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  • Lepidoptera  (132)
  • Springer  (132)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (132)
  • 1993  (75)
  • 1991  (57)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (132)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mode of action ofBacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Diptera ; crystal proteins ; Cyt proteins ; pathogenesis ; cytotoxicity ; solubility ; receptor binding ; pore formation ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380641
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A sex attractant for male Swammerdamia pyrella (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 95-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Swammerdamia pyrella ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex attractant ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367173
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential selection of host plants by twoPieris species: the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Cruciferae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; stimulant ; deterrent ; insect-plant interaction ; host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea Harris to nine crucifers, one Capparidaceae and one Tropaeolaceae were directly compared under controlled conditions. Chemical fractions from these plants were also tested on both insects for the presence of oviposition stimulants or deterrents. The results showed that plant chemistry is a key factor in differential selection of potential hosts by thesePieris species. Some plant species were equally acceptable to bothPieris species. However,P. rapae preferred cabbage over most test plants whereasP. napi oleracea strongly preferred plant species that were avoided byP. rapae. The observed preferences were explained in most cases by the presence of stimulants and deterrents in extracts of the plants. The twoPieris species have apparently evolved differential sensitivities to the chemical stimuli that trigger or deter oviposition. The balance of positively and negatively interpreted sensory signals evoked by plant chemicals obviously plays an important role in acceptance or rejection of a plant by both species. The role of specific glucosinolates and differing structure-activity relationships is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380582
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating disruption for control of damage by codling moth in Virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene dispensers (Shin Etsu) containing 172 ml of the sex pheromone, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (63%), dodecenol (31%) and tetradecenol (6%), of codling moth (CM),Cydia pomonella (L.), were placed in apple orchards in Virginia. Two blocks of about 2 ha each were treated in 1989, and three in 1990. Dispensers were placed in trees at a density of 1000/ha shortly after apple bloom. Male orientation to pheromone traps was almost totally disrupted (a few males were captured at high population densities). In 1989, the Daleville pheromone-treated block had 0.9% and 0.8% CM-injured fruit in the center and edge, respectively; 0% and 39.5% injured fruit were found in the conventional control and abandoned blocks, respectively. The Criglersville orchard (‘organically’ managed, with high CM density) CM harvest injury was 16.0%, 16.5%, 34.5%, and 26.5% in the pheromone-treated center and edge, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. In 1990, the Daleville CM harvest injury was 4.7%, 7.3%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 58%, in the pheromone-treated center and edge, control center and edge, and abandoned blocks, respectively (possible reasons for the high injury in this block are discussed). Harvest injury in the Fincastle pheromone-treated and control blocks were 0.7% and 0%, respectively. The Criglersville orchard yielded 17%, 19% and 20% CM-injured fruit at harvest in the pheromone-treated, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. Pheromone release rate was calculated as 37 mg/ha/h in 1989.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382717
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination by Manduca sexta larvae (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; chemosensory ablation ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; bilateral sensory input ; input redundancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination was examined using larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), in 2-choice preference tests. Larvae having three different complements of chemosensory organs remaining after microsurgery were tested: unoperated, unilaterally-ablated, and bilaterally-ablated. Discrimination between Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) and Pelargonium hortorum (Bailey) was reduced after unilateral removal of chemosensory organs. A similar effect was found in tests offering larvae a choice between one plant species or an ethanolic extract of S. pseudocapsicum and wetted filter paper, indicating an impaired food detection. These results demonstrate that both sets of chemosensory organs are required for normal feeding decisions about these plants. Six additional plant species were each tested against wetted filter paper. The function of bilateral chemosensory input in food discrimination varies with the plant species tested. Bilateral chemosensory input is required for discrimination of Vigna sinensis (Savi) and Raphanus sativus (L.), but not for that of Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.), Datura innoxia (L.), Brassica napus (L.), and Canna generalis (Bailey). Discrimination of V. sinensis, S. pseudocapsicum, and P. hortorum by unoperated larvae is twice as strong as that by unilaterally-ablated larvae, suggesting algebraic addition of unilateral sensory inputs. For R. sativus unilateral input does not mediate discrimination, but bilateral input does, indicating sensory processing which may be more than additive. These results show that information mediated by bilateral chemosensory organs of M. sexta is not redundant in mediating feeding decisions, but provide the necessary sensory input for normal discrimination. This suggests that, for some plant species, feeding decisions are based on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of chemosensory input. No difference in preferences between left-sided and right-sided operated larvae were observed which suggests functional duplication of each set of unilateral chemosensory organs. Possible neural mechanisms underlying feeding decisions mediated by bilateral versus unilateral chemosensory inputs are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191746
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating disruption to control damage by leafrollers in virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Platynota flavedana ; variegated leafroller ; Platynota ideausalis ; tufted apple bud moth ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller ; mating disruption ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR),Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM),P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL),Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2%E11–14:Ac, 28.8%Z11–14:Ac, 1.4%E11–14:OH, 0.6%Z11–14:OH, and 2%Z9–12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containingE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by bothPlatynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg ofE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2-ha blocks and one 4-ha block. One pheromonetreated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury fromPlatynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3–1.7% and 0.3–2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0–6.1%, and in edges, 1.7–4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382716
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of host plant leaf damage on cabbage looper moth attraction and oviposition (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-finding ; behavior ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) moths, when presented a choice of either undamaged cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutum L., or damaged plants (cut leaves or feedingT. ni larvae) in a flight tunnel, were most often attracted first to the damaged plants. However, these same moths oviposited primarily on the undamaged plants. In a similar test with cabbage plants,Brassica oleracea L., the presence of conspecific larvae decreased both attraction and oviposition. Cuts to cabbage leaves had no significant effect on attraction or oviposition. When presented one plant at a time, percentages of cabbage looper moths attracted were not affected by the presence of larvae on either cabbage or cotton plants, or by cuts to cabbage plant leaves. Percentages of moths attracted were, however, higher using cotton plants with cut leaves. The results suggest an important role for damage induced plant volatiles in host location as well as host acceptance byT. ni.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382720
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a host plant,Brassica juncea, on calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect-plant interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; crucifer ; sexual maturation ; reproductive diapause ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the presence of seedlings of a host plant, Oriental mustard,Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., on the calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), was investigated. In the presence of plants, females began calling at a younger age, began calling earlier in the night, and spent more time calling. Females which were kept with plants until after their first night of calling and then were isolated from plants, subsequently called less, at a level not significantly different from females which had never been exposed to plants. Of all females, both with and without plants, which were dissected at the end of the first night of calling (n=150), 93% contained mature eggs. Heavier females were significantly more likely to have mature eggs at adult emergence, to begin calling at a younger age and to spend more time calling on their first night of calling. The number of developed eggs in calling females was not significantly different in the presence or absence of host plants on the first night of calling. However, by the second night, females in the presence of plants contained significantly more eggs, indicating that the presence of plants accelerated egg maturation, both before and after the onset of calling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380530
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf shelter-building caterpillars harness forces generated by axial retraction of stretched and wetted silk (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: leaf shelter-building ; silk ; Lepidoptera ; caterpillar ; leaf-roller ; leaf-tier ; leaf-folder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf shelter-building caterpillars generate most of the force required to pull leaf surfaces together by stretching silk strands while spinning. Axially retractive forces produced by columns of stretched strands enabled caterpillars in our study to generate forces as great as 0.3 Newtons (i.e., a 30-g force). We found that caterpillar silk also contracts instantly when wetted, producing an additional, though smaller, axially retractive force. Contraction ratios (final length/ original length) of the wetted silk of 19 species ranged from 0.21 to 0.93 and were smallest among species that use their silk to make leaf shelters. Our study, the first to identify the specific sources of the energy harnessed by caterpillars to tie, roll, or fold leaves, indicates that silk properties and caterpillar behavior have coevolved to facilitate the leaf shelter-building process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092548
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of caterpillar-feeding damage on the foraging behavior of the paper waspMischocyttarus flavitarsis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 771-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; caterpillar-feeding damage ; paper wasps ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effect of caterpillar feeding damage on wasp foraging behavior and to determine the relative importance of visual and olfactory plant cues for foraging wasps. In an experiment using caterpillar-damaged leaves, wasps took significantly more larvae from the previously damaged plants compared to the controls in the experiments with tobacco plants, but wasps did not distinguish between damaged and control plants in the experiments with tomato plants. Another experiment indicated that wasps use a combination of visual and olfactory cues of plant damage in their search for prey rather than just visual or olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, these results suggest that leaf shape may affect wasp detection of caterpillar feeding damage and thus detection of prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201676
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromones of Spilonota ocellana and Spilonota laricana (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spilonota ocellana D. & S. ; Spilonota laricana Hein. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-tetradecen-1-ol ; sibling species ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones of Spilonota ocellana D. & S. and Spilonota laricana Hein. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were identified by chemical analysis and field trapping. Female moths of the two species produce (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tetradecen-1-ol and dodecyl acetate in almost the same proportions (98:1:1 and 97:3:1). Males of both species were best attracted to a blend of 10:1 to 1:1 Z8-14Ac:Z8-14OH. This indicates that mating barriers other than sex pheromones exist between sympatric populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354214
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-dependent physiological responses of last instarHelicoverpa zea larvae to oral and topical application of precocene II (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; growth inhibition ; excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Newly-ecdysed last instar larvae ofH. zea grouped into 100-, 200-, 300-, or 400-mg categories were fed diet containing precocene II or given precocene II topically on the abdomen. The time for larvae to reach a maximal weight, time to pupation, growth rate, and the amount of precocene II excreted were calculated. Younger larvae of lower weights, which were fed or topically treated with precocene II required more time to reach their maximal weight, had a lower maximal weight, a lower growth rate, and required more time to pupate than control larvae. Older larvae represented by the largest weight category were less sensitive to precocene II, had a shorter delay in reaching maximal weight, and a shorter delay in the time to pupation than control larvae; larvae in the largest weight category that were fed precocene II also had smaller decreases in the growth rate. Growth rate declines for larvae given topical doses of precocene II, however, were largest for the oldest larvae. All larvae given a single topical dose excreted precocene II for several days and were most efficient at eliminating smaller doses; larger, older larvae excreted more precocene II than smaller, younger larvae. Age-dependent responses to precocene II indicate that growth and metabolic processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, change in last instar larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383428
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field tests of (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate: a sex attractant synergist for male currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; Synanthedon tipuliformis ; Sesiidae ; Lepidoptera ; field trapping ; sex attractant ; geographical differences ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Denmark ; GDR ; Hungary ; Italy ; Lithuania ; Norway ; Soviet Union ; Switzerland ; United Kingdom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354221
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hormonal control of pheromone responsiveness in the male black cutwormAgrotis ipsilon (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 721-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; black cutworm ; juvenile hormone ; allatectomy ; pheromone reception ; sexual behaviour ; tenoxycarb ; KK-42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Lepidoptera, reproduction is linked to chemical communication between conspecific partners. When exposed to the female sex pheromone, males respond by exhibiting typical sexual behaviour which leads to mating. Here we show that presence of the juvenile hormone producing gland (corpora allata) of the male black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon, is necessary for pheromone responsiveness. Allatectomized males do not show any sexual behaviour, although their antennal olfactory system is functional. Allatectomized males implanted with active corpora allata recover full pheromone receptivity. It is suggested that reproductive processes are synchronized in males and females through endocrine control; timing of the mating activity could serve as an adaptive strategy linked to the migratory behaviour of this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923960
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Behavioral changes and growth inhibition in last instar larvae of Heliothis zea induced by oral and topical application of precocene II (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect behavior ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; methylenedioxy-precocene ; toxicity ; growth inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In diet choice tests, newly-ecdysed fifth instar Heliothis zea larvae randomly chose diet containing 4 mM precocene II or diet without precocene II but initially preferred to feed on diet without precocene II. After two days, however, they were found more frequently on diet containing precocene II. Nevertheless, larval growth and development were inhibited when forced to eat diet containing precocene II. Removal of the maxillae, the site of the primary gustatory receptors, did not prevent the growth inhibition caused by larval consumption of diet with precocene II. Topical treatments with precocene II also caused larval growth inhibition, and daily treatments were more detrimental to the larvae than a large single dose. Addition of methylenedioxyprecocene (6,7-methylenedioxy-2,2-dimethylchromene) to the diet did not reverse the observed larval growth inhibition and this compound was itself significantly toxic. These results indicate that larval growth and development are disrupted after precocene II ingestion, but not because of preingestive discrimination by olfaction and gustation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189363
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Food acceptance by a monophagous and an oligophagous insect in relation to seasonal changes in host plant suitability (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Yponomeuta evonymellus ; Yponomeuta padellus ; Prunus padus ; Crataegus monogyna ; Lepidoptera ; monophagous ; oligophagous ; host-plants ; food-acceptance ; seasonal changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food acceptance by larvae of two lepidopteran species feeding on Rosaceae, viz. Yponomeuta evonymellus (monophagous) and Y. padellus (oligophagous), was compared. The influence of seasonal changes in plants as food for both insects was examined, in particular, the effects of nitrogen and sorbitol in leaves. In the laboratory, Y. evonymellus accepts Crataegus monogyna, a host plant of Y. padellus, and Y. padellus accepts Prunus padus, the host plant of Y. evonymellus. P. padus is the most suitable food plant for Y. evonymellus. No difference in food-quality for Y. padellus was found between C. monogyna and P. padus. The performance of both species on P. padus is less influenced by seasonal changes than on Crataegus. The suitability of Crataegus decreases during the season. This is probably caused by the decrease of its nitrogen content, and not by the decrease of sorbitol in the plant. The monophagous, Y. evonymellus, is more sensitive to seasonal changes in its food when fed with a non host plant than the oligophagous Y. padellus. In oviposition experiments both species have a preference for their normal host-plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351956
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in calling behaviour and mating success in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), caused by relative humidity (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Calling ; mating ; relative humidity ; age ; reproduction ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié le comportement d'appel des femelles vierges d'Ostrinia nubilalis maintenues sous trois conditions constantes d'humidité relative, depuis l'émergence jusqu'à la sixième nuit d'appel, ainsi que l'incidence d'accouplement d'individus placés en milieu sec ou humide pour diverses périodes de temps. Les conditions d'humidité n'ont pas significativement affecté l'âge moyen auquel les femelles ont commencé à appeler au cours de leur vie, bien qu'il ait été plus variable à 53% h.r. Les nuits subséquentes, le comportement d'appel des femelles maintenues à basse humidité a débuté plus tard dans la nuit, s'est exprimé pour une période de temps plus courte avec moins de séquences d'appel que celui de leurs congénères placés en milieu humide, et la proportion de femelles en appel a toujours été plus faible à 53% h.r. Ces changements du comportement préreproducteur des femelles se sont répercutés sur l'incidence d'accouplement qui, les deux premiers jours suivant lémergence, a été significativement plus faible à basse humidité qu'elle ne l'a été en milieu humide. Ces résultats seront discutés en relation avec l'écologie de O. nubilalis et associés à sa susceptibilité à la dessication.
    Notes: Abstract We examined the calling behaviour of O. nubilalis virgin females, held at three different constant conditions of relative humidity from the time of emergence through their sixth night of calling, as well as the incidence of mating over time at low or high relative humidity conditions. The mean age at which females initiated calling in their life was independent of relative humidity conditions, although more variable at low humidity. On successive nights of calling, fewer virgin European corn borer females called under low compared with high humidity conditions, and those that did began later in scotophase, had fewer calling bouts, and spent less time calling. These changes in the female prereproductive behaviour were reflected on the incidence of mating which, in the first two days following emergence, was significantly less at low than at high humidity conditions. The ecological significance of these results is discussed in relation with the susceptibility of O. nubilalis to desiccation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191743
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tangential medulla neurons in the mothManduca sexta. Structure and responses to optomotor stimuli (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 173 (1993), S. 783-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Medulla neurons ; Optomotor stimulation ; Direction selectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract InManduca sexta, large tangential cells connect the medulla via the lobula valley (LoV) tract to the midbrain and the contralateral medulla. Tract neurons have been stained and recorded to determine their responses to optomotor stimulation. Neurons in the LoV-tract comprise a physiologically and anatomically heterogeneous population: 1. Motion insensitive medulla tangential (Mt) neurons arise from cell bodies in the ventral rind. Heterolateral cells arborize massively in both medullae and one or both halves of the midbrain. Mt-neurons respond to changes in light intensity. Physiological and anatomical evidence argues for their monocularity and transmission from the medulla on the side of the soma to the central brain and the contralateral medulla. 2. Motion sensitive neurons with cell bodies behind the protocerebral bridge connect the midbrain to the ipsior contralateral medulla. Direction-selective responses are characterized by excitation to motion in the preferred and inhibition in the opposite direction with maxima either in a horizontal or vertical direction. Peak values appear at contrast frequencies of appr. 3/s. The results suggest that these neurons are binocular and relay information from the midbrain to the medulla. They have been labelled as centrifugal medulla tangential (cMt) neurons. The possible roles for tract neurons in visually guided behaviour are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02451909
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    Sex pheromones and their potential role in the evolution of reproductive isolation in small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 20-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: speciation ; reinforcement ; character displacement ; biosynthesis ; phylogeny ; sex pheromones ; reproductive isolation (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Yponomeuta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sex pheromone communication in the nine European species of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is reviewed in regard to the potential role of pheromones in the speciation process. Six of the nine species studied (viz.,Y. evonymellus, Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus, Y. irrorellus, Y. plumbellus, andY. vigintipunctatus) use a mixture of (E)-11-and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in different ratios as primary pheromone components, with combinations of tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols of the acetates as additional pheromone components. Analysis of (Z)- to (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ratios produced by individual females of these species demonstrated significant variation among females of all species. However, the ranges of ratios produced byY. cagnagellus, Y. irrorellus, andY. plumbellus, sharing the same host-plant species, spindle tree, did not overlap. Niche separation of all six species mentioned required consideration of at least one additional pheromone component or of temporal aspects. The remaining three species,i.e. Y. malinellus, Y. mahalebellus andY. rorellus, have pheromones that differ qualitatively. Biosynthetic routes to the pheromone components identified are proposed on the basis of fatty acid pheromone precursors found in the pheromone glands. A phylogenetic tree for the genus is constructed based on allozyme frequency data and changes in pheromone composition are superimposed on this tree. We suggest that the ancestral ermine moth pheromone is a mixture of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and a scenario of how present-day patterns evolved is outlined. The pheromone differences among the three species using spindle tree as their host-plant might have evolved throughreproductive character displacement upon secondary contact between populations that had already diverged genetically in allopatry. Pheromone differences within the so-calledpadellus-complex (includingY. cagnagellus, Y. mahalebellus, Y. malinellus, Y. padellus, andY. rorellus) in which species might have originated sympatrically, may have evolved byreinforcing selection as these species still hybridise and produce viable offspring when confined in cages. The role of pheromones in reproductive isolation amongYponomeuta species is emphasised by (1) the function of pheromone components of some of the species as behavioural antagonists to other species, (2) the cross-attraction under experimental conditions between allochronic species with similar pheromones, and (3) the formation of hybrids in the laboratory between species that are isolated in nature by pheromone differences.
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    Host-plant green-leaf volatiles synergize the synthetic sex pheromones of the corn earworm and codling moth (Lepidoptera) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromone synergists ; host-plant volatiles ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; corn earworm ; Olethreutidae ; Cydia pomonella ; codling moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The capture of adult male moths in female sex pheromone traps of two key agricultural pests, the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) and the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), is enhanced or synergized by a certain group of host-plant volatiles, the “green-leaf volatiles” (GLVs). Since female adults of both species call and release their sex pheromones while perched upon the leaves of their host-plants, the volatile constituents from the leaves of a number of host-plants were compared. Sex pheromone traps containing one of the prominent leaf volatiles of certainH. zea hosts, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, not only significantly increased the capture ofH. zea males but were preferred over traps baited only with sex pheromone. Similarly, traps baited with synthetic sex pheromome ofC. pomonella plus a blend of GLVs captured significantly more males than traps baited only with sex pheromone. Since male moths are not captured in traps baited only with these GLVs, it appears that these GLVs act as pheromone synergists which increase or enhance the attraction or arrestment of male moths in pheromone traps.
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    Leaf variation in iridoid glycoside content ofPlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) and oviposition of the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 72-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: insect-plant interactions ; intraplant variation ; chemical variation ; oviposition ; iridoid glycoside ; catalpol ; aucubin ; Lepidoptera ; Junonia coenia ; Plantaginaceae ; Plantago lanceolata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemical analysis of each individual leaf of fivePlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) plants showed that iridoid glycoside content increased from undetectable in the oldest photosynthetic leaves to over 9% dry weight in the youngest leaves. The relative proportion of the two iridoid glycosides inP. lanceolata also changed with leaf age: older leaves had significantly more aucubin, whereas the youngest leaves had primarily or solely catalpol. Oviposition tests with femaleJunonia coenia (Nymphalidae) butterflies, showed that they laid most of their eggs on new leaves.
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    Green leaf volatiles enhance sex attractant pheromone of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (Lep.: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: green leaf volatiles ; cotton ; synergist ; behaviour ; sex attractant ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis virescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Components of the green leaf volatile complex (Z-3-hexenyl acetate andE-2-hexenyl acetate) were shown to enhance responses of tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, males to the sex attractant pheromone of conspecific females in the field. The results are discussed with regard to green leaf volatiles which enhance the attractant pheromone of a cohabiting species, and serve as attractants of a parasitoid of conspecific larvae.
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    Insecticidal and growth-reducing activity of foliar extracts from Meliaceae (1993)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: growth inhibition ; phytochemical prospecting ; Meliaceae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Peridroma saucia ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; Melanoplus sanguinipes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-one species in twenty genera of the plant family Meliaceae were assayed for the production of growth-inhibiting phytochemicals, using the generalist herbivorePeridroma saucia. Most species were inhibitory when methanolic extracts were incorporated into artificial diets at concentrations at or below those occurring naturally. In general members of the subfamily Melioideae were more inhibitory than members of the Swietenioideae. Extracts of deciduous species with short leaf lifetimes were significantly more inhibitory than those of evergreen species with longer leaf lifetimes. In a smaller sample of species, evergreen species showed a trend towards having tougher leaves than deciduous species. These results support the resource availability hypothesis of Coleyet al. (1985), and suggest that life history attributes may be of some value in selecting plants for phytochemical prospecting.
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    Immunochemical similarities among the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding proteins of moths (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 945-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Juvenile hormone ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; immunotaxonomy ; monoclonal antibodies ; hemolymph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The hemolymph from various species of moths was analyzed for cross-reactivity with a panel of six monoclonal antibodies made against the hemolymph juvenile hormone binding protein ofManduca sexta. With the exception of one antibody, the immunoreactivity was limited to the sphingid family. One monoclonal antibody cross-reacted with a number of lepidopteran species; however, families such as Noctuidae and Pyralidae, known to have high affinity, low molecular weight juvenile hormone binding proteins, did not cross-react. Immunological cross-reactivity withManduca sexta juvenile hormone binding protein in several primitive moth families supports the current model of phylogenetic relationships in the order Lepidoptera.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01929888
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    Inter-specific avoidance of egg-associated semiochemicals in four tortricids (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 998-1001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; synomone ; pheromone ; behavior ; oviposition ; Lobesia botrana ; Cydia pomonella ; Cydia molesta ; Eupoecilia ambiguella ; fatty acids ; esters of fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition of four tortricid pests of vineyards (the European grapevine moth and the grape berry moth) and fruit orchards (the codling moth and the oriental fruit moth) is deterred by a blend of straight chain fatty acids and esters of fatty acids that have been identified in the eggs of one of them: the European grapevine moth (EGVM)Lobesia botrana. This is the first evidence of inter-specific recognition of an egg-like signal in moths. We demonstrate that oviposition site selection is influenced by population density, avoidance of deterrent being most important when females are isolated. Inter-specific egg recognition might be an important phenomenon, especially in species competing for a common food resource. We propose the term ‘oviposition regulating synomone’ for molecules and blends that affect the inter-specific spacing of eggs.
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    Determinants of predation on phytophagous insects: the importance of diet breadth (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 575-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Diet specialization ; Host plant chemistry ; Lepidoptera ; Paraponera clavata ; Predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the role of predation in the evolution of diet specialization and to determine the effectiveness of various larval defenses, we offered lepidopteran larvae to colonies of the tropical ant Paraponera clavata. We recorded behavioral and physical characteristics of prey items and used log-linear models to analyze their importance as deterrents to predation by P. clavata. The most important determinant of probability of prey rejection by P. clavata was a prey's diet breadth; specialists were rejected by the ants significantly more than generalists. Other less important, but significant, predictors of prey rejection included ontogeny, morphology and chemistry. Late instar caterpillars were rejected more frequently than early instars, hairy caterpillars were rejected more frequently than caterpillars with other morphologies, and one caterpillar species with an unpalatable extract was rejected more frequently than two species with palatable extracts.
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    The roles of central and peripheral eclosion hormone release in the control of ecdysis behavior in Manduca sexta (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 697-707 
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    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Ecdysis ; Eclosion hormone ; Manduca sexta ; Neuropeptide ; Lepidoptera ; Pupal molt ; Verson's gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Ecdysis, a behavior by which insects shed the old cuticle at the culmination of each molt, is triggered by a unique peptide hormone, eclosion hormone (EH). In pupal Manduca sexta, EH is released into the hemolymph just prior to ecdysis, and circulating hormone is sufficient to elicit this behavior. 2. Removal of the proctodeal nerves in prepupal animals eliminated the appearance of blood-borne EH, but ecdysis behavior occurred on schedule. Therefore, circulating EH is not necessary for the triggering of ecdysis. 3. In contrast, a set of dermal glands failed to show their expected bout of secretion after proctodeal nerve removal. Injection of exogenous EH rescued this secretion. Thus, circulating EH appears necessary for action on peripheral but not central targets. 4. A major reduction in EH immunostaining is seen in the proctodeal nerves just preceding ecdysis; this coincides with a 〉90% reduction in extractable EH from this structure and the appearance of circulating EH. A similar, concomitant reduction was seen in central EH cell processes, suggesting release of peptide within the CNS. 5. Antidromic stimulation of the proctodeal nerve stumps following proctodeal nerve removal triggered precocious ecdysis. This result further supports the conclusion that centrally released EH is sufficient to trigger the motor program.
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    Sensitivity of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) pheromone receptor neurons: Relationships between neural thresholds and behavioral responses (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1991), S. 739-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Threshold ; Olfaction ; Insect ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Responses of Trichoplusia ni HS(A) receptor neurons were measured to determine the minimum detectable concentration (absolute threshold) and the minimum detectable increment (difference threshold) for the major sex pheromone component (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). The absolute threshold was 1000-fold below the ∼10-11 M level of Z7-12∶Ac at a calling female. The Weber fraction, i.e., the ratio of the difference threshold to the stimulus concentration, declined from ∼0.8 to ∼0.06 as the concentration rose from threshold to high intensities. Relatively smaller fluctuations were detected as the stimulus increased. 2. The HS(A) responses were interpreted in relation to behavior by considering an ideal observer as approximating the central nervous system (CNS). The ideal thresholds were 3–9-fold lower than the HS(A) thresholds. 3. The ideal absolute threshold of the T. ni CNS is comparable to observed behavioral thresholds for wingflutter and taking flight. However, only a low percentage response occurs at threshold. Most males take flight at higher concentrations. Also, the ideal Weber fraction is lower than in most flight-tunnel bioassays. Yet, males respond to small fluctuations in orienting to pheromone plumes. These differences between moths and ideal observers may reflect inhibition at points in the CNS that control the flow of olfactory input.
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    Feeding responses ofChilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae to sorghum plant phenolics and their analogs (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chilo partellus ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sorghum ; feeding response ; phenolics ; phagostimulant ; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde ; 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid ; 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid ; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phagostimulatory responses of third-instar larvae ofChilo Partellus to phenolic components identified in an ethyl acetate extract of the leaf whorls of 3-week-old plants ofSorghum bicolor cultivar IS 18363 were studied in no-choice bioassays. The major components in the extract were identified as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid present in minor amounts. All but 4-hydroxycinnamic acid were stimulatory at the doses tested. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was more stimulatory than other potential biogenetic analogs. Hydroxybenzoic acids generally elicited greater feeding response than cinnamic acids, and the pattern of oxygen substitution in the benzene ring was related to bioactivity.
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    Heliothis virescens: Response characteristics of receptor neurons in Sensilla Trichodea type 1 and type 2 (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 953-972 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Electroantennogram ; single-cell recordings ; olfactory receptor cells ; cobalt tracing ; sex pheromones ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; host odors ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partial electroantennograms (EAGs) and single cell recordings fromHeliothis virescens males have demonstrated the presence of pheromones receptor neurons in sensilla trichodea type 2 as well as in type 1. This is supported by cobalt tracing experiments, showing that primary axons from the distal flagellum, containing only s. trichodea type 2, project into the macrogiomerulus complex in the male antennal lobes. Four types of finely tuned pheromone receptor neurons were found in males, whereas in females the corresponding neurons responded mainly to host odors. In males the majority (75 and 18%, respectively) were tuned to the majorHeliothis virescens pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16∶A1) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14∶A1). The others (5 and 2%, respectively) responded specifically to (Z)-1 1-hexadecen-1-ol (Z1 1-16∶OH) and (Z)-1 1-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z1 1-16∶Ac). No neurons responding selectively to the minor pheromone components were found. The Z11-16∶A1 neurons of both sensilla types possessed similar specificity. However, the sensitivity decreased toward the medial and distal part of the flagellum, where s. trichodea type 2 are located. This suggests that the pheromone concentrations can be detected peripherally by a spatial as well as a temporal mechanism. Differences in temporal response patterns (pronounced phasic vs. tonic component) were found within the same type of neurons, suggesting different ability to encode intermittency of the pheromone plume as well as to mediate maintenance of flight.
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    Impact of UV radiation on activity of linear furanocoumarins andBacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki againstSpodoptera exigua: Implications for tritrophic interactions (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 973-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Linear furanocoumarins ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; UV light ; tritrophic interactions ; Bacillus thuringiensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acidic fogs with a pH of 2.0 and duration of 2 hr did not reduce the efficacy ofBacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki (Berliner). Therefore, the impact of UV radiation was investigated on the interactions between (1) levels of the antibacterial linear furanocoumarins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin inApium graveolens (L.) occurring following a 2.0 pH acidic fog episode, (2) the noctuidSpodoptera exigua (Hübner), and (3) a sublethal dosage of the microbial pathogenB. thuringiensis var.Kurstaki. Mean time to pupation in the absence of UV radiation (survival was too low to conduct this analysis for insects exposed to UV) was significantly extended by the addition of either psoralens orB. thuringiensis. Larvae developing on diets containingB. thuringiensis plus psoralens required nearly 40% longer to pupate than controls, but their effects were additive as the interaction was not significant. Although the mean times to adult emergence were significantly different, time spent in the pupal stage did not vary significantly between treatments, indicating that increases in larval developmental time were responsible for the observed decrease in developmental rate. Mean time to mortality, a weighted average time of death, was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial analysis, all main effects (linear furanocoumarins.B. thuringiensis, UV radiation) reduced survival significantly, as did the three-way interaction. Thus, antagonistic interactions with psoralens that would reduce the effectiveness ofB. thuringiensis in the field were not observed. When pairs of main effects were nested within the two levels (presence and absence) of the third factor, several two-way interactions were found. Interestingly, the activity ofB. thuringiensis and the psoralens, individually or in combination, was enhanced by exposure to UV radiation. Implications of this research are discussed for both natural and agricultural ecosystems.
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    Sex pheromone of the european sunflower moth,Homoeosoma nebulellum (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1399-1414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Homoeosoma nebulellum ; European sunflower moth ; sex pheromone ; identification ; multicomponent blend ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four components, (Z)-9-tetradecenal (8.6%), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal (4.8%), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (49.5%), and (Z)-13-octadecenal (37.1%), were identified in extracts of female pheromone glands of the European sunflower moth,Homoeosoma nebulellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using GC and GC-MS analyses. EAG and single-cell recordings of male antennal receptors gave strong evidence for (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal as the antennal key compound of sex pheromone detection in this species. This result was confirmed by field trapping; removal of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal from quaternary blends completely suppressed the male catches. The synthetic blends with this compound as a major component caught five times less males than the blends reproducing the ratio found in the female extracts [5% of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal only]. The occurrence of a minor component perceived as the most biologically relevant compound is discussed.
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    Adaptive significance of furanocoumarin diversity inPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; corn earworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pastinaca sativa ; wild parsnip ; Apiaceae ; furanocoumarins ; defense ; xanthotoxin ; photoactivation ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits ofPastinaca sativa (Apiaceae), the edible parsnip, contain six different furanocoumarins that are differentially capable of ultraviolet-mediated cross-linkage of DNA and inhibition of DNA transcription. Individually, none of the other furanocoumarins present in parsnip seeds is as toxic as the photosensitizer xanthotoxin. Nevertheless, the natural mixture of compounds is toxicologically more effective againstHeliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), both in the presence and absence of UV light, than is an equimolar amount of xanthotoxin. The difference in toxicity diminishes with increasing light levels. Thus, a series of structurally related natural products can display toxicity lacking in individual compounds and may represent an adaptive compromise to varying environmental conditions.
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    Dual role of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in nectar (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; pollination ; nectar constituents ; Ithomiinae ; Danainae ; Heliconiinae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; agraulis vanillae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pyrrolizidine alkaloids occur in several plant families, attracting ithomiine and danaine butterflies that specialize on the flowers. I show that pyrrolizidine alkaloids in artificial nectar also inhibit at least one butterfly,Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae), a more general forager. Inhibition was demonstrated in two ways: quantity of nectar consumed and number of artificial flowers visited. The amount of sucrose solution consumed by individual butterflies was measured using a microcapillary tube. Number of flower visits was determined using an array of artificial orange and yellow flowers.A. vanillae drank less sucrose solution with monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, than without. When monocrotaline was placed into yellow flowers,A. vanillae learned to visit predominantly orange flowers. Evolutionarily, pyrrolizidine alkaloids in nectar may represent an adaptation to exclude butterflies. Ithomiines and danaines, seeking these compounds in larval food plants, were not excluded. Alternatively, ithomiines and danaines overcame the nectar defense. In either case, the plant effectively increased floral constancy by inhibiting generalist butterflies and attracting specialists.
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    Identification of hairpencil secretion from maleMamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and electroantennogram studies (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 239-246 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mamestra brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hairpencils ; male-produced compounds ; identification ; benzaldehyde ; 2-methylpropanoic acid ; 2-methylbutanoic acid ; benzyl alcohol ; 2-phenylethanol ; phenol ; electroantennography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of maleMamestra brassicae (L.) hairpencils were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts were found to consist of six components. Benzaldehyde, 2-methylpropanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, and phenol were present in the extracts as well as the previously identified benzyl alcohol and phenyl ethanol. The two major components were 2-phenylethanol and 2-methylbutanoic acid. They represented, respectively, 74% and 12.5% of the total blend in 3-day-old male extracts. Electroantennograms were recorded on male and female antennae in response to stimulation by hairpencil compounds. Male and female antennae responded to each chemical but the female responses were significantly higher than those of the males.
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    α-Tocopherol alteration of soybean antiherbivory toTrichoplusia ni larvae (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1941-1951 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: α-Tocopherol ; elicitor ; alterable resistance ; soybean ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; antiherbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antioxidant vitamin E, α-tocopherol, was tested as a candidate elicitor of alterable antiherbivory in soybean plants against cabbage looper larvae. Although a nonspecific antioxidant, vitamin E proved elicitory to the involved sulfhydryl-dependent receptor-energy transducer protein in soybean plasma membrane. Effects of α-tocopherol were dependent on dosage, time, and space in the plant. The observed elicited effects were all decreases in herbivory. The best negative phytochemical correlate of looper feeding was the percentage of increased total HPLC peak area of extractables from elicited as compared to nonelicited leaves. Some specific compounds, e.g., glyceollins, were quantitatively major components of the total profile of secondary metabolites.
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    Evidence for presence and nature of female sex pheromone ofBrithys crini fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2035-2042 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; Brithys crini ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The existence of a female sex pheromone of the noctuid mothBrithys crini Fabricius was confirmed in both laboratory bioassay and field tests. Crude extracts and airborne volatiles from females were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and the data compared with authentic compounds. The primary sex pheromonal compound was Z11-16: Ald. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the external surface of the sex pheromone gland was covered with folds that might increase the sex pheromone evaporation area.
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    Mint root borer,Fumibotys fumalis (Guenee): Identification and field tests of female sex pheromone gland components (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 249-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Pyraustinae ; Pyraustini ; Fumibotys fumalis ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-10 ; 12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Compounds identified in sex pheromone gland extracts of femaleFumibotys fumalis (Guenee) consisted of (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadienyi acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in a ratio of 100:18: 8:4, respectively. The compounds were identified by electroantennographic, gas Chromatographic, mass spectrometric, and chemical derivatization procedures. In mint fields synthetic components in gray elastomeric septa at ratios found in the sex pheromone gland and at doses of 3 or 10 mg of the diene produced trap catch comparable to traps baited with three females.
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    European corn borer: Pheromonal catabolism and behavioral response to sex pheromone (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 317-334 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antennal catabolism ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; pheromone analogs ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When physiologically excessive amounts of the female sex pheromone of the European corn borer (ECB) or esters analogous to the pheromone were applied to the antennae of males, their behavioral responsiveness to pheromone in a flight tunnel was significantly impaired for 2 hr. Concurrent quantitative analyses of heptane extracts of the male antennae by gasliquid chromatography showed that the compounds applied to antennae were hydrolyzed and, at 2 and 4 hr posttreatment, little or none of the compound applied or hydrolysis product was detectable in the antennal extracts. After 4 hr of in vivo incubation, male responsiveness to pheromone was restored among moths treated with the analogs but not among moths treated with pheromone. Esterase activity on the antennae was moderately inhibited in vivo by a pheromone analog that is a so-called transition-state esterase inhibitor, 1,1, 1-trifluoro-14-heptadecen-2-one. However, the analog did not inhibit male behavior when it was coevaporated with pheromone in a flight-tunnel assay. Therefore, in the presence of pheromone, the analog did not compete well for esterase or the pheromone receptor. Treating the antennae of intact males with tetrahydrofuran obliterated sex pheromone response capability in males, but the treatment did not significantly attenuate esterase and other catabolic activity of the antennae. Indications are that degradation of esters on the ECB antennae involves substrate-nonspecific esterase activity and other metabolic processes that in turn remove hydrolysis products from the antennae. Maintenance of a male's ability to respond to pheromone is linked to these processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994335
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    Selection of pheromone trap and attractant dispenser load to monitor black army cutworm,Actebia fennica (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Actebia fennica ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cutworm ; pheromone traps ; pheromone ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catch rates of black army cutworm moths,Actebia fennica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were determined for different types of traps and different dispenser loads of sex attractant. Of the five traps tested, highest catch (35 males/per night) was obtained with Uni-Traps, whereas Pherocon 1CP, Delta and Hara traps rapidly became saturated at 9, 6, and 11 males/per night, respectively. Multi-Pher traps, like the Uni-Traps, have a covered vertical cone with a large collecting bucket but only catch about 1/3 of the number of moths (9 males/per night) as the Uni-Traps, thus reducing potential saturation. Red rubber septa loaded with 500 μg of attractant blend gave a consistent catch for at least 60 days; 1000 and 2000 μg loadings lasted for a minimum of 90 days. Polyvinylchloride and red rubber septa dispensers containing 100 μg of attractant had similar catch rates, which decreased rapidly with age. Based on these trap and lure-loading experiments, Multi-Pher traps baited with 1000 μg of attractant in a red rubber septum were selected for future calibration studies between catch density and population fluctuations on susceptible sites. Two years of monitoring results also are reported.
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    Intraspecific variation and interspecific differences in sex pheromones of sibling species inCtenopseustis obliquana complex (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 413-429 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ctenopseustis obliquana ; Tortricinae ; Lepidoptera ; pheromones ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate ; sibling species ; blend preferences ; electrophysiology ; intraspecific variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The specific status ofCtenopseustis obliquana pheromone-types I, II, and III has been more fully examined. Females of types I and III produce a mixture of (Z)-8- and (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetates (Z8-14:Ac, Z5-14: Ac). The previously reported different ratios of these two components in females of the two types (type I=80∶20, III=90∶10) have been reinvestigated. The median ratios of each type differed significantly, although there was some overlap in the ranges of these ratios. A field cage trial showed that males of type III are attracted to females of type I, so the observed differences may be ascribed to intraspecific variation. In contrast to females of types I or III, females of type II produce Z5-14∶Ac but no Z8-14∶Ac. The electroantennogram (EAG) profile of antennae of type II males shows a maximum response to Z5-14∶Ac, while the EAG profiles of types I and III show a strong response to Z8-14∶Ac. In wind tunnel tests using mixtures of these two compounds, type II males prefer blends consisting of all or mostly Z5-14: Ac, while type I males showed a preference to a mix of 70% Z8-14∶Ac plus 30% Z5-14∶Ac. We found that type I males are attracted to type I females when offered a choice between type I and type II females in a field cage test and that type II males similarly prefer type II females. Males of types I and II have specialist cells for Z8-14∶Ac and Z5-14∶Ac but differ with respect to relative densities of these cells and to further cell types responsive to other alkenyl acetates. Type IIC. obliquana is considered therefore a sibling species of types I and III. In addition, the amount of Z5-14∶Ac produced by type II females varied geographically. Females from the North Island produced significantly less (median=1.2 ng) Z5-14∶Ac than females from the South Island (median=2.2 ng). Type II populations in the North Island morphologically resembled sympatric type I, rather than type II from the South Island and are designated as type II (North Island). Type II (North Island) populations have so far been found only at Rukuhia (near Hamilton) and from Kerikeri. In contrast, type II populations are sympatric with type III populations over much of the South Island. In a field cage trial, males of types II and II (North Island) were attracted to females of both II and II (North Island). We tentatively ascribe the differences between type II and type II (North Island) to intraspecific variation.
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    Propheromones derived from codlemone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect pheromones ; C. pomonella ; C. nigricana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; propheromone ; codlemone ; conjugated dienes ; pheromone protection ; pheromone release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tricarbonyl [(8,9,10,11-η-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol] iron and the corresponding acetate prepared from 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol or its acetate, comprise the protected double-bond system of the molecule. After coming in contact with ambient oxygen, the iron complexes in question slowly release the corresponding pheromones of, for example, the codling moth,Cydia pomonella, and the pea moth,Cydia nigricana in highE,E purity and amounts that are sufficient for pest monitoring. A simple dispenser for propheromone application is proposed. Results of release rates in laboratory conditions and field trials are given.
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    Effect of rearing temperature on pheromone component ratio in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella, (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 71-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; pheromone components ratio ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; rearing temperature ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ratio of two components in the sex pheromone of the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella, was influenced by the rearing temperature. The percentage of the (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate dropped as the rearing temperature was raised. The total amount of the pheromone did not change parallel with the change of ratio. The critical period sensitive to temperature seemed to be the pupal stage. Temperature in the larval stage may also influence the ratio slightly. The biological significance of the phenomenon was also discussed.
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    Relative importance of infochemicals from first and second trophic level in long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 47-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cruciferae ; tritrophic interactions ; foraging behavior ; host-habitat location ; herbivoreinduced synomones ; flight chamber ; infochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recently parasitoids were hypothesized to encounter a reliability-detectability problem relating to chemical stimuli from the first and second trophic level, when searching for hosts. The relative role of infochemicals originating from the host,Pieris brassicae (second trophic level), and its food plant, cabbage (first trophic level), have been investigated with respect to long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata. Flight-chamber dual choice tests showed that uninfested cabbage plants are least attractive to female wasps. Host larvae and their feces were more attractive than clean plants but far less attractive than artificially damaged and herbivore-damaged plants. The plant-host complex, with host larvae actively feeding on the plant, was the most attractive odor source for the parasitoids. The data indicate that one of the solutionsC. glomerata uses to solve the reliability-detectability problem is to respond to infochemicals that are emitted from herbivore-damaged plants. Whether these infochemicals are herbivore-induced synomones that are produced by the plant remains to be demonstrated. Infochemicals emitted by the herbivore or its by-products are of little importance in the foraging behavior ofC. glomerata.
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    Diterpene resin acids: Major active principles in tall oil against Variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1075-1084 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tall oil ; resin acids ; abietic acid ; dehydroabietic acid ; isopimaric acid ; Peridroma saucia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; variegated cutworm ; bioactivity ; natural insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tall oil, a by-product of the kraft process for pulping softwood, has been shown to have insecticidal properties. In the present study, the active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm,Peridroma saucia Hübner, were investigated. GC-MS analysis showed that abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids were major resin acid components of crude tall oil and depitched tall oil. When crude tall oil samples of differing resin acid composition were incorporated into artificial diet at a concentration of 2.0% fresh weight, they suppressed larval growth by 45–60% compared to controls. This suppression was significantly (P≤0.05) correlated with the equivalent contents of abietic, dehydroabietic, isopimaric, and total resin acids. These results were also evident from a diet choice test, showing that the second-instar larvae obviously selected diets with low levels of resin acids when different diets were randomly arranged in a Petri dish. Bioassays with pure resin acids (abietic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids) demonstrated that all individual chemicals have similar bioactivity against this insect. Comparison of the bioactivities of depitched tall oil and an equivalent mixture of pure resin acids in thePeridroma chronic growth bioassay indicated that pure resin acids and depitched tall oil share a common mode of action to this insect. This study confirms that resin acids are major active principles in tall oil against the variegated cutworm, but other chemicals likely also contribute to the bioactivity of tall oil.
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    Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes: Behavioral response to contact with host feces (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1219-1231 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition behavior ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; feces ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Blattella germanica ; Blatteria ; BlattellidaeAcheata domesticus ; Orthoptera ; Gryllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may occur through contact with insects' excretory products, cuticle, or gut contents. We analyzed the behavioral responses of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes during contact with feces of natural or experimental hosts. Host recognition by nematodes was manifested in alterations in the frequency and/or duration of one or more search parameters including forward crawling, headwaving, body-waving, stopping, backward crawling, head-rubbing, and headthrusting.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora andSteinernema glaseri showed behavioral responses to contact with feces of their natural hosts,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) andPopillia japonica (Coleoptera), and to the experimental hosts,Acheata domesticus (Orthoptera) andBlatella germanica (Blatteria).Steinernema carpocapsae responded only toB. germanica feces, whereas5. scapterisci did not significantly respond to any of the insect species. During contact with cockroach feces, all nematodes, exceptS. scapterisci, showed avoidance behavior. We suggest that ammonia present in cockroach feces is inhibitory to nematodes. Specific host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may be an important mechanism to maintain host affinities.
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    Effects of nitrogen and Douglas-fir allelochemicals on development of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1245-1263 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artificial diet ; herbivory ; nitrogen ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; monoterpenes ; nutritional ecology ; phenolics ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of foliar nitrogen, terpenes, and phenolics of Douglas-fir on the development of gypsy moth larvae. In the first experiment, foliar concentrations of nitrogen and allelochemicals were manipulated by fertilizing 3-year-old potted seedlings with 0 or 200 ppm nitrogen. Concentrations of foliar nitrogen (0.33–2.38%) were negatively correlated with the phenolics (15.8–24.4 mg/g). Sixth-instar larvae previously reared on current-year Douglas-fir needles were allowed to feed on these seedlings. Pupal weights (312.8–995.6 mg) were positively correlated with levels of foliar nitrogen, negatively correlated with amounts of foliar phenolics, and uncorrelated with terpene concentrations. In the second experiment, terpene and phenolic extracts from Douglas-fir foliage were incorporated at natural levels into artificial diets with high and low levels of protein nitrogen. Neonate larvae grew faster and were larger on the high nitrogen control diet (4.1–4.5%), however, fourth instars performed better on the control diet with low nitrogen levels (2.5–2.7%). Foliar terpenes incorporated into diet had little effect on neonate fitness, but may induce subtle physiological changes in later instar larvae. Phenolics, alone or in combination with terpenes, excessively suppressed growth and survival, with no individuals living through the fourth instar, regardless of the nitrogen level. Incorporating foliar phenolic extracts into artificial diet caused unnatural levels of toxicity and failed to clarify the effects of Douglas-fir phenolics on gypsy moth fitness. Foliar nitrogen is a key factor influencing gypsy moth development on Douglas fir, but may be mitigated to some degree by phenolics.
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    Cardenolides fromErysimum cheiranthoides: Feeding deterrents toPieris rapae larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1355-1369 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Erysimum cheiranthoides ; feeding deterrents ; cardenolides ; digitoxigenin 3-O-β-D-glucoside ; glucodigigulomethyloside ; glucodigifucoside ; erychroside ; cheirotoxin ; strophanthidin glycosides ; digitoxigenin glycosides ; Lepidoptera ; Pyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae, refuse to feed on the wild mustard,Erysimum cheiranthoides, due to the presence of alcoholextractable deterrents. The active components were extracted inton-BuOH, and this extract was separated into four fractions (I–IV) by reverse-phase HPLC. Fractions III and IV retained the feeding deterrent activity. The activity of fraction III was found to be due to the cardenolide diglycosides 1 and 2, which were previously reported as oviposition deterrents for gravidP. rapae butterflies. Three active compounds were isolated from fraction IV by column chromatography on silica gel followed by reverse-phase HPLC. These compounds were identified as a monoglycoside, digitoxigenin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (4), and two diglycosides, glucodigigulomethyloside (5) and glucodigifucoside (6). An additional cardenolide isolated from fraction II was identified as cheirotoxin (7). All compounds were identified by UV, NMR (1H and13C), and mass spectrometry, as well as hydrolysis experiments. The feeding deterrent activity of these compounds was compared with that of related commercially available chemicals and other compounds isolated fromE. cheiranthoides.
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    2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA), a possible toxic factor in corn to the southwestern corn borer (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 531-542 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn ; Zea mays (L.) ; southwestern bora borer ; Diatraea grandiosella ; Dyar ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; feeding resistance ; 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; N-O-Me-DIMBOA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The southwestern corn borer (SWCB),Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, is a major pest of corn,Zea mays L., in the southern United States. The damage to corn is caused primarily by larval feeding on leaf, ear, and stem tissues. In this study, 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (N-O-Me-DIMBOA) was identified by MS and NMR as present in corn whorl surface waxes. This compound has evidently not been isolated previously, but its glucoside has been reported in corn, wheat, andCoix lachryma. It is present in the waxes in a higher concentration than DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) and 6-MBOA (6-methoxybenzoxazolinone). It was toxic to the SWCB in a stress diet, but it was less toxic to this insect than 6-MBOA when incorporated in the standard rearing diet. Nevertheless, it may have some role in the resistance of corn to the SWCB because the total surface wax content is higher in resistant lines than in susceptible lines.
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the arctiid mothHyalurga syma (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 669-679 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; alkaloid sequestration ; alkaloid transformation ; Boraginaceae ; Heliotropium transalpinum, Heliotropium peruvianum ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Pericopinae ; Hyalurga syma ; chemical defense ; Araneidae ; Nephila clavipes ; orb-weaving spider
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The arctiid mothHyalurga syma (subfamily Pericopinae) sequesters pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from its larval food plantHeliotropium transalpinum (Boraginaceae). Colorimetric quantification of total PAs in the larvae, pupae, and adults ofHyalurga revealed mean values of about 286–445μg per individual (1.4–2.6% of dry weight). The PA mixtures found in the moth and its larval food plant were evaluated by GC-MS. Food-piant leaves were found to contain the diastereoisomeric retronecine esters indicine (IIIa), intermedine (IIIb), and lycopsamine (IIIc), and the heliotridine ester rinderine (IIId) only as minor constituents, whereas 3′-acetylrinderine (IVc) (68% of total PAs) and the respective 3′-acetyl esters of indicine (IVa) and intermedine (IVb) (both 17%) were the major alkaloids. Supinine (IIa) is detectable in traces only. The PA mixtures in eggs, larvae, pupae, and imagines ofHyalurga were identical: indicine, intermedine, and lycopsamine accompanied by considerable amounts of supinine and amabiline or coromandalinine (IIb/IIc) were the major components. Only larvae were found to store small quantities of a 3′-acetyl derivative. Rinderine and its 3′-acetyl ester were never found in the insects. Low concentrations of the arctiidspecific PA callimorphine (I) were present in larvae, pupae, and imagines. The differences in the PA patterns of the insects and their larval food plant suggest thatHyalurga is capable of modifying plant-derived PAs by inversion of the 7-OH configuration (conversion of the necine base heliotridine into retronecine), and perhaps the inversion of the 3′-OH [conversion of (+)-trachelanthic acid into (−)-viridifloric acid], although the possibility of a selective sequestration of the respective retronecine esters cannot be excluded. Some trials with the orb-weaving spiderNephila clavipes, a common neotropical predator, showed that both freshly emerged and field-caught adults ofHyalurga syma are liberated unharmed by the spider. The liberation could be related to the presence of PAs in the moths.
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    Structure-activity correlations among analogs of the currant clearwing moth pheromone (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 735-750 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone analogs ; (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate ; EAG ; gas chromatography ; vapor pressure ; currant clearwing moth ; Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven analogs of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate1, a main pheromone component of the currant clearwing moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerk (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) were synthesized and tested for their biological activities by electroantennography (EAG). To correct the EAG data for differences in volatility of the analogs, their vapor pressures were estimated by a gas chromatographic method. All structural changes in the parent molecule were found to reduce the biological activity to various degrees. The most active analog tested was the carbamate12, whose activity was almost comparable to that of the pheromone component1. Structure-activity correlations showed that hydrophobic, steric, and electronic effects of chain terminal groups might be responsible for variations in biological activity of the conformationally unchanged (E,Z)-2,13-analogs
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    Trail and arena marking by caterpillars ofArchips cerasivoranus (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1479-1489 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Archips cerasivoranus ; Yponomeuta cagnagella ; trail following ; silk ; trail pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The activity ofArchips cerasivoranus caterpillars is largely limited to their colonial silk web and trails. Silk pulled directly from the spinnerets of caterpillars and wound onto paper strips to form artificial trails elicited locomotion from the larvae. Trails made from extracts of silk and silk glands also elicited locomotion. These and other observations reported here indicate that the caterpillars are responsive to a water-soluble pheromone that is a component of the silk strand. Marker pheromones appear not to be secreted from other regions of the body, as has been reported for some other trail-following caterpillars.
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    Plant defenses: Chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase enhance toxicity ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki toHeliothis zea (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 217-237 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki ; chlorogenic acid ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-plant resistance ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; polyphenol oxidase ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two chemicals implicated in resistance of the tomato plant, chlorogenic acid and polyphenol oxidase, are known to form orthoquinones in damaged plant tissue. Orthoquinones have been reported to alkylate −NH2 and −SH groups of proteins and amino acids, altering solubility, digestibility, and, for some pathogenic viruses, infectivity. Here we explore effects of quinone alkylation on toxicity of an important microbial insecticide,Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki (BTk), to larvalHeliothis zea. BTk incubated with these phytochemicals and fed to larvae was more toxic than untreated BTk. Similar but less dramatic results arose when BTk was incubated with polyphenol oxidase alone. Digestibility experiments suggest that alkylation enhanced the solubilization and/or proteolysis of crystal protein in vivo. Implications of our results for compatibility of BTk with host-plant resistance and biological control are discussed.
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    Identification of floral compounds fromAbelia grandiflora that stimulate upwind flight in cabbage looper moths (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 637-646 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; floral attractants ; anemotaxis ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four major volatile components emitted from flowers ofAbelia grandiflora were identified based on retention time using two capillary columns of different polarities and electron impact mass spectrometry. These are phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and benzyl alcohol. A blend of these compounds was as effective as a cluster of flowers in stimulating upwind flight by maleTrichoplusia ni to the source in a wind-tunnel test. Phenylacetaldehyde or 2-phenylethanol were each as effective as the complete blend in stimulating source location by male moths. Attraction to a source of the synthetic blend was demonstrated in virgin males and females and mated males and females, but virgin moths of both sexes were more likely than mated moths to complete the sequence of behavioral responses necessary to locate the odor source.
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    Sex pheromone of female african white rice stem borer,Maliarpha separatella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Sierra Leone: Identification and field testing (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1205-1219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Maliarpha separatella ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 ; (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-o1 ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings of femaleMaliarpha separatella from Sierra Leone by high-resolution gas chromatography (GC) linked to a male electroantennograph (EAG) indicated the presence of three electrophysiologically active compounds. The GC retention times of these compounds were consistent with those of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, and (E,E)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol. Analysis by El and CI mass spectrometry of ovipositor washings confirmed these identifications and also indicated the presence of the saturated analog, tetradecan-1-ol. There was no evidence, from these analyses, of the corresponding aldehydes or acetates. The EAG-active compounds were present in the ovipositor washings in a ratio of approximately 2∶3.5∶1, with the major component constituting approximately 0.4 ng per ovipositor. GC-MS analysis of entrained female effluvia confirmed that the EAG-active compounds were released by virgin females. Field testing of the EAG-active compounds indicated that (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol and (E,E)10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol were attractive to male moths in ratios of between 9:1 and 39:1, while (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol was found to reduce trap catch when added to blends of the other two compounds.
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    Wind-tunnel study on attraction inhibitor in maleColeophora laricella Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1355-1362 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; attraction inhibitor ; (Z)-5-decen-1-ol ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; orientation behavior ; wind tunnel ; Coleophora laricella ; Coleophoridae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Modifying effects of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, an attraction-inhibitor of maleC. laricella, were studied at different levels of the pheromonal behavioral sequence. When blended with the attractant alcohol (Z)-5-decen-1-ol, 0.001% acetate significantly reduced and 1% almost abolished orientation flights followed by landing at the source. By contrast, 1000% of the acetate placed 5 cm apart did not suppress orientation flights to the alcohol source. Differential modifying effects of the acetate in blends vs. separate sources also occurred with respect to orientation flight duration, landing position, close-range behavior at the source, and the rate of unsuccessful orientation attempts. Our findings support the view that, inC. laricella, pheromonal inhibition results from simultaneous (as opposed to intermittent) perception of attractant and inhibitor. The various effects of the inhibitory acetate observed in the wind tunnel compare to results of earlier field observations.
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    Replacement of the terminal methyl group in a moth sex pheromone component by a halogen atom: Hydrophobicity and size effects on electrophysiological single-cell activities (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1381-1397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analogue ; halides ; structure-activity ; single-sensillum ; recordings ; receptor-interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, with a chloro, bromo, or iodo substituent in place of the terminal methyl group have been synthesized and tested by electrophysiological single-sensillum recordings. The electrophysiological results have been interpreted in terms of substituent size and hydrophobicity. Interaction energies based on receptor interaction models have been calculated using the molecular mechanics [MM2(85)] method. The results support our previously suggested receptor interaction model in which the terminal alkyl chain interact with a complementary hydrophobic receptor “pocket” with very limited flexibility.
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    Behavioral responses of male epiphyasPostvittana (walker) to sex pheromone-baited delta trap in a wind tunnel (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1449-1468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; traps ; wind tunnel ; behavior ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Planotortrix octo ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of parameters associated with a Delta sticky trap on the sex pheromone-mediated responses of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) were tested in a wind tunnel. Males flying to a pheromone source landed closer to the source when other males were stuck on the base, suggesting the importance of visual cues in the landing behavior of males of this species. With an increase in time (numerical order of the male in the experiment), males became stuck on the base farther from the source whether or not other males were stuck on the base. The alignment of the trap to the wind or the location of the pheromone source within the trap did not significantly affect the percentages of males that entered the trap, but both significantly affected the position at which males entered the trap. When these data were corrected for the probability of catching males, a treatment with the source to the side of the trap was predicted to catch more moths than the other treatments tested, although this difference was not significant. However, in a field-trapping experiment the treatment with the source to the side caught significantly more moths than treatments with the source either in the middle or near the top of the trap. This latter result is probably due to the greater efficiency of the trap when the source is in this position, as indicated in the wind-tunnel experiment, rather than an increase in the numberof males entering the trap. Finally, the pheromone-mediated responses of malePlanotortrix octo were tested to the various trap alignments. As the angle of the trap to the wind increased, significantly fewerP. octo males entered the trap, due principally to both fewer males orienting to the source and proceeding to enter the trap after having landed on it. This difference between the responses ofP. octo andE. postvittana males is, we believe, due to the breakdown in plume structure from the source as the trap angle to the wind increases and to a greater sensitivity ofP. octo males to a more structured pheromone plume. This accounts, at least to some extent, for the consistently greater field catches ofE. postvittana overP. octo (and possibly other New Zealand leafroller moths) in many locations throughout New Zealand.
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    Sex pheromone of lucerne leafroller,Merophyas divulsana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Evidence for two distinct populations (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1883-1895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromones ; pheromone blends ; moth populations ; lucerne ; pest ; Merophyas divulsana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When specimens of the lucerne leafroller,Merophyas divulsana, were sampled from an area with a history of crop damage, they were found to have (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, and tetradecyl acetate as principal components of the pheromone gland. A synthetic mixture of these compounds proved to be a successful lure in delta traps. On the other hand, apparently identical moths collected in areas with no history of crop damage were found to have (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as the major component of the sex pheromone gland. The distribution of the two moths provides the basis for a plausible explanation of the regional pest activity reported forM. divulsana.
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    Chemical basis of egg cannibalism in a caterpillar (Utetheisa ornatrix) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2063-2075 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; egg cannibalism ; acquired defense ; phagostimulant ; specific hunger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the mothUtetheisa ornatrix are shown to cannibalize eggs in the laboratory. They proved most cannibalistic if they were systemically deficient in pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA), the defensive agent that protectsUtetheisa at all stages of development against predation, and whichUtetheisa acquire as larvae from their food plant. In exercising cannibalistic choice,Utetheisa larvae feed preferentially on eggs that are PA-Iaden rather than PA-free. Egg cannibalism can therefore provideUtetheisa with a supplemental means of PA procurement. Moreover, presence of PA in the egg, while providing the egg with defense against predation, can increase its vulnerability to cannibalism. Although evidence is presented thatUtetheisa larvae cannibalize eggs in nature, it is argued that such feeding may occur only opportunistically in the wild, rather than as a matter of course.
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    Sex pheromone evidence for two distinct taxa withinGraphania mutans (Walker) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2077-2093 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Graphania mutans ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromones ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenol ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; sibling species ; identification ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones of two populations ofGraphania mutans (Walker) were analyzed. Females from an Auckland population produced (Z)-9-tetradecenol (Z9-14∶OH), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14∶OAc), (Z)-7-tetradecenol (Z7-14∶OH) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶OAc), while females from a Lincoln population produced these four compounds and a large amount of (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14∶Ald). Significant differences, paralleling the difference between females, were observed when the responses of males of both populations to the above and other related compounds were tested by electroantennogram, field-trapping, and wind-tunnel bioassays. The most distinct difference was observed in the wind tunnel. Males from both taxa flew upwind and touched pheromone sources containing sex pheromone extract of females of their own taxon, but either did not initiate upwind flight or arrested upwind flight shortly after taking flight in response to extract from females of the other taxon. The difference between the pheromone systems of the two populations is probably due to the presence and importance of Z9-14∶Ald in the pheromone blend of the Lincoln population. Thus the addition of a relatively large amount of Z9-14∶Aid to a four-component pheromone blend (i.e., Z9-14∶OH, Z9-14∶OAc, Z7-14∶OH, andZ7-14∶OAc) attractive to Auckland males completely suppressed trap catches of male G.Mutans in Auckland but large numbers of males were caught at both Lincoln and Nelson in traps baited with this five-component blend. In wind-tunnel studies, the addition of even small (1% of amount of Z9-14∶OH) amounts ofZ9-14∶Ald to the four-component blend resulted in a significantly greater proportion of Auckland males arresting upwind flight than to the four-com ponent blend. It is suggested that these two populations of G. nations represent distinct sibling species within the described concept.
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    Chemical constituents of an unacceptable crucifer,Erysimum cheiranthoides, deter feeding byPieris rapae (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 525-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Feeding deterrents ; Cruciferae ; Erysimum cheiranthoides ; cardenolides ; Pieris rapae ; cabbage butterfly ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The wild cruciferErysimum cheiranthoides was found to contain extractable constituents that deterred feeding by larvae of the crucifer specialistPieris rapae when applied to cabbage leaf disks in both choice and nochoice bioassays. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the extract into several fractions, two of which retained the feeding deterrent activity of the extract. UV-absorption spectra of the fractions suggested that one contained cardenolides similar or identical to those reported to deter oviposition byP. rapae onE. cheiranthoides. The other active fraction evidently contains a compound that deters larval feeding but not adult oviposition. The results suggest that the chemical defense ofE. cheiranthoides depends on two types of compounds acting on separate developmental stages of the insect.
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    Effects of cotton plant allelochemicals and nutrients on behavior and development of tobacco budworm (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1107-1121 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton ; Gossypium hirsutum ; plant resistance ; plant-insect interaction ; terpenoids ; gossypol ; allelochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female moths of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (F.), oviposit in the terminals of the cotton plant,Gossypium hirsutum (L.). The hatched larvae migrate to the terminal area and then to small squares (buds), on which they feed, finally burrowing into the anthers where they grow and develop. They attempt to avoid gossypol glands as they feed. Chemically related evidence explains, in part, these observations. The calyx crown of resistant lines (which is avoided) is high in the terpenoid aldehydes (TAs) including gossypol. HPLC data showed that the gossypol content of both susceptible and resistant glanded lines is equal, while the hemigossypolone and heliocides H1 and H2 are greatly increased in resistant lines and presumably are more closely associated with resistance. Analysis for total amino acids in cotton square tissues showed that there was a gradation from the calyx and calyx crown, which were lowest, to the anthers, the site of final insect development, which were highest. Synthetic diets mimicking amino acid distribution in anthers were found to be successful for larval growth and development.
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    Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of turnip moth males,Agrotis segetum to fluorinated pheromone analogs (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 143-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; fluorinated analogs ; behavioral activity ; electrophysiological activity ; flight tunnel ; single sensillum recording ; field test ; lipophobicity ; lipid solubility ; structure-activity analysis ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electrophysiological and behavioral responses of maleAgrotis segetum to fluorinated analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10∶OAc) were investigated. The single sensillum recordings showed that 4,4-difluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (4,4-F2), 7,7-difluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (7,7-F2), 10,10,10-trifluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (10,10,10-F3) and 7,7,8,8-tetrafluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (7,7,8,8-F4) were each 100-fold less active than the natural Z5-10 ∶ OAc, whereas the 7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-nonafluoro-(Z)-5-decenyl acetate (F9) analog was essentially inactive. A mixture of Z5-10 ∶ OAc, Z7-12 ∶ OAc, and Z9-14 ∶ OAc on a filter paper dispenser was as attractive as female gland extracts when tested in a flight tunnel. With Z5-10∶OAc omitted, the two-component mixture elicited a significantly lower male response. Four analogs, 7,7-F2, 10,10,10-F3, 7,7,8,8-F4, and F9, were added separately to the two-component mixture to replace Z5-10∶OAc. The responses elicited by the mixtures containing the 7,7-F2, 10,10,10-F3, and 7,7,8,8-F4 analogs did not differ significantly from that of the natural three-component mixture and the two-component mixture, whereas the mixture containing F9 elicited a significantly lower male response, as low as the response to the two-component mixture. In a field test the mixtures containing 10,10,10-F3 and 7,7,8,8-F4 were significantly more active than the two-component mixture, but still less active than the natural three-component mixture. It appears that field tests provided greater discrimination among pheromone analogs in assessing their behavioral activity than the flight-tunnel test did. Structure-activity analyses demonstrate the importance of the lipophilic interaction between the terminal alkyl chain and the receptor site for the activity of the stimulus. The lipophobicity of the fluorinated analogs impedes a productive receptor interaction.
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    Constituents of wing gland and abdominal hair pencil secretions of male African sugarcane borer,Eldana saccharina walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2255-2277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eldana saccharina ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; exocrine secretions ; sex pheromone ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennograms ; electroantennographic detection ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition totrans-3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-4-olide (eldanolide), vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, identified by French workers in the wing gland and abdominal hair pencil secretions of the male African sugarcane borer,Eldana saccharina, we have, in an earlier note, reported the presence of several other terpenoid, aromatic, and unbranched-chain compounds such as, (Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoic acid, 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol, 1-octadecane thiol, 16-hexadecanolide, and 18-octadecanolide in these secretions. In the present paper experimental details and spectral evidence supporting the identification of these compounds, as well as the identification of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and cw-3,7-di-methyl-6-octen-4-olide (cis-eldanolide), are reported. Using electroantennography it was found that male and female antennae reacted approximately equally strongly to both secretions. This result was confirmed in analyses of the secretions using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography and it was found that male as well as female antennae responded to eldanolide. Vanillin, substituted phenols related to vanillin, and some oxygenated monoterpenes elicited weak responses in male and female antennae. In some analyses 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanol, present in the secretions of the insect, gave a strong antennal response. The results obtained in dynamic and static headspace determinations showed that several of the organic compounds present in the glandular secretions are released in detectable quantities and are present in widely varying quantitative ratios in the effluvia of individual calling male moths.
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    Diel rhythms of calling behavior and pheromone production of oriental tobacco budworm moth,Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2953-2963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa assulta ; sex pheromone ; calling ; diel periodicity ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Both calling behavior and titer of (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z9-16: Al), the major sex pheromone component ofHelicoverpa assulta, in pheromone glands showed distinct diel periodicity, and these two were synchronous. Calling was most actively performed and the pheromone titer reached a maximum from 2 to 6 h after lights-off. During photophase, no calling was shown and only a relatively small amount of Z9-16:A1 was detected. However, there was a time lag of a few days between peak calling activity and maximum pheromone titer. The pheromone titer was maximal from age 1 day to age 5 days and thereafter decreased while calling was most actively performed after age 3 days. Titers of three minor components, hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, showed similar daily fluctuation patterns to that of Z9-16:Al, but relative to the titer of Z9-16:Al, the titer of the two aldehyde components remained relatively constant whereas that ofZ9-16:Ac increased in the late scotophase.
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    Sex pheromone catabolism in the redbanded leafroller moth (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 751-762 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; tritiated pheromone ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; sensory biochemistry ; catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tritium-labeled components of the red-banded leaf-roller female sex pheromone, (Z)- and (E)-[11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mmol), applied to antennae of males and females were degraded causing formation of tritiated 11-tetradecenol, 11-tetradecenoic acid, and water. Results indicate that the catabolic pathway involves acetate hydrolysis, oxidation of alcohol to fatty acid, and degradation of the acid viaβ-oxidation. Both geometric isomers were degraded equally well by males but degradation proceeded comparatively less rapidly with female antennae. It is surmised that under natural conditions of olfactory sensing, sex pheromone impinging upon the moth's antennae is probably subject to a similar catabolic fate.
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    (6Z,9Z-3R,4S)-Epoxy-heptadecadiene: major sex pheromone component of the larch looper,Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 843-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Semiothisa ; S. sexmaculata ; S. marmorata ; S. neptaria ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; enantiomer ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heptadecatriene ; (6Z,9Z-3R,4S)-epoxy-heptadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z-3S,4R)-epoxy-heptadecadiene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic analysis (GC-EAD) of female larch looper,Semiothisa sexmaculata (Packard), gland extracts revealed two EAD-active compounds. Retention index calculations, GC-mass spectroscopy in selected ion monitoring mode, and GC-EAD analysis of authentic standards identified the compounds as (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heptadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H) and (6Z,9Z)-cis-3,4-epoxy-heptadecadiene (6Z,9Z-cis-3,4-epoxy-17∶H). Chirality determination of the monoepoxydiene in gland extracts was impeded by small quantities, but field experiments indicated that maleS. sexmaculata were most strongly attracted to enantiomerically enriched 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H (69% ee), while maleS. neptaria (Guenée) responded well to various blends of theR,S- and S,R-epoxide enantiomers. Binary combinations of theR,S-epoxide enantiomer with 3Z,6Z,9Z-17∶H significantly inhibited response by maleS. sexmaculata, but strongly enhanced attraction of sympatric maleS. marmorata Ferguson. Enantiomerically enriched 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H can be used as a trap bait to monitor populations of the larch-defoliatingS. sexmaculata. Whether 6Z,9Z-3R,4S-epoxy-17∶H serves as single component sex pheromone inS. sexmaculata or small amounts of 6Z,9Z-3S,4R-epoxy-17∶H synergize or suppress optimal attraction, will be tested as chirally pure monoepoxydienes become available.
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    Structure-activity relationships for analogs of (+)-(E)-endo-Β-bergamoten-12-oic acid, an oviposition stimulant ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 11-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition ; insect chemoreception ; corn earworm ; Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Lycopersicon hirsutum ; host-plant selection ; sesquiterpenes ; carboxylic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Β-Bergamotenoic acid, a compound previously shown to stimulate oviposition inH. zea, was converted into a set of bicyclic analogs and tested with a set of acyclic side chain analogs to ascertain the molecular structure that maximizes insect behavioral response. While changes in the bicyclic ring elicited no variation in response, alteration in the side chain structure ofΒ-bergamotenoic acid resulted in significant changes in moth preference. Free rotation about the C-C bond proximal to the carboxylic acid group appears to be an important structural factor, since saturation of the side chain double bond significantly increased activity. The carboxylic acid group seems to be required for strong oviposition stimulation, since analogs lacking the carboxylic acid group exhibited no significant oviposition activity. Oviposition preference ofH. zea was also influenced by the length of the hydrocarbon chain to which the carboxylic acid is attached. While hexanoic acid was found inactive, the ovipositional preference for the heptanoic and octanoic acids was greatest for the one 8-carbon tested. This and other work suggest that carboxylic acids of specific chain lengths influence the oviposition behavior of bothHelicoverpa andHeliothis species and may be associated with host-plant selection. The potential use of this information in designing integrated pest management strategies for control ofH. zea is discussed.
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    Effect of relative humidity conditions on responsiveness of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) males to female sex pheromone in a wind tunnel (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; male responsiveness ; relative humidity ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responsiveness pf 3-day-old European corn borer males to three concentrations of 97∶3 Z∶E 11-tetradecenyl acetate, the female sex pheromone, was studied over a range of relative humidities (43–100%) in a wind tunnel. The proportion of males taking flight and reaching the source decreased, while the proportion exhibiting in-flight arrestment of upwind progress increased under high humidity conditions at all three concentrations of pheromone tested. The relationships between relative humidity and these behaviors were best described by polynomial equations.
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    Effects of α-Terthienyl on the midgut detoxification enzymes of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2047-2054 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; Pyralideae ; Lepidoptera ; cytochrome P-450 ; cytochrome b5 ; cytochromec reductase ; glutathioneS-transferase ; α-terthienyl ; phototoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical basis for the tolerance of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, to the phototoxinα-terthienyl was investigated by measuring the midgut polysubstrate monooxygenases and glutathioneS-transferase activities.α-Terthienyl administered in the diet to the corn borers increased the level of cytochromeb 5, NADH-cytochromec reductase,O-demethylase, and glutathioneS-transferase activities. The induced detoxification enzyme activities should enable the corn borer to metabolizeα-terthienyl more efficiently and therefore render the corn borer highly tolerant toα-terthienyl.
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    Chemical and ultrastructural analysis of corn cuticular lipids and their effect on feeding by fall armyworm larvae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2055-2074 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Zea mays ; scanning electron microscopy ; cuticular lipids ; host-plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cuticular lipid composition of lower and upper leaves of five genotypes of field-grown corn,Zea mays L., was determined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Surface lipids of the upper leaves had a higher proportion ofn-alkanes (45–52%) than the lower leaves, while the lower leaves had higher percentages of fatty alcohols (12–18%) than the upper leaves. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the upper leaves of two corn genotypes, MpSWCB-4 and Cacahuacintle X's, had a smooth amorphous appearance, while the lower leaves had a dense array of wax crystals.Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae weighed more and developed more rapidly when they were reared on diet containing corn foliage from which the cuticular lipids had been removed than when they were fed untreated foliage. However, growth was not inhibited when larvae were fed diet containing the cuticular lipid extracts or individual cuticular lipid components.
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    C18 Dienes as attractants for eighteen clearwing (Sesiidae), tineid (Tineidae), and choreutid (Choreutidae) moth species (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 799-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Tineidae ; Choreutidae ; (E2,Z13)-octadecadien-1-ol/acetate ; 3,13-octadecadien-1-ol/acetate ; isomers ; stereoselective synthesis ; sex attractants ; inhibitors ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By screening singly and binary mixed 2,13- and 3,13-octadecadien-yl acetates and alcohols (2,13- and 3,13-18: Ac/OH)in Lithuania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and the far east of Russia, sex attractants were discovered for 12 Sesiidae, four Tineidae, and one Choreutidae moth species. Males ofSesia yezoensis andBembecia puella as well asNemapogon flavifrons were attracted by mixture ofZ3,Z13-18:Ac/OH in a ratio of 9∶1,Pyropteron sp. n. by the same mixture (ratio 1∶9),Bembecia romanovi andB. zuwandica byZ3,Z13-18:Ac andE3,Z13-18:Ac (9∶1),Synanthedon caucasicum by the same mixture in the opposite ratio (1∶9),B. scopigera by 23,213-18:Ac andE2,Z13-18:OH in a ratio 9∶1,Synasphecia triannuliformis byZ3,Z13-18:OH andE3,Z13-18:OH (9∶1),Similipepsis takizawai andArchimeessia sp. n. by E3,Z13-18:OH andE2,Z13-18:Ac (1∶1),Prochoreutis sechestediana by a mixture ofE3,Z13-18:Ac plusE2,Z13-18:OH (1∶),Microsphecia brosiformis by E3,Z13-18:Ac,Synanthedon conopiformis by the analogous alcohol,Synanthedon scoliaeformis andNemaxera betulinella byE2,Z13-18:Ac,Triaxomera fulvimitrella byZ3,Z13-18:Ac. An analogous alcohol component is essential for the attraction ofB. ichneumoniformis males. Inhibitors forB. romanovi, B. scopigera andB. zuwandica attraction were discovered. Preliminary data on attractants for six other species as well as on the diurnal rhythm of sexual activity of three species are presented. A new method for the stereoselective synthesis of 3,13–18:Ac/OH andE2,Z13-18:Ac/OH is described.
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    Oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly: Identification of electrophysiologically active compounds in carrot volatiles (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 919-937 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Papilio polyxenes ; Papilionidae ; Lepidoptera ; Daucus carota ; Apiaceae ; host-plant selection ; oviposition behavior ; electroantennogram ; combined GC-EAG ; plant volatiles ; sabinene hydrate ; 4-terpineol ; bomyl acetate ; (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Headspace volatiles were collected from undamaged foliage of carrot,Daucus carota, a host-plant species of the black swallowtail butterfly,Papilio polyxenes. The volatiles were fractionated over silica on an open column, and the fractions were tested in behavioral assays withP. polyxenes females in laboratory experiments. The polar fractions, as well as the total mixture of volatiles, increased the landing frequency and the number of eggs laid on model plants with leaves bearing contact-oviposition stimulants. The nonpolar fraction, containing the most abundant compounds in carrot odor, was not stimulatory. Gas Chromatographic (GC) separation of the fractions was coupled with electroantennogram (EAG) recordings to identify the compounds perceived byP. polyxenes females. The EAG activity corresponded to the behavioral activity of the fractions. None of the nonpolar compounds, identified as various monoterpenes, evoked a major EAG response, but several constituents of the polar fractions elicited high EAG responses. Sabinene hydrate (both stereoisomers), 4-terpineol, bomyl acetate, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate were identified by GC-MS as active compounds.
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    Quantification of insect growth and its use in screening of naturally occurring insect control agents (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1109-1118 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bioassay ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; beet armyworm ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; insect growth inhibitors ; allelochemicals ; quassinoids ; chaparrin ; chaparrinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In studies of the effects of allelochemicals or other factors on the development of different insect species, comparison of growth-inhibiting activities is difficult using the parameters currently employed. We introduce two new parameters, growth index (GI) and relative growth index (RGI), which can unify the quantification of insect development. This quantification can also eliminate the effects of different growth characteristics due to the genetic differences between insect species. By measuring growth-inhibiting effects of two phytochemicals, chaparrin and chaparrinone, on the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, and the beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua, bioassay procedures and GI and RGI calculations are demonstrated.
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    Chirality of 5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of the hemlock looper,Lambdina fiscellaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1057-1062 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; eastern hemlock looper ; western hemlock looper ; sex pheromone ; pheromone chirality ; dimethylated hydrocarbons ; field trapping ; electrophysiological recordings ; (5R, 11S)-5 ; 11-di-methylheptadecane ; (55,11R-5 ; 11-dimethylheptadecane ; (5R, 11R-5 ; 11-di-methylheptadecane ; (5S,11S)-5 ; 11-dimethyIheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Of the four possible stereoisomers of 5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of the eastern hemlock looper (EHL),Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guen., and the western hemlock looper (WHL),Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hulst, (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane was the only stereoisomer eliciting electrophysiological responses by male EHL and WHL antennae. In field bioassays with EHL and WHL populations, traps baited with (5R,11S)-5, 11-dimethylheptadecane caught as many males as did traps baited with all four stereoisomers combined or a synthetic mixture of 5,11-dimethylheptadecanes. Catches in traps baited with the other three stereoisomers did not significantly differ from those in the unbaited control traps. We conclude that male antennae lack chemoreceptors for the other three stereoisomers of 5,11-dimethylheptadecane and hypothesize that only (5R,115)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane is produced by female EHLs and WHLs.
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    Chemical correlates of α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) alteredMalacosoma disstria herbivory inFraxinus pennsylvanica var.Subintegerrinia, green ash (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1205-1217 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: α-Tocopherol ; vitamin E ; elicitor ; alterable resistance ; antiherbivory ; ash tree ; Malacosoma disstria ; forest tent caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antioxidant α-tocopherol (vitamin E), applied in a basal trunk band to the green ash tree,Fraxinus pennsylvanica var.subintergerrinia, elicited an alteration of foliar feeding byMalacosoma disstria larvae (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). The bioassayed effects were dependent on the dosage of elicitor, the time after elicitation, and the position in the tree. Leaves for chemical analysis were collected from trees receiving two dosages and at two intervals after elicitation. Compounds in the ethyl acetate extractables from the ash tree leaves were separated by TLC and HPLC. TLC separations showed differences in the nonhydrolyzed extractables attributable to elicitor dosage and time after elicitation. TLC-resolved differences were also evident among acid-hydrolyzed samples. HPLC-resolved profiles revealed eight peaks in the nonhydrolyzed extractables that were quantitatively negatively correlated with larval feeding preference between elicited versus control foliage on at least one of the two sampling dates. Results from this study and other investigations reported in the literature indicate that the antioxidantα-tocopherol (vitamin E) can function as an environmental-stress elicitor of alterable defensive chemistry in green ash and other plants.
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    3,13-Dimethylheptadecane: Major sex pheromone component of the western false hemlock looper,Nepytia freemani Munroe (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1501-1510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; 3,13-dimethylheptadecane ; 3,13-dimethylhexadecane ; 3, 13-dimethyloctadecane ; 5,13-dimethylheptadecane ; 3,11 -dimethylhexadecane ; 3, 11-dimethylpentadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 3,13-Dimethylheptadecane (3,13-dime-17Hy) is the major sex pheromone component of the western false hemlock looper (WFHL),Nepytia freemani Munroe. It was identified in extracts of female pheromone glands by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Traps baited with 100μg of 3,13-dime-17Hy attracted large numbers of male WFHL. Of five additional candidate pheromone dimethylated hydrocarbons, only 3,13-dimethylhexadecane attracted male WFHL. However, neither 3,13-dime-16Hy nor the other four compounds enhanced attraction to 3,13-dime-17Hy when tested in binary or ternary combination at respective ratios of 100∶10, 100∶1, or 100∶1∶1. Identification of the complete WFHL sex pheromone requires structural elucidation of all 12 EAD-active components in gland extracts, determination of their chirality, and field testing of antennally active isomers in appropriate combinations and ratios. Stereoisomeric 3,13-dime-17Hy as trap bait may already be used to monitor WFHL populations.
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    Identification of sex pheromone of browntail moth,Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 897-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Browntail moth ; Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate ; sex attractant ; dose dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A unique sex attractant pheromone was isolated and identified from extracts of ovipositor tips from the female browntail moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). The pheromone compound, (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate, CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH= CH(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)6O2CCH(CH3)2, was identified by a combination of gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and microreactions and was confirmed by synthesis. Traps baited with 5–50 μg of the synthetic pheromone, dispensed from rubber septa treated with an antioxidant and a UV stabilizer, gave male moth captures that were comparable to traps baited with three virgin females. Higher (250 μg) and lower (0.04–2.5 μg quantities of the synthetic pheromone on septa captured somewhat fewer males. Captures were the same for similar quantities of the natural and synthetic pheromone. Minor, inactive components in the tip extract were identified as a mixture of 7- and 8-pentacosanone.
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    Determination of release rates of pheromone dispensers by air sampling with C-18 bonded silica (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2513-2519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; release rate ; pheromone dispenser ; mating disruption ; Lobesia botrana ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-l-ol ; (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Release rates of pheromones from commercial dispensers for mating disruption inLobesia botrana andCydia pomonella have been measured by sampling an air stream with C-18 bonded silica (Sep-Pak cartridges) followed by extraction and gas chromatographic analysis. The flow chamber is made from inexpensive materials that can be replaced when contaminated. The results correspond with those obtained by gravimetry; the method supplies additional information on the composition of the airborne material.
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    Interactions amongHeliothis virescens larvae, cotton condensed tannin and the CryIA(c) δ-endotoxin ofBacillus thuringiensis (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2485-2499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki strain HD-73 ; insecticidal proteins ; cotton condensed tannin ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; relative growth rate ; relative consumption rate ; bioassays ; Gossypium hirsutum ; tritrophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential interactions among a plant-produced allelochemical, a phytophagous insect, and an endotoxin produced byBacillus thuringiensis were investigated using purified cotton condensed tannins, the CryIA(c)δ-endotoxin fromB. thuringiensis subsp.kurstaki strain HD-73, and larvae ofHeliothis virescens. Purified condensed tannin from cotton fed to neonateH. virescens reduced feeding and mortality caused by insecticidal crystals ofB. thuringiensis. In fifth instars, tannin reduced relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), but antagonized the effects of the crystalδ-endotoxin. Tannin did not deter feeding of fifth instars in choice tests with cellulose-ester disks. Masking tannin from interacting with the dietary ingredients of artificial diets and crystal protein by encapsulation in alginate gel suggested that tannin adversely affected feeding after ingestion.These results suggest that insect control tactics that employδ-endotoxins in microbial insecticides and transgenic cotton plants may not be compatible when used in conjunction with plants containing high tannin concentrations.
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    Evidence for a multicomponent sex pheromone inEriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (HYM.: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasitoid of the European corn borer (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2563-2576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; multicomponent pheromone ; parasitoid ; bioassay ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Eriborus terebrans ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone activity ofEriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was recovered from acetone rinses of flasks that previously contained females. The acetone flask rinses elicited the following male responses: upwind anemotaxis, casting, hovering, landing, wingfanning, and mating attempts with other nearby males. Activity of the acetone flask rinse lasted up to four days on a glass substrate. Polar component and nonpolar components were demonstrated in the acetone flask rinse. The polar component elicited male behavioral responses similar to those by the acetone flask rinse, although retention of males at the pheromone source and the period of wing-fanning were of shorter duration. Chromatography data and chemical derivatization indicated that the polar component had the properties of a carboxylic acid with an additional oxygen-containing functional group. The non-polar component acted as a synergist since it was inactive alone but increased male behavioral responses when added to the polar component. Florisil open column chromatography suggested that the nonpolar component was a hydrocarbon(s).
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    Chirality of synergistic sex pheromone components of the western hemlock looperLambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (HULST) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2547-2561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; enantiomer ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; western hemlock looper ; (5R)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane ; (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane ; (7R)-7-methylheptadecane ; (7S)-7-methylheptadecane ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bakers' yeast reduction of (2E)-3-(2′-furanyl)-2-methyl-2-propenal yielded the synthetic intermediate, (2S)-3-(2′-furanyl)-2-methylpropanol, of high chiral purity (〉97% ee) for the synthesis of the enantiomers of 2,5-dimethylheptadecane and 7-methylheptadecane, two synergistic sex pheromone components of the western hemlock looper (WHL),Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa Hulst. In electrophysiological bioassays, (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane elicited strong antennal responses by male WHL antennae. In field trapping experiments, addition of (7S)- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane, the major sex pheromone component of WHL, increased attraction. Attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane in combination with (7S)-7-methyiheptadecane was further enhanced by the addition of (5S)- but not (5R)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane. Similarly, attraction to (5R,11S)-5,11-dimethylheptadecane combined with (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane increased when 7S- but not (7R)-7-methylheptadecane was added as a third component. We conclude that (7S)-7-methylheptadecane and (5S)-2,5-dimethylheptadecane are the synergistic sex pheromone components of WHL. The synthetic methodology described is applicable to the synthesis of chiral methyl-branched pheromones in other orders of the Insecta, particularly Coleoptera, Diptera and Orthoptera.
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    Species discrimination in five species of winter-flying geometrids (Lepidoptera) based on chirality of semiochemicals and flight season (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2721-2735 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chirality ; enantiomers ; sex pheromones ; (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (6Z,9Z)-(3S,4R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; Colotois pennaria ; Erannis defoliaria ; Agriopis aurantiaria ; A. marginaria ; A. leucophearia ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; electroantennogram ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Enantiomer separation of (6Z,9Z)-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and (3Z,9Z)-cis-6,7-epoxynonadecadiene could be achieved using chiral high-resolution gas chromatography and a cyclodextrin-bond column. (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-Epoxynonadecadiene was identified from ovipositor extracts ofColotois pen-Naria, while inErannis defoliaria the 6S,7R-enantiomer was found. In field trapping tests pure synthetic enantiomers caught only conspecific males of these species. (3Z,6Z,9Z)-Nonadecatriene was found in both species, while the presence of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heneicosatriene was indicated inC. Pennaria only. A 10∶10∶3 blend of (3Z,9Z)-(6R,7S)-epoxynonadecadiene, (3Z,6Z,9Z)-heneicosatriene, and (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene was found to be optimal for catchingC. Pennaria, whileE. Defoliaria males were optimally caught by a 1∶1 mixture of (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxynonadecadiene and (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nona-decatriene. (6Z,9Z)-(3S,4R)-Epoxynonadecadiene was identified from ovipositor extracts ofAgriopis (Erannis) aurantiaria. In field tests the pure enantiomer proved to be a highly specific sex attractant for both the late autumn/early winter flyingA. Aurantiaria and the late winter/early spring flyingA. Leucophearia. Males ofAgriopis marginaria, which fly in late winter/early spring, were attracted to (3Z,9Z)-(6S,7R)-epoxynonadecadiene. The addition of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-nonadecatriene to theS,R-enantiomer increased captures. Optimal catches were recorded with a 10∶3 epoxide-hydrocarbon blend. Enantiomer specificity in all species was confirmed in EAG measurements.
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    Developmental inhibition ofSpodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae by a novel caffeoylquinic acid from the wild groundnut,Arachis paraguariensis (Chod et Hassl.) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2917-2933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera litura ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Arachis paraguariensis ; wild groundnuts ; caffeoylquinic acids ; resistance ; rutin ; quercetin ; phenolics ; growth inhibition ; Arachis hypogaea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel compound, 1-caffeoyl-4-deoxyquinic acid (1-CdQA) has been identified along with 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA) and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) (syn. chlorogenic acid) in the foliage ofArachis paraguariensis, a wild species of groundnut that is highly resistant to attack by the larvae ofSpodoptera litura. When neonate larvae were fed on diets treated with 3-CQA or 1-CdQA, their development was severely inhibited compared to larvae on untreated diets, and the effects were similar in nature and magnitude to those observed for larvae feeding on diets treated with 5-CQA, rutin, and quercetin. The effects of all the compounds were dose related, and their optimal concentration was approximately 3 mM, which corresponds to the total foliar concentration of both caffeoylquinic acids and quercetin diglycosides inA. paraguariensis. After 24 h, the development of third stadium larvae feeding on diets treated with 5-CQA, rutin and 1-CdQA was promoted compared to larvae on control diets, but after 96 hr larvae feeding on treated diets had gained significantly less weight than those on the control diets. 1-CdQA, 3-CQA, and quercetin dyglycosides (previously identified in the foliage ofA. paraguariensis) are considered to be valuable components in resistance of groundnuts toS. litura and may provide useful genetic markers in future breeding for resistance to this pest.
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    Sugar beet crown borer,Hulstia undulatella (Clemens) 1: Identification and field tests of female sex pheromone gland components (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 433-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Phycitinae ; Hulstia undulatella ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexa-decen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram profiles of saturated and monounsaturated 12-, 14-, and 16-carbon acetates, and 12- and 14-carbon alcohols implicated (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (Z9-14: Ac) as a component of the female sex pheromone ofHulstia undulatella (Clemens). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of extract of the female sex pheromone glands showed the presence of Z9-14:Ac (8.5 ng/female), (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-16:Ac) in a ratio of 100∶4∶21, respectively. In tests in sugar beet fields, Z9-14:Ac alone produced some trap catch. Addition of Z9-14: OH did not increase catch while addition of Z11-16:Ac eliminated catch, but addition of both Z9-14:OH and Z11-16: Ac increased catch sevenfold. A combination of Z9-14: OH and Z11-16: Ac without Z9-14: Ac did not produce trap catch. A lure of 200 μg Z9-14:Ac+16 μg Z9-14:OH+42 μg Z11-16:Ac is suggested for use in monitoring traps.
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    Identification of sex pheromone of tomato pinworm,Keiferia lycopersicella (Wals.) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Keiferia lycopersicella ; tomato pinworm ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; (E)-4-tridecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by femaleKeiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) was isolated and identified as (E)-4-tridecenyl acetate, based on chemical analyses, electroantennogram assays, and field trapping in California and Florida. Males were captured equally well in traps baited with (E)-4-tridecenyl acetate alone or a variety of (Z)- and (E)-4-tridecenyl acetate blends, although theZ isomer was not detected in extracts of female glands.
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    Ovipositional response of tobacco budworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cuticular labdanes and sucrose esters from the green leaves ofNicotiana glutinosa L. (Solanaceae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2489-2506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis virescens ; tobacco budworm ; Nicotiana ; ovipositional stimulants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field plots of three accessions ofNicotiana glutinosa L. (Nicotiana species accessions 24, 24A, and 24B) at Oxford, North Carolina and Tifton, Georgia were heavily damaged by natural populations of tobacco budworms,Heliothis virescens (F.), during 1985–1989. Experiments in outdoor screen cages demonstrated that all accessions ofN. glutinosa were as prone to oviposition byH. virescens moths as was NC 2326, a commercial cultivar of flue-cured tobacco,N. tabacum L. However, in greenhouse experiments, tobacco budworm larvae did not survive or grow as well when placed on plants ofN. glutinosa as they did when placed on plants of NC 2326. Four labdane diterpenes (manool, 2-hydroxymanool, a mixture of sclareols, and labda-13-ene-8α,15-diol [labdenediol]) and two sucrose ester fractions (2,3,4-tri-O-acyl-3′-O-acetyl-sucrose [G-SE-I] and 2,3,4,-tri-O-acyl-sucrose [G-SE-II]) were isolated from green leaves of the three accessions ofN. glutinosa. These components were bioassayed for their effects on the ovipositional behavior of tobacco budworm moths using small screen cages in a greenhouse at Oxford, North Carolina. Labdenediol, manool, and both sucrose ester fractions stimulated tobacco budworm moths to oviposit on a tobacco budworm-resistant Tobacco Introduction, TI 1112 (PI 124166), when these materials were sprayed onto a leaf.
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    Postembryonic development and reproduction inCorcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on exposure to eucalyptus and neem oil volatiles (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2553-2558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant oils ; Eucalyptus ; neem ; postembryonic development ; reproductive potential ; Corcyra cephalonica ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Postembryonic development and adult emergence ofCorcyra cephalonica (Stainton) were adversely affected in varying degrees when individuals were reared for the first 2 weeks of larval life or for a similar duration from the sixteenth day of their lives in an environment of eucalyptus oil volatiles. This was, however, not so in the progeny of parents exposed to these volatiles for only 5 min. Exposure of this pest to neem oil volatiles during larval stages for similar periods failed to produce such adverse effects. A marked decline in the reproductive potential, in terms of egg output and egg hatchability, of the moth was observed when the larvae were reared for the first 15 days in the presence of eucalyptus oil volatiles or when the parents were exposed for 5 min to such an environment during adult life. Thus, a “carry over” of the detrimental effect of the volatile(s) of this oil on the reproductive potential of the pyralid was indicated.
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    Flight activity ofHeliothis virescens (F.) females (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with reference to host-plant volatiles (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant attractant ; host phenology ; oviposition stimulant ; Heliothis subflexa, Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heliothis virescens (F.) females responded positively via upwind flight in laboratory assays to volatiles emitted from methylńe chloride washes of fresh whole leaves of host plants including cotton, tobacco, and a weed species,Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle. Except forD. tortuosum, the response increased positively with dose; the steepest slope occurred with an extract of cotton squares (flower buds). Almost all of the moths that landed on the extract dispenser also oviposited. Moths simulated by extracts from cotton squares exhibited a full array of behaviors (upwind flight, contact with the dispenser, examination of the cloth substrate with antennae, and oviposition) expected of gravid individuals seeking sites to propagate the species.
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    Responses of two hymenopteran predators to surface Chemistry of their prey: Significance for an alkaloid-sequestering caterpillar (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 391-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
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    Processing of iridoid glycoside antirrinoside fromMaurandya antirrhiniflora (Scrophulariaceae) byMeris paradoxa (Geometridae) andLepipolys species (Noctuidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1123-1133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Meris paradoxa ; Lepipolys perscripta ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; Maurandya antirrhiniflora ; Antirrhinum majus ; Scrophulariaceae ; antirrinoside ; iridoid glycosides ; herbivory ; sequestration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The iridoid glycoside antirrinoside was found to be sequestered by highly aposematic larvae of the geometrid mothMeris paradoxa and two noctuid mothLepipolys species feeding onMaurandya antirrhiniflora (Scrophulariaceae), a natural food plant from southern Arizona. The antirrinoside content of leaves and petioles being consumed, eariy-instar larvae, late-instar larvae, larval frass, regurgitant, reflex-bleeding emission (Meris paradoxa), cocoons, pupae, meconium emitted upon eclosion, and adult moths was determined. Larvae, other than the earliest instars, did not excrete antirrinoside in the frass, but sequestered it in amounts of 3–11 % of the dry weight. Small amounts of antirrinoside remained in various pupal or cocoon parts and some was emitted in the meconium upon eclosion. The total antirrinoside accounted for was, however, considerably below that expected based upon the remarkably high 20% content of the leaves and petioles being consumed. The adult cryptic moths of both species contained little or no antirrinoside. This is the first report of a natural food plant and larval stages forM. paradoxa and a previously undescribedLepipolys species. It is also the first report of antirrinoside sequestration and utilization by insects.
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    Palatability of aposematic queen butterflies (Danaus gilippus) feeding onSarcostemma clausum (Asclepiadaceae) in Florida (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1593-1610 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical defense ; mimicry ; cardenolides ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Asclepiadaceae ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus gilippus ; Limenitis archippus ; Sarcostemma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Queen butterflies (Danaus gilippus) are generally considered unpalatable to predators because they sequester and store toxic cardenolides from their larval food plants. However, a major queen food plant in Florida, the asclepiadaceous vineSarcostemma clausum, is shown here to be a very poor cardenolide source, and queens reared on this plant contain no detectable cardenolide. A direct evaluation of queen palatability using red-winged blackbirds indicates thatS. clausum-reared butterflies are essentially palatable to these predators (85% of abdomens entirely eaten), indicating little protection from either cardenolides, other sequestered phytochemicals, or de novo defensive compounds. Wild-caught queens that presumably fed as larvae uponS. clausum and also had access to adult-obtained chemicals, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), were relatively palatable as well (77% of abdomens eaten); they did not differ significantly in palatability from the labreared butterflies. Together, these findings suggest that; (1)S. clausumfed queens are poorly defended against some avian predators, and (2) for the particular queen sample examined, PAs do not contribute substantially to unpalatability. The discovery thatS. clausum-feeding queens are essentially palatable is of additional significance because it compels a reassessment of the classic mimicry relationship between queen and viceroy butterflies. Viceroys have been shown recently to be moderately unpalatable; therefore, the established roles of model and mimic may be reversed in some cases.
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    Behavior of neonate diamondback moth larvae [Plutella xylostella (L.)] on leaves and on extracted leaf waxes of resistant and susceptible cabbages (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1691-1704 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Brassica oleracea ; plant epicuticular lipids ; leaf surface waxes ; insect movement ; insect behavior ; host-plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract NeonatePlutella xylostella moved more rapidly, spent more time walking, and engaged in searching behaviors more often on leaves of NY 8329, a resistant cabbage with glossy leaves, than on Round-Up, a susceptible variety with normal wax bloom. The neonates also spent significantly more time palpating and more time biting and spinning silk on the susceptible cabbage (although the latter two differences were not significant). Very similar differences in neonate behavior occurred on leaf surface wax extracts (hexane and dichloromethane) of the two cabbage genotypes. Leaf surface waxes are thus strongly implicated in eliciting reduced acceptance of the glossy cabbage by neonateP. xylostella. The chemical compositions of the leaf wax extracts were markedly different. Several compounds, including the triterpenolsα- andβ-amyrin, were found only in the glossy waxes. The percentages of some major wax constituents differed between wax extracts of the two cabbage types. These differences in wax composition may condition the plant resistance in glossy types.
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    Chemoorientation of eastern tent caterpillars to trail pheromone, 5β-Cholestane-3,24-dione (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1963-1972 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemoorientation ; pheromone ; eastern tent caterpillar ; Malacosoma americanum ; trail following ; klinotaxis ; tropotaxis ; 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocamsidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemoorientation behavior of the larval eastern tent caterpillar,Malacosoma americanum, was studied using the synthetic trail pheromone 5β-cholestane-3,24-dione. Divergent arms of Y mazes were treated with various concentration ratios of the pheromone. At application rates of 10−10-10−9 g/mm of trail, larvae showed a significant preference for stronger trails when concentration ratios differed by as little as 4:1. At application rates of 10−8 and greater there was no significant difference in trail choice even when trails differed in strength by a full order of magnitude. Other studies showed that the caterpillars abandon the pattern of choosing stronger over weaker trails when they repeatedly fail to find food at the end of a stronger trail. Experiments in which larvae were required to choose trails separated by a gap demonstrated orientation by chemoklinotaxis. Caterpillars that had one of the maxillary palps ablated looped in the direction of their intact chemo-receptor when placed on filter paper treated uniformly with pheromone, indicating that they may also orient by tropotaxis. The relevance of these findings to the tent caterpillar communication system is discussed.
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    Identification and bioassay of sex pheromone components of carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1973-1988 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Flight tunnel ; gas chromatography-electrophysiology ; mass ; spectrometry ; aldehydes ; (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal ; (Z,E)-9,11-tetra-decadienal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three sex pheromone components of the carob moth were isolated and identified from the extract of female pheromone glands, using a variety of techniques including coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, microozonolysis, electroantennographic assays of monounsaturated standards, wind-tunnel bioassays, and field trials. The major component was identified as (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal, a novel lepidopterous pheromone component structure. Two minor components, either one of which improves the upwind flight response of males when blended with the major component, were identified as (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienal, and (Z)-9-tetra-decenal.
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    Characterization of chemicals mediating ovipositional host-plant finding byAmyelois transitella females (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 599-613 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host finding ; Amyelois transitella ; navel orangeworm ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; flight behavior ; chemoorientation ; attraction ; fatty acids ; oleic ; linoleic ; palmitic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ovipositional host-finding in the navel orangeworm,Amyelois transitella (Walker), is brought about by an in-flight response to host odors. Wind-tunnel studies of the response of gravid females to almonds showed that this response is mediated primarily by long-chain fatty acids, particularly oleic acid and linoleic acid. Evidence for the behavioral activity of fatty acids is based on the fact that: (1) behavioral activity of almond oil was concentrated in a single liquid chromatographic fraction whose composition was predominantly long-chain fatty acids, (2) behavioral activity was lost when either almond oil or the active fraction of that oil was treated with diazomethane, (3) full activity was elicited by a selective extraction of free fatty acids from crude almond oil, and (4) upwind response by females was elicited by a blend of synthetic oleic and linoleic acids, albeit at a level less than that elicited by almond oil. Five fatty acids identified from the almond oil were: myristic acid (1%), palmitic acid (16%), stearic acid (3%), oleic acid (58%), and linoleic (22%). Attraction to various combinations of synthetic acids was observed only when oleic acid was present, and oleic acid elicited upwind flights to the source when presented alone; however, short-range responses were enhanced by the addition of linoleic acid, which elicited no long-range orientation by itself. Despite significant levels of attraction to synthetic blends, the percentage of females flying to the source was lower than that flying to acidulated almond oil, the best natural attractant tested. Thus, although longrange response may be mediated primarily by a blend of oleic and linoleic acids, additional and as yet unidentified components must also play an important role. Long-range chemically modulated host finding in this and other generalist plant feeders is discussed with respect to current models of the evolution of host finding, and it is argued that suggestions that long-range host finding should be correlated with narrowness of host utilization are logically flawed and are not supported by our current understanding of specific examples of host finding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982129
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  • 98
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    Parentally provided alkaloid does not protect eggs ofUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) against entomopathogenic fungi (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 687-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi ; insect egg ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; chemical defense ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; monocrotaline ; parental investment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eggs ofUtetheisa ornatrix proved equally vulnerable to fungal infection (Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces lilacinus) whether they contained parentally provided pyrrolizidine alkaloid (monocrotaline) or were free of such alkaloid. In in vitro tests, monocrotaline, either as free base or N-oxide, had no inhibiting effect on fungal cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994192
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  • 99
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    Synthesis and field screening of chiral monounsaturated epoxides as lepidopteran sex attractants and sex pheromone components (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 911-929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Geometridae ; Euchlaena madusaria ; Xanthotype sospeta ; Palthis angulalis ; Anacamptodes humaria ; (Z,Z)-6,9-nonadecadiene ; (Z)- 6- cis- 9,10-epoxynonadecene ; (Z)-9-cis-6,7-epoxynonadecene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Enantiomerically enriched forms of (Z)-6-cis-9,10-epoxymonoenes and (Z)-9-cis-6,7-epoxymonoenes of chain lengths C17−20 were synthesized by Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohol intermediates, followed by tosylation or halogenation and chain extension. The resulting monounsaturated epoxides were field tested as sex attractants for lepidopteran species.Euchlaena madusaria Walker males were attracted to blends of the enantiomers of (Z)-6- cis- 9,10-epoxynonadecene 6Z-cis-9,10-epoxy-19:H; IUPAC name [2α,3α(Z)]-2-pentyl-3-(2-dodecenyI)oxirane in combination with 6Z,9Z-19: H. The response was antagonized by 9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19: H. 6Z,9Z-19: H was tentatively identified in pheromone gland extracts.Xanthotype sospeta Drury male moths were attracted to lures containing 6Z-9S,10R-epoxy-19: H; the response was antagonized by the opposite enantiomer.Pal-this angulalis Hübner males were attracted to 9Z-6S,7R-epoxy-19:H; the opposite enantiomer was antagonistic. 6Z,9Z-19:H and 9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19:H and 9Z-cis-6,7-epoxy-19:H were tentatively identified in pheromone gland extracts fromAnacamptodes humaria Guenée females. In field trails, 9Z-6R,7S-epoxy-19:H proved to be the attractive enantiomer, and the response was potentiated by 6Z,9Z-19:H. Mechanisms by which unique chemical communication channels are maintained by each species are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01395599
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  • 100
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    Potent natural egg-laying stimulant for cabbage butterflyPieris rapae (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1371-1380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant-insect interaction ; Brassica campestris ; oviposition ; 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate ; learning ; reflective spectra ; Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solutions of glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate) purified from foliage and sinigrin (allyl glucosinolate) elicited oviposition by the cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae, at threshold concentrations as low as 10−6 M. At higher concentrations, glucobrassicin elicited a faster oviposition rate and a stronger visual response to the substrate through associative learning. Solutions of 10−5 M glucobrassicin and 10−2 M sinigrin stimulated equally. Their enzymic hydrolysis products failed to influence oviposition. The markedly greater potency of glucobrassicin is consistent with known glucosinolate profiles of crucifers which show indolyl glucosinolates predominant in foliage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983770
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