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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; food consumption and utilization ; spruce ; Picea glauca ; Picea rubra ; Picea mariana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur a déterminé la quantité d'aliments utilisées, à 22±0,5 °C, par des larves de Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette parvenues à leur sixième stade de développement qui s'étaient nourries d'un régime artificiel et d'aiguilles de l'année en cours lyophilisées et réduites en poudre, prélevées à deux dates différentes, à 10 jours d'intervalle, et provenant d'épinettes blanchés (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), d'épinettes rouges (Picea rubra Sarg.) et d'épinettes noires (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.). Les femelles ont invariablement ingéré une quantité significativement plus importante de tous les régimes que les mâles, consommant 24% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette noire et 73% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette blanche. Les femelles prenaient en général plus de temps pour parvenir au stade de chrysalide et avaient un taux d'utilisation des aliments significativement plus élevé. L'efficacité nette de la croissance chez les deux sexes ne présentait toutefois aucune différence significative. La performance des larves ayant ingéré des aiguilles provenant de deux classes d'âge différait de façon significative mais non pas uniforme d'un régime à l'autre: les aiguilles d'épinette blanche plus récentes donnaient une performance généralement plus élevée contrairement aux aiguilles plus jeunes d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire. Les larves ingéraient une quantité significativement plus élevée, avaient un taux de consommation et de croissance supérieur et augmentaient davantage leur biomasse avec des aiguilles d'épinette blanche. L'efficacité d'utilisation des aliments et le taux de croissance relatif étaient de faibles à modérément faibles pour un lépidoptère arboricole phyllophage; la vitesse d'ingestion relative était élevée. La qualité des aiguilles des trois essences d'épinettes était faible. Les aiguilles d'épinette blanche permettaient aux larves d'avoir une performance significativement plus élevée, performance mesurée à partir de plusieurs critères, alors que les aiguilles d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire donnaient une performance égale. La supériorité des performances obtenues avec l'épinette blanche explique la plus grande vulnérabilité de cette essence à la Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of tree species, shoot age, and sex of larvae on food consumption and utilization were investigated in a factorial experiment. Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year shoots, from two age classes (sample dates) of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea rubra, Sarg., and Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., were evaluated for eight performance criteria. All factors had significant effects on all criteria except for tree species on assimilation efficiency, shoot age on development time, and sex on net growth efficiency. Eight of the possible 24 two-factor interactions and one of the possible eight three-factor interactions were significant. Food utilization efficiencies and relative growth rate were in the low and moderate characterization limits for immature arthropods; relative consumption rates were high. The higher performance values on Picea glauca were related to this species greater vulnerability to spruce budworm. Performance criteria of similar larvae on an artificial diet were compared with those on the foliage-diets.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; wind tunnel ; sex attraction ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation et la comptabilisation des vols orientés et des atterrissages des mâles de Mamestra suasa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) sur une source de phéromone de synthèse ont mis en évidence un mélange attractif appelé mélange B et constitué par 100 ng de Z11-16: Ac et 1 ng de Z11-16: Ald. L'attraction et l'atterrissage sont sous la dépendance du mélange de ces 2 composés. Les variations de leurs proportions relatives affectent les différentes phases du comportement de vol des mâles. L'addition de 10 ng d'acétoxy-1 tetradécène-9 Z (Z9-14: Ac) diminue significativement les proportions de vols orientés et d'atterrissages par rapport aux réponses obtenues avec le mélange B seul. L'effet inhibiteur de cette molécule sur l'attractivité du mélange B et la présence chez M. suasa d'un récepteur spécialisé dans la perception de ce composé suggèrent que le Z9-14: Ac est impliqué dans la communication chimique entre M. suasa et d'autres espèces sympatriques. L'addition d'hexadécènol-11 Z (Z11-16: OH) au mélange B à la dose de 1 ou 10 ng ne modifie pas les réponses des mâles. Ce composé ne semble pas impliqué dans la communication chimique chez M. suasa.
    Notes: Abstract The upwind flight and landing responses of male Mamestra suasa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) to various synthetic chemicals were studied in a wind tunnel. A mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16: Ac) and (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16: Ald) elicited upwind flight responses past the midpoint of the wind tunnel, and both components were necessary for landing of the males to occur at the pheromone source point. The best response to the mixtures tested was to a ratio 100:1 (ng) of Z11-16: Ac and Z11-16: Ald (blend B). The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14: Ac) (10 ng) to blend B resulted in a significant decrease of upwind flight and landing responses. The inhibitory effect of this chemical when it is mixed with blend B, and the presence of a specific receptor for this compound in sensilla trichodea of male M. suasa, suggest that Z9-14: Ac is involved in the chemical communication between M. suasa and other sympatric species. The addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16: OH) (1 or 10 ng) to blend B had no effect on male upwind flight and landing responses. This compound does not seem to be involved in the chemical communication of this species.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Inheritance ; receptor ; single sensillum ; electrophysiology ; Ctenopseustis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; olfactory response ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions olfactives des sensilles mâles sensibles aux phéromones ont été examinées par enregistrement de l'extrémité de la sensille chez les tordeuses C. obliquana Walker et C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Les enregistrements ont porté sur 281 sensilles des lignées parentales et des croisements réciproques de F1, F2 et de croisements en retour maternel et paternel. Les résultats des enregistrements d'une sensille ont été soumis à une analyse en composantes principales. Chez les mâles de chaque lignée parentale un seul type physiologique de sensille a été découvert; une cellule répond par un pic grand au principal constituant de la phéromone femelle conspécifique. (Z)-8-acétate tétradécényl (Z8-14:OAc) pour C. obliquana, et (Z)-5-acétate tétradécényl (Z5-14:OAc) pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Une seconde type de cellule dans les sensilles des deux espèces de mâles présente un pic petit pour Z5-14:OAc et pour l'acétate tétradécyl (14:OAc) chez C. obliquana, et pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’ au Z8-14:OAc. Les réponses des sensilles des différents types de mâles hybrides sont plus hétérogènes que celles des sensilles de leurs pères. Un schéma général pourrait cependant être décelé, correspondant au schéma prévu avec une hérédité d'un facteur dominant liée au sexe sur le chromosome Z de C. sp. ‘ropeana’. La variation plus accentuée chez les hybrides ne peut être expliquée par ce modèle, et pourrait impliquer des gènes additionnels.
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory response from male pheromone sensitive sensilla was investigated in the endemic New Zealand brownheaded leafrollers Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and C. sp. ‘ropeana’ (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). The responses from 281 sensilla from the parental strains and from both the reciprocal crosses, including F1, F2 and maternal and paternal backcrosses were recorded, and statistically analysed using a multivariate analysis. In males of both the parental strains, a large amplitude cell responded to the main pheromone component of the conspecific female, in C. obliquana (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14:OAc). Both male types also possessed a small amplitude cell, which in C. obliquana responded weakly to Z5-14:OAc and tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ responded to Z8-14:OAc. The responses from the different types of hybrid males were more variable than the responses from parental males. A main pattern could, however be seen, corresponding with the expected pattern in a sex-linked inheritance on the Z-chromosome of a C. sp ‘ropeana’ type dominant genetic factor. The more pronounced variation in the hybrids could not be explained by this model, and might be due to the involvement of additional genes.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
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  • 5
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    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 27-37 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hecatesia ; Agaristidae ; Lepidoptera ; oths ; territoriality ; leks ; sound production ; scent marking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the agaristid moth Hecatesia thyridiondefend small patches of coastal heathland in southwestern Australia in the late afternoon. As they fly back and forth low over their territories, they produce an acoustical signal. Neighboring males commonly fly toward each other; these interactions often result in aerial duels, with the eventual departure of one of the males. Playback experiments established that males were attracted to the sounds of other males. Females were observed to fly into territories and eventually mate with the signaling occupant. Marked males sometimes returned to the same spot on consecutive days. On any given day males occupied only a fraction of the sites that were acceptable territories. The mating system of H. thyridionappears to be a dispersed lek, with males acoustically advertising territories that are used for mating and not for feeding or oviposition.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; cabbage moth ; hair pencils ; volatiles ; courtship behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behavior of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae(L.), was studied in moving air conditions in a wind tunnel, using video techniques. Quantitative analyses were undertaken to determine the behavioral sequence occurring in the courtship. Comparison of successful and unsuccessful courtship suggested that courtship success was more dependent on the behavior of the female than that of the male. In an attempt to elucidate the function of the male hair-pencils (HPs), courtships involving males without HPs were also studied. HP removal did not affect the overall courtship success rate of males, but detailed analysis showed significant changes infernale behavior during such courtships. HP removal also affected female behavior following pair formation, with females struggling more when paired with males without HPs. Consequently, it is proposed that the HP volatiles act as an arrestant for the female, both during courtship and after pair formation, to increase female acceptance and to prevent premature termination of copulation. Experiments were also conducted to test previous hypotheses for HP function. However, no evidence was found to suggest that the HP volatiles in M. brassicaeact to attract females, affect female calling behavior, or affect the behavior of other males. A further possible function of HPs in defense is discussed.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 229-236 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Orthoptera ; digestive efficiency ; allelochemistry ; cytochrome P450 ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adaptation to a phytophagous diet involves physiological compromises that may be influenced by developmental constraints. In this review, we compare patterns of hostplant utilization with respect to nutrition and allelochemistry in representative holometabolous (lepidopteran) and hemimetabolous (orthopteran) species in order to identify those potential constraints. Overall in Lepidoptera greater molting efficiency and gut permeability, which enhance nutritional efficiency, result in higher exposure to allelochemicals and are associated with greater activity and inducibility of cytochrome P450 monoxygenase detoxication enzymes. In contrast, in Orthoptera, relative impermeability to allelochemicals due to the peritrophic membrane and cuticular sclerotization is associated with reduced nutritional efficiency and lower detoxication enzyme activity.
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  • 8
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 896-898 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; pheromone ; sexual selection ; nuptial gift ; egg defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestered by adult maleDanaus gilippus from plants is transferred in large measure to the female at mating, and by the female to the eggs. The eggs, presumably, are protected as a result. The male's courtship pheromone, danaidone, derived from the sequestered alkaloid, may function to advertise the male's alkaloid-donating capacity.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host suitability ; progeny production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les influences de l'état de développement de l'hôte sur le taux de parasitisme, la production de descendants, l'émergence des adultes et le taux sexuel de la techinaire E. bryani Sabrosky ont été examinés au laboratoire. Un parasitisme réussi,-qui entraîne la formation d'un parasitoïde adulte-, s'effectue dans les chenilles de stades 2 à 5 et dans les prénymphes d'Heliothis zea Boddie. II s'agit d'un élargissement considérable de la gamme connue des tailles convenables d'hôtes. Bien que le parasitisme n'ait jamais réussi avec les chenilles de premier stade, une très forte mortalité, 93% a été observée quand ces petites chenilles ont été exposées à la tachinaire. Pour permettre l'introduction par le larvipositeur des asticots dans la chenille, la mouche perfore la cuticule de l'hôte avec un sclérite modifié; ainsi, une grande partie de la mortalité est provoquée vraisemblablement par le traumatisme dû au parasitoïde. Le succès du parasitisme a augmenté en fonction du développement de l'hôte du second stade (30%) au cinquième stade (95%), pour tomber à 63% dans les prénymphes. Cependant, aucune des prénymphes exposées aux mouches n'a été capable de donner des papillons. Les production moyennes de pupes et de mouches par chenille effectivement parasitée ont augmenté avec le stade de développement de l'hôte pouratteindre dans les prénymphes respectivement 14,5±1,33 et 10,6±1,02. Le taux sexuel des mouches obtenues a été très variable pour les différents stades de développement des chenilles, sans qu'aucune corrélation ait pu être mise en évidence. Une formule permettant de calculer un ‘indice d'adéquation de l'hôte’ est proposé. Cet indice permet une comparaison directe des impacts globaux et des potentiels reproducteurs des femelles de E. bryani attaquant des hôtes à différents stades.
    Notes: Abstract Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae) successfully parasitized 2nd through 5th instars and prepupal Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory. Percent successful parasitism (that which resulted in the production of adult parasitoid progeny) increased with host developmental state, reaching 95% in 5th instars, but fell to 63% in prepupae. While 25% of the exposed prepupae metamorphosed to pupae, none developed into adults. E. bryani maggots emerged from only 5% of H. zea pupae. The mean number of fly puparia and adults produced per successfully parasitized larva increased with host stadium, reaching 14.5±1.33 (SEM) and 10.6±1.02, respectively, in prepupae. The sex ratio of adult parasitoid progeny per host larval stadium was variable, and did not appear to follow a pattern. A formula for calculating a ‘host favorability index’ is presented. This index allows a direct comparison of the overall impact and reproductive potential of E. bryani attacking hosts of varying developmental states.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Adoxophyes orana ; inhibition ; Lepidoptera ; male pheromone ; myristic acid ; palmitic acid ; summerfruit tortrix ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Grapholita lobarzewskii ; Grapholita janthinana ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Chemische Analysen und Feldversuche zeigen, dass das Sexualpheromon des Kleinen Fruchtwicklers, G. lobarzewskii aus (E)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) und (Z)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) besteht. Die grösste Lockwirkung wurde mit einem Gemisch der beiden Substanzen bei einem E-Anteil von 80–95% erzielt. Dodecylacetat (12:Ac) und Tetradecylacetat (14:Ac) wurden ebenfalls in den weiblichen Pheromondrüsen nachgewiesen, hatten aber im Freiland keinen Einfluss auf die Lockwirkung. G. lobarzewskii tritt seit einiger Zeit in der Schweiz als Schädling von Apfel und Zwetschge auf und ist an ihrem charakteristischem Frassgang leicht erkennbar. Die Art wurde bisher irrtümlich als G. janthinana bezeichnet. G. janthinana lebt auf Rosaceen, und wird vom gleichen Substanzpaar angelockt, allerdings bei umgekehrtem Mischungsverhältnis (20% E).
    Notes: Abstract As shown by chemical analysis and field trapping, the sex pheromone of Grapholita lobarzewskii consists of a blend of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate. Maximum attractiveness was found at 80–95%. Dodecyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate, both present in the female gland, did not affect trap catch. G. lobarzewskii has recently gained importance as a pest of apple and plum, but has so far been referred to as Grapholita janthinana. The latter is attracted to the same two compounds, but in reversed portions (20% E).
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; lima-bean pod borer ; Etiella zinckenella ; Lepidoptera ; Phycitidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; tetradecyl acetate ; Hungary ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A partir de femelles d'E. zinckenella d'origines hongroise et égyptienne, nous avons isolé quatre composés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse avec ionisation de flamme et électroantennographie (EAD): l'acétate de tétradécanyl, l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl, l'acétate (E)-11-tétradécényl et l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl. Les acétates monoinsaturés donnent les meilleures réponses en EAG parmi une série d'acétates tétradécényls et de tétradécénols. Les quatre composés mélangés dans les mêmes proportions que dans l'extrait de la phéromone ont attiré un nombre significatif de mâles tant en Egypte qu'en Hongrie. Dans un test préliminaire de soustraction, la meilleure capture a été réalisée par le mélange ternaire d'acétates monoinsaturés.
    Notes: Abstract Four compounds, tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were identified from female sex pheromone extracts of Hungarian and Egyptian lima-bean pod borers (Etiella zinckenella Tr., Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) by gas chromatography with flame ionization (FID) and electroantennographic (EAD) detection. In EAG studies these monoun-saturated acetates gave the best responses in a series of other tetradecenyl acetates and tetradecenols. The four component blend of the identified components in similar ratios as in the pheromone extract attracted significant numbers of male lima-bean pod borers in both Hungary and Egypt. In a preliminary subtraction test best capture was achieved by the ternary mixture of the monounsaturated acetates.
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  • 13
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: preference ; induction ; feeding ; Papilio demoleus ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prise de nourriture par des chenilles néonates de P. demoleus est aussi élevée sur régime avec agents de conservation qu'en leur absence, bien qu'elle soit inférieure à celle qui est observée sur les feuilles de son hôte Citrus limettioides. Cependant, quand les chenilles ont été élevées jusqu'au 5ème stade sur des feuilles de C. limettioides, ou sur des régimes avec ou sans conservateurs, leur prise de nourriture sur feuilles de C. limettioides, et régime sans conservateur est aussi importante. Toutes les chenilles élevées sur régime avec conservateur ont consommé lorsqu'elles avaient été maintenues sur le même régime. Par contre, leurs réactions face à un régime contenant des conservateurs a entraîné une diminution de près de 20% après élevage sur un régime sans conservateur, et de près de 90% après élevage sur feuilles de C. limettioides. Les chenilles semblent manifester de l'aversion envers les conservteurs si elles ont été élevées en leur absence, aversion renforcée lorsqu'il y avait eu préalablement alimentation sur feuilles de C. limettioides.
    Notes: Abstract The feeding responses of newly hatched larvae of Papilio demoleus on the diet with preservatives were as high as on the diet without preservatives though less than those on the host lime leaves. However, when the larvae were reared upto the 5th instar on the host lime leaves or the diet with or without preservatives, their feeding responses towards host lime leaves and the diet without preservatives were equally high. The diet with preservatives reared larvae showed 100% response when tested on the same diet. But their response towards diet with preservatives declined to 80% when the larvae were reared on the diet without preservatives and to 10% when they were reared on the host lime leaves. The larvae seem to have an aversion against the preservatives if reared in their absence which was enhanced by their experience of feeding on the host leaves during their ontogeny.
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  • 14
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stalk borer ; spinning-off ; ballooning ; larval migration ; wind tunnel ; silk ; female weight ; batch size ; egg weight ; head capsule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement aérostatique des chenilles néonates de C. partellus a été étudié dans un tunnel à vent. Environ 55% des chenilles néonates ont quité les jeunes plants de maïs sur des fils de soie, dans les deux heures qui ont suivi leur libération. Aucune corrélation significative n'a été observée entre l'activité de filature et le poids de la mère, le poids de l'oeuf et la taille de l'ooplaque. Les chenilles aérostatiques ou non étaient de même taille. Le date de ponte n'a pas influé sur le comportement aérostatique. Il y avait des différences significatives dans l'activité aérostatiques des chenilles suivant les mères, ce qui suggère que des facteurs maternels, différents de ceux examinés jouent un rôle important dans la dispersion des chenilles.
    Notes: Abstract The ballooning behaviour of first instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied using a wind tunnel. About 55% of the newly hatched larvae left the young maize plants on silk threads within two hours after their release. No significant correlations were found between spinning-off activity and mother weight, egg weight and number of eggs per batch. Ballooning and non-ballooning larvae were of the same size. Time of oviposition did not influence the ballooning behaviour. There was significant variation in spinning-off activity between offspring from different individual females, however, which suggests that maternal factors other than those measured play an important role in larval dispersal.
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  • 15
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; fecundity ; reproductive strategy ; female size ; batch size ; egg weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La ponte de C. partellus Swinhoe a été étudiée au laboratoire pendant les trois premières nuits de la ponte. Plus de 50% des ooplaques et des oefs ont été pondus pendant la première nuit. La taille des ooplaques diminue avec le temps, tandis que le poids moyen des oeufs reste constant. Les grosses femelles pondent des ooplaques et des oeufs plus grands que les petites. Elles sont aussi plus fécondes, mais c'est seulement à la seconde nuit de ponte qu'est due cette différence. Le reproduction diminue beaucoup avec le temps. L'affectation aux premiers oeufs des réserves utilizées pour la reprodution semble plus importante que l'émission d'oeufs régulièrement répartis dans le temps. Les grosses femelles utilisent proportionnellement plus de ressources à la production d'oeufstardifs. Les gros oeufs contiennent vraisemblablement plus de vitellus que pourrait être nécessaire pour le comportement aérostatique des chenilles néonates.
    Notes: Abstract The egg laying pattern of the spotted stalk borer on sorghum and maize, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied during the first three nights of oviposition under laboratory conditions. More than 50% of both eggs and egg batches are laid during the first night of oviposition. Batch size decreases with time, whereas mean egg weight remains constant. Larger females lay both larger eggs and egg batches than smaller ones. They are also more fecund but it is only the second night of oviposition that contributes significantly to this difference. The reproductive effort decreases much with time. Allocation of reproductive reserves to early eggs seems more important than having eggs evenly distributed over time. Larger females use proportionally more resources to the production of late eggs. Large eggs are likely to contain more yolk which could be of importance for the ballooning behaviour of newly hatched larvae.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: 4″-Amino-4″-deoxyavermectins ; avermectin ; insecticide ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new class of insecticidal and antiparasitic agents, 4″-amino-4′-deoxy avermectins, has been developed by chemical modification of avermectin B1. The most effective of these compounds are 1500-fold more potent than avermectin B1 (abamectin) against the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua and show similar potency against other lepidopteran larvae.
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  • 17
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; semiochemicals ; sex pheromones ; host plants ; secondary plant compounds ; calling behaviour ; mate choice ; Homoesoma electellum ; Pseudaletia unipuncta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of host plants in the synthesis and release of lepidopteran sex pheromones is examined. Females synthesise pheromones de novo and pheromone quality is not markedly influenced by larval food sources. However, host plants may have a significant effect on different physiological and behavioural parameters associated with pheromone production. Males in some species of Nymphalidae and Arctiidae use secondary plant compounds, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids, as a pheromone precursor. In such cases these plant compounds serve an additional role, such as protection against predation, and may reflect potential male reproductive investment. In the one instance where the effect of larval host plants on the de novo synthesis of a male sex pheromone was examined, larval nutrition did not alter either the quality or quantity of the hairpencil contents.
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  • 18
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Bombyx mori L ; moths ; antennae ; pheromones ; metabolites ; enzymes
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In living antennae of the silkworm mothBombyx mori L. the pheromone compound (E, Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol and hexadecanol are enzymatically converted to their corresponding fatty aldehydes, acids and long-chain fatty acid esters. The pheromone is completely degraded at high rates in the antennae of freshly hatched moths. The polar volatile [3H]metabolites exclusively consist of tritiated water. The half-life of the pheromone is about 2.5 min in males and 0.5 min in females. Drying inactivates the enzymes responsible for pheromone oxidation.
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  • 19
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 580-583 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thiosemicarbazones ; anti-juvenile hormone ; insect growth regulator ; Lepidoptera ; juvenile hormone biosynthesis inhibitor
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new class of anti-juvenile hormone agents is described. Active anti-juvenile hormone compounds were either diazine thiosemicarbazones or aryl substituted pyridyl thiosemicarbazones, synthesized from substituted benzaldehydes. While many analogs in these classes showed feeding and growth inhibition in a variety of insects, a select group caused formation of precocious pupal characteristics inAgrotis ipsilon (black cutworm) andHeliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) and black cuticle and precocious pupae inManduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). They were active only by diet incorporation. The symptoms of precocious development could be reversed by co-administration of a juvenoid. One of the active compounds was shown to inhibit juvenile hormone biosynthesis in vitro by corpora allata of the cockroachDiploptera punctata. However, none of the compounds were active inhibitors of purified chicken liver prenyl transferase.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cyanogenesis ; β-glucosidase ; Lepidoptera ; linamarin ; linamarase ; lotaustralin ; repellent ; Zygaenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A β-glucosidase (linamarase) was purified 52-fold with a recovery of 27% from the haemolymph of the larvae ofZygaena trifolii, ESPER, 1783 (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). The final enzyme preparation was found to be nearly homogeneous on both disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be about 130 kDa; it consisted of two subunits of about 66 kDa. The enzyme showed an optimum between pH 4.5 and 5 with linamarin and a broad optimum between pH 3.5 and 6.5 for p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside; the temperature optimum was 40°C. The β-glucosidase showed a high specificity for its endogenous substrates linamarin and lotaustralin. Among the other natural and artificial substrates tested, only prunasin and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside were hydrolyzed by the enzyme, whereas linustatin, salicin, cellobiose and trehalose were not. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by β-glucosylpiperidine.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; Predation ; Host range ; Prey acceptability ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments are described which test the hypothesis that more host-specific species of caterpillars should be less aceptable to a generalist predator than polyphagous species. Caterpillars of all species were tested in paired choice tests with the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis. Experiments were replicated ten times, videotaped and later analyzed. Brightly colored specialist species (normally considered to be aposematic) were clearly the least palatable, while more cryptic specialists were also significantly less acceptable than generalists overall. Leaf-tying species were considered separately; all were highly palatable independent of host range. The results indicate that among caterpillars that do not construct leaf shelters, those with a wide post range are more acceptable than those with a narrow host range. This is consistent with the notion that generalist predators provide selection pressure favoring narrow host range in their herbivorous prey.
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  • 22
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    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 214-219 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Asimina ; Facilitation ; Defoliation ; Herbivory ; Lepidoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Insect herbivores that require young foliage for successful larval development are often restricted to a single generation during a year by the scarcity of suitable food over most of the growing season. The major specialist herbivore attacking shrubs in the genus Asimina in Florida, Eurytides marcellus, requires young foliage for successful larval development. Field manipulations were used to investigate the role of the young foliage produced by Asimina in response to defoliation by the late-season feeder Omphalocera munroei, a second specialist herbivore of Asimina in Florida, in maintaining Eurytides populations during the summer months when young foliage is otherwise scarce. Defoliation by Omphalocera proved to be the major inducer of young growth during the summer because Omphalocera defoliated Asimina shrubs so frequently and severely. When compared to young leaves produced in the absence of damage, the teaves produced by Asimina in response to defoliation were equally as suitable as food for Eurytides larvae and as acceptable as oviposition sites by Eurytides females. The availability of young foliage in an Asimina population was correlated with the size of the associated Eurytides population. The combination of regular, severe defoliation by Omphalocera and lack of a defensive response to damage by Asimina lead to a positive affect of Omphalocera on Eurytides population size, and may be central to other facilitative interactions between herbivores as well.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 275-283 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phenolics ; PAL activation ; insect herbivory ; plant resistance ; Betula pendula ; Apochemia pilosaria ; Lepidoptera ; geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of both caterpillar herbivory and artificial damage on phenylalanine ammonia lysase (PAL) activity of birch foliage was measured, using an intact cell assay. After artificial damage there was a small increase in PAL activity in damaged leaves but no change in adjacent undamaged ones. Insect grazing produced a larger increase in PAL activity, and the enzyme activity was also increased in adjacent undamaged leaves. Artificial damage increased the phenolic levels of the damaged leaves. Insect grazing caused a larger, longer-lasting increase in phenolic levels and also elevated phenolic levels in undamaged leaves. The possible role of these wound-induced biochemical changes in birch is discussed.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diadromus pulchellus ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; disulfides ; frass ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; Plutellidae ; leek ; Allium porrum ; cabbage ; Brassica oleracea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acrolepiopsis assectella andPlutella xylostella frass volatiles, trapped on Tenax GC, were examined by capillary gas chromatography. In both moths, the same three disulfides, dimethyl, dipropyl, and methyl propyl, were the most abundant substances, but in different proportions. The synthetic disulfides elicited the same behavioral response by the parasitoid,Diadromus pulchellus as frass. The plant origin of these substances is discussed.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bracon ; Ephestia ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; kairomone ; host selection ; parasitoid ; foraging ; ketones ; 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones produced in the mandibular glands ofEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) fifth instars acted as arrestment and host-trail following kairomones for the parasitoid,Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The behavioral response of the parasitoids to the kairomone varied with kairomone concentration and distribution. However, only small differences in activity were noted for the different mandibular gland components.B. hebetor females that encountered filter paper patches impregnated with the kairomone exhibited antennation and probing behavior. Females followed trails formed with 2-[(Z,E)12,14-hexadecadienoyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione in the same manner exhibited with host-made trails. At concentrations of 1.0 μg/mm and above, trail following was interrupted by frequent probing.
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  • 26
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1559-1566 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-11-Hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-9-tetradecenal ; iris ; iris borer ; Macronoctua onusta ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chromatographic and mass spectrometry studies of heptane extracts of the ovipositors of the iris borer,Macronoctua onusta, showed that the females produce several compounds that are the same as those produced by females of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens. In trapping experiments, a mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (94∶4∶2) proved to be the minimum set of compounds required to cause effective capture of iris borer males in the field.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trap color ; trap design ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; fall armyworm moth ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; electroretinogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three pheromone traps were evaluated in paired field trials for effectiveness in capturing wild male velvetbean caterpillar moths (VBC),Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, and fall armyworm moths (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), using a wind-oriented trapping device. The traps were: (1) the standard multicolored bucket trap consisting of a forest green canopy, yellow funnel, white bucket and open (i.e., single wire) pheromone holder; (2) a forest green monocolored bucket trap; and (3) the Multi-Pher-1 trap consisting of a blue-green canopy, white funnel, white bucket, and white, multislotted pheromone holder. The Multi-Pher-1 trap differs primarily from the other two in that its entrance is smaller in diameter and is partially obstructed by the pheromone holder. Significantly fewer VBC and FAW males were captured in pheromone-baited monocolored (forest green) bucket traps than standard multicolored bucket traps. The Multi-Pher-1 trap also caught significantly fewer VBC moths than the standard multicolored bucket trap, but there was no significant difference in numbers of FAW moths caught in the two traps. The results further demonstrate the importance of considering visual cues, in this case color, in the design of pheromone traps for nocturnal insects.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enedial ; Spodoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding deterrent ; pyrrole ; sulfhydryl ; van der Waals interaction ; Reimer-Tiemann adducts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Structure-activity relationships of naturally occurring enedials with antifeedant activity againstSpodoptera species have been extended via the synthesis and bioassay of a series of Reimer-Tiemann adducts. The activities attributed to the different chemical structures of these and other analogs interacting with the chemoreceptor site have been observed; a three-pronged mode of substrate binding via aromatic pyrrole formation, Michael addition of free sulfhydryl moieties, and van der Waals interactions of the A ring has been postulated to account for these observations.
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  • 29
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1133-1146 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cycasin ; macrozamin ; cycads ; azoxyglycosides ; Eumaeus atala ; Lepidoptera ; Lycaenidae ; insect-plant interaction ; chemical ecology ; unpalatability ; insect defense strategy ; ants ; Camponotus abdominalis floridanus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The lycaenid butterfly,Eumaeus atala, was found to contain cycasin, an azoxyglycoside, by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Quantification of cycasin content in 10 individual freshly killed and frozen males and females, using capillary gas chromatography (GC), showed that cycasin contents of individual butterflies ranged from 0.21 to 0.51 mg (1.24–2.75% dry weight). A museum specimen ofE. atala of unknown age had undetectable amounts of cycasin by GC. GC showed that larval frass contained about 0.10% cycasin, which was not detectable by TLC. Cycasin in the host plant was not detectable by TLC but was detected by GC and found to be 0.02% dry weight. There was no macrozamin, another azoxyglycoside characteristic of many cycads, in the butterfly or plant. Feeding trials with a colony of the ant,Camponotus abdominalis floridanus, showed that both cycasin and the adult ofE. atala were deterrent to the ants.
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  • 30
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2177-2189 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acraea horta ; Lepidoptera ; Acraeinae ; cyclopentenyl cyanoglycoside ; gynocardin ; Kiggelaria africana ; sequestration ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All stages in the life cycle ofAcraea horta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Acraeinae) were found to release hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from their crushed tissues, and the source of cyanogenesis was present in the hemolymph of adults and larvae. Comparison with standards on thin-layer chromatograms (TLC) revealed the presence in adults of gynocardin, a cyclopentenyl cyanoglycoside also produced by the larval food plant,Kiggelaria africana L. (Flacourtiaceae). Analysis of adults reared on plant species (Passifloraceae) containing gynocardin and/or other cyanoglycosides suggested selective uptake of gynocardin by the larvae. This is the first demonstration of a cyanoglycoside, other than the acyclic linamarin and lotaustralin, occurring in Lepidoptera and the first evidence for the storage byAcraea butterflies of a plant-produced allelochemical. Possible implications for the understanding of the evolution of acraeine host choice are discussed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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  • 32
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 601-617 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; redbanded leafroller ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Tortricidae ; pheromone analogs ; sex stimulation ; bioassay ; flight-tunnel behavior ; field bioassay ; molecular mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The biological activity of analogs of the pheromone components of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecen1-ol acetate, in which modifications were made in the terminal alkyl portion were studied in the three pheromonal types of the insect. European corn borer males respond to pheromonal stimuli at three levels of behavioral activity, i.e., short-range sexual stimulation, activation in the flight tunnel, and response in the field. Structural requirements for elicitation of response at these levels were found to be increasingly restrictive, respectively. Flighttunnel activity was induced only by compounds that had a total chain length of 13 or 14 carbons and in which branching at carbon 13 was limited to one methyl group or a cyclopropyl group. Three new analogs were active in the flight tunnel, viz., (E and (Z)-13-methyl-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-12-cyclopropyl-11-dodecen-1-ol acetate. The cyclopropyl analog was the most active analog against theZZ type of the European corn borer. TheE isomer, however, was pheromonally inactive in theEE type and was shown to be a pheromone antagonist. This dissimilarity is most likely due to differences in structure of the receptors in the European corn borer strains. Analogs that were biologically active against the European corn borer were tested against the redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana, which also uses (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate as part of its pheromone. Results showed that the redbanded leafroller pheromone acceptor system is different from that of the European com borer; marginal behavioral response was elicited by only one of the new analogs. Thus, although both species use 11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate isomers as their pheromone, the mechanisms by which they are perceived are different.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diet ; scent ; coremata ; Estigmene acrea ; Phragmatobia fuliginosa ; Pyrrharctia isabella ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; hydroxydanaidal ; danaidal ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In feeding experiments with insects reared in the laboratory, the presence of the dihydropyrrolizines hydroxydanaidal and danaidal in the male scent organs (coremata) of the arctiids,Estigmene acrea (Drury),Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.), andPyrrharctia isabella (J.E. Smith), was shown to depend on the presence of a source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the larval diet.Phragmatobia males given an artificial diet supplemented with the powdered roots of the PA-containing plantSymphytum officinale L. (comfrey) produced more hydroxydanaidal than danaidal, whereas males given an artificial diet supplemented with dried whole plants of another PA-containing species,Senecio vulgaris L., produced more danaidal than hydroxydanaidal.Pyrrharctia males produced hydroxydanaidal with little if any danaidal, whether the source of PAs was comfrey orS. vulgaris. A behavioral bioassay showed that the coremata of PA-deniedPyrrharctia male progeny of PA-denied parents were pheromonally inactive, whereas those of PA-denied male progeny of PA-supplied parents (male and/or female) were often active. This indicates that a small amount of pheromone is made from PAs transferred from the female to her eggs and that males effect copulatory transfers of PAs that are, in turn, passed to the eggs by the mated female. Field observations ofPhragmatobia andPyrrharctia larvae feeding on sources of PAs were reported. The PA monocrotaline was shown to be a feeding stimulant forPyrrharctia larvae.
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  • 34
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 213-229 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Cuticles ; Recent ; Tertiary ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic reassessment of megafossil records ofFagaceae in Central Europe has been undertaken on the basis of leaf cuticular characters. The oldest representatives date back to the Eocene:Quercus subhercynica spec. nova,Dryophyllum furcinerve (Rossm.)Schmalh.,Trigonobalanopsis rhamnoides (Rossm.) gen. & comb. nov. In the Oligocene other members of extant genera appear:Quercus rhenana (Weyl. & Kilpp.)Knobloch & Kvaček,Fagus attenuata Goepp.,Lithocarpus saxonicus spec. nova. In the Neogene these ancient taxa (except inFagus lineage), are gradually replaced by deciduous species ofQuercus andCastanea. Trigonobalanus andCastanopsis are recorded by fruits (or wood) only.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 165-191 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chloranthaceae ; Platanaceae ; Trochodendrales ; Fagaceae ; Cercidiphyllum ; Paleobotany ; phylogeny ; floral structure ; leaf architecture
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    Notes: Abstract Paleobotanical studies indicate that several isolated and systematically depauperate groups of extant woody dicotyledons originated in the Mid Cretaceous. TheChloranthaceae had probably differentiated into insect-pollinated (Chloranthus andSarcandra) and wind-pollinated (Ascarina andHedyosmum) forms by the end of the Albian, and leaves referable to theTrochodendrales are known from the Albian and Cenomanian. In the latest Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, extinct representatives of theTrochodendrales includedNordenskioldia and theJoffrea-Nyssidium complex. ThePlatanaceae also differentiated before the end of the Albian and initially had insect-pollinated, unisexual flowers with five carpels or stamens. Some of these features persisted in the platanoid lineage until the Early Tertiary, and during the Paleocene and Eocene thePlatanaceae included forms with elliptical, palmate and pinnate foliage. The history of thePlatanaceae suggests that several features of the reproductive morphology of extant taxa may have arisen in association with a trend toward wind pollination. In the Mid Cretaceous, platanoid foliage partially intergrades with pinnateSapindopsis and pedateDebeya-Dewalquea leaves suggesting a close relationship betweenPlatanaceae andRosidae andFagaceae respectively. TheChloranthaceae, Trochodendrales, andPlatanaceae all occupy a somewhat intermediate position between theMagnoliidae andHamamelidae and are of considerable interest with respect to their role in the initial radiation of nonmagnoliid (“higher”) dicotyledons.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 193-211 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hamamelididae ; Trochodendrales ; Hamamelidales ; Hamamelidaceae ; Hamamelideae ; fossilHamamelidaceae ; Floral structure ; fruit ; seed ; valvate anther dehiscence ; Floral evolution
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    Notes: Abstract New investigations on the flower and fruit structure of extantHamamelidaceae and other LowerHamamelididae together with new finds of fossil flowers and seeds from the Upper and Lower Cretaceous provide the outline of an increasingly more differentiated picture of the early evolution of the subclass. Three patterns of valvate anther dehiscence are recognized in the subfamilyHamamelidoideae (and the subclassHamamelididae). The basic (plesiomorphic) type within theHamamelididae has 2 valves per theca. The type with 1 valve but 2 pollen sacs per theca is both consistent and exclusive for the 5 southern genera of theHamamelidaceae. They seem to be the remnants of a homogeneous group that originated before the Upper Cretaceous. This is supported by fossil hamamelidaceous flowers from the Upper Cretaceous that have thecae with 1 valve. Since several-seededHamamelidaceae predate one-seeded forms in the fossil seed record (in Europe) and the systematic structure of the one-seeded group is relatively more homogeneous, several-seeded groups are considered to be more ancient. Several parallel evolutionary trends are recognized within theHamamelidaceae as well as within the LowerHamamelididae: anther dehiscence with 2 valves per theca → 1 slit or 1 valve; pollen sacs per theca 2 → 1; pollen tricolpate → polyforate; exine coarsely reticulate → finely reticulate; loss of perianth (tepals or petals and sepals) and concomitant loss of fixed number of floral organs; differentiation of exposed nectaries.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 231-250 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juglandaceae ; Paleobotany ; pollen ; fruits ; evolution ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
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    Notes: Abstract The major radiation of theJuglandaceae occurred during the early Tertiary as recorded by the proliferation of juglandaceous pollen and the appearance of fruits representing extinct and extant genera of the family. Juglandaceous pollen types of the Paleocene were predominantly triporate and exhibited a greater diversity in patterns of exinous thinning than occurs in the family today. Analyses of in situ pollen from early Tertiary juglandaceous inflorescences confirms the taxonomic value of certain patterns of exinous thinning. Data from co-occurring fruits and pollen indicate that relatively unspecialized, isopolar triporate pollen of the type presently confined to the tribeEngelhardieae also occurred in other tribes of the family during the Paleocene. Pollination has been mostly anemophilous throughout the Tertiary. Both wind and animal fruit-dispersal syndromes were established early in the radiation of the family but a greater diversity of wind-dispersed genera has prevailed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 251-265 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Phylogeny ; fructifications ; morphology ; anatomy ; paleogeography ; Cretaceous ; Tertiary
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    Notes: Abstract A comparative analysis of the seed morphology and anatomy of fossil and extantRutaceae (mainlyZanthoxyleae andToddalioideae) is presented. This allows to place the most important fossil taxa in a time-table and on paleogeographical maps. A phylogenetic scheme demonstrates the postulated historical relationships ofEvodia, Zanthoxylum, Fagara, Rutaspermum, Acronychia, Toddalia, Fagaropsis, andPhellodendron.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Buxaceae ; Buxus ; Pollen morphology ; leaf venation ; fossil records ; systematics ; evolution ; chorogenesis
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    Notes: Abstract Trends of pollen grain aperture evolution and exine characters as well as characters of leaf venation, petiole and axial vascularization are briefly described and related to geographical distribution and classification ofBuxus. A review of fossil records is given. Three major taxonomic groups can be delimitated within the genus, and aspects of their relationships and chorogenesis are presented. The level of differentiation, the pattern of distribution and the fossil record speak in favour of an ancient origin of the genus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
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    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 41-44 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. ; Pollen types ; pollination
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    Notes: Abstract In a second paper onArum pollen seven further taxa are investigated. Most of them have spinose pollen, only inA. korolkowii the pollen is scabrose. The possible relation between pollen sculpturing and the actual pollination mode is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 11-30 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Amaryllidaceae ; Eucharis ; Phenetics ; chromosome morphology ; isozyme electrophoresis ; speciation ; sibling species
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    Notes: Abstract Eucharis candida andE. formosa are two often sympatric species of bulbous geophytes restricted to neotropical rain forest understory. The species are most common in eastern Ecuador, and are the only two east Ecuadorean species of the genus found north of the Pastaza valley. Data from phenetic, karyotypic, and preliminary isozyme electrophoretic analyses of both species are represented. The species are distinguishable phenetically and karyologically, but isozyme-based relationships are more complex. Phenetic resolution of the isozyme phenotypes supports recognition of two species in Ecuador. A Peruvian isolate ofE. formosa, though not morphologically distinct, shows both allozyme and chromosomal divergence from Ecuadorean populations. Cladistic relationships based on overall allozyme data do not support species distinction, but a novel electrophoretic phenotype for glutathione reductase is shared only by individuals ofE. candida. An apparent geographic component within the monophyletic groups resolved in the cladogram suggests that some degree of gene flow between these two species has been maintained without the complete loss of morpholgoical species identity. This may have been mediated either by artificial population structures due to a probable long history of cultivation, or via Pleistocene refugia effects. Both species may have originated in eastern Ecuador from a common ancestral population which has since radiated outward, perhaps several times.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 45-67 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Espeletia ; Diallel cross ; pollen donors ; parental effects ; outcrossing distance ; inbreeding ; seed abortion ; incompatibility ; pollen tube growth
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors (〈 15m apart) within each population was used in a diallel design in order to test the genetic base of seed set variation. Three measures of seed formation were used: (1) achene number; (2) proportion of filled achenes (fruits) that distinguishes between achenes with seeds and empty achenes; (3) proportion of aborted seeds that distinguishes between viable and aborted seeds. Self-pollinations resulted in empty achenes. Achene number did not vary between the different pollen donors. A bimodal pattern of filled achenes was found in two populations in two consecutive years. On the other hand, a unimodal pattern was found in crosses between more distant donors (〉 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago lupulina ; M. secundiflora ; Chromosomes ; karyotypes ; chloroplast DNA evolution ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract Studies were made on the chromosome complements and chloroplast genomes ofMedicago lupulina andM. secundiflora, which comprise sectionLupularia ofMedicago. Both types of analyses indicated more substantial differences between these species than suggested by external morphology.Medicago lupulina has a relatively asymmetrical karyotype in terms of centromeric position and relative length. The karyotype ofM. secundiflora is comparatively more asymmetrical in centromeric position and reduced in absolute size but exhibits greater symmetry in relative length. The restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of the chloropiast DNA of these two species (with Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl II, and Xho I) show little similarity, with only 17% of the fragments matching in size. The lack of interspecific congruence among data of morphology, karyology and cpDNA inLupularia is contrary to consistency exhibited among these data inMedicago subsect.Intertextae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Najadaceae ; Najas marina ; Isozymes ; polyploidy ; Polymorphism
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    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of five natural populations ofNajas marina L., i.e. one diploid of subsp.marina (Europe), two of subsp.intermedia (Europe) and both a diploid (C. Africa) and a tetraploid (Middle East) of subsp.armata, has been estimated by means of electrophoretic studies. These populations differ in their morphology and karyotype. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics and status of a tetraploid cytotype from Merkaz Sappir (Israel). Almost all the variation observed is expressed in seed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The differences are in a unique allele of theAdh-2 locus and in the formation of novel heteromeric isozymes.Adh genes in seeds can be used as a marker for the autotetraploid character. The other enzyme systems tested failed in this respect. The genetic variability based on 23 loci is rather low. Nevertheless, the autotetraploid population has a higher or equal ratio of polymorphic loci than the related diploids. Cluster analysis illustrated not only thatNajas marina subsp.marina has diverged much from subsp.intermedia and subsp.armata, but also showed the difference between the latter two taxa, as well as the intermediate position of the autotetraploid population.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 183-196 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; E. clöeziana ; Monocalyptus ; Floral morphology ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; phyllotaxy
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    Notes: Abstract Flowers ofEucalyptus clöeziana have two clearly distinct perianth whorls. The small free parts of the outer (calycine) whorl cease growth early and are lost from the flower; the parts of the inner (corolline) whorl become continuous laterally by confluence of growth centres and form an operculum in the mature flower. The stamens are inserted on a circumfloral buttress (staminophore) that is homologous to the adaxial corolline component inAngophora and the bloodwood andEudesmia eucalypts. Flowers ofMonocalyptus have only one perianth whorl, which is opercular. The stamens are similarly inserted on a circumfloral buttress. Developmental study does not provide conclusive evidence for either a calycine or corolline determination of theMonocalyptus operculum, but comparison with other eucalypt groups, includingE. clöeziana (the sister taxon), predicts an essentially corolline composition.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 211-223 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Hordeum brachyantherum ; H. californicum ; H. capense ; H. secalinum ; Morphometrics ; cluster analysis ; classificatory discriminant analysis ; canonical analysis ; sheared principal component analysis ; bootstrap validation ; identification key
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    Notes: Abstract Field collections and 296 herbarium sheets were examined for 27 morphometric variables. A priori species identifcation was based on geographical distribution except forH. californicum, a diploid species primarily occurring in California and differing from the much more widespread tetraploidH. brachyantherum that thrives in N. America and N.E. Asia;H. capense grows in S. Africa andH. secalinum mainly in Europe. Various cluster analyses were used followed by cluster recovery verification. Classificatory discriminant analysis and validation by the bootstrap yielded 85–90% overall total correct classification of the four species. Canonical analysis revealed thatH. californicum occupies an intermediate phenetic position among the other three distinct species. Factors of shape differences were unravelled and portrayed by shearing. A revised key to species was drawn up.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 225-241 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Geranium caespitosum ; Breeding system ; ecotype ; gynodioecy ; pollen sterility ; self-fertility ; selfing ; inbreeding depression ; stigma receptivity
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    Notes: Abstract Characters that have the potential to alter the breeding system ofGeranium caespitosum were investigated. The characters differ mechanistically, functioning either endogenously and independent of pollen transfer, or exogenously by influencing pollen transfer. Little variation in self-fertility (endogenous mechanism) was measured among populations from different elevations grown in a common garden. Variation in floral morphology (exogenous mechanism) was limited and unlikely to create a change in the breeding system. Macroscopic variation (exogenous mechanism), including gynodioecy, sexual specialization, and pollen sterility, was observed in extreme elevation populations and probably has a sizeable effect on the breeding system.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 249-252 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Primulaceae ; Cyclamen ; C. somalense ; Taxonomy ; phytogeography ; Mediterranean floristic element ; Flora of Somalia
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    Notes: Abstract Cyclamen somalense Thulin & Warfa, spec. nova, the first member of the genus known from tropical Africa, is described from the Al Miskat Mts in NE. Somalia. The new species is closely related to the E. MediterraneanC. persicum Mill. The disjunct Mediterranean element in the mountain flora of northern Somalia, to whichC. somalense belongs, is believed to be largely a relict of Tertiary origin.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus cantoniensis ; R. chinensis ; R. silerifolius ; Amphidiploid ; aneuploid induction ; cytotaxonomy ; fertility ; habitat segregation ; hybrid ; multivalent ; speciation
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    Notes: Abstract Cytogenetical studies were carried out on the successive generations of offsprings from the induced tetraploid hybrid (2n = 32) betweenRanunculus silerifolius (2n = 16) andR. chinensis (2n = 16). Aneuploids, 2n = 30 to 35, frequently occurred. In latter subsequent generations the deviation of aneuploids increased, but the proportion of euploids decreased, accompanied by the reduction of fertility of pollen grains and seed sets. F2 and F4 PMCs constantly exhibited meiotic abnormality, i.e. formation of quadrivalents and univalents. The speciation process ofR. cantoniensis (2n = 32), which was presumed to arise from tetraploid hybrids between the above two species, is discussed on the basis of the above evidences.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 137-148 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Leporella ; Formicidae ; Myrmecia ; Ant pollination pseudocopulation ; floral morphology
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    Notes: Abstract Leporella fimbriata is a self compatible orchid of southern Australia. It is dependant across its range on unique pollination by sexually attracted male winged antsMyrmecia urens, which pseudocopulate with the flower. Typical pollination sequences began with an initial circling then zig-zag flight to the flower. Vectors usually alighted on the inflorescence stem and quickly crawled to the flower where they adopted a copulatory position sideways along the wide labellum, pseudocopulatory probing immediately followed. In this position pollen carried on the thorax was deposited on the stigma. Departure from the labellum usually resulted in pollinium removal. Pollinator movements were restricted and the distribution leptokurtic with a mean of 3.141 ± 4.59 m. Pollination was widespread but variable from site to site and season to season with a maximum of 70% of all flowers being pollinated. Pollinator limitation is indicated. Traits essential for this pollination interaction include the coincidence of orchid and ant geographic distributions and the coincidence of flowering with the flight period of the ant. The production of pheromonelike substances and the distinctive floral morphology are also essential for attraction and manipulation of male ants. The ant mating system which the orchid can exploit is also important.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 189-194 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Annonaceae ; Annona ; Rollinia ; Beetle pollination ; flower evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Dynastid scarab beetle pollination appears basic within the genusAnnona. Those species ofAnnona which are more morphologically derived, as well as allRollinia spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles likeNitidulidae orStaphylinidae. Pollination of the primitive species ofAnnona byDynastinae would imply that the genus had not evolved before the Tertiary. The fossil record is in congruence with this hypothesis. Once again it is stressed that the cantharophilous syndrome, as it is found in theAnnonaceae, Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae andCalycanthaceae, with beetles being exclusive pollinators, is a secondary and derived condition and obviously different from the expected basic entomophily of the original angiosperms.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hypochoeris ; Karyotype ; karyogram ; idiogram ; basic chromosome number ; symmetry of karyotype ; asymmetrical index
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    Notes: Abstract FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertia Fiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene sect.Siphonomorpha ; sect.Auriculatae ; Crossing experiments
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    Notes: Abstract Ten species in the genusSilene sectt.Siphonomorpha andAuriculatae were crossed artificially involving 612 crosses to test inter- and infraspecific, intervarietal and intersectional crossability. In sect.Siphonomorpha all interspecific crosses (between diploids) failed due to cross- or seed-incompatibility; however, intervarietal crosses betweenS. gigantea var.gigantea andS. gigantea var.incana produced hybrids. In sect.Auriculatae hybrids were produced betweenS. vallesia andS. boryi, both tetraploids, but crosses between these and the diploid species were unsuccessful. The delimitation and status of the species in both sections was supported by the crossing results.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Coryanthes ; Fragrance analyses ; 2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde ; taxonomic studies
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    Notes: Abstract All members of the investigated genusCoryanthes (subtribeStanhopeinae) are pollinated by male euglossine bees. The different fragrance profiles are the primary reproductive isolating mechanisms, because the flowers are interfertile. The fragrance patterns of 17 species ofCoryanthes were analyzed by gas chromatography as a means to improve the classification of this genus. A first amine (2-N-methylaminobenzaldehyde) was found to be the main fragrance compound of an as yet unclassifiedCoryanthes species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 221-225 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Araceae ; Pothos sect.Allopothos ; Pothos crassipedunculatus ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; systematics ; Flora of India
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    Notes: Abstract Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivadasan & Mohanan (Araceae), a new species closely related to the SW. Indian endemic and little known speciesP. thomsonianus Schott is described. It is characterized by the the non-ligulate, shortly vaginate petiole, thickly peduncled inflorescence, broadly ovate spathe and a sessile spadix. It is included in ser.Brevivaginati Engler of sect.Allopothos Schott.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 123-141 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliiflorae ; Liliales ; Dioscoreales ; Asparagales ; Cladistics ; relationships ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Comparisons between previous intuitive or phenetic classifications of the netveinedLiliiflorae was used to determine a suitable group of taxa for cladistic analyses. The resultant 48 genera and generic groupings comprising 19 families from within theAsparagales, Liliales andDioscoreales were then analysed. The cladistics largely supported previous treatments, with theLiliales, Dioscoreales andAsparagales all monophyletic.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula ; Medicago littoralis ; Bruchidius bimaculatus ; Bruchid infestation
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    Notes: Abstract The bean weevilBruchidius bimaculatus was found in fruits of 68 of 217 populations of theMedicago truncatula — M. littoralis complex of Israel, Greece, Italy and Spain. Infestation was higher in fruits of somewhat larger than mean size, and in the more pubescent and tightly coiled fruits. Bean weevil size proved to be independent of fruit size, so that the “preference” for larger fruits does not seem due to adaptation to a larger food source or a larger domicile. Fruit size has been used to delimit the host “species”M. truncatula andM. littoralis, but the character proved to be unimodal, and it is apparent that the taxonomy of the plant complex requires further clarification. Of the 11 472 fruits examined, less than 4% were infested. Given that the plants have evolved indehiscent legumes in which typically only one of the approximately six seeds survives to reproduce, and that very few seeds of a fruit are destroyed, the bruchid's infestation appears to be non-harmful, and indeed the association may be mutualistic.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 53-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Lilium ; C-banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics ; karyotype
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    Notes: Abstract C-band patterns are described for 20Lilium spp. distributed across six sections. All species have a similar basic karyotype (n = 12) but C-bands differ markedly between them. The patterns are characterized by a dispersed scattering of thin intercalary bands as well as centric and NOR bands. Only one species,L. canadense, shows a clear equilocal pattern with intercalary C-bands occurring proximally in all of the longer chromosome arms. Comparing species, similar patterns are revealed forL. regale andL. sulphureum, forL. formosanum andL. longiflorum (all in sect.Leucolirion) and to a lesser extent forL. hansonii, L. martagon, andL. tsingtauense (sect.Martagon). The pattern forL. henryi (previously classed in sect.Sinomartagon) matches those ofL. regale andL. sulphureum quite well and its transfer to sect.Leucolirion is proposed. This is consistent with results from interspecies hybrids betweenL. henryi andL. regale (and related species) which are reportedly fertile. No other clear similarities in C-band patterns were seen across species. It seems that C-band patterns change rapidly inLilium and hence their usefulness in classification will be restricted to identifying closely related species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Anemone ; Pulsatilla ; Hepatica ; Chloroplast DNA ; restriction endonuclease analysis
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    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA of seven species belonging toAnemone (sectt.Omalocarpus, Anemonidium, andAnemonanthea),Hepatica, andPulsatilla have been analyzed by restriction enzymes. According to the dendrogram constructed, the sections ofAnemone and the generaHepatica andPulsatilla seem to be evolutionary approximately equidistant to each others. This supports the concept that these groups should be treated on a similar taxonomic level, either as genera or subgenera.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Alliaceae ; Allium ; B-chromosomes ; nucleolar activity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nucleolar activity was analyzed in two samples of plants of the wild onion speciesAllium cernuum, one from Canada (2n=14) and one from the United States of America (2n=14+3B), using phase contrast analysis and C- and Ag-NOR-banding. Three chromosome pairs of the standard A-chromosome complement show small telomeric satellites, which corresponds to the maximum number of Ag-NOR-bands at metaphase and to the telomeric C-heterochromatin. However, the maximum number of nucleoli observed at interphase was eight, indicating that another chromosome pair possesses nucleolar activity. Corresponding results were obtained for the A-chromosome complement of plants from the United States of America, however, these plants further possess three small metacentric supernumerary chromosomes, which show telomeric satellites on both arms, corresponding to two telomeric Ag-NOR-bands observed after silver staining. The presented data clearly indicate that the B-chromosomes ofAllium cernuum possess rDNA gene clusters which show strong nucleolar activity.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae (Fabaceae) ; Caesalpinioideae (Caesalpiniaceae) ; Cassia ; Chamaecrista ; Senna ; Stigma morphology ; taxonomy ; floral ecology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two stigma forms occur inChamaecrista andSenna, but only one inCassia. In the common chambered form, a stigma pore is positioned on the reflexed style tip and is the entrance to a tapering chamber. The pore rim is fringed by hairs which vary in number, size, distribution and shape. In the alternative form the stigma is situated at the apex of the curved style and is crateriform. The crater rim is fringed by hairs of variable number and shape. The stigmatic hairs are predominantly unicellular and cutinized. Stigma and hair differences aid in the taxonomy of the genera. Their functions in pollination biology are discussed.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Orchis ; Dactylorhiza ; Gymnadenia ; Taxonomy ; interspecific relationship ; enzyme electrophoresis ; computer evaluation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species of orchid plants belonging to the generaOrchis (7),Dactylorhiza (2), andGymnadenia (1) were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis. Each species can be identified by a combination of enzyme bands different from those of all other species examined. The electrophoretic data were used for the construction of phenetic and phylogenetic trees with the help of computer programs. The trees were almost identical regardless which method was used. Our results differ considerably from a classification based on morphological evidence. The electrophoretic data indicate that the genusOrchis is not a monophyletic group.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Acanthaceae ; Justicia sect.Ansellia ; J. brevipedunculata ; spec. nova ; Flora of Tropical East Africa
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Justicia brevipedunculata, a new species ofJ. sect.Ansellia endemic to Tanzania, is described and illustrated. Detailed palynological information is given, and relationships to other species of the section are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 127-131 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Portulacaceae ; Grahamia bracteata ; Chromosome number ; karyotype ; base number
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic and gametic chromosomes of the monotypical genusGrahamia (G. bracteata) have been studied for the first time: 2n = 18, n = 9. The karyotype is symmetrical; of the nine m pairs one has microsatellites. The basic chromosome number x = 9 is considered to be primitive within the family.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Beilschmiedia ; Calluna ; Polyalthia ; Strelitzia ; Acetolysis ; palynology ; sporoderm ; exine ; intine ; pollen characters
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetolysis method intreduced byGunnar Erdtman is still a very welcome and highly successful technique in palynology. However, acetolysis destroys all pollen material with the exception of sporopollenin that forms the outer pollen wall, the exine. Modern palynology in its application to plant systematics and phylogeny must consider all sporoderm characters, not only those of the exine. The neglect of the intine may distort some principal palynological aspects. This is illustrated by cases of total breakdown or gross modification of thin exine structures (e.g. inBeilschmiedia, Strelitzia) and by the clarification of apertures (e.g.,Polyalthia, Fissistigma, Calluna). In our view the investigation of both acetolysed and non-acetolysed pollen is obligatory for a well balanced view of pollen structure and function.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 133-146 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis ; C. sativus ; C. melo ; C. metuliferus ; C. anguria ; C. zeyheri ; C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis ; comb. nov. ; Crossing experiments ; meiosis of hybrids ; polyploidy ; isozymes ; DNA analysis ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Meiosis in seven interspecificCucumis hybrids has been analysed i.a. inC. metuliferus ×C. zeyheri, where the parents belong to different sections. In the triploid hybrids a remarkably high number of trivalents has been found. Additional data from literature on geographical distribution, cucurbitacins, flavonoid patterns, isozymes, C-banding, genome size, DNA amount and chloroplast DNA are used to discuss species relationships and evolution. The African cross-compatible group is divided into theMyriocarpus subgroup with the diploid speciesC. africanus, C. myriocarpus subsp.leptodermis and subsp.myriocarpus, and theAnguria subgroup withC. anguria, C. dipsaceus, C. ficifolius, C. prophetarum, C. zeyheri and all polyploids (exceptC. heptadactylus). It is argued that the Asian subg.Melo with x = 7 is derived from the African subg.Cucumis with x = 12; the latter contains all the polyploid species and has the most common basic chromosome number of theCucurbitaceae. This phylogenetic advance is interpreted with concepts of the quantum model of evolution.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Taraxacum ; Agamospermy ; NOR-chromosome ; chromosomal rearrangement ; transposable genetic elements
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    Notes: Abstract Morphological variation for the NOR chromosome was studied for four half-siblings of a sexual outbreedingTaraxacum, for three siblings of the obligate agamospermT. pseudohamatum, and for two individuals of the agamospermT. brachyglossum. No rearrangement was detected for the 113 chromosomes of sexuals, or for 41 chromosomes of two agamospermous individuals. In the other three agamospermous individuals, 3/16, 5/50, and 5/20 chromosomes showed evidence of chromosomal rearrangement. The majority of rearrangement events (10/13) occurred to the satellite rather than to the body of the NOR-chromosome. It is considered that such high levels of somatic chromosomal rearrangement in agamospermousTaraxacum may be the result of activity by transposable genetic elements. This recombination may be of selective advantage to asexual plants which cannot generate genetic variability through the sexual process.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 211-226 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loasaceae ; Petalonyx ; Inflorescence ; floral ontogeny ; vascular pattern ; androecium ; gynoecium ; nectary ; symmetry
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Inflorescence and floral structure ofPetalonyx linearis are described to assist in understanding homologies among the diverse flowers ofLoasaceae. The inflorescence consists of racemose axes, along which each individual flower is recaulescent with its subtending leaf. Both floral vascularization and appendage initiations show a set of variations. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium may be derived from a triplacental condition. Nectary position, on a collar on which the perianth and androecium are inserted, appears homologous to the ovarian dome position of the nectary among otherLoasaceae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Moraea inclinata ; M. brevistyla ; Bees ; Anthophoridae ; Halictidae ; Pollination mechanism ; flower morphology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual flowers ofMoraea inclinata are nectariferous and last about six hours. They appear to be pollinated largely by bees in the familyHalictidae (Lasioglossum spp.,Nomia spp.,Zonalictus) and to a lesser extent by bees in the familyAnthophoridae (Amegilla). The mechanism of bee-pollination inM. inclinata is the “Iris type”; i.e., each flower consists of three pollination units (an outer tepal, a partly exserted anther, and the opposed style branch which terminates in a pair of petal-like crests). Bees rarely visit more than one pollination unit per flower. Transferral of pollen to the bee is passive and nototribic although all bees collected on the flowers were female and 55% of the bees carried pollen loads with 2–5 pollen taxa in their scopae.Moraea brevistyla flowers are nectariferous but lack scent and last two days. They are visited infrequently by bees and only one femaleLasioglossum spec. carried the pollen ofM. brevistyla. Unlike flowers ofM. inclinata those ofM. brevistyla deposit pollen only on the head and thorax. Bee-mediated autogamy in both species is avoided due to the erratic foraging patterns of the bees and the flexibility of each stigma lobe as the bee backs out of the flower. Approximately 2–4 flowers in the inflorescences of both species (6–8 flowers/infloresence) develop into capsules.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Marantaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; monotely and polytely ; homogenization ; racemization ; truncation ; pseudoflorescence
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    Notes: Abstract In contrast toW. Troll's typology of inflorescences which aims at more or less rigid, well defined types, this investigation accentuates the processes that constitute the evolutionary transformations leading from one typical form to another.Troll divided the inflorescences into the two types of monotelic and polytelic synflorescences, the first with a terminal flower on the main axis, the latter with a homogeneous florescence on the indeterminate axis. Both forms are enriched by proximal branches which repeat the structure of the main axis (paracladia). The evolutionary processes leading from the more primitive monotelic type to the advanced polytelic type are truncation (loss of the terminal flower) and homogenization of the distal branches, which thus form a homogeneous florescence. A closer survey of the polytelic groups reveals the fact that, usingTroll's criteria, the same distinction can be found within these groups themselves. Loss of the terminal florescence (truncation of 2nd and higher degree) as well as homogenization of the distal paracladia may lead to florescence-like units of higher complexity. Examples can be found inAsteraceae (Figs. 1 and 2),Fabaceae (Fig. 3 a),Mimosaceae (Fig. 3 b),Acanthaceae, and also in Monocots, as exemplified by theMarantaceae (Figs. 4 and 5). The so-called racemization (inversion of efflorescences from basipetalous to acropetalous) may be mentioned as a third element of transformation, emphasizing the unity of the florescences.—In consequence, there are more organizational levels than reflected in the twoTroll types. The polytelic type comprises several degrees of truncation and homogenization, the basis for a reasonable organizational analysis should therefore be the degree of ramification of flowering branches rather than the mere question of a terminal flower on the main shoot axis (Fig. 6). On the other hand the three processes of truncation, homogenization and racemization are evolutionary transformations that may occur independently from one another, thus giving rise to a large number of variations, which can not be satisfactorily interpreted by exactly defined types. On the basis of these considerations the question of homologous parts in inflorescences is reviewed. The homology of partial florescences and paracladia is accentuated contrary toTroll's interpretation (Fig. 7). Homogenization as an evolutionary trend may transform paracladia of different degree of ramification, leading to one-flowered units on the one side and to highly complex structures as in theMarantaceae on the other.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 227-280 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Papaveraceae ; Hypecoum ; Taxonomy ; morphological variation ; mating system ; autogamy ; UV-reflection ; pollen morphology ; chromosome numbers
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypecoum sect.Hypecoum comprises 8 species, one with 2 additional subspecies, in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. Five of these are recognized for the first time, viz.Hypecoum procumbens L. subsp.fragrantissimum Å. E. Dahl,H. procumbens L. subsp.atropunctatum Å. E. Dahl,H. trullatum Å. E. Dahl,H. angustilobum Å. E. Dahl andH. torulosum Å. E. Dahl. H. dimidiatum Delile andH. pseudograndiflorum Petr., which have generally been included inH. imberbe Sm., are reestablished as distinct species. Morphology and variation patterns are described and discussed with special reference to mating systems. Self-incompatibility is dominating butH. procumbens subsp.procumbens andH. torulosum are self-compatible. The broad variation ranges of the former taxon in traits presumably related to mating system (petal, anther and stigma sizes as well as pollenovule ratios) indicate varying rates of outcrossing. SEM micrographs are given of petal and stigma surfaces and of pollen grains. Chromosome counts are presented for seven taxa. All are diploid with 2n = 16.
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    Protoplasma 152 (1989), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plastid inheritance, uniparental ; Plastid inheritance, biparental ; Plastid distribution ; Plastid transmission
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; 1,ω-Di(alkoxy)-polysulphides ; Retention contributions
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The reaction of S2Cl2 with alcohols yields products, the reversed-phase liquid chromatograms of which are similar to those of dialkyl-polysulphides RSnR, i.e., they represent homologous series. Four of the products were identified via GC-MS as 1,ω-di(alkoxy)-polysulphides having the general structure ROSnOR. Retention contributions of alkyl groups R and sulphur atoms in the −Sn — chain are not much different from values observed with polysulphides. The effect of oxygen, however, is only about −100 index units per O atom, while in dialkyl ethers values of −500 units have been reported.
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    Chromatographia 27 (1989), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Retention behaviour ; Column parameters
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention of small molecules on reversed phase or other hydrophobic stationary phases can be represented by k′ values of members of a homologous series at varying solvent compositions. The evaluation of simple linear relationships leads to the introduction of a set of four parameters that contain all the information about retention behaviour of this homologous series in the binary solvent system chosen. It is possible to extrapolate to a hypothetical non-hydrophobic molecule and a solvent, the polarity of which equals that of the stationary phase, to characterize the properties of the stationary phase — eluent system. In addition, a chromatographic method for determination of the phase ratio of the column is proposed.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Anion exchange separation ; Preparative separations ; Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the purification of 50mg crude human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone sample in one chromatographic run on a 250×10 mm SERVA DEAE Poliol-Si-500 column. During the 60-minute linear gradient of 0.05 M sodium sulfate, 0.05 M sodium hydrogen sulfate and 0.05% (v/v) acetonitrile in buffer “B” complete separation was accomplished in 40 min. Identity and purity of the fractions were checked by SDS electrophoretic method. The eluted HCG fractions were dialyzed for 24 hours to remove the buffer salts and liophilized. The activity of the hormone did not decreased significantly during the purification procedure.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteridae ; Verbenaceae ; Oleaceae ; Nyctanthes ; Intranuclear inclusions ; mesophyll cells ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TEM observations were carried out on 40 taxa of the familyVerbenaceae and 35 taxa of the familyOleaceae, in order to ascertain distribution, ultrastructure and morphology of the intranuclear proteinic inclusions in the mesophyll parenchymatic cells. The investigated genera amount to some 25% and 60% respectively of the genera of the two families. Inside theVerbenaceae, lamellar inclusions (L-type) occur in 6 out of 23 investigated genera: they are mostly present inside the tribesCitharexyleae andVerbeneae (both belonging toVerbenoideae), while they are absent in other subfamilies. All of the investigatedOleaceae genera show intranuclear crystalline inclusions (C 1-type) of three different shapes. Among theAsteridae this is a character peculiar toOleaceae. They appear to be a well defined natural group, including the controversial genusNyctanthes.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops cylindrica var.kastorianum ; New variety ; karyotype analysis ; protein and esterase patterns ; isoelectric focusing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A native population ofAegilops cylindrica was encountered for the first time in Greece in 1980 (near Kastoria, NW. Greece), completely isolated and at a great distance from its main distribution area. There are morphological and chromosomal, but no protein and esterase pattern differences from otherAe. cylindrica populations. This justifies the recognition of a new variety: var.kastorianum. Our comparative and karyotypic observations support the view thatAe. caudata var.polyathera and not var.caudata (typica) is the possible donor of genome C of the new variety.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aristolochiaceae ; Aristolochia krisagathra spec. nova ; A. indica ; Ornithoptera ; Taxonomy ; butterflies ; host plants ; Flora of India
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aristolochia krisagathra, a new species from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India is described, illustrated and included into a key to the four Indian species of the genus. Notes on the host-relationships of these species are also provided, paticularly ofA. indica to papilionid butterflies.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 21-29 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Sarraceniaceae ; Melastomataceae ; Rapateaceae ; Gentianaceae ; Loranthaceae ; Malpighiaceae ; Ericaceae ; Orchidaceae ; Campylopterus duidae ; Diglossa duidae ; Anoura geoffroyi ; africanized honey bee ; Pollination by bees ; buzz pollination ; Flora of Neblina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During 20 days in 1985, floral biological observations were made at 1 850–2 100m elevation on Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela.Heliamphora tatei var.neblinae (Sarraceniaceae) is nectarless and has poricidal anthers.Heliamphora tatei, Graffenrieda fruticosa, G. polymera, G. reticulata, Tocca pachystachya, T. tepuiensis (Melastomataceae),Saxofridericia compressa, andStegolepsis neblinensis (Rapateaceae), are buzz-pollinated by ten species ofBombus, Eulaema, Melipona, Centris, Xylocopa, Dialictus, andNeocorynura. Additional observations of floral visits on tepui species ofGentianaceae, Loranthaceae, Malpighiaceae, Ericaceae, Orchidaceae, andAsteraceae are reported. Visitors include the hummingbirdCampylopterus duidae, the flower-piercerDiglossa duidae, the nectarivorous batAnoura geoffroyi, and various species ofCentris andBombus bees. Scent baits for euglossine bees attracted very few bees.Apis mellifera adansonii-scutellata, the africanized honey bee, was caught at 1 850m elevation.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 163 (1989), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Arctostaphylos ; Arctous ; Calluna Erica ; Loiseleuria ; Rhododendron ; Rhodothamnus ; Oxycoccus ; Vaccinium ; Empetraceae ; Empetrum ; n-Alkanes ; epicuticular waxes ; chemotaxonomy ; environmental effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alkane distribution patterns were determined in the epicuticular wax of the leaves of 13 species and a hybrid fromEricaceae and one species ofEmpetrum (Empetraceae). As chemotaxonomic indicators, the results are of limited use only. The most uniform genus wasRhododendron, the most heterogeneousVaccinium. The dominant effect of genetic over environmental factors was apparent in most cases.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 162 (1989), S. 315-329 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Betulaceae ; Celastraceae ; Fagaceae ; Juglandaceae ; Oleaceae ; Rosaceae ; Staphyleaceae ; Summer-green woody plants ; submediterranean ; distribution types ; climatic conditions ; post-Pleistocene dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deciduous wood flora of southern Europe is characterized as a special “nemoral-Submediterranean element”. The distribution patterns of some representatives (total ranges and local areas in Roumania) are described and explained by recent climatic conditions. The northern limits of Submediterranean and Submediterranean-middle European deciduous forest taxa exhibit a continuous gradation, but only a few species with a wide ecological amplitude extend into the temperate zone.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilla cilicica ; S. morrisii ; Karyotype evolution ; C-banding ; genome size ; Endemism ; flora of Cyprus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract S. cilicica Siehe andS. morrisii Meikle are two little known sibling species of theScilla siberica alliance with previously difficult taxonomy, especially with regard to specific delimitation and geographic distribution. Quantitative C-band karyotyping and DNA content determinations were performed in four provenances, including the type localities. Both species (2n = 12) differ strikingly in their banding patterns despite of similar DNA content. Karyotype diversification involved changes in eu- and heterochromatin quantities and resulted in some changes of chromosome form. Despite this, actual phylogenetic relatedness is indicated by a chromosomal marker (NOR-position) of rare occurrence in the alliance. Karyological results and circumstantial evidence from the literature suggest thatS. morrisii is an endemic, exclusive to Cyprus as a member of theS. siberica alliance.S. cilicica seems to be restricted to continental S. Anatolia opposite to Cyprus. Its occurrence on Cyprus is questionable.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gesneriaceae ; Didymocarpus ; Morphology ; floral ecology ; Flora of Malaysia ; SE. Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Didymocarpus geitleri spec. nov. is described from Sungai Pandan, Kuantan distr., Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. Distinctive features include: leaden-grey leaves with long, erect hairs on the upper side and whitish, campanulate flowers with a long exserted, bright yellow style. The colouring of the latter is caused by densely arranged glands. Together with two yellow blotches in front of the filament insertion, the style apparently acts as an anther (pollen) dummy.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Gladiolus ; G. atroviolaceus ; G. communis ; G. illyricus ; G. imbricatus ; G. italicus ; Geography ; morphology ; multivariate analysis ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Representative specimens of the EuropeanGladiolus species (excl.G. palustris) were used to study variability and relationships. 25 characters were measured for cluster, principal component and Wells hybrid analyses (Figs. 1–3). Three (with PCA) respective five (cluster analysis) main groups are revealed. Bulb characteristics appear to be very useful for indentification. The subspecific status ofG. communis subsp.byzantinus is confirmed. Hybrids of four different parental combinations were detected in our collection. Most species include polyploid series. Partly 3x, 4x, 6x, 8x, 12x and aneuploid cytotypes but no diploids were found. Polyploids as pioneers and hybridization of sympatric species are apparently linked to migrations during the glacial periods.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 239-254 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmia ; Floral morphology ; corolla ; operculum ; androecium ; staminophore ; growth centres ; continuity ; heterotopy ; epipetaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In the early stages of ontogeny, the corolline parts of theEudesmia eucalypts develop as compound structures directly comparable to the early stages of the petals ofAngophora and the bloodwood eucalypts, but with the onset of androecial formation a marked difference takes place. Rather than forming on the floral apex, the stamen primordia arise on the basal adaxial components of the young corolline parts; this basal component develops into the staminophore of the mature flower. The operculum consists only of the dorsal components of the corolline parts, the homologues of the “dorsal keels” of theAngophora petals. If the corolline parts remain more or less free in their early developmental stages, corresponding groups of stamens are produced. Early corolline continuity leads to a continuous ring of stamens. The staminophore is not an organ sui generis, but a derivative of the corolla. The bundles of stamens in some species are best referred to as epipetalous groups, not antepetalous fascicles.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Agropyron ; Elymus ; Biometrics ; Wells' distance diagram ; morphological variation ; Flora of S. America ; Patagonia ; Tierra del Fuego ; Falkland Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Based on a simple multivariate analysis of the morphology of theAgropyron pubiflorum complex—A. patagonicum, A. antarcticum, A. fuegianum, andA. magellanicum—the variation pattern is shown to be clinal, and all taxa are included in a single, variable species. Currently the majority of species ofAgropyron is included inElymus and the correct name of this species isE. glaucescens.
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  • 88
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum tenuifolium ; Evolution of karyotypes ; bimodal karyotypes ; DNA content ; Feulgen densitometry ; hybrids ; meiotic chromosome pairing ; fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Hypotheses on the evolution of the karyotypes of 8 chromosome races (2n = 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16-two forms, 26) within theOrnithogalum tenuifolium complex are discussed. Four of the karyotypes are strictly bimodal: 2n = 8 (6 long and two short chromosomes), 2n = 10 (6 long and 4 short chromosomes), 2n = 12 (6 long and 6 short chromosomes) and 2n = 16 (12 long and 4 short chromosomes). The hypotheses are tested by means of measurements of nuclear DNA content, studies of meiosis and pollen fertility of hybrids, and comparisons of karyotype morphology. The results indicate that the E. African 2n = 12 chromosome race is the most primitive and has given rise to the other chromosome races. The 2n = 6 race is found to have a significantly higher fitness than the 2n = 12 race.
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  • 89
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 141-158 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Proteaceae ; Conospermum taxifolium ; C. longifolium ; Biosystematics ; numerical taxonomy ; morphology ; allozymes ; electrophoresis ; Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A morphometric analysis of 18 attributes of 110 plants of theConospermum taxifolium complex suggests that it consists of three polythetically distinct taxa, corresponding to the traditional concepts ofC. taxifolium Smith s. str.,C. ericifolium Smith andC. ellipticum Smith. Discrimination is possible on the basis of leaf but not flower attributes. Analysis of allozymic variation indicates that the taxa are also genotypically differentiated.C. ericifolium andC. ellipticum are geographically isolated from each other but not fromC. taxifolium, andC. taxifolium is usually ecologically segregated from the other two taxa. Where this ecological segregation breaks down, morphological intermediates sometimes occur as the result of hybridization.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Eragrostis curvula ; Lovegrasses ; Esterase isozymes ; disc electrophoresis ; biosystematics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosystematic relationships of the apomictic complexEragrostis curvula s. lato, is investigated by disc electrophoresis of seed extracts to obtain esterase patterns of 23 accessions representing the morphological variants of this complex: curvula, conferta, robusta, chloromelas and lehmanniana. The zymograms thus obtained were classified into four groups on the basis of the presence of certain bands taken as characteristic and constant markers. Within each group variations were found in strict accordance with the morphological and cytogenetic data available on the complex. Cluster analysis showed similarity levels between the strains studied, representing different genomic groups. The esterase pattern proved useful as an additional criterion for identifying the individual taxa making up the complex and for evaluating their reciprocal relationships.
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  • 91
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Chenopodium ; Taxonomic trees ; phenograms ; cladograms ; natural classifications ; predictivity ; information content ; probability of trees
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    Notes: Abstract The contribution ofJ. S. L. Gilmour to numerical taxonomy is reviewed. His important concept of natural classification, as being general-purpose classifications with high predictivity, led to the development of ideas of information content, unit characters and equal character-weighting. The concept of predicitivity is extended to taxonomic trees (phenograms or cladograms). Under certain assumption of random sampling of characters it is shown that the probability of recovering the correct tree topology or tree-form may be small if characters are few. There may be very many topologies or tree-forms, every one of which has individually a low probability. It is, however, possible to estimate the aggregate probability of trees which have more than some specified resemblance to the “correct” tree. The practical prospects of estimating the distribution of tree probabilities are discussed.
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  • 92
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus auricomus agg. ; Ranunculus marsicus ; Cytofluorimetry ; polyploidy ; agamic complex
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cytofluorimetric method for DNA amount determination on nuclei released from fixed leaves has been successfully tested on samples belonging to the polyploid series ofRanunculus marsicus Guss & Ten. (sect.Auricomus). The procedure was devised to screen rapidly for different ploidy levels within topodemes and progenies.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 7-18 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Castanea ; Lithocarpus ; Comparative morphology ; cupule ; ontogenetic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Two contradicting theories have been proposed for the morphological nature of fagaceous cupules; the intercalary growth theory and the higher order dichasial branch theory. All the previous ontogenetic studies insist on the latter one, but the genera investigated have been rather restricted and have not covered all the cupule types. A comparative study of the ontogenetic development of cupules inCastanea crenata andLithocarpus edulis, which are representatives of fundamentally different cupule types, revealed that both the theories are incomplete. InL. edulis, the higher order dichasial branches contribute to cupule formation along the anterior portions of the lateral flowers. However, along the adaxial portion of the central flower, the cupule develops as an intercalary growth, represented by rapid increase of tangentially oblong epidermal cells. InCastanea, intercalary growth is not clearly observable, for presumably, the flowers are surrounded by a well-developed partial inflorescence mound from the beginning of development.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 159-171 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Biosystematics ; genome analysis ; chromosome homology ; phylogenetic reconstruction ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The implications of genome analysis for evolutionary theory and systematics are treated. The precise relationship between the theoretical and operational definitions of chromosome homology is shown to be uncertain. It is pointed out that genera defined by genome analysis may be either monophyletic or non-monophyletic, and that the genus is not a basic unit of evolution. Characters obtained by genome analysis may be useful in a phylogenetic context, provided they are treated as all other characters.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Viscaceae ; Viscum ; Nuclear DNA content ; DNA denaturation ; DNA reassociation ; host-specific DNA organization ; subspecific genome differentiation
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    Notes: Abstract The nuclear DNA content and composition with respect to base composition and the proportion of repetitive DNA was studied in the host-specific mistletoe subspecies,Viscum album subsp.album, V. a. subsp.abietis andV. a. subsp.laxum, using DNA ofLoranthus europaeus as a standard. Small but not significant differences were found between the 2C DNA contents and the base composition but significant differences were detected in the patterns of sequence organization. This infraspecific variation is briefly discussed in the light of differences known to occur in the patterns of lectins and viscotoxins, immunostimulating and cancerostatic effects.
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  • 96
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; orchids ; Pleione ; P. bulbocodioides ; P. formosana ; P. yunnanensis ; P. humilis ; P. forrestii ; Chromosome banding ; Feulgen staining ; karyotype analysis ; epiphytic ; semi-terrestrial ; terrestrial habitats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Karyotypic and heterochromatin studies suggest a basic division of the orchid genusPleione into two groups, one represented by the clearly epiphytic species and the other including both species with terrestrial trends as well as those that are truly terrestrial. The epiphytic group possesses only (sub) metacentric chromosomes and is characterised by a considerable amount of terminal heterochromatin while the terrestrial group has some subtelocentric chromosomes and only small amounts of centromeric heterochromatin. It is concluded that a major phyletic split in the mode of chromosome change occurred during the transition from the epiphytic to the terrestrial habitat.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum ; S. officinale agg. ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; isobauerenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a chemotaxonomic study of the genusSymphytum pyrrolizidine alkaloids and triterpenes were used as chemotaxonomical markers. A micro-extraction methods was developed for screening compounds of very small pieces of herbarium material. The occurrence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids symphytine and (acetyl-)lycopsamine is very general forSymphytum taxa. Echimidine is present in someS. officinale L. plants and inS. tanaicense Steven. The triterpene isobauerenol is present inS. officinale, S. bohemicum Schmidt,S. tanaicense and inS. officinale var.lanceolatum Weinm. The chemotaxonomic hypothesis, proposed byGadella and collaborators, based on the presence of the triterpene isobauerenol inS. officinale and its absence inS. asperum Lepech. and the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid echimidine inS. asperum and its absence inS. officinale, can no longer be applied absolutely to theS. officinale species complex. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid and triterpene pattern ofS. officinale (2n = 24) andS. bohemicum (2n = 24) is identical.S. bohemicum is morphologically, cytologically and phytochemically very similar toS. officinale. Furthermore, it readily crosses with the white flowered W. European diploids ofS. officinale. Therefore it seems likely that these two taxa are conspecific.S. tanaicense shows a pyrrolizidine alkaloid and triterpene pattern similar toS. officinale (2n = 40). Also on morphological and cytological grounds they are very similar. It seems highly probable thatS. tanaicense is conspecific withS. officinale (2n = 40) and represents an intraspecific variant only.S. officinale var.lanceolatum contained no pyrrolizidine alkaloids but did contain isobauerenol. This feature points to an origin fromS. officinale.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Cichorium intybus ; Tapetum ; pollen ; exine ; pollenkitt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tapetal development ofCichorium intybus L. is investigated using LM and TEM and discussed in relation to the development in other species. During the second meiotic division the tapetal cells become binucleate and lose their cell walls. They intrude the loculus at the time of microspore release from the meiotic callose walls, which means that a locular cavity is never present in this species. During pollen development they tightly junct the exine, especially near the tips of the spines. During the two-celled pollen grain stage they degenerate and most of their content turns into pollenkitt. Until anther dehiscence they keep their individuality, which means that these intruding tapetal cells never fuse to form a periplasmodium. The ultrastructural cytoplasmatic changes during this development are discussed in relation to possible functions.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; pigeonpea ; Cajanus cajan ; Sex allocation ; mating systems ; fruit and seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex allocation theory predicts that: (1) resources allocated to androecium should decrease with an increase in selfing, (2) a decrease in androecium biomass should be accompanied by an increase in the biomass of pistils, and (3) a decrease in androecium biomass should be coupled with a decrease in flower size, specifically corolla biomass. Another predicted change in reproductive traits associated with variation in selfing concerns seed to ovule ratios, but does not directly stem from sex allocation theory. It has been postulated that seed to ovule ratios should be positively correlated with the amount of selfing. These predictions were tested for six accessions of pigeonpea,Cajanus cajan L., that differed in selfing rates. The results were remarkably in accordance with the predictions. We conclude that sex allocation theory provides a powerful tool to understand the evolution of many reproductive traits in plants.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apiaceae ; Pimpinella major ; P. saxifraga ; P. alpina ; Asteraceae ; Solidago virgaurea ; S. canadensis ; S. gigantea ; Exploratory data analysis (EDA) ; classification algorithm ; MOBCENTR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MOBCENTR is a classification algorithm combining features of classification about mobile centres, Ward algorithm and of the Hard-Isodata method. The results of this new algorithm and of Ward algorithm are compared by morphological characters of species ofSolidago andPimpinella.
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