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  • Lepidoptera  (62)
  • Springer  (62)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (62)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
  • 1992  (62)
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Publisher
  • Springer  (62)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (2)
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (62)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata to volatile infochemicals: effects of bioassay set-up, parasitoid age and experience and barometric flux (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343576
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-induced food preference by Manduca sexta larvae: acceptable non-host plants elicit a stronger induction than host plants (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; food preference induction ; diets ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diet-induced changes in food preference by fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), were examined. Two groups of larvae with different diet experience were used: larvae reared on a host or on an acceptable non-host plant species. Each group of larvae was offered a choice between leaf discs from each rearing plant species (2-plant choice test) and food preference was measured as the consumption of one plant species relative to that of the other plant species. Diet-induced changes in preferences were larger with the host versus acceptable non-host plant pairs Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) versus Raphanus sativus (L.), Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) versus Vigna sinensis (Savi), and Datura innoxia (L.) versus V. sinensis than with the host versus host plant pairs L. esculentum versus Capsicum annuum (L.) and L. esculentum versus D. innoxia. To examine how much the food preference had been altered for each test plant species alone, two other groups of larvae were offered a choice between leaf discs from a single plant species and filter paper discs laced with distilled water (1-plant choice test). Larvae preferred the dietary plant species more strongly than the non-dietary plant species in tests using the following plant species: for C. annuum with C. annuum and L. esculentum as diets, for V. sinensis with V. sinensis and L. esculentum or D. innoxia as diets, and for R. sativus with R. sativus and S. pseudocapsicum as diets. The preference for the hosts L. esculentum and D. innoxia did not change significantly after rearing larvae on different hosts or on an acceptable non-host. Thus, diet-induction by M. sexta larvae results in an enhancement of preference for the dietary plant species which is much stronger with acceptable non-hosts than with hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350341
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gut contents in molting lepidopteran larvae: a source of error in nutritional studies (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Molting ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185646
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance in certain maize cultivars to first and third-instar Chilo partellus larvae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Zea mays L. ; Chilo partellus ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance/susceptibility levels of ten maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars to neonates and 3rd-instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were measured in the field and screenhouse experiments. The maize cultivars tested were: Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, Population 10, Hybrid 511, Katumani Composite B, ER-29 SVR, Poza Rica 7832, ICZ2-CM, and MMV 400. Most cultivars were found susceptible to 3rd-instar larvae based on the incidence of dead heart symptoms, foliar feeding and stem tunnelling caused by stem borers in both the field and screenhouse experiments. However, the maize cultivars V-37, MMV 400 and Poza Rica 7832 sustained significantly lesser damage than the other cultivars when infested with neonates or 3rd instar larvae. The screenhouse experiments conducted with five maize cultivars, i.e. Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, ER-29 SVR, and Poza Rica 7832 showed that neonates fed less on the resistant than the susceptible maize cultivars but feeding by the 3rd instars was equally high on all the maize cultivars except Mp 704 on which the larvae fed less than the others. In the cultivars infested with neonates, the mean period for 50% moth emergence P50 was longest on Mp 704 followed by Poza Rica 7832, ER-29 SVR, V-37 and Inbred A. In the cultivars infested with 3rd-instars, P50 was longest for Poza Rica 7832 followed equally by the remaining cultivars. On the basis of the evidence presented we here conclude that neonates of C. partellus are sensitive to the growth inhibiting effects of the resistant maize cultivars Mp 704, V-37, and Poza Rica 7832 but the older larvae are insensitive to these effects of Mp 704 and V-37 but not of Poza Rica 7832.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189719
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel flight periodicity of Chilo partellus (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stem borer ; suction trap ; behaviour ; maize ; dispersal ; pheromones ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera;Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221367
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MaleHeliothis virescens maintain upwind flight in response to experimentally pulsed filaments of their sex pheromone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 669-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; upwind flight ; sex pheromone ; filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of the intermittent fine structure of an odor plume were mimicked and experimentally modified in the wind tunnel using an air-pulsing device. Filaments of a behaviorally active blend of six sex-pheromone components created by the device in a temporally regular fashion elicited sustained upwind flight and source location in male Heliothis virescens.Males did not exhibit sustained upwind flight in significant numbers until a frequency of 4 filaments/s was delivered, at a loading of 1 μg of the major component, Z11-16: Ald, with the other components loaded at their appropriate ratios. A loading of 10 μg Z11-16: Ald was found to be optimal at this filament delivery rate. Electroantennogram recordings to different filament delivery rates of the complete blend indicated that a stationary male antenna can respond to the pulse rates used in this study. Importantly, when a main component necessary for upwind flight, Z9-14:Ald, was isolated into its own filaments and pulsed alternately against filaments of the five other components (including the other component essential for upwind flight, Z11-16: Ald), upwind flight to the source was significantly reduced (9%) compared to upwind flight and source location in response to filaments composed of the entire blend (30%), indicating that the complete pheromone blend must arrive on the antenna simultaneously for optimal evocation of sustained upwind progress. Neurophysiological evidence from other studies suggests that higher-order interneurons whose phasic response is enhanced when the entire blend is presented simultaneously may be of importance in explaining this behavioral difference stemming from synchronous vsasynchronous arrival of the components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047979
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing the landing of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) exhibiting pheromone-mediated flight (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 699-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047981
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of nutritional and genetic factors on larval performance of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185638
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterrence of feeding and oviposition responses of adult Heliothis virescens by some compounds bitter-tasting to humans (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; oviposition behavior ; electrophysiology ; deterrence ; antifeedant ; quinine ; quinidine ; atropine ; caffeine ; denatonium benzoate ; naringin ; sucrose octaacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some compounds that are bitter-tasting to humans, both alkaloidal (quinine, quinidine, atropine, caffeine) and non-alkaloidal (denatonium benzoate, sucrose octaacetate, naringin), deterred feeding and oviposition by Heliothis virescens (F.) in laboratory and field cage experiments. Preliminary electrophysiological studies of gustatory sensilla on the ovipositor of H. virescens provided evidence of 3 neurons, one of which is responsive to sucrose. Preliminary indications are that responses of this neuron may be inhibited by quinine and denatonium benzoate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189720
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nnonagrioides (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sesamia nonagrioides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; calling behaviour ; mating behaviour ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nonagrioides (Lef.) [Lepidoptera:Noctuidae] was studied under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and 16:8 (L:D) regime. The females began calling during the first scotophase following emergence, the peak of calling occurred during the second scotophase and thereafter decreased. Maximum calling was observed between the fourth and sixth hour of the scotophase. The calling pattern varied with age. During the first and second scotophase most of the females were calling continuously, while during the third and fourth scotophase periodic calling was observed. The mean onset of calling was advanced and the mean length of calling per day was increased slightly as the female became older. Females held for 72 h in continuous darkness exhibited an endogenous circadian rhythm of calling. Matings began during the first scotophase following emergence and the peak of mating was observed during the second scotophase. Mated females did not remate. Few males mated more than once during the following scotophases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02343852
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of spectral receptors in the ommatidium of butterfly compound eye determined by polarization sensitivity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Photoreceptor ; Spectral sensitivity ; Vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A butterfly Papilio has 5 types of spectral receptors in the compound eye. The spectral sensitivity of each type peaks in the UV, violet, blue, green, and red wavelengths, respectively. The green type contains two subtypes with and without a UV secondary peak. Here we studied the localization of these spectral receptors within the ommatidium. 2. An ommatidium contains 9 photoreceptors (R1–9), each of which is one of the 5 spectral receptor types. The photoreceptors bear parallel microvilli to form a nontwisted rhabdom, and thereby the photoreceptors are polarization sensitive. 3. We first examined the microvillar orientation by electron microscopy. The microvilli of R1, 2, and 9 are oriented dorso-ventrally (0°), whereas those of R3 and 4 are parallel to the antero-posterior axis (90°). The R5–8 bear microvilli diagonally: 45° for R6 and R8, 135° for R5 and R7. 4. We then recorded spectral and polarization sensitivities from single photoreceptors. The peak angle of the polarization sensitivity (θmax) of the UV, violet, and blue receptors were around 0°, whereas that of the green receptors was around 90°. In the double-peaked green receptors, the θmax at UV was also around 90°. The red receptors showed a θmax at around 35°. The polarization sensitivity ratio (PSmax/PSmin) of the double-peaked green receptors measured at UV was around 4, whereas the ratio of other receptors was around 2. 5. We conclude that R1 and R2 are either UV, violet, or blue receptors whereas R3 and R4 are green receptors. Some R6 and R8 are red receptors. We also conclude that the UV secondary peak in the double-peaked green receptor is not simply attributable to the coupling with UV receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223959
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes by the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Chemoreception ; Lepidoptera ; Microclimate ; Sensory transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In recordings of single unit action potentials, the responses of CO2-receptors in the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera to modulation of CO2-density around a background of 350 ppm were investigated. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in concentration at constant barometric pressure evokes modulation of the spike rate. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in barometric pressure at constant CO2-concentration evokes responses similar to those evoked by concentration modulation. For modulation depths of less than 1.5%, the output modulation depth is linearly related to the input; at higher modulation depths the gain decreases progressively. Using sinusoidal pressure modulation, the frequency dependence of both gain and output noise was determined over a range of 0.05 to 12.8 Hz. With increasing frequency the gain progressively increases at a rate of 2.4 dB/octave up to a maximum of 63 at 3 Hz; at higher frequencies, it decreases rapidly. The threshold sensitivity of the receptors, using input noise amplitude density as a criterion, is broadly tuned, with a minimum of 1 % contrast Hz-0.5 between 0.3 and 3 Hz. Using these figures, it is concluded that the sensory organ is capable of detecting fluctuations in CO2-density of 0.14% or 0.5 ppm. The results are related to the fluctuations in CO2-density which occur in a natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223962
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  • 13
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    Antioxidant alteration ofGlycine max (Fabaceae) defensive chemistry: Analogy to herbivory elicitation (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive chemistry ; alterable ; elicitation ; herbivory ; antioxidant ; Fabaceae ; Glycine max ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The water-soluble antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), proved elicitory to alterable anti-herbivory inGlycine max againstTrichoplusia ni larvae. Elicitation by vitamin C was influenced especially by dose, time after elicitation and space in the plant. Results allow an analogy between antioxidant and herbivory elicitation. Elicitation apparently involves a sulfhydryl-protein-dependent redox mechanism which can be significantly affected by antioxidants. Findings would also support a proposed common redox-based mechanism, involving the plasma membrane, for communication between plant and animal cells and their environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261453
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Cardenolide content, emetic potency, and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus, and their larval host-plant milkweed,Asclepias humistrata, in Florida (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: aposematism ; cardenolide fingerprint ; chemical defense ; emesis ; plant-insect interaction ; migration ; Asclepiadaceae ; Apocynales ; Asclepias humistrata ; milkweed ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterfly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper is the fourth in a series on cardenolide fingerprints of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, Danainae) and their host-plant milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) in the eastern United States. Cardenolide concentrations ofAsclepias humistrata plants from north central Florida ranged from 71 to 710 µg/0.1 g dry weight, with a mean of 417 µg/0.1 g. Monarchs reared individually on these plants contained cardenolide concentrations ranging from 243 to 575 µg/0.1 g dry weight, with a mean of 385 µg/0.1 g. Cardenolide uptake by butterflies was independent of plant concentration, suggesting that sequestration saturation occurs in monarchs fed cardenolide-rich host plants. Thinlayer chromatography resolved 19 cardenolides in the plants and 15 in the butterflies. In addition to humistratin,A. humistrata plants contained several relatively non-polar cardenolides of the calotropagenin series which are metabolized to more polar derivatives in the butterflies. These produced a butterfly cardenolide fingerprint clearly distinct from those previously established for monarchs reared on otherAsclepias species. In emetic assays with the blue jay,Cyanocitta cristata, the 50% emetic dose (ED50) per jay was 57.1 µg, and the average number of ED50 units per butterfly was 13.8, establishing that this important south eastern milkweed produces highly emetic, chemically defended monarchs. Our data provide further support for the use of cardenolide fingerprints of wild-caught monarchs to make ecological predictions concerning defence against natural enemies, seasonal movement and larval host-plant utilization by monarch butterflies during their annual cycle of migration, breeding and overwintering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261450
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Leaf surface chemicals stimulating oviposition byPieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on cabbage (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate ; sinigrin ; glucoiberin ; cabbage ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris rapae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chemical stimulation of oviposition byPieris rapae on cabbage was investigated by leaf washing and extraction. Isolation of the stimulant by various chromatographic techniques was monitored by a bioassay using Sieva bean as a surrogate host plant. Cold water, chloroform, or chloroform followed by cold water washes failed to release the stimulant from leaf surfaces. Boiling water or chloroform followed by methanol was required. The most active stimulatory compound was identified as 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate (glucobrassicin). Other glucosinolates were identified as sinigrin, which was only slightly active, and glucoiberin, which was completely inactive as a stimulant. The significance of the selective response ofP. rapae andP. brassicae to different glucosinolates and the implications of the binding of polar allelochemicals to leaf surfaces is discussed with respect to host utilization and perception mechanisms of pierids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261454
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  • 16
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    Survival of first instar larvae ofDanaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content ofAsclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: first instar survival ; latex ; cardiac glycosides ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias humistrata ; milkweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our paper addresses field survivorship of first instar monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus L., Lep.: Danainae) in relation to the dual cardenolide and latex chemical defenses of the sand hill milkweed plant,Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) growing naturally in north central Florida. Survival of first instar larvae in the field was 11.5% in the first experiment (15–20 April 1990), and dropped to 3.4% in the second experiment (20–30 April). About 30% of the larvae were found glued to the leaf surface by the milkweed latex. Predator exclusion of non-flying inverte-brates by applying “tanglefoot” to the plant stems suggested that the balance of the mortality was due to volant inverte-brates, or to falling and/or moving off the plants. Regression analyses to isolate some of the other variables affecting survivorship indicated that first instar mortality was correlated with (1) increasing cardiac glycoside concentration of the leaves, (2) increasing age of the plants, and (3) the temporal increase in concentration of cardiac glycosides in the leaves. The study also provided confirmatory data of previous studies that wild monarch females tend to oviposit onA. humistrata plants containing intermediate concentrations of cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycoside concentration in the leaves was not correlated with that in the latex. The concentration of cardenolide in the latex is extremely high, constituting an average of 1.2 and 9.5% of the mass of the wet and dry latex, respectively. The data suggest that an increase in water content of the latex is compensated for by an influx of cardenolide with the result that the cardenolide concentration remains constant in the latex systems of plants that are growing naturally. We also observed first instar larvae taking their first bite of milkweed leaves in the field. In addition to confirming other workers findings that monarch larvae possess elaborate “sabotaging” behaviour of the milkweed's latex system, we discovered that several larvae on their first bite involuntarily imbided a small globule of latex and instantly became cataleptic. This catalepsis, lasting up to 10 min, may have been in response to the high concentration of cardenolide present in the latex ofA. humistrata, more than 10 times that in the leaves. The results of the present study suggest that more attention should be directed to plant chemical defenses upon initial attack by first instar insect larvae, rather than attempting correlations of plant chemistry with older larvae that have already passed the early instar gauntlet. The first bite of neonate insects may be the most critical moment for coping with the chemical defenses of many plants and may play a much more important role in the evolution of insect herbivory than has previously been recognized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245886
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    Identification of an oviposition-regulating pheromone in the European grapevine moth,Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 697-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Oviposition-deterring pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; eggs ; fatty acids ; esters of fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The oviposition of the European grapevine moth (EGVM)Lobesia botrana can be deterred by an extract of conspecific eggs corresponding to 20 egg equivalents. The reduction of the oviposition behavior is dose-dependent. Nine chemicals have been extracted from the eggs and identified as straight chain fatty acids and esters of fatty acids. A mixture of these rather simple molecules induces the same levels of deterrence as the total extract. It might be possible to use oviposition regulating pheromone in the future for the control of EGVM populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118323
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    Leaf surface compound fromBrassica oleracea (Cruciferae) induces oviposition byPieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; kairomone ; host plant selection ; indole glucosinolates ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; cabbage ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemicals present on the surface of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves were extracted by dipping these leaves for 3 s in dichloromethane followed by a 3 s dip in methanol. When offered in dual choice bioassays using green paper cards as a substrate, the methanol extract stimulated oviposition activity byPieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) females. The oviposition stimulant was isolated using medium pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, ion-pair HPLC and ion exchange chromatography. Using1H-NMR spectroscopy, the stimulant could be identified as glucobrassicin (3-indolyl-methyl-glucosinolate). When pure glucobrassicin was offered at a dose identical to that in the crude methanol extract, butterflies did not discriminate between these two substrates in a dual choice test. It is argued that a high sensitivity for indole glucosinolates as host recognition factors may confer an adaptive value for these specialist crucifer feeders. The nutritional significance of their precursor tryptophan and the non-volatile nature of the aglycones formed upon enzymic hydrolysis in damaged tissues are proposed as properties of indole glucosinolates that contribute to this possible adaptive advantage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261455
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    Chemical basis of pupal cannibalism in a caterpillar (Utetheisa ornatrix) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 97-102 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; cannibalism ; acquired defense ; phagostimulation ; specific hunger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mothUtetheisa ornatrix derives protection against predation from systemic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) that it sequesters as a larva from its foodplants (Leguminosae,Crotalaria spp.). We here show, in laboratory tests, thatUtetheisa deficient in body PA can make up for the chemical shortfall by cannibalizing pupae. We present evidence indicating that cannibalism in larvae is elicited not by hunger, but possibly by PA deficiency itself, and that in making cannibalistic choices larvae prefer PA-containing over PA-free pupae. PAs themselves, either in crystalline form or as additives to food items, proved phagostimulatory to larvae. In natureUtetheisa tend to pupate away from their foodplant, essentially out of reach of larval attack. The threat of cannibalism may have contributed to the evolution of this pupation behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923618
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    Relative nutritional quality of C3 and C4 grasses for a graminivorous lepidopteran, Paratrytone melane (Hesperiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: C3 and C4 grasses ; Lepidoptera ; Hesperiidae ; Paratrytone melane ; Nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the hypothesis that C4 grasses are inferior to C3 grasses as host plants for herbivorous insects by measuring the relative performance of larvae of a graminivorous lepidopteran, Paratrytone melane (Hesperiidae), fed C3 and C4 grasses. Relative growth rates and final weights were higher in larvae fed a C3 grass in Experiment I. However, in two additional experiments, relative growth rates and final weights were not significantly different in larvae fed C3 and C4 grasses. We examined two factors which are believed to cause C4 grasses to be of lower nutritional value than C3 grasses: foliar nutrient levels and nutrient digestibility. In general, foliar nutrient levels were higher in C3 grasses. In Experiment I, protein and soluble carbohydrates were digested from a C3 and a C4 grass with equivalent efficiencies. Therefore, differences in larval performance are best explained by higher nutrient levels in the C3 grass in this experiment. In Experiment II, soluble carbohydrates were digested with similar efficiencies from C3 and C4 grasses but protein was digested with greater efficiency from the C3 grasses. We conclude (1) that the bundle sheath anatomy of C4 grasses is not a barrier to soluble carbohydrate digestion and does not have a nutritionally significant effect on protein digestion and (2) that P. melane may consume C4 grasses at compensatory rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317268
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    Digestion of uncrushed leaf tissues by leaf-snipping larval Lepidoptera (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 89 (1992), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Digestion ; Larvae ; Mandible ; C4 grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) leaf pieces recovered from the frass of final-instar Paratrytone melane larvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) were composed of 14–22 percent crushed cells and 78–86 percent uncrushed cells, yet approximate digestibilities of soluble carbohydrates and protein averaged 78 and 88 percent, respectively. Therefore, nutrients from uncrushed cells were extracted by P. melane. The ability of P. melane and another leaf-snipping lepidopteran, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Noctuidae), to digest the contents of uncrushed bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in C. dactylon was examined with transmission electron microscopy. Organelles and plasma membranes were digested in the foreguts and midguts of both species. These findings suggest that nutrients in uncrushed leaf cells may be extracted through plasmodesmata and cell wall pores after membranes are digested. The generality of leaf-snipping, vis-a-vis leaf crushing, among larval Lepidoptera was assessed by surveying the mandible morphologies of 202 species. In 82 percent of the species surveyed only incisor regions were present. I conclude that leaf-snipping is a common mode of feeding among phytophagous Lepidoptera and that the digestion of cell contents is efficient despite the fact that few of the cells of ingested plant tissues are crushed.
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    Capture of gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.), andLymantria mathura (L.) males in traps baited with disparlure enantiomers and olefin precursor in the People's Republic of China (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2153-2159 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria mathura ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone ; disparlure ; cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyocta-decane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone traps baited with (+)-disparlure,cis-7,8-epoxy-2methyocta-decane, captured males ofLymantria dispar, L. monacha, andL. mathura in northeastern People's Republic of China.L. dispar responded to the addition of olefin to (+)-disparlure-baited traps in a negative doseresponse manner. Observations on site and seasonal capture ofL. dispar andL. mathura are discussed.
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological activity of (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate, a mimic of the major sex pheromone component of carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2331-2352 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal ; mimic ; (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate ; wind tunnel ; attractant ; electrophysiology ; receptor cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral and electrophysiological activity of a mimic [(Z,E)7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate] of the major sex pheromone component [(Z,E) 9,11,13-tetradecatrienal] of carob moth was assessed. Wind-tunnel bioassays demonstrated that the formate was as effective as natural gland extracts, and significantly more effective than the trienal alone or than the trienal blended with two minor pheromone components, in evoking source contact. Dispensers containing the formate were as effective as trienal-containing blend lures in attracting males when placed at the same dosage in traps in date gardens. Single-cell recordings showed that at least two olfactory neurons, differentiated by spike amplitude, are located in the long trichoid hairs on male carob moth antennae. Dose-response relationships indicated that puffs from cartridges loaded with at least 0.1 μg of the formate or of the trienal were necessary to elicit spiking by either the small or the large-spiking cell within a sensillum. Cross-adaptation studies demonstrated that both compounds stimulated the same large-spiking cell. The frequencies of spikes evoked from the large cell when stimulated by emissions from 0.1-μg, 1-μg, or 10-μg cartridges of either the formate or the trienal were not significantly different, suggesting that the formate is an effective mimic of the trienal at the antennal receptor cell level.
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    Evaluation of flavonoids inGossypium arboreum (L.) cottons as potential source of resistance to tobacco budworm (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 105-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; Gossypium arboreum ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance ; allelochemicals ; flavonoids ; gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside ; gossypetin 8-0-glucoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals. However, we found that larvae fedG. arboreum squares (buds) grew about equally compared with those fed squares from commercialG. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance was found in severalG. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In our investigation of allelochemicals, G.arboreum lines were found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds), and petals thanG. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were significantly higher inG. arboreum lines only in petals. Of 22G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW, moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid isolates fromG. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent flavonoids, all previously found in G.arboreum plant tissues, were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside, neither of which were present inG. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin 3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3′-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0-glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0-glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding.
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    Attraction ofHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to volatiles from extracts of cotton flowers (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 907-914 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton ; gossypium hirsutum ; oviposition ; attractant ; floral extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths,Heliothis virescens (F.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L. Significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. Only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract of cotton squares, flowers (including bracts), or flower petals. After landing, most of the moths examined the dispensers by probing with their antennae, proboscis, and/or ovipositor.
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    Influence of cabbage proteinase inhibitorsin situ on the growth of larvalTrichoplusia ni andPieris rapae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1009-1024 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Artogeia rapae ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pieridae ; trypsin inhibitors ; chymotrypsin inhibitors ; serine proteinase inhibitors ; cabbage ; Cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors are proteins that are developmentally regulated in foliage of cabbage plants, appearing at high concentrations in young foliage on mature plants. This temporal and spacial regulation of foliar proteinase inhibitors is synchronized with the appearance and distribution of foliar feeding Lepidoptera. When insects were allowed to select their feeding sites, larvalPieris rapae fed on the young foliage of cabbage plants, while larvalTrichoplusia ni fed on the mature foliage on cabbage plants. LarvalP. rapae that fed on mature plants were significantly smaller than larvae feeding on young plants, while there was no significant difference between larvalT. ni feeding on mature plants and those feeding on young plants. Thus, there was a significant inverse correlation between the level of proteinase inhibitory activity in cabbage foliage and larval growth. WhenP. rapae andT. ni were provided with an artificial diet containing total protein (including significant levels of proteinase inhibitors) that was extracted from cabbage foliage, there was a significant reduction in growth and development of both species of Lepidoptera.
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    Qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatiles and pheromone gland extracts collected fromGalleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1255-1268 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Gallerinae ; Galleria mellonella ; greater wax moth ; sex pheromone gland ; nonanoic acid ; undecanoic acid ; 1-nonanol ; 1-undecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analyses of pheromone-gland extracts and volatiles released by maleGalleria mellonella (L.), the greater wax moth, resulted in the identification and quantification of the aldehydes, primary alcohols, and fatty acids of nonane and undecane. Adult females released none of these six compounds. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in the gland extracts were 19.0% undecanal, 3.9% nonanal, 48.3% 1-undecanol, and 28.8% 1-nonanol. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in volatiles collected during the first hour of scotophase from moths 1 to 9 days old were 77.4% undecanal, 20.8% nonanal, 1.46% 1-undecanol, and 0.36% 1-nonanol. Age did not significantly affect the amount of each compound collected. The collection of volatiles from moths 3 to 5 days old during a 12-hr scotophase indicated that production was greatest during the first and third quarters of the period. Methylation of group volatile samples allowed the quantification of the fatty acids.
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    Abraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene in the female sex pheromone (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone identification ; (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyhepta-decadiene ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene ; Abraxas grossulariata ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene have been identified in female sex pheromone gland extracts ofAbraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The compounds were detected by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and identified by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amounts of hydrocarbon and epoxide were 0.13 and 0.42 ng/female, respectively. These identifications were confirmed by synthesis; the absolute configuration of the epoxide remains to be determined. Another isomeric epoxide, (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene, was tentatively identified in small amounts (0.04 ng/female). Racemic (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene elicited the largest electroantennogram response within a series of heptadecadiene and nonadecadiene monoepoxides and the corresponding trienic hydrocarbons and, in field tests, attracted maleA. grossulariata into traps. Addition of 10% (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene to this epoxide enhanced attractiveness; addition of (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene had no effect at low proportions while higher proportions caused a reduction in the numbers of males caught.
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    Multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1901-1912 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; pheromone ; bioassay ; wind-tunnel ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubil-alis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentms grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was demonstrated using wind-tunnel and field bioassays. In wind-tunnel bioassays, three Florisii fractions from female wasps (hexane, 5%, and 50% ether in hexane) and one from male wasps (50% ether in hexane) were attractive to males. The hexane and 5% ether in hexane fractions each elicited similar male behavioral responses. These included upwind anemotaxis, casting, landing on the source, wing fanning, and mating attempts between males. The 50% ether in hexane fraction, whether male- or female-derived, initiated a strong flight response by males but few landings on the source. In addition, the 50% ether in hexane fraction was found to synergize strongly the hexane fraction. All females tested in the wind tunnel gave no responses to male- or female-derived extracts. Field tests generally supported the wind-tunnel results, although no field attraction was observed for the 5% ether in hexane fraction.
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    Sex pheromone components of the giant looper,Boarmia selenaria schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification, synthesis, electrophysiological evaluation, and behavioral activity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 165-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Boarmia selenaria ; giant looper ; sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3R,4S)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene, anantiomers ; enantioselective synthesis ; EAG ; wind tunnel ; field tests ; precursor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-Epoxynonadecadiene9a and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene have been identified as sex pheromone components in female ovipositor extracts and effluvia of the geometridBoarmia selenaria. The identification was based on relative retention times on gas chromatographic columns, GC-MS, chemical enantioselective syntheses, EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral experiments, and field tests. A single female ovipositor extract contained an average of 42 ng of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and 2 ng of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene.EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral studies, and field tests demonstrated that maleB. selenaria exhibit preferential attraction for the (3S,4R)-enantiomer of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene. Only in effluvia and ovipositor extracts of calling females was (Z,Z)-6,9-cis- 3,4-epoxynonadecadiene detected, whereas relatively high amounts of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene were found in noncalling females. Wind-tunnel behavioral studies showed that (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene did not elicit any response in the males, and when tested in combination with a mixture of monoepoxynonadecadienes, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene decreased the observed behavioral responses. A possible precursor role for (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene in the pheromonal system is discussed.
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    Biological activity and in vivo degradation of tritiated female sex pheromone in the male European corn borer (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 283-298 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; tritiated pheromone ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; sensory biochemistry ; catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isomers of [11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mM) were synthesized. Behavioral assay of the two compounds using Z- and E-type European corn borer (ECB) males showed that introduction of tritons into the double bond of the pheromone caused a significant isotope effect in the E-type ECB but not in the Z-type ECB. Measurements of tritium associated with the male antennae after a 3-min exposure showed that radioactivity equivalent to 10−7 mol pheromone was adsorbed onto male antennae. Time-course in vivo metabolic studies with picogram amounts of compound applied topically to antennae of E- and Z-type males and Z-type females showed that they metabolized pheromone similarly but females degraded pheromone more slowly than males. Pheromone was hydrolyzed, and the only other major radiolabeled metabolite observed by combined high-pressure liquid chromatography-radiodetection was tritiated water. Capillary gas chromatography and radiomonitoring permitted detection of a trace amount of 11-tetradecenoic acid, which indicated alcohol oxidase activity is associated with the antennae. Evidence shows that clearing of pheromone from the ECB male antennae involves hydrolysis and oxidation of the alcohol to fatty acid, which in turn is degraded, probably via β-oxidation, to carbon dioxide and water.
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    Filamentous nature of pheromone plumes protects integrity of signal from background chemical noise in cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; inhibitor ; (Z)-7-dodecenol ; wind tunnel ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-7-Dodecenol failed to interrupt pheromone-mediated anemotactic responses by male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a wind tunnel when released 5 cm crosswind on both sides of the pheromone source or 10 cm upwind of the source to create an overlapping plume downwind. Significant inhibitory effects of (Z)-7-dodecenol were observed when released with the six-component pheromone blend from the same septum or abutting septa. These results indicate that (Z)-7-dodecenol needs to be received simultaneously with the pheromone blend to inhibit the anemotactic responses of males to the sex pheromone. We suggest that this feature and the filamentous nature of pheromone plumes render pheromone signals relatively protected from background chemical noise that may originate from pheromone plumes of other insect species. Unless filaments from a pheromone signal and an inhibitor arrive simultaneously, the integrity of the signal is maintained.
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    Biological evidence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone inLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; oviposition-deterring pheromone ; oviposition ; Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) usually deposit isolated eggs on flowers and berries of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). We have investigated whether an epideictic pheromone could be present on the egg surface to explain this spacing behavior. About 21,000 eggs ofL. botrana were washed in cold methanol, and the biological activity was tested in a two-choice bioassay offering treated and nontreated areas. Different dilutions of the extract were tested in methanol, which was inactive alone. At the dose of four egg equivalents per microliter of extract, the number of eggs laid by theL. botrana females was reduced by as much as 57% on the treated areas compared to nontreated areas. A longer-term suppression of oviposition (at least 24 hr) following an exposure to the extract occurred for two doses (0.6 and 4.0 eggs/μl) of egg extract. Our results strongly suggest the occurrence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) on the eggs ofL. botrana. The ecological value of these results is discussed.
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    6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one: A Bermuda grass phagostimulant to fall armyworm (lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 673-682 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemistry ; Bermuda grass ; Cynodon dactylon ; phagostimulant ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; 6,10, 14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A phagostimulant, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-1-one (phytone), was isolated and identified from Bermuda grass,Cynodon dactylon (L.). The phagostimulant activity of this isoprenoid ketone was established from bioassays of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Larvae displayed increased body mass accumulation as well as preference to diet supplemented with this molecule. Neonate larvae fed diet supplemented with chromatographic isolates of phytone-containing fractions from six Bermuda grass cultivars showed a 10–40% increase in body mass accumulation as compared with controls. This variation in larval body mass accumulation seems attributable to a differential concentration of phytone in the cultivars, which ranged from 0.5 to 43 ppm. Additionally, first-instar larvae responded preferentially to diet pellets topically treated with phytone in concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm.
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    Floral volatiles ofTanacetum vulgare L. attractive toLobesia botrana den. et schiff. females (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 693-701 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Vitis vinifera ; Tanacetum vulgare ; tansy ; grapevine ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Compositae ; plant-insect relationships ; olfaction ; allelochemicals ; terpenoids ; coupling GC-EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The European grapevine moth (EGVM),Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N=15):p-cymene,d-limonene,α-thujene,α-thujone,β-thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed.
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    Activity of perfluorobutyl-containing components in pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 737-748 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone blend kwTrichoplusia ni ; flight behavior ; flight tunnel ; pheromone analog ; perfluoroalkyl substitution ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Substitution of nine hydrogens by nine fluorines in the butyl terminus of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the major component of the pheromone blend of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), produces a highly volatile analog that is significantly less active as a replacement for the natural pheromone component, either alone or substituted in the sixcomponent pheromone blend of this species. When 9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12, 12-nonafluoro-(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (nf-Z7-12: OAc) was tested in a wind tunnel as a single component or as part of the six-component blend, males exhibited preflight activation, but they did not orient in the pheromone plume and fly upwind over a five-decade range of doses at levels comparable with those of the natural component and blend. Addition of large amounts of nf-Z7-12:OAc to the optimal dose of the natural blend also did not effect flight arrestment as when increased amounts of Z7-12:OAc were added. The nonafluoro (nf) analog of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, a minor component in theT. ni blend, did not affect male behavior when substituted in the sixcomponent blend, and substitution of both nf analogs in the natural blend produced the same results as observed for blends containing nf-Z7-12:OAc. The lack of an effect with substitution of nf-Z9-14:OAc is discussed in relation to the reported redundancy in the action of minor components inT. ni.
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    Reassessment of interaction between gut detergents and tannins in lepidoptera and significance for gypsy moth larvae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1437-1453 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tannins ; phenolics ; surface tension ; surfactants ; lysolecithin ; lysophosphatidylcholine ; lipids ; detergents ; protein ; Lymantria dispar L. ; gypsy moth ; Lepidoptera ; Lymontriidae ; red oak ; Quercus rubra L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Surface-active lysophospholipids are thought to interfere with tannin-protein interactions and may comprise an adaptation in Lepidoptera to tannin-rich diets. We found several lysophospholipids and phospholipids at about eight times the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the midguts of gypsy moth larvae, which exhibited appropriately reduced surface tensions. We confirmed the interfering activity of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin) in a model astringency assay using tannic acid and hemoglobin (hemanalysis), but discovered that tannic acid and red oak tannin extracts precipitate the lipid from simulated midgut solutions quantitatively, even at pH 10. Leaf tannin extracts from trees on which gypsy moths grew and reproduced poorly precipitated lysolecithin more effectively than did extracts from trees on which gypsy moths performed well. Adding tannic acid to midgut fluid elevated surface tension, and about 25% of larvae feeding on oak leaves exhibited elevated midgut surface tension, suggesting a loss of surfactants. Larvae appear able to replace lost surfactants to a limited degree. An important effect of leaf tannins, and perhaps other phenolics, may be to reduce concentrations of surface-active phospholipids in the midgut and produce lipid or other dietary deficiencies in insects.
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    Performance characteristics of a commercial controlled-release dispenser of sex pheromone for control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) by mating disruption (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2177-2189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; controlled release ; mating disruption ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Performance characteristics of polyethylene tube dispensers containing a mixture of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (1), dodecan-1-ol (2), and tetradecan-1-ol (3) were evaluated for suitability as a mating disruptant for codling moth control. The rate of loss of pheromone component from a dispenser at any time was found to be described by the equation: −dP/dt=(k 1 k 2 +k d)P whereP is the amount of pheromone component in the dispenser well;t is time;k 1 is the ratio of the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall to the amount in the dispenser well;k 1 is the ratio of the evaporation rate to the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall;k d is the rate constant for chemical decomposition. The evaporation rate,E, of a pheromone component at any time was given by:E=k 1 k 2 P For all three components during the first three weeks,k 1 decreased from ca. 0.25 to ca. 0.10 and was approximately constant thereafter. The decrease ofk 1 with time may have been caused by weather-induced cross-linking of the polyethylene. Over timek 2 was constant and was 1.27 ± 0.26 × 10−3/hr for1, 1.96 ± 0.33 × 10su−3/hr for 2, and 0.31± 0.05 × 10−3/hr for 3. Thek 2 was zero for2 and3 and 6.96 × 10−4 for1. After 150 days in an orchard in 1991, 95% of1 was lost from the dispensers (61% of the loss was by chemical decomposition and 39% by evaporation). The heat summation units in a Yakima valley orchard during 1991 were 4.7% above the average for the 1980–1991 period, while during 1990 they were the highest for this period (26% above average). After the first three weeks of dispenser aging, the regression line half-lives for1 for 1990 and 1991 were 31.0 and 35.1 days, respectively. The difference in temperature between 1990 and 1991 did not affect the half-life of1 very much because so much of the loss was from photochemically induced decomposition. Based on an estimate of the required minimum evaporation rate for mating disruption of 2 mg/ha-hr and a half-life of 35 days for1, 2345 dispensers/ha would be required for one application per season; 944 dispensers/ha for two applications per season; and 734 dispensers/ha for three applications per season. If a different emission rate of1 is required for reliable mating disruption, then the number of dispensers required would be changed proportionately.
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    Identification and synthesis of insect pheromone XXX. Sex pheromone of mulberry clearwing mothParadoxecia pieli Lieu (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 419-425 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; mulberry clearwing moth ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Paradoxecia pieli L. (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-yl acetate ; (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol ; single cell recording ; EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E,Z)-3,13-OctadecadienyI acetate (1a) and (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol(2a) were identified from the sex pheromone gland of the virgin female mulberry clearwing mothParadoxecia pieli L., by GC analysis, EAG, SCR survey, and field bioassay. One female equivalent contained 250 ng of1a and 30 ng of2a. In the field tests, 100μg of synthetic1a was attractive to male moths of the species.
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    A potential kairomone stimulates pheromone-responsive receptor neurons inUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect olfaction ; electrophysiology ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; hydroxydanaidal ; male-produced ; pheromone ; olfactory receptor neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory receptor neurons in basiconic sensilla on the antennae ofUtetheisa ornatrix, which, in females, had earlier been shown to be responsive to stimulation with hydroxydanaidal (HD), are here shown to be responsive to volatile substances in samples of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These latter substances are secondary plant metabolites present in the host plant of the larvae. Their sequestration during larval life serves to protect all life stages from predation. In males, the PAs also provide precursors for the production of the male pheromone, HD. In females, basiconic receptor neurons begin to respond to stimulus cartridges containing 1 ng of (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal, 100 ng of its isomer, (S)-(+)-hydroxydanaidal, and to volatiles emanating from 10μg of the alkaloids monocrotaline and heliotrine. Receptor neurons in males are generally responsive to the same array of substances but with reduced sensitivity. The dietary background of the adult moths with respect to prior ingestion of PAs does not influence the response capabilities of basiconic receptor neurons to HD or to the volatile components of PAs. Earlier studies in another arctiid (Rhodogastria), had indicated that trace amounts of HD are present in PAs, presumably as their hydrolysis product. Thus we assume that, under natural conditions, HD may be an active component of the volatiles from PAs and may serve as both a male pheromone and a kairomone. Sensitivity to HD could thereby provide information about the location and PA content of potential mates and food plants. Mechanisms that may have resulted in the evolution of a signaling system with these properties are discussed.
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    Identification of male cabbage looper sex pheromone attractive to females (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 441-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Male-produced pheromone ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; female attractant ; linalool ; p-cresol ; m-cresol ; enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent pheromone produced by male cabbage looper moths that is attractive to female moths in a flight tunnel bioassay was isolated and identified. Based on analyses of hairpencil extracts of male cabbage loopers and volatiles emitted by males, the pheromone has been identified as a blend consisting of (S)-(+)-linalool,p-cresol, andm-cresol. The chirality of the major component, (S)-(+)-linalool, is important for behavioral response of females. These pheromonal compounds were also identified as volatiles released by males when males were exposed to the principal pheromone component of female cabbage loopers, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate. The amount of male pheromone released was increased significantly when males were exposed to a combination of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and the odor from cabbage. Neither linalool nor the cresols were detected in volatiles from cabbage or from males exposed to cabbage odor.
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    Effect of kairomones from egg and female adult stages ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) onTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) female kinesis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 761-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma brassicae ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; kairomone ; pheromone ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae biological control ; European corn borer ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile chemicals emanating from the different developmental stages ofOstrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) increase the mobility ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in a linear airflow olfactometer. In this paper, we have demonstrated that airborne chemicals from egg masses and virgin females during calling activity stimulate an intensive search behavior byTrichogramma females. On the other hand, emanations from mated females with extruded abdominal tips do not incite the parasitoid's movement. For the moment we cannot elucidate, with these bioassays, the real role of these kairomones as attractants, guides, stimulants, or retainers.
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    Diel periodicity and influence of age and mating on sex pheromone titer in gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 749-760 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone glandtiter ; diel periodicity ; age effect ; mating effect ; cis-7 ; 8-epoxy-2-methylocta-decane ; 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The diel periodicity of sex pheromone titer from pheromone glands of femaleLymantria dispar is described. On the day of emergence (day 0), pheromone titer was generally low; means ranged from 1 to 4 ngcis- 7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane during photophase and gradually increased to 8.4 ng over the course of scotophase. For day-1, -2, and -3 females, the diel fluctuations of titer were more pronounced. Lowest titers (5–9 ng) occurred 0–4 hr after lights-on, and peak titers (19–32 ng) were found 0–4 hr before lights-off. Comparison of the average daily titer among the different age groups (data pooled over six time points at 4-hr intervals) indicated that significantly less pheromone was extracted from glands of day-0 (4.5 ng) than day-1 (12.4 ng), day-2 (15.4 ng), or day-3 females (13.5 ng). No significant differences were found among the three older ages. Femalesin copula exhibited a rapid reduction in titer within the first 0.5 hr of mating initiation (7.6 ng vs. 19.5 ng from virgin females of similar age). After the second 0.5 hr, the reduction in titer was not nearly as marked, falling only to 4.5 ng. Twenty-four hours after mating, titer fell below the limits of detection (0.5 ng). All extracts from pheromone glands of virgin or mated females contained 〈 1.0 ng of the putative pheromone precursor, 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene.
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    Fate of iridoid glycosides in different life stages of the Buckeye,Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 817-831 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Junonia coenia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Plantago lanceo-
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The buckeye butterfly,Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), specializes on plants that contain iridoid glycosides. To determine the fate of these compounds in larvae, pupae, and adults of this species, we reared larvae on artificial diets with and without iridoid glycosides, and on leaves of a host plant,Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Quantification by gas chromatography showed that newly molted third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae reared on leaves ofP. lanceolata contained means of 5.13, 2.88, and 6.83% dry weight iridoid glycoside. In contrast, the mean iridoid glycoside concentration of actively feeding fifth-instar larvae was 0.28% dry weight, that of pupae was 0.19% dry weight iridoids, and adults contained no detectable iridoids. Feeding experiments suggested that this reduction in actively feeding larvae was due to the metabolism of iridoid glycosides.P. lanceolata leaves in these experiments contained a mean of 1.00% dry weight iridoid glycoside, with a 2:1 ratio of aucubin to catalpol. Calculation of iridoid consumption and utilization indices showed that larvae fed artificial diets consumed, digested, and sequestered aucubin and catalpol in similar ways. When these indices were calculated for larvae fed leaves ofP. lanceolata, catalpol was sequestered twice as efficiently as aucubin.
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    d-(+)-Pinitol, an oviposition stimulant for the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 799-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Battus philenor ; Papilionidae ; Lepidoptera ; Aristolochia macrophylla ; Aristolochiaceae ; learning ; d-pinitol ; sequoyitol ; myo-inositol ; cyclitols ; oviposition stimulant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by females of the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor, was stimulated by contact with alcoholic extracts of host foliage.d-(+)-Pinitol was isolated and identified from leaf material of one host species,Aristolochia macrophylla (Aristolochiaceae). In combination with chloroform-soluble components of host leaf material, this compound was comparable to the parent extract in stimulating oviposition.
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    Calling behavior and pheromone titer in the smaller tea tortrix moth,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 855-861 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Calling behavior ; pheromone titer ; Adoxophyes sp ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The calling behavior and pheromone titer in the female smaller tea tortrix moth,Adoxophyes sp., were investigated under a 14∶10-hr light-dark photoperiod. Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of ovipositor extract for (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14∶Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14∶Ac), the major pheromone components of this species, obtained on the third day postemergence, indicated that extractable amounts of sex pheromone were present throughout the period of observation. Maximal pheromone titer and calling activity was reached at 8 and 10 hr after onset of scotophase, respectively. The ratio ofZ11–14∶Ac toZ9–14∶Ac through the 24-hr period varied significantly. The significance of the sex pheromone component ratio variation on the attraction of males was tested in a field experiment. The ratio of males trapped by the most attractive blend versus the least attractive one was 2.16.
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    Feeding stimulatory and inhibitory chemicals from an acceptable nonhost plant forManduca sexta: Improved detection by larvae deprived of selected chemosensory organs (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 885-895 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; food selection ; nonhosts ; extracts ; sensory deprivation ; Vigna sinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical basis of feeding responses to the acceptable nonhost plantVigna sinensis (cowpea) by larvae ofManduca sexta was investigated using chemical isolation techniques directed by a novel chemosensory-based bioassay. The presence of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in leaves or leaf extracts was determined in a two-choice preference test using leaf disks or glass fiber filter paper disks laced with leaf extract as test substrate and filter paper disks laced with water as control. Larvae strongly prefer the control disks over leaf disks, indicating the presence of feeding inhibitory compounds in the leaf. An ethanol extract of both fresh and dried leaves neither stimulated nor inhibited feeding. The cause of this inactivity was examined by using larvae that respond strongly to either feeding stimulatory or inhibitory compounds due to selective chemosensory deprivation. Larvae having chemosensory organs remaining only on the maxillary palps are stimulated to feed by whole leaf disks and by the ethanol extracts. In contrast, larvae having only the medial and lateral maxillary sensilla styloconica and the epipharyngeal sensilla remaining are strongly inhibited by whole leaf disks and the ethanol extract of fresh leaves. Thus, the ethanol extract contains both feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds, which elicit opposite behavioral effects in unoperated larvae, therefore nullifying any stimulatory and inhibitory activity. These compounds can only be demonstrated by using discrimination-enhanced larvae in the choice tests. Further isolation of the feeding stimulatory principle inV. sinensis yielded two separate fractions of neutral compounds, suggesting at least two different chemicals belonging to two different classes: nonpolar and polar lipids. Feeding inhibitory chemicals have apparently polar properties because strong activity was found in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of dried leaves. The role of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in food selection ofM. sexta larvae is discussed.
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    Sex attractants for the white-barred groundling moth (Recurvaria leucatella clerck) and the lesser bud moth (R. nanella Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1093-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; (3E,5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate ; (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Recurvaria leucatella ; Recurvaria nanella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field tests synthetic (3E,5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate was found to attract large numbers of males ofRecurvaria leucatella Clerck into sticky traps. The other geometrical isomers did not influence catches. Of the corresponding monoenic compounds, (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate was highly attractive to a close relative,Recurvaria nanella Hübner. The catches of the latter species were suppressed by higher amounts of (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate added to the bait, and the addition of (3E)-3-tetradecenol or (3Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate was without effect. The attractive compounds can be used in traps for monitoring the two pests.
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    Technique for using microencapsulated terpenes in lepidopteran artificial diets (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 543-560 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artificial diets ; Choristoneura occidentalism ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Douglas fir ; microencapsulated terpenes ; monoterpenes ; multiple generation bioassay ; nutritional ecology ; oxygenated monoterpenes ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; western spruce budworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed and tested a technique to microencapsulate terpene compounds by forming gelatin-walled microcapsules around the terpene essential oils. Eight terpenes that are common constituents of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) oleoresin were encapsulated, including five monoterpenes (α-pinene,β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, and limonene) and three oxygenated monoterpenes (bornyl acetate, linalool, andβ-citronellol). The encapsulated terpenes were mixed into artificial diets to determine the effects they had on western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) survival and reproduction, using a three-generation bioassay. We describe the technique and present data from preliminary bioassays with seven of the terpenes to demonstrate thatC. occidentalis larvae would consume diets fortified with microencapsulated terpenes. The technique is useful because it helps to reduce the rate at which terpenes volatilize from the diets and it “packages” the terpenes in a manner more closely resembling the way they are present in the resin canals of plant foliage. Many scientists investigating the biological importance of terpenes in mediating plant-herbivore interactions may find that microencapsulated terpenes are useful in both laboratory diet studies and field and greenhouse experiments with plant material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987818
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    Detrimental effects ofCinchona leaf alkaloids on larvae of the polyphagous insectSpodoptera exigua (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1955-1964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical defense ; Cinchona ; indole alkaloids ; leaf alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; quinoline alkaloids ; root alkaloids ; Spodoptera exigua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract YoungCinchona ledgeriana plants contain two types of alkaloid: indole alkaloids in the leaves and quinoline alkaloids in the root. FromCinchona leaves, a crude alkaloid extract was made, containing the cinchophylline type of indole alkaloids and a small amount of 5-methoxytryptamine. The leaf alkaloid extract exerted a strong detrimental effect on the growth of larvae of the polyphagous beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera). Feeding of larvae on an artificial diet containing the leaf alkaloids at the same concentrations as those found in the plant resulted in significant growth reduction, retardation in development, and mortality of the larvae. Cinchophyllines are composed of 5-methoxytryptamine coupled to a corynantheal unit. When incorporated into the artificial diet, 5-methoxytryptamine alone had no effect on the 5.exigua larvae. Corynantheal, however, had a strong detrimental effect on growth of the larvae, its effect being comparable to that of the leaf alkaloid extract. In contrast to the indole-type leaf alkaloids, the quinolinetypeCinchona root alkaloids did not affect growth and development of the larvae. These results suggest that the indole-type alkaloids, which inCinchona plants are present at the highest concentrations in the young, vulnerable leaflets, are involved in the chemical defense of the plant against herbivorous insects.
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    Defensive role ofAllium sulfur compounds for leek mothAcrolepiopsis assectella Z. (Lepidoptera) against generalist predators (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1991-2002 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; defense ; phytophage ; predation ; sulfur allelochemicals ; Allium ; Formica fusca ; Formica selysi ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Acrole-piopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown previously that sulfur volatiles produced byAllium plants affect the behavior of their specialist phytophages and of their specialist entomophages. The action of these compounds in protecting the leek mothAcrolepiopsis assectella against generalist entomophages was studied in comparison to the proposed original defensive role of these compounds against generalist herbivorous insects. Two ants species,Formica selysi andF. fusca, were used as generalist predators. Six behavioral criteria of the predatory behavior of the ants were studied in presence of the last-instar caterpillars (C5). C5 reared on artificial diets with or without leek components were tested, as well as C5 soaked in frass of leek-reared caterpillars or disulfide solutions. In addition, the response of the ants to pure chemicals found in leek was studied using honey solutions with or without sulfur compounds. The sulfur allelochemicals ofAllium plants have a negative action on predatory ants. Interestingly, the nonvolatile precursors of sulfur volatiles ofAllium plants seem to have a protective role for their phytophagous insects against generalist entomophages.
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    Oviposition preference of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostelld) unaffected by the presence of conspecific eggs orBacillus thuringiensis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2353-2362 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition preference ; preference-performance correlation ; egg-load assessment ; resistance ; toxin ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Neither toxins fromBacillus thuringiensis Berliner nor conspecific eggs deterred oviposition by the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in laboratory choice tests. The finding that toxins did not deter oviposition by moths from a susceptible line shows that oviposition preference and larval survival were not associated in this line. Selection for larval resistance to toxins did not significantly alter oviposition preference, which rules out a strong genetic correlation between larval performance and oviposition preference. Failure of conspecific eggs to deter oviposition may not represent lack of association of preference and performance because other evidence suggests that larval performance may not be greatly affected by larval density. These results suggest that the ability of refuges to slow evolution of physiological resistance toB. thuringiensis toxins will not be magnified by an oviposition preference for untreated foliage.
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    Role of sex pheromone components in behavioral reproductive isolation betweenAutographa gamma (L.) and eitherTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) ORChrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2373-2384 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Autographa gamma ; Trichoplusia ni ; Chrysodeixis chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sympatric Plusiinae ; pheromone specificity ; flight tunnel ; attraction ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The composition of theAutographa gamma sex pheromone was reexamined and only (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenol were identified by capillary GC, GC-MS, and dimethyl disulfide derivatization and subsequent GC-MS analysis. The fatty acid content of the pheromone glands was also studied, and a series of saturated and unsaturated acids was identified. However, most of the related pheromonal compounds were not detected. The male response to the pheromone components was studied in a flight tunnel and compared with the response to calling females. The best synthetic baits evoked a response similar to that observed to the virgin females, but males spent significantly more time at calling females than at the synthetic baits. The preferred synthetic baits consisted of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate alone or of a blend with 5% (Z)-7-dodecenol. Increasing the relative amount of the alcohol caused a gradual reduction in male response, particularly in the last steps of the courtship sequence. The addition of the minor sex pheromone components of the sympatric Plusiinae species,Trichoplusia ni andChrysodeixis chalcites, to theA. gamma pheromone was also investigated in the flight tunnel. Some of these components exhibited a significantly antagonistic effect on theA. gamma male courtship behavior. The most potent antagonists were (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. The response ofA. gamma andT. ni males to conspecific and heterospecific females was also compared in the flight tunnel. WhereasA. gamma males were attracted only to their conspecific females, a small percentage ofT. ni males were also attracted toA. gamma females and 11% performed the whole courtship sequence.
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    Female sex pheromone of oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field testing (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 403-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa assulta ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; hexadecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; hexadecan-1-ol ; (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings from virgin femaleHelicoverpa assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptere: Noctuidae) from Korea by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography and GC linked to mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of nine compounds, hexadecanal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, hexadecan-l-ol, (Z)-9-hexadecen-l-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. However, ovipositor washings from females from Thailand contained mainly the 16-carbon aldehydes with very small amounts of (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate. Field tests conducted in Korea, China, and Thailand indicated that a binary blend of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal was sufficient for attraction, although the most attractive ratio of compounds varied with location. In Korea a 20∶1 blend of compounds was the most attractive, while in Thailand a 7.5∶1 blend was most attractive. In China both blends of hexadecenal isomers were equally attractive. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 20∶1 blend of hexadecenals in the ratio of 1∶3.3 increased the trap catch of maleH. assulta compared to lures containing the aldehydes alone in Korea but reduced trap catch in China. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 7.5∶1 blend of hexadecenals had no significant effect on trap catch in Thailand or China compared to the aldehydes alone. The addition of the 16-carbon alcohols to the aldehydes had a significantly inhibitory effect in all three countries, suggesting they are not pheromone components. Taken together these results indicate thatH. assulta is polymorphic with at least two populations responding to different sex pheromones.
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    Influence of life history differences of two tachinid parasitoids ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on their interactions with glandular trichome/methyl ketone-based insect resistance in tomato (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 499-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitism ; Archytas marmoratus ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; tomato ; Lycopersicon hirsutum ; glandular trichomes ; Helico-verpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; trilevel interaction ; 2-undecanone ; 2-tridecanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of glandular trichome/methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone) -based insect resistance in the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, onArchytas marmoratus (Townsend) andEucelatoria bryani (Sabrosky) (Diptera: Tachinidae), both parasitoids ofHelicoverpa (=Heliothis)zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were investigated in the laboratory.A. marmoratus deposits larvae (planidia) on the foliage of its host's food plant; planidia attach to passing hosts, penetrate the cuticle, and develop in the host pupae.E. bryani larviposits directly into its host; its larvae develop in the host larva.A. marmoratus planidia are killed by glandular trichomes of PI 134417 and also by trichomes of hybrid lines with no methyl ketones. The methyl ketones are toxic to planidia, but at least part of the effect is due to other factors, possibly physical entanglement. Both species can be affected indirectly by methyl ketones in the diet of the host. 2-Undecanone reduces the percentage ofA. marmoratus larvae that reach pupation. This effect is evidently due to premature death and desiccation of the host pupa caused by 2-undecanone. 2-Tridecanone in host diets had no effect onA. marmoratus. InE. bryani, 2-tridecanone in the diet of the host reduced the number of parasitoids yielded by each parasitized host, although not the overall percentage of hosts parasitized. 2-Undecanone in the diet of the host had no effect onE. bryani.
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    Feeding response of the silkworm,Bombyx mori, to UV irradiation of mulberry leaves (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 561-569 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: UV irradiation ; Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombycidae ; mulberry leaf ; sucrose ; electrophysiology ; sensilla responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of mulberry leaves caused a reduced feeding response inBombyx mori larvae (ca. 22% reduction in consumption as compared with control). Sucrose content of the foliage decreased after exposure to UV irradiation (0.5 mW/cm2 for 1 hr. Electrophysiological responses of the sensilla styloconica-I to sucrose concentration (ca. 0–80 mg/g) showed a reduced response to UV-irradiated foliage when compared with the control. From feeding, gustatory, and electrophysiological responses, as well as the measurement of sucrose contents of the leaves, we concluded that the reduced feeding response to UV-irradiated leaves is due to the reduced sucrose content of the mulberry leaves, thus reducing pleogostimulatory levels.
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    Avoidance of antinutritive plant defense: Role of midgut pH in Colorado potato beetle (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 571-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Colorado potato beetle ; Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; phenolics ; poly-phenol oxidase ; peroxidase ; chlorogenic acid ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; host-plant resistance ; midgut pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The fate of the tomato foliar phenolic, chlorogenic acid, in the digestive systems of Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) andHelicoverpa tea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is compared. In larvalH. zea and other lepidopteran species previously examined, approximately 35–50% of the ingested chlorogenic acid was oxidized in the digestive system by foliar phenolic oxidases (i.e., polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) from the tomato plant. The oxidized form of chlorogenic acid, chlorogenoquinone, is a potent alkylator of dietary protein and can exert a strong antinutritive effect upon larvae through chemical degradation of essential amino acids. In contrast, inL. decemlineata less than 4% of the ingested dose of chlorogenic acid was bound to protein. In vitro experiments to determine the influence of pH on covalent binding of chlorogenic acid to protein showed that 30–45% less chlorogenic acid bound to protein at pHs representative of the beetle midgut (pH 5.5–6.5) than at a pH representing the lepidopteran midgut (pH 8.5). At an acidic pH, considerably more of the alkylatable functional groups of amino acids (−NH2, −SH) are in the nonreactive, protonated state. Hence, polyphenol oxidases are unlikely to have significant antinutritive effects against the Colorado potato beetle and may not be a useful biochemical source of resistance against this insect. The influence of feeding by larval Colorado potato beetle on foliar polyphenol oxidase activity in tomato foliage and its possible significance to interspecific competition is also considered.
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    Introduction of methyl groups to acetate substituted chain of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of turnip moth,agrotis segetum: synthesis, single-sensillum recordings, and structure-activity relationships (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 637-657 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analog ; methyl substitution ; structure-activity ; single-sensillum recordings ; receptor interaction ; conformational analysis ; molecular mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methyl-substituted analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, have been synthesized and studied by electrophysiological single-sensillum recordings and molecular mechanics calculations [MM2(85)]. The analogs are monomethyl substituted in the 2, 3, 4, and 5 positions and geminally dimethyl substituted in the 2, 3, and 4 positions. The methyl groups have been employed as space probes to study the degree of steric complementarity between the acetate-substituted alkyl chain of the pheromone component and its receptor. The electrophysiological activities, interpreted in terms of a receptor interaction model, indicate significant steric repulsive interactions between the introduced methyl groups and the receptor. This implies a high degree of complementarity between the acetate-substituted alkyl chain of the natural pheromone component and its receptor.
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    Laboratory colonization has not reduced constitutive or induced polysubstrate monooxygenase activity in velvetbean caterpillars (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1313-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemical ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; detoxification ; field strain ; flavone ; Indigofera hirsuta ; induction ; laboratory colony ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; polysubstrate monooxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated whether velvetbean caterpillars (Anticarsia gemmatalis) from a laboratory colony had reduced constitutive (basal) and/or induced activities of their polysubstrate monooxygenase (PSMO) detoxification enzyme system as a result of long-term rearing (〉 100 generations) on artificial diet without introduction of field-collected individuals. Larvae from the laboratory colony and those from a recently collected field strain were fed either a standard artificial diet (control), one containing the inducing allelochemical, flavone, or foliage ofIndigofera hirsuta (a host plant of this species), and their midgut PSMO activity was assessed by measuring the in vitro rate of aldrin epoxidation. Compared with the field-strain larvae, caterpillars from the laboratory colony had 1.9-fold greater constitutive activity (standard artificial diet) and 2.3-fold greater induced activity (flavone-treated diet). In addition, the magnitude of induction was somewhat greater for the laboratory-colony larvae (induced activity was 2.0-fold greater than constitutive activity) compared with those from the field-strain (1.6-fold). In contrast, no difference in strain activity was found when larvae were fedI. hirsuta foliage. The lower PSMO activity of the field-strain larvae when fed artificial diet may have been caused by their reduced feeding and growth performance compared with laboratory-colony larvae, and it may explain their greater sensitivity to allelochemicals incorporated in the artificial diet, as we found previously. The results of this study indicate that long-term rearing of theA. gemmatalis laboratory colony on artificial diet, without the introduction of field individuals, apparently has not selected for low constitutive activity or decreased inducibility of PSMO, and thus these larvae provide a suitable model for studying xenobiotic detoxication. In addition, they suggest that using an artificial diet to evaluate resistance to pesticides or other xenobiotics in fieldcollected insects, as is frequently done, may underestimate the level of resistance if the diet, through various causes, reduces the activity of detoxification enzymes contributing to the resistance.
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    Attraction of male turnip mothsAgrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to sex pheromone components and their mixtures at 11 sites in Europe, Asia, and Africa (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1337-1347 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; field trapping ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; geographical population variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Selected combinations of (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetates, the pheromone components of the turnip mothAgrotis Segetum were tested for field attractancy at six, two, and three sites in Europe, Asia, and Africa, respectively. At all of the sites in Eurasia and in northern Africa the ternary mixture of the acetates captured most males, while at the sites south of the Sahara in Africa, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate alone was responsible for attraction. Differences in male attraction among the populations studied confirm the existence of significant population variation in the pheromone ofA. segetum. Interpretation of the present results together with earlier studies suggests that this variation is more or less continuous in Eurasia and north Africa, while a clearly distinct pheromone type is present in the areas south of the Sahara desert.
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    Chemical composition of sex pheromone of oriental fruit moth and rates of release by individual female moths (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1421-1435 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grapholita molesta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; effluvium ; release rates ; GC-MS ; (E/Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone emitted by individual calling females of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta, was trapped within glass capillaries, and the composition and release rates were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aerial release of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ranged up to 25.3 ng/hr, while the mean release rate was 8.48 ± 7.26 ng/hr (±SD). The proportion of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate to (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate was remarkably constant (4.20 ± 0.60%). Significant amounts of dodecyl acetate were also recovered but, contrary to previous reports, only trace quantities of (Z)-8-dodecenol were detected in the effluvium.
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    Magnolia virginiana Neolignan compounds as chemical barriers to swallowtail butterfly host use (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1661-1671 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Papilio palamedes ; Papilio troilus ; Papilio glaucus ; Hyphantria cunea ; Papilionidae ; Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera ; swallowtail butterfly ; magnolol ; 5,5′-diallyl-2 ; 2′-dihydroxybiphenyl ; 4,4′-diallyl-2′ ; 3′-dihydroxybiphenyl ether ; herbivore-plant ; toxins ; deterrents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of toxins and deterrents in preventingtroilus group species (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) from feeding on magnoliaceous hosts was investigated using bioassay-directed isolation ofMagnolia virginiana allelochemicals. A fraction consisting of three neolignan compounds significantly reduced survival of first instarP. palamedes, atroilus group member. Two of these compounds, magnolol and a biphenyl ether, were tested individually and were both toxic toP. palamedes. The larval survival ofP. troilus, anothertroilus group species, was also significantly reduced by magnolol but not by the biphenyl ether. In contrast,P. glaucus, a polyphagousglaucus group species that feeds on magnoliaceous hosts, was not affected by either compound. The effect of these compounds against a. polyphagous nonpapilionid was examined using the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). The biphenyl ether but not magnolol significantly lowered webworm first-instar survival, demonstrating that polyphagy does not preadapt lepidopterans to feeding on this neolignan. These results demonstrate that although phagostimulants play a role in the specialization of thetroilus group on the Lauraceae, the presence of toxins and/or deterrents in nonhosts is also important in determining food plant patterns in these species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993237
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