ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

1

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Topical Toxicity of Tomato Sesquiterpenes to the Beet Armyworm and the Role of These Compounds in Resistance Derived from an Accession of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. typicum (1994)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Trumble, John T. ; Millar, Jocelyn G. ; [et al.]

s.l. : American Chemical Society

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 42 (1994), S. 807-810

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ISSN: 1520-5118

Source: ACS Legacy Archives

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00039a042

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2

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Managing lepidopteran pests in cabbage with herbicide-induced resistance, in combination with a pyrethroid insecticide (1993)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Shelton, Anthony M. ; Kain, Wendy C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 41-50

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: cabbage ; Plutella xylostella ; Pieris rapae ; Trichoplusia ni ; thiocarbamates ; induced plant resistance to insects ; leaf surface waxes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract S-ethyldipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) applied as a soil treatment or over-the-top spray on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea L.) caused the leaves to turn ‘glossy’ for as long as 30 days. EPTC-induced glossy plants were damaged significantly less than untreated plants by diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), imported cabbage worm,Pieris rapae (L.), and cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.). Reductions in damage were equivalent to those obtained from treatment with permethrin. When used in combination with permethrin, EPTC provided additive control of damage by these pests. Our calculations show EPTC-induced resistance to be cost-effective. This use of EPTC has several limitations, however. Younger plants (〈9 leaves) were killed or injured by the herbicide. The growth of older plants was not affected, but plants did not become glossy for ca. 10 days after they were treated with EPTC. The crop must be protected with insecticides until the plants are mature enough to treat with EPTC, and until treated plants become glossy. In addition, since the glossy trait is only effective against first instar larvae, populations of later instars on glossy plants must be reduced with an application of insecticide. Finally, EPTC formulations are water-soluble and can be washed away from the plants by heavy rains and irrigation, which may make this use of EPTC impractical in some situations. Where its use is practical, and the indicated precautions are taken, EPTC-induced resistance could reduce dependence on chemical insecticides and reduce selection for insecticide resistance in diamondback moth.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380672

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3

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Effects of Brassica oleracea waxblooms on predation and attachment by Hippodamia convergens (1999)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Kabalo, Nelson N.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 125-130

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Plant surface waxes ; predation ; tritrophic interactions ; Plutella xylostella ; adhesion ; attachment

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Four mutations that reduce waxbloom in Brassica oleracea L. were examined for their effects on predation, mobility, and adhesion to the plant surface by the general predator Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Menéville) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The mutations reduce waxbloom to different degrees, but all produce a ‘glossy’ phenotype. Plants tested were inbred lines, near isogenic lines, or segregating F2 populations, depending on the mutation. In an experiment on caged leaves, predation of Plutella xylostella L. larvae by H. convergens adult females was significantly greater on glossy types as compared with ‘normal-wax’ or wild-type counterparts. Although the trend was the same for each mutation, individual comparisons between glossy and normal-wax lines or segregants were only significant for two of them, those producing mutant alleles gla and gld. Individual H. convergens were observed to spend more time walking on leaf edges and less time walking on leaf surfaces of normal-wax plants than glossy plants. Hippodamia convergens also obtained better adhesion to the surfaces of glossy plants than to normal-wax plants when tested using a centrifugal device. Two of the mutations produced similarly strong effects on predation, behaviour, and adhesion by H. convergens. These two are the same previously determined by us to provide the strongest similar effects on another generalist predator, Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch). The results indicate that waxbloom variation in nature could affect herbivore populations through its effects on generalist predators.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003613710304

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4

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Effects of wax bloom variation in Brassica oleracea on foraging by a vespid wasp (2000)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Rayor, Linda ; Chow, Jennifer ; [et al.]

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 161-166

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: surface waxes ; plant waxes ; predation ; tritrophic interactions ; attachment ; Polistes dominulus ; behavior

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Foraging by individual Polistes dominulus (Christ) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) was observed and compared on Brassica oleracea L. plants that differed in surface wax bloom. Twenty-six wasps, previously trained to forage on plants for 4th instar Trichoplusia ni (Walker), were presented in the greenhouse with mixtures of plants with normal wax bloom or genetically reduced wax bloom, and on which T. ni caterpillars had been placed. During foraging, the wasps were observed to slip significantly more frequently from the leaf surfaces of normal-wax bloom plants than from reduced-wax bloom plants (129 vs 63 occurrences) and to retrieve significantly fewer pieces of caterpillar after attack on normal-wax bloom plants (151 vs 223 pieces). Altogether the wasps retrieved 333 caterpillar pieces from reduced-wax bloom plants and 248 pieces from normal-wax bloom plants. Despite these differences, the number of caterpillars attacked and killed did not differ between the two wax bloom types (116 vs 121), nor did handling time for individual attacks (time from contact with prey until prey piece was carried to the nest) (170±12.5 s vs 180±10.5 s). Thus, in contrast with previous reports for smaller predators, wax bloom variation in B. oleracea did not influence the effectiveness of P. dominulus as a predator of T. ni.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004051823556

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5

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Predators mediate host plant resistance to a phytophagous pest in cabbage with glossy leaf wax (1995)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Moodie, Susan ; Castagnola, Thomas

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 335-342

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Orius insidiosus ; Chrysoperla carnea ; Hippodamia convergens ; Brassica oleracea ; tritrophic interactions ; host plant resistance ; predation ; plant surface lipids

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract This study examined the role of generalist predators in producing higher mortality ofPlutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) larvae on glossy vs. normal-wax cabbage,Brassica oleracea var.capitata L. To test this, survival and feeding ofP. xylostella were measured on individually caged glossy and normal-wax plants with and without each of three generalist predators,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Chrysopidae),Orius insidiosus (Say) (Anthocoridae), andHippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coccinellidae). In the greenhouse, predators always significantly reduced survival ofP. xylostella larvae on glossy plants, but never on normal-wax plants. In the field, predators significantly reducedP. xylostella survival on glossy plants, but onlyC. carnea was effective on normal-wax plants. In similar experiments with excised leaves,O. insidiosus andC. carnea were more effective predators on the glossy leaves, whileH. convergens was equally effective on both kinds of leaves. Patterns for feeding were similar, but significance levels differed from those forP. xylostella survival. The greater effectiveness of predators on glossy plants is apparently due to the reported improved mobility of these animals on glossy leaf surfaces. The data also suggest that reduced mining byP. xylostella exposes the larvae to more predation on glossy plants and contributes some to the resistance. Regardless of the mechanism, resistance toP. xylostella on glossyB. oleracea appears to depend on the action of generalist predators for its full expression. This dependence on predation must be considered in the development and deployment of glossy insect-resistantB. oleracea.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383068

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6

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Behavior of neonate diamondback moth larvae [Plutella xylostella (L.)] on leaves and on extracted leaf waxes of resistant and susceptible cabbages (1991)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Espelie, Karl E. ; Shelton, Anthony M.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1691-1704

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Brassica oleracea ; plant epicuticular lipids ; leaf surface waxes ; insect movement ; insect behavior ; host-plant resistance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract NeonatePlutella xylostella moved more rapidly, spent more time walking, and engaged in searching behaviors more often on leaves of NY 8329, a resistant cabbage with glossy leaves, than on Round-Up, a susceptible variety with normal wax bloom. The neonates also spent significantly more time palpating and more time biting and spinning silk on the susceptible cabbage (although the latter two differences were not significant). Very similar differences in neonate behavior occurred on leaf surface wax extracts (hexane and dichloromethane) of the two cabbage genotypes. Leaf surface waxes are thus strongly implicated in eliciting reduced acceptance of the glossy cabbage by neonateP. xylostella. The chemical compositions of the leaf wax extracts were markedly different. Several compounds, including the triterpenolsα- andβ-amyrin, were found only in the glossy waxes. The percentages of some major wax constituents differed between wax extracts of the two cabbage types. These differences in wax composition may condition the plant resistance in glossy types.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984697

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7

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Feeding and Growth of Plutella xylostella and Spodoptera eridania on Brassica juncea with Varying Glucosinolate Concentrations and Myrosinase Activities (2000)

Li, Qun ; Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Stringam, G. R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2401-2419

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Plant–insect interactions ; plant defense ; feeding behavior ; feeding damage ; larval growth

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract We measured feeding behavior, feeding damage, and larval growth of the crucifer specialist, Plutella xylostella and the generalist, Spodoptera eridania, on the cotyledons of 14 homozygous lines of Brassica juncea differing in myrosinase activity and glucosinolate profiles. The proportion of time feeding and area damaged by P. xylostella were lower on lines with high myrosinase activities [0.49–0.73 nmol glucose released/mg tissue(fresh weight, FW)/min] than on lines with low myrosinase activities [0.20–0.31 nmol glucose released/mg tissue(FW)/min]. In contrast, the proportion of time feeding and area damaged by S. eridania were not related to myrosinase activity, but were lower on cotyledons of lines with high glucosinolate concentrations [6.8–21.3 μg/g(FW)] than on lines with low glucosinolate concentrations [0.09–0.61 μg/g(FW)]. Relative growth rates (RGR) of both insect species were lower on lines with high glucosinolate concentrations, but were not related to myrosinase activity in the lines. In toxicity experiments that used artificial diets, allyl isothiocyanate, but not allyl glucosinolate, was lethally toxic to neonate P. xylostella (LC50s of 1.54 μmol/g, and ≫100 μmol/g, respectively), whereas isothiocyanate and the glucosinolate were lethally toxic to neonate S. eridania (LC50s of 3.42 and 6.73 μmol/g, respectively). We interpret these results to indicate that myrosinase activity might be more important for plant defense against specialist insects that have adaptations to intact glucosinolates, but less important for defense against generalists, which are susceptible to the intact glucosinolates.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005535129399

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8

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Neonate Plutella xylostella Responses to Surface Wax Components of a Resistant Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) (1998)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Pillai, Satish K.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1611-1627

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Surface waxes ; triterpenoids ; amyrins ; alcohols ; fatty acids ; diamondback moth ; glossy wax ; deterrent ; host selection ; insect–plant interactions ; host plant resistance

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract Behavior of neonate Plutella xylostella was observed and quantified during the first 5 min of contact with cabbage surface waxes and surface wax components deposited as a film (60 μg/cm2) on glass. The time larvae spent biting was greater and the time walking was less on waxes extracted from the susceptible cabbage variety, Round-Up, than on an insect-resistant glossy-wax breeding line, NY 9472. The waxes of both cabbage types were characterized and some of the compounds present at higher concentrations in the glossy waxes were tested for their deterrent effects on larvae by adding them to the susceptible waxes. Adding a mixture of four n-alkane-1-ols or a mixture of α- and β-amyrins to wax from susceptible cabbage reduced the number of insects biting and, among those biting, reduced the time biting and increased the time walking in a dose-dependent manner. Among individual n-alkane-1-ols, adding C24 or C25 alcohols reduced the number of insects biting but only adding C25 alcohol reduced the time spent biting among those insects that initiated biting. Adding a mixture of five n-alkanoic acids did not affect biting, but increased the time spent palpating and decreased walking time. Among individual n-alkanoic acids, only adding C14 significantly increased the time palpating. If the observed responses were gustatory, the results indicate that some primary wax components, including specific long-chain alkyl components, have allelochemical activity influencing host acceptance behavior by a lepidopteran larva.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020812411015

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Predation, behavior, and attachment by Chrysoperla plorabunda larvae on Brassica oleracea with different surface waxblooms (1999)

Eigenbrode, Sanford D. ; Kabalo, Nelson N. ; Stoner, Kimberly A.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 225-235

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: surface waxes ; plant waxes ; predation ; tritrophic interactions ; Plutella xylostella ; adhesion ; attachment

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Predation by Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch) (Chrysopidae) first instars on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) neonates was measured on nine Brassica oleracea L. types with different surface wax crystal morphology. Forty-eight-hour survival of P. xylostella caged on leaves was significantly reduced by C. plorabunda on plants expressing ‘glossy’ mutations that reduce surface waxbloom, but not on plants with normal waxbloom. During 5-min observations, C. plorabunda spent more time walking and less time ‘scrambling’ (moving the legs with no locomotion) on glossy types than on the normal-wax types. Adhesive force produced by C. plorabunda on plant surfaces was 20 to 200-fold greater on glossy types than on normal-wax types. All the glossy types provided an advantage to C. plorabunda over normal-wax types by increasing the force of attachment to the leaf suface by the larvae, which in turn increased time allocated to walking, leading to greater predation of P. xylostella larvae. Among glossy and normal wax types together, attachment force and time allocated to walking were significantly correlated with predation by C. plorabunda. Within glossy or normal-wax types, however, these correlations were not significant. Neither time allocated to walking, nor attachment to the leaf surface was a predictor of predation by C. plorabunda within glossy or normal-wax types. Although diverse mechanisms therefore contribute to differences in predation, the results show that reduction in waxbloom can substantially affect the mobility and effectiveness of this generalist predator.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026416831201

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