers and initiator. The procedure allows for the calculation of the admissible range of monomer concentrations, the determination of an appropriate initiator and its most suited concentration to arrive at the goal in reaction times as short as possible. The validity of the model was tested in the free-radical copolymerization of acrylonitrile and butadiene in chlorobenzene at 343 K, using 1,1′-azocyclohexanenitrile (ACN) and 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiators. The agreement of theoretical and experimental data was satisfying. It is pointed out that the gel effect can be incorporated into the model, and that the procedure can also be used in the design of free-radical homopolymerizations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The role of molar volume of the organic solvents in the swelling system EPDM vulcanizate/solvent (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acht Proben von Poly(ethylen-co-propylen-co-dien) (EPDM, 55 Gew.-% Ethylen) wurden mit 0,5-8,0 phr Dicumylperoxid verntzt. Der Einfluß der Molvolumina (V1) von Cyclohexan, Hexan, Heptan, iso-Octan, Tetrachlormethan, Schwefelkohlenstoff, Xylol, Benzol, Toluol, Tetrahydrofuran, Trichlormethan und Chlorbenzol auf das Quellungsvermögen der vulkanisierten EPDM-Proben wurde untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß unabhängig von den Löslichkeitsparametern, Polaritäten, Dielektrizitätskonstanten, Acidität und Basizität der Lösungsmittel eine lineare Beziehung zwischen V1 und der Anzahl der Mole Lösungsmittel im Gel (n1) besteht. Mit zunehmendem V1 nimmt n1 ab.
    Notes: Eight samples of poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene) (EPDM, containing 55 wt.-% ethylene) were vulcanized with 0.5-8.0 phr dicumyl peroxide. The influence of molar volumes V1 of cyclohexane, hexane, heptane, iso-octane, tetrachloromethane, carbon disulfide, xylene, benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, trichloromethane and chlorobenzene on the swelling intensity of the EPDM vulcanizates was studied, and it was found that regardless of the solubility parameters, polarity, dielectric constants, acidity or basicity of solvents, a linear relationship exists between V1 and number of moles of solvent in the gels, n1. With increase of V1, n1 decreases.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052420105
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    Miscibility of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) and its application as compatibilizer LLDPE/PVF2 blends (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 77-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Verträglichkeit von Blends eines mit Polymethylmethacrylat gepfropften linearen Polyethylens niedriger Dichte (LLDPE-g-PMMA, G-3) mit Polyvinylidenfluorid (PVF2) wurde mittels Differentialkalorimetrie, Fourier-Transform-Infrarot-spektroskopie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie untersucht und mit der von LLDPE/PVF2-Blends verglichen. Die spezifischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den PMMA-Seitenketten und PVF2 sind in den binären G-3/PVF2-Blends schwächer als zwischen den Homopolymeren PMMA und PVF2. PVF2, liegt in der Schmelze des G-3/PVF2 (60/40 w/w)-Blends sowohl in reiner Phase als auch in Wechselwirkung mit den PMMA-Seitenketten vor. Die Mischbarkeit zwischen den PMMA-Seitenketten und PVF, beeinflußt die Kristallisation von PVF2. LLDPE-g-PMMA wirkt als guter Phasenvermittler in LLDPE/PVF2-Blends, wobei es die Grenzfláchenadhäsion und die Dispersion in letzterem verbessert. Die Diffusion der PMMA-Seitenketten in PVF2 an der Grenzfläche verringert die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit und führt zu einer Erniedrigung des Schmelzpunktes und der Kristallisationstemperatur des PVF2 in den Blends.
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the miscibility of blends of a graft copolymer of poly(methyl methacrylate) on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE-g-PMMA, G-3) with poly(vinylidene fluoride)Systematic name: poly(1,1-difluoroethylene).(PVF2) and the compatibilization of blends of LLDPE/PVF2. The specific interaction between PMMA side chains and PVF2 in G-3/PVF2 binary blends is weaker than that between the homopolymers PMMA and PVF2. There are two states of PVF2 in the melt of a G-3/PVF2 (60/40, w/w) blend, one as pure PVF2 and the other interacting with PMMA side chains. The miscibility between PMMA side chains and PVF2 affects the crystallization of PVF2. LLDPE-g-PMMA was demonstrated to be a good compatibilizer in LLDPE/PVF2 blends, improving the interfacial adhesion and dispersion in the latter. Diffusion of PMMA side chains into PVF2 in the interfacial region reduces the crystallization rate and lowers the melting point (Tm) and the crystallization temperature (Tc) of PVF2 in the blends.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410107
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    Linear polythioesters, XXVI. Products of interfacial polycondenation of bis(4-mercaptomethylphenyl)methane with some aliphatic and isomeric phthaloyl dichlorides (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Phasengrenzflächenpolykondensation von Bis(4-mercaptomethylphenyl)-methan mit ausgewählten aliphatischen und isomeren Phthalsäuredichloriden wurden neue Polythioester erhalten.Um die optimalen Bedingungen der Phasengrenzflächenpolykondensation zu bestimmen, wurde der Einfluß folgender Faktoren auf die reduzierte Viskosität und die Ausbeute der Polythioester ermittelt: Art der organischen Phase, Konzentration der Reagenzien, Verhältnis der wäßrigen zur organischen Phase, Art und Konzentration des HCl-Akzeptors, Reaktionstemperatur und -zeit.Die Polykondensation von Dithiol mit Adipinsäuredichlorid und Isophthalsäuredichlorid wurde als Modellsystem genauer untersucht. Die Polythioesterstrukturen wurden mittels Elementaranalyse, IR-Spektroskopie und Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestätigt. Es wurden weiterhin einige physikalisch-chemische, mechanische und dielektrische Eigenschaften ermittelt. Aufgrund der schlechten Löslichkeit der Polythioester konnten die mittleren Molekulargewichte nicht bestimmt werden.
    Notes: New polythioesters were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of bis(4-mercaptomethylphenyl)methane with selected aliphatic and isomeric phthaloyl dichlorides. To determine optimum polycondensation conditions, the influence of the following factors on reduced viscosity and yield were studied: type of organic phase, concentration of hydrogen chloride acceptor (NaOH), concentration of reagents, aqueous/organic phase ratio, rate of acid chloride addition, reaction time and reaction temperature.A thorough examination was carried out only for the polycondensation of dithiol with adipoyl and isophthaloyl dichlorides chosen as model systems. The structures of polythioesters were confirmed by elemental analysis, X-ray analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Some physicochemical, mechanical and electrical properties were determined. The molecular weights were not measured, because of the low solubility of the obtained polythioesters.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
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    Beeinflussung der Fließeigenschaften von Polyamid 6 durch submikrone Additive (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 175-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of submicron mineral additives on the rheological properties of polyamide 6 was investigated. Usually, after incorporation of increasing amounts of commercial fillers in the polymer matrix (particle sizes in micron range), the viscosity is continuously increased when applying low shear rates due to higher friction in the sliding planes.After intensive dispersion of submicron additives in ethylene glycol by using polyethyleneimine as a cation-active dispersing agent, agglomerate-free dispersions of all investigated additives were realized.Under standard conditions, the ethylene glycol/additive slurries were incorporated in the PA 6-matrix by using a twin screw extruder equipped with a vacuum degassing stillhead to remove excessive glycol immediately. The expected effects characterized by improved intramolecular sliding behaviour were found in different extents for TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, clay and talcum. However, submicronized CaCO3 already restricted the intramolecular sliding in concentration ranges below 1 wt.-%.The analogous effect failed to appear when the same powdery additives were incorporated in the polyamide 6-matrix by twin screw extrusion.
    Notes: Der Einfluß submikroner mineralischer Additive auf die rheologischen Eigenschaften von Polyamid 6 (PA 6) wurde untersucht. Üblicherweise steigt bei niedriger Schergeschwindigkeit die Viskosität nach der Einarbeitung zunehmender Mengen kommerzieller Füllstoffe (Mikronbereich der Korngrößen) stetig an, weil die Reibung in den Gleitschichten zunimmt.Nach intensiver Dispergierung submikroner Additive in Ethylenglykol unter Zusatz von Polyethylenimin als kationaktivem Dispergierhilfsmittel wurde eine agglomeratfreie Dispergierung aller untersuchten Additive erreicht. Unter Standardbedingungen wurden die glykolischen Suspensionen mit Hilfe eines Doppelschneckenextruders in die PA 6-Matrix eingearbeitet, dabei mittels einer Entgasungsstufe sofort der Glykolüberschuß entfernt. Die erwarteten Effekte verbesserten intramolekularen Gleitens zeigten sich in unterschiedlicher Höhe bei TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, Kaolin und Talkum. CaCO3 dagegen schränkte auch im Submikronbereich das intramolekulare Gleiten schon in Konzentrationen unter 1 Gew.-% deutlich ein. Bei der Einarbeitung pulverförmiger Additive mittels eines Doppelschneckenextruders direkt in die PA 6-Matrix wurden analoge Effekte nicht erreicht.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410114
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    ÉTude préliminaire des propriétés microlithographiques d'une résine renfermant un polyimide et un bis-azide sensible aux UV lointains (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 65-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A preliminary study of the microlithographic properties of resins obtained by mixing a polyimide with a bis-azide has shown the possibility to be used in the far UV.The solutions of the resins are easily processed to give films with a good control of the thickness. Moreover, the films obtained are sensitive to UV irradiation at 254 nm. The irradiated parts are insoluble in a mixture of solvents constituted of water and dioxane or water and 1-N-methylpyrrolidone, whereas the non-irradiated regions are soluble in these solvent mixtures.
    Notes: L'étude préliminaire des propriétés microlithographiques des résines obtenues en mélangeant un polyimide et un bis-azide a permis de montrer que de telles résines pourraient probablement être utilisées en tant que résines microlithographiques sensibles aux UV lointains. En effet ces résines donnent des couchages homogènes qui ont des épaisseurs convenables. De plus, elles sont très sensibles aux irradiations: elles subissent alors des modifications de structure lorsqu'on les irradie par des radiations de longueur d'onde égale à 254 nm. Les parties ainsi insolées sont insolubles dans les solvants constitués par des mélanges d'eau et de dioxane ou d'eau et de 1-N-méthylpyrrolidone alors que ces mêmes solvants solubilisent parties non insolées.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Chirality in regioregular and soluble polythiophene: An internal probe of conformational changes induced by minute solvation variationThe author thank CEA/Le Ripault Direction des Applications Militaires (CDM/MS) for financial support, and Prof. M. Lemaire for fruitful discussions. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080213
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    Cascading of Second-Order Nonlinearities in Polar MaterialsI thank Marko Zgonik, Rolf Spreiter, and G. Knöpfle for many helpful comments. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 385-397 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080503
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    Patterning of poly(3-octylthiophene) conducting polymer films by electron beam exposureWe acknowledge Mats Andersson and Neste Oy for synthesis of the conducting polymers. We used the Swedish Nanometer Laboratory for electron beam lithography. This work was supported by the Swedish Board of Technical and Industrial Development (NUTEK) through the Micronics program and the Swedish Research Council for Engineering Sciences. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 405-408 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Five-membered heteroaromatic hydrazone derivatives for second-order nonlinear opticsThis work is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 416-420 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Oxygen ion conductivity of platinum-impregnated stabilized zirconia in bulk and microporous materialsWe wish to thank Prof. G. Schön for access to his impedance spectrometer, Dr. H. Wiggers for the performance of measurements, and the BMFT, grant No. 03C257B, for financial support. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 424-427 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Amorphous silica molecular sieving membranes by sol-gel processingThe authors are very grateful for the financial support from the UNM/ NSF Center for Micro-Engineered Ceramics, the National Science Foundation (CTS-9101658, HRD-9450475), the Gas Research Institute, the Electric Power Research Institute, and the Morgantown Energy Technology Center. R. Vaidya, R. Sehgal and N. K. Raman are acknowledged for fruitful discussions and technical assistance. Sandia National Laboratories is a US Department of Energy Facility Supported by DOE Contract Number DE-AC04-94al85000. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 588-591 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Masthead (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996) 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080801
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    Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers containing macrocyclic ionophoresI. K. L. gratefully acknowledges the Science and Engineering Research Council for the provision of a Fellowship. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 615-630 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080803
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    Template synthesis of a large, self-supporting graphite film in montmorillonite (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 641-644 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    TMS: Spanning the Globe (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 107-109 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080202
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    Photorefractive Polymers and CompositesThe authors wish to thank Prof. P. N. Prasad of SUNY/Buffalo for the encouragement and fruitful discussions during the preparation of this manuscript. LPT's photorefractive polymer research was financially supported by the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research through contract numbers F49620-92-C-0046 and F49620-92-C-0061, Advanced Research Projects Agency through contract number DAAHO1-92-C-R243 and the New York State Science and Technology Foundation through Contract No. SBI-94-057. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 111-125 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Materials demonstrating a photorefractive effect are principal candidates for numerous applications, including high-density optical data storage, optical image processing, phase conjugated mirrors and lasers, dynamic holography, optical computing, pattern recognition, etc. Considerable progress has been made in the research on photorefractive polymers and composite materials in the last few years. These materials have many advantages over inorganic photorefractive crystals, including large optical nonlinearities, low dielectric constants, low cost and ease of fabrication. A large number of materials, including those exhibiting an extremely large photorefractive effect, have been developed. In addition, a number of interesting phenomena particular to polymeric photorefractive materials have been reported and corresponding mechanisms have been proposed to account for these phenomena. Possible applications of these materials have been explored with the demonstration of a volume holographic storage device based on photorefractive polymers. This paper reviews the latest developments of the young and exciting field of polymeric photorefractive materials.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080203
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    Continuous yttria-stabilized zirconia fibersWe thank the Forschungskuratorium Gesamttextil for financial support of the research project (AIF No. 9195), which was made available from the funds of the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs with a contribution of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen (AiF). We are also grateful to J. Zürcher-Vogt for the SEM examinations and to Rhône Poulenc for providing the poly(vinyl alcohol). (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 142-146 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080208
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    Versailles project on advanced materials and standards (VAMAS) (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080102
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    Amperometric biosensors produced by immobilization of redox enzymes at polythiophene-modified electrode surfaces (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 219-222 
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    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080306
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    Donor-acceptor substituted tetraethynylethenesThis work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, a grant from the ETH Research Council, and the U. S. Office of Naval Research (postdoctoral fellowship to R. R. T.) (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 8 (1996), S. 226-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19960080308
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