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  • Angiosperms
  • Yeast
  • Springer  (116)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (46)
  • 1985-1989  (70)
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  • 1950-1954
  • 1993  (46)
  • 1985  (70)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (46)
  • 1985-1989  (70)
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  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 116 (1985), S. 1233-1236 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Stereoselective reduction ; (S)-1-Phenylethanol ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The velocity of reduction of 4-substituted acetophenones by baker's yeast is decreased by electron donating substituents. The steric course, however, is little influenced and (S)-1-arylethanols2 are generally formed with over 90% enantiomeric excess.
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  • 2
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    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; oxi2 mutations ; Functional suppressors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A semidominant nuclear suppressor, callednam6, ofoxi2-V276 mitochondrial mutation has been isolated and characterized. The nuclear character ofnam6 was proved by its retention inrho° strains, lack of mitotic segregation in diploids and meiotic 2:2 segregation in tetrads. The specificity ofnam6 was tested on 315mit − mutations of four mitochondrial genes (oxi1, oxi2, oxi3, andcob-box). It suppresses clearly only three mutations in theoxi2 gene, restoring partially or completely cytochrome aa3 formation. The results suggest a functional character of the suppression.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Sporulation ; Yeast ; Transcription ; Meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have characterized 46 hybrid phage which hybridize preferentially to mRNA from sporulating cells. Cross-hybridization experiments demonstrate that 27 distinct SPR (Sporulation regulated) sequences are represented among these phage. The SPR genes can be grouped into three classes: early, middle, and late. The early class shows an accumulation of transcripts soon after transfer to sporulation medium and continues to accumulate RNA throughout sporulation. Transcripts of the middle class increase in level at about the time of DNA synthesis, rise rapidly in abundance until meiosis II, then accumulate more slowly for at least the next 3 h. Late gene transcripts begin to accumulate at about the time of meiosis I, increase 10- to 20-fold in the next 2 h, then remain constant in late sporulating cells.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Posttranslational processing ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Transcript mapping ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the primary structure of the gene for yeast ribosomal protein S31 revealed two unusual features. First, an intron of 312 nucleotides is located within the 5′-untranslated region. Second, the coding sequence for the known amino-terminal peptide of the protein starts 13 codons downstream of the ATG initiation codon, suggesting that S31 is synthesized as a precursor which undergoes post-translational processing to the mature protein. Primer extension analysis showed that transcription of the S31 gene starts at multiple sites. The 5′-flanking region of the gene contains several, previously described, conserved sequence elements that may play a role in the coordinate expression of yeast ribosomal protein genes.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA polymerase ; Yeast ; Immunoscreening ; Cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Partially overlapping fragments of the gene encoding yeast DNA polymerase I have been cloned by immunological screening of a yeast genomic library constructed in the phage λ expression vector λgt11. The three gene fragments we analyzed in detail encode part of a yeast protein that has been identified as yeast DNA polymerase I, because it shares with this enzyme a number of antigenic determinants. In fact, the yeast protein fragments expressed by the recombinant phages react with both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised against different, highly purified preparations of DNA polymerase I. Moreover, they can be used to affinity purify antibodies specifically reacting with active DNA polymerase I polypeptides and they compete with the yeast enzyme for binding to antibodies that inhibit catalytic activity. The gene is located on chromosome XIV in the yeast genome, and it is transcribed as a 5.2 kb mRNA.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Yeast ; Deletions ; RNA stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two cob − deletion mutants are characterized. One of them, M9410, is deleted for 911 by of the noncoding sequences only which separate tRNAGlu and cob exon 1; it thus lacks most of the sequence encoding the 957 by long cob leader (Bonitz et al. 1982) and some 20 by 5′ to it. The end points of this deletion coincide with 31 by long direct repeats in wild type mtDNA. The other mutant, M9391, is deleted for all cob coding sequences and most of the cob leader sequence but it retains the 5′ terminal 261 by of this leader. Northern analysis revealed that M9410 totally lacks cob mRNA or pre-mRNA. The large deletion M9391 in contrast accumulates a 13S RNA which probably results from transcription through the junction, which ligates sequences of the cob leader to sequences of the cob-oli1 intergenic spacer.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Carbon catabolite repression ; Oncogene-related genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The “start” cell division control genes CDC36 and CDC28 have been reported to contain a certain sequence homology to tissue oncogenes (ets and some protein kinase encoding oncogenes respectively). Here we report that temperature sensitive mutations in these genes are suppressed in cytoplasmic “petite” mutants and catabolite repression resistant mutants.
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  • 8
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    Current genetics 10 (1985), S. 253-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; RNA polymerase I ; Promoter ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Deletions in the promoter region of the 37S pre-rRNA operon in yeast were constructed and analysed in vivo using an artificial ribosomal minigene present on an extrachromosomal yeast vector. Sequences required for correct transcription initiation were found to be located between positions −192 and +15 relative to the start; a 5′-deletion down to position −133 reduces the transcription yield of the minigene at least five-fold. To allow detection of transcription of the minigene in isolated nuclei of yeast transformed with a minigene-bearing plasmid we attempted to increase the minigene copy number. The transcription yield in vivo appeared not to be proportional to the copy number but was found to be greatly enhanced when two or three mini-genes are present in tandem. α-Amanitin sensitivity of transcription of these minigenes in isolated nuclei proved that RNA polymerase I is responsible for their transcription.
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  • 9
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    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Glycerol kinase ; GUT1 ; ADR1 control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The GUT1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding glycerol kinase, was cloned and sequenced. The cloned genomic DNA fragment contains an open reading frame potentially coding for a protein of 709 amino acids with homology to bacterial glycerol kinases (40.8% identity over 502 amino acids, and 42.1% identity over 496 amino acids, in comparison to the smaller E. coli and B. subtilis enzymes). Disruption of GUT1 showed that the gene is required for growth on glycerol, but not on glucose or ethanol media. No glycerol kinase activity was detected in the disruption mutant. According to enzyme activity and transcript analysis, synthesis of glycerol kinase is repressed by glucose, and derepression is ADR1-dependent.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; FLP ; Phase variation-type expression ; Gene replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of a neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene has been designed to be regulated by an FLP-mediated switching of the orientation of the NPTII coding region located on the invertible DNA segment in episomal yeast plasmids. Inversion of the segment from inverted to direct orientation with respect to the promoter resulted in a dramatic increase in G418 resistance. FLP also promoted a double reciprocal exchange between the transforming and the resident 2-μm plasmid, leading to insertion of the FLP and REP2 genes into the transforming plasmid. The results demonstrate a possible use of FLP recombinase for ‘phase variation’-type regulation of gene expression and gene replacement in eukaryotic cells.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: AEP1 ; Yeast ; Mitochindria ; ATP synthase ; PET gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to mutation in a single nuclear locus, AEP1, the temperature-conditional pet mutant ts1860 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature of 36°C. The presence at this temperature of near-normal levels of the cognate oli1 mRNA in mutant ts1860 indicates that, as previously shown, the product of the AEP1 gene is required for translation of the mitochondrial oli1 transcript. In this study the AEP1 gene has been cloned from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of a temperature-conditional aep1 strain at the restrictive temperature. A 2,330-bp genomic fragment which restores subunit 9 synthesis in aep1 mutant strains was characterized. This fragment encoded five open reading frames: the longest of these, at 1,554 nucleotides, was identified as the AEP1 gene, since disruption of this reading frame generated a non-conditional pet strain unable to synthesize subunit 9. The predicted product of AEP1 is a basic, hydrophilic protein of 59,571 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address sequence. Hybridization studies with AEP1-specific probes indicate that the gene is located on chromosome XIII and produces several poly(A)+ transcripts ranging in size from 0.9 to 2.7 kb. None of the identified reading frames share significant homologies with entries of several data bases.
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  • 12
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    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 179-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mapping ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic map of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been revised in the distal region of chromosome arm IIR. The spo4 locus, hitherto considered the outermost marker, has been moved to an intermediate position. As a result, and in accordance with recent physical mapping data, the order of the entire distal subgroup of some 12 genetic markers is reversed relative to previously published gene maps.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sequencing ; Suppressor ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae can be impaired either by the ogd1 or the kgd1 mutation. The OGD1 gene and two suppressor genes were isolated by complementation of the ogd1 mutant. The complementation of the kdg1 mutant by the OGD1 gene, an allelism test, and meiotic mapping, revealed that the ogd1 and kgd1 mutations are allelic. The two mutations were differentiated by the cloned suppressor gene which was able to partially complement ogd1, but not kgd1. The molecular analysis of the suppressor gene revealed its identity with the natural tRNA CAG Gln gene found in the upstream region of URA10.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cell cycle ; Sporulation ; Glycoprotein gp115
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The GGP1 (GAS1) gene encodes an exocellular 115-kDa glycoprotein (gp115) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have monitored the changes in GGP1 mRNA levels under different conditions of G1 arrest. Transcript levels rapidly decrease during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase. They also decrease in the ts cdc25 and cdc28 START mutants when brought to the restrictive temperature. In cells arrested in G1 by αF treatment, the GPP1 mRNA level undergoes a threefold reduction. During release from the G1 block the mRNA level rapidly increases with a maximum at the onset of budding. During sporulation GGP1 mRNA level steadily decreases. These results indicate that the accumulation of the GGP1 transcript is inhibited during arrest in the G1 phase and during entry into the differentiative pathway of meiosis and sporulation. The induction of expression upon entry into the mitotic cycle suggest that GGP1 could be one of the genes whose transcription is activated at START.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation mutants ; Reporter genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reporter genes consisting of sporulation-specific promoters fused to lacZ were used as markers to monitor the sporulation pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains transformed with these lacZ gene fusions expressed β-galactosidase (assayable on plates using the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, X-gal) in a sporulation-dependent manner. Mutagenesis experiments performed on transformed strains resulted in the recovery of a number of novel sporulation mutants. Three classes of mutants were obtained: those which overexpressed the reporter gene under sporulation conditions, those which did not express the gene under any conditions, and those which expressed the gene in vegetative cells not undergoing sporulation. On the basis of the blue colony-colour produced in the presence of X-gal these have been described as superblue, white, and blue vegetative mutants, respectively. These were further characterised using earlier reporter genes and other marker systems. This study established that the multicopy reporter plasmids chosen do not interfere with sporulation; they are valid tools for monitoring the pathway and they provide a way to isolate mutations not readily selected by other markers.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have compared a number of procedures for the transformation of whole cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessed the effects of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or ethanol, both of which have been reported to enhance transformation efficiency. We find that simplified methods benefit from the addition of one of these compounds, and although differences are observed between strains as to the more beneficial reagent, peak transformation efficiency is, in general obtained with 10% DMSO or 10% EtOH. Increases of between six- and 50-fold are observed, despite a reduction in cell viability, and at this concentration the two compounds are not additive in their effects. The optimum level appears to depend on a balance between improved DNA uptake and reduced cell viability. As a result of this work we present a straightforward and rapid transformation procedure.
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  • 17
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    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 481-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitotic recombination ; RAD3 gene ; Nucleotide excision repair ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have tested the ability of mutants of three additional genes in the excision repair pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suppress the hyper-recombination and rad52 double-mutant lethality phenotypes of the rad3-102 (formerly rem1-2) mutation. Such suppression has previously been been observed with mutant alleles of RAD1 and RAD4. We had hypothesized that the rad3-102 mutation created elevated levels of DNA lesions which could be processed by the products of the RAD1 and RAD4 genes into recombinogenic double-strand breaks requiring the RAD52 product for repair. In this report, we show that the RAD2, RAD7, and RAD10 genes are also necessary for this processing. We discuss our observations of varying levels of mitotic crossingover in Rem- rad double-mutant strains.
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  • 18
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Virus-like particles ; Double-stranded RNA ; Yeast ; Yarrowia lipolytica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four out of the 24 strains of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica we have checked for the presence of virus-like particles (VLPs) proved to contain encapsidated double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, 4.9 kb long. A major VLP polypeptide of MW 80,000 was observed in all 4 cases, and a second one of MW 77,000 in three cases. dsRNA from the VLPs harboring only the larger polypeptide showed little homology with the 3 others. We have found no homology between VLP dsRNAs and host DNA or dsRNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and no relationship between the presence of VLPs and a possible killer phenomenon in Y. lipolytica.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: D-xylose fermentation ; Yeast ; Protoplast fusion ; Ploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protoplast fusion technique was employed in the preparation of presumptive diploid, triploid and tetraploid strains of the D-xylose fermenting yeast C. shehatae CBS2779. Prototrophic selection technique was employed for the recovery of presumed fusant strains. The hybrid nature of the presumptive diploid, triploid and tetraploid strains was confirmed by analysing I) the nuclear condition; II) the cell size and the cell volume of the parental and fusant strain; III) the cellular DNA content and IV) the induced and spontanenous mitotic segregation of properties in these strains. The increased level of ploidy was found to have an effect on the rate of ethanol production from D-xylose.
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  • 20
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 533-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: cDNA hybridisation ; UV inducible RNA ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Differential colony hybridisation has been used to identify DNA sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae corresponding to RNA transcripts whose levels increase 5–10 fold following UV-irradiation. Four sequences have been identified, three of which share sequence homology and hybridise to the same set of genomic DNA fragments. The fourth sequence appears to be distinct, however each DNA sequence hybridises to a similar sized RNA transcript which is approximately 4.0 kb long. The relationships between these DNA sequences and their potential protein products is discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; TEF genes ; Gene disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two genes,TEF1 andTEF2, encode the protein elongation factor EF-1α in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. We have generated yeast haploid strains containing eitherTEF1 orTEF2 interrupted by insertion of a large piece of foreign DNA. Cells which contain either one functional copy of the EF-1α genes are viable. In contrast, attempts to isolate a yeast haploid strain with bothTEF1 andTEF2 inactivated have failed suggesting that the double gene disruption is a lethal event.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; cdc8-1 mutation ; Mitotic recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a diploid strain homozygous for the cdc8-1 mutation, a block in DNA synthesis caused by restrictive temperature resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of intragenic recombination at the HOM2 locus. Under restrictive conditions, incorporation of radioactivity into DNA was reduced to 2% of the control and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation revealed that only short DNA fragments were synthesized. There was no considerable fragmentation of template DNA during incubation of cdc8-1 strains under restrictive conditions.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Telomeres ; Recombination ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Natural termini from macronuclear DNA of the ciliated protozoans Tetrahymena thermophila and Oxytricha fallax can support telomere formation in yeast. However, plasmids carrying these ciliate termini are modified by the addition of DNA which hybridizes to the synthetic oligonucleotide poly [d(C-A)], a sequence which also hybridizes to terminal restriction fragments from yeast chromosomes but not to Tetrahymena or Oxytricha macronuclear DNAs. Thus, in yeast, the creation of new telomeres on ciliate termini involves the acquisition of yeast-specific terminal sequences presumably by either recombination or non-templated DNA synthesis. The RAD52 gene is required for the majority of yeast mitotic and meiotic recombination events. Moreover, the absence of an active RAD52 gene product results in high rates of chromosome loss. Here we demonstrate that terminal restriction fragments from Tetrahymena macronuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) support the formation of modified telomeres in a yeast strain carrying a defect in the RAD52 gene. Moreover, linear plasmids bearing these modified ciliate termini are stably propagated in rad52 − cells.
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  • 24
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty1 ; Trans ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DEL1 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit a high rate of deletions of the three linked genes, CYC1, OSM1, and RAD7. Classical genetic methods showed that DELI segregated as a single Mendelian gene closely linked to CYC1. In addition, genetic evidence suggested that DEL1 was both cis- and trans-dominant (Liebman et al. 1979). Molecular analysis of deletions isolated from a haploid DEL1 strain established that deletion formation was mediated by recombination between yeast transposable elements, Ty's (Liebman et al. 1981). We now report the molecular characterization of deletions isolated from diploids in the trans configuration. This analysis reveals that these deletions probably arose in a two-step process involving mitotic recombination followed by Ty-mediated deletion formation in cis.
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  • 25
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 285-291 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Killer toxin ; Plasmid selection ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transformants of sensitive yeast strains containing an expressed cDNA copy of the yeast killer toxin-immunity gene could be selected for by exposure to added killer toxin. For strain AH-22 the transformation frequency was approximately 10% that obtained by selection for leucine prototrophy. The procedure required time for expression of immunity prior to selection, and a screening step to remove non-transformed survivors. Under conditions where active toxin was produced, transformants containing the toxin-immunity gene were at a selective advantage, and cells losing the plasmid were killed. This resulted in self selection of transformants, and affords a way of maintaining plasmid stability in protrophic strains.
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  • 26
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    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 15-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Rat ; Ribosomal protein ; 60S Ribosomal subunit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This communication reports on a single-copy gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is homologous to the rat ribosomal protein gene L21. The yeast and the rat genes show 59% identity in DNA sequences and in the predicted protein sequences. This yeast gene is, therefore, assumed to code for an as yet unassigned ribosomal protein (URP1). The URP1 open reading frame is 480 nucleotides long and can encode a protein of about Mr 18 200. Like most of the other known ribosomal protein genes, URP1 is interrupted by an intron in its 5′ terminal part and it is preceeded by upstream sequence elements which usually regulate transcription of these genes. Northern blot analysis reveals that the URP1 gene is actually expressed in vivo.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; Assembly ; PET gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nuclear genes PET117 and PET191 are required for the assembly of active cytochrome c oxidase in S. cerevisiae, yet their gene products are not subunits of the final assembled cytochrome c oxidase complex. Plasmids bearing PET117 or PET191 were isolated by their ability to complement the pet117-1 or pet191-1 mutations, respectively. By restriction mapping, subcloning, and deletion analysis of yeast DNA fragments that complement these mutations, the PET117 and PET191 genes were localized to smaller regions of DNA, which were then sequenced from both strands. The PET117 open reading frame is of 107 codons and the PET191 open reading frame is of 108 codons. Neither the PET191 nor PET117 DNA sequences have been reported previously, and the derived amino-acid sequences of the PET191 and PET117 open reading frames exhibit no significant primary amino-acid sequence similarity to other protein sequences available in the NBRF data base, or from translated Genbank sequences. By hybridization of PET117 or PET191 probes first to a chromosome blot and next to a library of physically mapped fragments of yeast genomic DNA, the map locations of the PET191 and PET117 genes were determined. PET117 is located on chromosome V near the HIS1 gene and PET191 is located on chromosome X near the CYC1 gene.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Yeast ; radmutants ; Endo/exonuclease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Extracts of S. cerevisiae cells can catalyze homologous recombination between plasmids in vitro. Extracts prepared from rad50, rad52 or rad54 disruption mutants all have reduced recombinational activity compared to wild-type. The rad52 and rad54 extracts are more impaired in the recombination of plasmids containing double-strand breaks than of intact plasmids, whereas rad50 extracts are deficient equally for both types of substrate. The nuclease RhoNuc (previously designated yNucR), encoded by the RNC1 (previously designated NUC2) gene and regulated by the RAD52 gene, is not required for recombination when one substrate is single-stranded but is essential for the majority of recombination events when both substrates are double-stranded. Furthermore, elimination of this nuclease restores recombination in rad52 extracts to levels comparable to those in wild-type extracts.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; In-vitro translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to reconstitute an homologous in-vitro translation system for yeast mitochondrial mRNAs, we have isolated ribosomes, supernatant factors, and tRNAs from mitochondria of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. While poly(U) is translated faithfully in this system, no translation of in-vitro synthesised cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2) mRNA could be detected. Formation of formylmethionyl-puromycin on mitochondrial ribosomes is stimulated by ApUpG, but not by COX2 mRNA, although mitochondrial small ribosomal subunits bind to this mRNA in vitro, even without added tRNA and initiation factors. We conclude, therefore, that the inability to faithfully translate mitochondrial mRNAs in vitro may be the result of an inability of mitochondrial ribosomes to recognize the initiation codon.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Open reading frames ; Database ; Genetic nomenclature ; Codon bias ; Duplicated genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amount of nucleotide sequence data is increasing exponentially. We therefore continued our effort to make a comprehensive database for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this database (ListA2) we have compiled 1001 protein coding sequences from this organism. Each sequence has been attributed a single genetic name and in the case of allelic duplicated sequences, synonyms are given, if necessary. For the nomenclature we have introduced a standard principle for naming gene sequences based on priority rules. We have also applied a simple method to distinguish duplicated sequences of one and the same gene from non-allelic sequences of duplicated genes. By using these principles we have sorted out a lot of confusion in the literature and databanks. Along with the genetic name, the mnemonic from the EMBL databank, the codon bias, reference of the publication of the sequence and the EMBL accession numbers are included for each entry. The database is available on request.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Cell wall ; Chitin synthase ; Septum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chitin is a component of the yeast cell wall which is localized to the septum between mother and daughter cells. Previous work in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that this organism possesses three chitin synthases, 1, 2, and 3. Disruption experiments have shown that loss of chitin synthase 2 has a more profound effect on cell viability than loss of either of the other two and is lethal in complete media. We report here the finding of an S. cerevisiae strain which does not require the chitin synthase 2 structural gene for viability. We present evidence that there is a gene in this strain which suppresses the lethality of disruption of the chitin synthase 2 structural gene and is genetically distinct from the structural genes for chitin synthase 1 and chitin synthase 2. We show that an S. cerevisiae mutant containing the suppressor and lacking both structural genes for chitin synthase 1 and 2 has normal amounts of chitin in its cell wall. We hypothesize that the suppressor gene encodes or controls the expression of chitin synthase 3.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Polyadenylation ; RNA 3′-end formation ; Transcription termination ; Yeast
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    Notes: Abstract We have tested the functioning of the human c-myc polyadenylation signal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A DNA fragment containing the two AATAAA polyadenylation signals of the c-myc gene was inserted into a plasmid designed for the in-vivo testing of polyadenylation signals in yeast. The c-myc fragment had a partial capacity for directing mRNA 3′-end formation in yeast. The 3′-endpoints were 50–100 bp distant from the mRNA 3′-ends mapped in humans. This human DNA fragment is therefore unspecifically functional in yeast, indicating that other sequence elements than the human polyadenylation signal, AATAAA, are necessary for 3′-end formation.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Glycolysis ; Glucose sensor ; Hexokinase ; Trehalose ; Signalling
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    Notes: Abstract Yeast cells defective in the GGS1 (FDP1/BYP1) gene are unable to adapt to fermentative metabolism. When glucose is added to derepressed ggs1 cells, growth is arrested due to an overloading of glycolysis with sugar phosphates which eventually leads to a depletion of phosphate in the cytosol. Ggs1 mutants lack all glucose-induced regulatory effects investigated so far. We reduced hexokinase activity in ggs1 strains by deleting the gene HXK2 encoding hexokinase PII. The double mutant ggs1Δ, hxk2Δ grew on glucose. This is in agreement with the idea that an inability of the ggs1 mutants to regulate the initiation of glycolysis causes the growth deficiency. However, the ggs1Δ, hxk2Δ double mutant still displayed a high level of glucose-6-phosphate as well as the rapid appearance of free intracellular glucose. This is consistent with our previous model suggesting an involvement of GGS1 in transport-associated sugar phosphorylation. Glucose induction of pyruvate decarboxylase, glucoseinduced cAMP-signalling, glucose-induced inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-induced activation of the potassium transport system, all deficient in ggs1 mutants, were restored by the delection of HXK2. However, both the ggs1Δ and the ggs1Δ, hk2Δ mutant lack detectable trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase activity. Trehalose is undetectable even in ggs1Δ strains with strongly reduced activity of protein kinase A which normally causes a very high trehalose content. These data fit with the recent cloning of GGS1 as a subunit of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase complex. We discuss a possible requirement of trehalose synthesis for a metabolic balance of sugar phosphates and free inorganic phosphate during the transition from derepressed to fermentative metabolism.
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  • 34
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    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; DNA repair ; Gene conversion ; Yeast
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    Notes: Abstract The HO endonuclease was used to introduce a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) in an interval designed to monitor mitotic recombination. The interval included the trp1 and his3 genes inserted into chromosome III of S. cerevisiae between the CRY1 and MAT loci. Mitotic recombination was monitored in a diploid carrying heteroalleles of trp1 and his3. The normal recognition sites for the HO endonuclease were mutated at the MAT alleles and a synthetic recognition site for HO endonuclease was placed between trp1 and his3 on one of the chromosomes. HO-induced cleavage resulted in efficient recombination in this interval. Most of the data can be explained by double-strand gap repair in which the cut chromosome acts as the recipient. However, analysis of some of the recombinants indicates that regions of heteroduplex were generated flanking the site of the cut, and that some recombinants were the result of the cut chromosome acting as the genetic donor.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase structural gene ; Hybrid protein
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    Notes: Abstract Mutations in the yeast fructose 1,6 biphosphatase structural gene severely reduced expression of a fructose 1,6 biphosphatase-endoglucanase A hybrid protein introduced into yeast on multicopy or centromeric vectors. Upon glucose limitation the mutant yeasts were incapable of de-repressing endoglucanase A synthesis.
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  • 36
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    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 388-391 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Pseudohyphae ; Development
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    Notes: Abstract Pseudohyphal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been postulated to be an adaptation to foraging for nitrogen during nitrogen starvation. This process was described as a strictly diploid phenomenon which did not occur in haploid yeast cells and was under the genetic control of both the mating-type locus and a group of five genes, the BUD genes, regulating bud formation. We have also observed a dimorphic growth pattern in yeast growing on various nitrogen-limiting synthetic media. However, and in contrast to a previous report, we find that pseudohyphal growth is not precluded in haploid cells. We demonstrate that haploid pseudohyphal growth is strictly oxygen-dependent and is rapidly reversible, defining pseudohyphal growth as a reversible developmental pathway in yeast.
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  • 37
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    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Recombination ; Mitosis ; Yeast
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    Notes: Abstract The time-dependent appearance of prototrophic recombinants between heterologously located artificial repeats has been studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While initial prototrophic colony numbers from independent cultures were highly variable, additional recombinants were found to arise daily at roughly constant rates irrespective of culture. These late-appearing recombinants could be accounted for neither by detectable growth on the selective media nor by delayed appearance of recombinants present at the time of selective plating. Significantly, at no time did the distributions of recombinants fully match those expected according to the Luria-Delbruck model and, in fact, after the first day, the distributions much more closely approximated a Poisson distribution. Prototrophic recombinants accumulated not only on the relevant selective medium, but also on media unrelated to the acquired prototrophy.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomal protein gene ; Sequence analysis ; Conserved elements
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    Notes: Summary Computer analysis has previously revealed the presence of a 12-nucleotide common sequence element (AACATC CA TG T A G CA; HOMOL1) in the upstream regions of several yeast ribosomal protein genes. By extending the sequence analysis of the 5′-flanking regions of a number of other ribosomal protein genes (including those encoding S10-1, S10-2, S33 and L16-2) we could establish that HOMOL1 occurs upstream of most but not all yeast ribosomal protein genes. Apart from HOMOL1 an additional conserved sequence (ACCCATACATT A T ; RPG-box) was detected in front of nearly all yeast ribosomal protein genes, although in some cases it is present in the opposite orientation in the other strand. There seems to be no correlation between the occurrence of one box and that of the other. However when both boxes are present the RPG-box is always located 3′ to the HOMOL1-sequence mostly at a distance of only a few nucleotides. A further one-to-one comparison of the upstream regions of several yeast ribosomal protein genes revealed extensive additional sequence homologies that are suggested to be involved in the coordinate control of ribosomal protein gene expression in yeast.
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  • 39
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 529-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; UV-inducible proteins ; rad mutants
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    Notes: Summary Two UV-inducible proteins have been detected in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The proteins have molecular weights of 78,000 Daltons and 23,000 Daltons. This induction is specific for UV-irradiation as exposure to X-rays, mitomycin C and heat shock does not result in the synthesis of the proteins. The larger (78 kD) protein is induced in various rad strains and in a π° cir° strain. Attempts are being made to isolate the genes coding for these inducible proteins.
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  • 40
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 653-660 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene expression ; Yeast ; Transcription
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    Notes: Summary Efficient expression of theEscherichia coli ZeuB (ß-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase) gene occured in yeast after in vitro DNase digestion and religation of plasmid bound ZeuB and the yeastIIIS3 DNA which placed the 5′ end of the yeastHIS3 gene immediately adjacent to the coding region of theE. coli leuB gene. Two structurally distinct classes of gene fusions were constructed, each involved portions of the yeastHIS3 gene which contributed DNA sequences responsible forleuB expression in yeast. The first class involved fusion of theHIS3 coding region to bacterial DNA resulting in the production of a fusion protein with ß-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity. The second class consisted of bacterial DNA, including theleuB coding region, fused to theHIS3 promotor region with the absence of any portion of theIIIS3 coding region. In both constructions theIIIS3 promotor region is required for transcription, however, translation of the class two fusion is initiated at a bacterial DNA coded AUG, and the 5′ end of the mRNA coded by theleuB gene mapped predominantly at bacterial DNA sequences. The DNA sequence responsible for the 5′ end of theHIS3 mRNAs remain in the class two gene fusions but this did not preclude the initiation of transcription at bacterial DNA sequences. The pattern of mRNA initiation at bacterial DNA suggests that DNA sequences at, or adjacent to, the site of transcription initiation are involved in the determination of the sites of initiation, and perhaps the frequency at which initiation occurs.
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  • 41
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Killer ; Yeast ; Linear plasmid ; Sequence
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    Notes: Summary Some strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis contain a pair of linear DNA plasmids, k1 and k2, 8.8 and 13.8 kilobase pairs long, respectively. Simultaneous presence of the two plasmids confer a killer phenotype on the cell by producing a toxin which blocks the growth of sensitive yeast species. Previous genetic studies have suggested that the toxin protein is coded by the k1 plasmid. We have now determined the total nucleotide sequence of k1 DNA. The genome is 8,874 base pairs in length. It contains four protein-coding reading frames, three transcribed from one strand and the fourth transcribed from the complementary strand and has terminal inverted repeats of 202 base pairs. Nuclease S1 mapping confirmed this arrangement and showed that these genes are transcribed. The terminal repeats and the four genes form an extremely compact genome, with some overlapping of genes. All four genes use highly biased codons, 86% of them having A or T at the wobble position, reminiscent of yeast mitochondrial genes. Three genes share a very similar 5′ leader sequence. The nature of gene products is discussed in the light of what is known of the excreted toxin protein.
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  • 42
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 179-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Blasticidin S ; Yeast ; Resistant mutants
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    Notes: Summary Blasticidin S-resistant mutants of S. cerevisiae were isolated and characterized. Resistant mutations were found to fall into two complementation groups. A single recessive nuclear gene was responsible for each group, donated as bls1 and bls2, respectively. A gene bls1 was linked to an ilv3 gene located on the right arm of chromosome X. The resistant phenotypes from both genes were not associated with ribosomes known to be target sites of Blasticidin S, when analyzed by poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. The resistant mechanisms of the mutations are discussed in this paper.
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  • 43
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 427-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial mutations ; Informational suppressors
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    Notes: Summary Ten nuclear suppressors (nam mutations) of the mitochondrial oxi1-V25 ochre mutation are characterized. They restore to some extent the functional form of cytochrome oxidase, as judged by the results of growth tests, cytochrome spectra, cytochrome oxidase activities, and electrophoresis of the products of mitochondrial translation. The nam mutants can suppress some mit − mutations mapping in four mitochondrial genes. They act on a number of chain-terminating mit − mutations. When grown on glycerol medium some double mutants nam x-V25 show an increased sensitivity to paromomycin, while the growth of others is stimulated by the drug. The nam mutants are probably omnipotent suppressors resulting from mutations in nuclear gene(s) specifying mitoribosomal protein(s).
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  • 44
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    Current genetics 9 (1985), S. 553-560 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty element ; Recombination ; Gene conversion ; Regulation
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    Notes: Summary A haploid yeast mutant carrying a reciprocal translocation was analyzed. Cloning and comparison of sequences involved in the translocation event in wildtype and mutant revealed that the crossover between non-homologous chromosomes has occured within Ty sequences. By DNA sequence analysis it could be demonstrated that the reciprocal recombination event is accompanied by a short segment of non-reciprocal exchange (gene conversion) in the immediate vicinity of the crossover. Analysis of the translocation mutant and revertant isolates also indicated that the regulatory effect of Ty elements on adjacent genes can be modified by discrete changes within a Ty element.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Mutation ; Yeast ; Selection ; Random drift
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    Notes: Summary Haploid yeast cells have about 50 copies of the mitochondrial genome, and a mutational event is unlikely to affect more than one of these at a time. This raises the question of how such cells, or their progeny, become fixed (homoplasmic) for the mutant alele. We have tested the roles of six hypothetical mechanisms in producing erythromycin-resistant mutant cells: (i) random partitioning of mitochondrial genomes at cell division; (ii) intracellular selection for mtDNA molecules of one genotype; (iii) intracellular random drift of mitochondrial allele frequencies; (iv) intercellular selection for cells of a particular mitochondrial genotype; (v) induction of mitochondrial gene mutations by the antibiotic used to select mutants; and (vi) reduction in the number of mitochondrial genomes per cell by the antibiotic. Our experiments indicate that intracellular selection plays the major role in producing erythromycin-resistant mutant cells in the presence of the antibiotic. In the absence of the antibiotic, the combined effects of random drift and random partitioning are most important in determining the fate of new mutations, most of which are lost rather than fixed. Our experiments provide no evidence for mutation induction or ploidy reduction by erythromycin.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Benzoate ; Sorbate ; Yeast ; Catabolite inactivation ; Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
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    Notes: Abstract Preincubation of yeast cells in the presence of benzoate or sorbate at an extracellular pH value of 6.8 elicited a set of metabolic effects on sugar metabolism, which became apparent after the subsequent glucose addition. They can be summarized as follows: a) reduced glucose consumption; b) inhibition of glucose- and fructose-phosphorylating activities; c) supression of glucose-triggered peak of hexoses monophosphates; d) substantial reduction of glucose-triggered peak of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate; e) block of catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, but not of cytoplamic malate dehydrogenase. On the whole this pattern resulted in prevention of glucose-induced switch of metabolism from a gluconeogenetic to a glycolytic state. Our data also show that, unlike former assumptions, intracellular acidification is not likely to mediate the bulk of metabolic effects of benzoate and sorbate, since under our working conditions intracellular pH kept close to neutrality.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Candida utilis ; Collagen gene
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    Notes: Abstract Genomic fragments, homologous to chicken A1(1) collagen cDNA encoding triple-helical domain, were revealed by Southern analysis in various fungi. Such a genomic fragment from Candida utilis was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the obtained DNA sequence revealed the 119 bp segment, which has possibly originated from the 54bp module common for the fibrillar collagen genes of higher eukaryotes.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Heat shock gene ; Heat shock protein ; Secretion ; Yeast ; Transcription
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    Notes: Abstract We have cloned and characterized the HSP150 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes a glycoprotein (hsp150) that is secreted into the growth medium. Unexpectedly, the HSP150 gene was found to be regulated by heat shock and nitrogen starvation. Shifting the cells from 24° C to 37° C resulted in an abrupt increase in the steady-state level of the HSP150 mRNA, and de novo synthesized hsp150 protein. Returning the cells to 24° C caused a rapid decrease in mRNA and protein synthesis to basal levels. The HSP150 5′-flanking region contains several heat shock element-like sequences (HSE). To study the function of these sequences, a strain bearing a disrupted copy of the HSP150 gene was transformed with plasmids in which the coding region of HSP150, or a HSP150-lacZ fusion gene, was preceded by 5′ deletion derivatives of the HSP150 promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis of one HSE-like element, located between the TATA box and transcription initiation sites, abolished heat activation of transcription. In addition to heat shock, the HSP150 gene is regulated by the availability of nutrients in the growth medium. The HSP150 mRNA level was increased by nitrogen limitation at 24° C, even when under the control of a HSP150 promoter region of 137 by carrying the mutagenized HSE.
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  • 49
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae =Gramineae ; Lolium ; Morphology ; protein electrophoresis ; numerical methods
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    Notes: Abstract Morphological analysis and electrophoresis of seed proteins of fiveLolium species disclosed that they form two distinct groups corresponding to those recognized from compatibility data.Lolium temulentum andL. remotum of the self-pollinated group were shown to be distinct but closely related species. Morphological intergradation and high similarities between protein profiles ofL. perenne, L. multiflorum andL. rigidum (cross-pollinated species) suggest little genetic differentiation between these taxa. This implies that treatment at the infraspecific level might better accomodate the data.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Scrophularieae ; Scrophularia himalensis ; Endosperm ; endosperm haustoria
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    Notes: Abstract Scrophularia himalensis has anab initio cellular endosperm. A transverse division separates a micropylar chamber from a chalazal chamber. The second division is vertical in both, the third is also vertical but at right angles to the second and restricted to the micropylar chamber just as the fourth transverse division. The four-celled micropylar haustorium is branched, highly aggressive, and persists for a long time during seed development. The bicelled chalazal haustorium is non-aggressive and is relatively short-lived. The endosperm proper is ruminate. Variation in the early ontogeny of the endosperm and the structure of endosperm haustoria in the tribeScrophularieae are evaluated.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Bambusoideae ; Bambusa ; Dendrocalamus ; Pseudostachyum ; Melocalamus ; Melocanna ; Ochlandra ; Embryo
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    Notes: Abstract The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.
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  • 52
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 215-237 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. hirtella ; E. drosocalyx ; Infraspecific classification ; chorology of the Alpine Flora ; Flora of Europe
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    Notes: Abstract A more precise taxonomic concept ofE. hirtella and its infraspecific synonymy is presented. Its diploid nature (2n = 22) is confirmed. Within the European area ofE. hirtella five different races may be recognised: “typical”, “brandisii”, “capitulata”, “Rofan” and “Bretagne”. Taxonomic rank is not yet attributed to these races. The heterogeneous taxonomic assembly “E. drosocalyx” is disentangled. The type refers to products of hybrid introgression ofE. rostkoviana-characters (long glandular hairs) intoE. minima.
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  • 53
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Typhaceae ; Sparganiaceae ; Typha ; Esterases ; ADH ; GDH disc electrophoresis ; speciation
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    Notes: Abstract The enzymatic spectra ofTypha angustifolia, T. latifolia and their hybrids were examined by disc electrophoresis for three enzymatic systems: esterases, alcohol deshydrogenase, and glutamate deshydrogenase. The intermediate position of the hybrids is confirmed. The study of alcohol deshydrogenase reveales the existence of an intraspecific variability inT. angustifolia between individuals from the Massif Armoricain in France and Dellys in Algeria.
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  • 54
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 287-289 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Neolloydia intertexta ; Self-compatability ; pollination ecology
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    Notes: Abstract Self and outcross pollination treatments were applied toNeolloydia intertexta. Two distinct patterns of seed production were found, and are correlated with self-pollinated outcrossed treatments. The outcrossed result resembles the field exposed crop. The untouched controls produce a similar pattern to the actively selfed group. The self treatments produce substantially less seed than the outcrosses; thus, self-compatability is incomplete.
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  • 55
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 291-312 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Microparacaryum gen. nov. ; Paracaryum ; Mattiastrum ; Taxonomy ; distribution maps ; heteromericarpy ; fruit polymorphism ; Flora of Western Asia (Turkey, U.S.S.R., Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan)
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    Notes: Abstract Microparacaryum (M. Pop. exH. Riedl)Hilger & Podlech is described as a new genus of theBoraginaceae-Cynoglosseae. It comprises the annual species hitherto included inParacaryum (DC.)Boiss. andMattiastrum (Boiss.)Brand. Distribution maps are given for all 3 genera.Microparacaryum consists of two species,M. salsum (Boiss.)Hilger & Podlech (M. s.) andM. intermedium (Fresen.)Hilger & Podlech (M. i.). ParticularlyM. i. is a very variable species, and most of the species formerly recognized belong here. Scattered all over the range of the genus, plants occur with nutlets exhibiting flat or incurved marginal wings, often in mixed populations. This fruit polymorphism is taxonomically treated by recognizing “formae”. In addition, the following new infraspecific taxa and combinations are described:M. i. var.intermedium formaparacaryoides Hilger & Podlech,M. i. var.stellatum (H. Riedl)Hilger & Podlech,M. i. var.stellatum formamattiastroides Hilger & Podlech,M. s. formamattiastroides Hilger & Podlech.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex ; New species ; hybrids ; Turkey
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    Notes: Abstract Rumex bithynicus sp. n. (sect.Rumex) with two new hybrids from NW Turkey is close toR. alveolatus (from NE Iran, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan and Turkmenistan).
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  • 57
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 253-285 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; “Fusaea subfamily” ; Anaxagorea ; Meiocarpidium ; Palynology ; pollen ultrastructure ; intine extrusion ; systematic and phylogenetic relationships
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    Notes: Abstract LM, SEM and TEM observations document similar palynological features for paleo- and neotropical species ofAnaxagorea. Pollen grains are solitary, heteropolar, ellipsoidal to globose, and broadly sulcate. The exine consists of a smooth and microperforated tectum, a granular to “protocolumellar” infratectal layer, and sometimes an initial, not foliated basal layer. The intine is stratified and tends to extrude with its considerably swelling alveolarfibrillar outer layer through the aperture, already inside the unopened pollen sacs. This appears as a new and irreversible harmomegathic mechanism, limited toAnaxagorea, Meiocarpidium and possibly otherAnnonaceae. These palynological data are discussed and coordinated with those from gross-morphological, anatomical, karyological, phytochemical and other studies. All this offers convincing proof for the sometimes questioned systematic and phylogenetic coherence of the widely disjunct S. & C. American and SE. Asian members ofAnaxagorea. Furthermore, a broad comparison with otherAnnonaceae genera demonstrates somewhat closer links ofAnaxagorea with several small and relictual African genera, i.e.Meiocarpidium andPolyceratocarpus, but alsoLettowianthus andPiptostigma;Cleistopholis andAmbavia are more isolated. These genera which exhibit many “primitive” features are provisionally arranged under “tribe I” of the so-called “Fusaea subfamily”. There are loose affinities with “tribe II”, an assembly of more advanced and widespread, often proliferating generic groups, including the S. AsianCananga, the pantropicalXylopia (withPseudannona from Mauritius), a possible link toAnaxagorea and “tribe I”, and the S. AsianGoniothalamus (with the AustralasianRichella s. str. and the W. AfricanNeostenanthera andBoutiquea); the neotropicalFusaea andDuckeanthus apparently are more remote. Because of relationships to several otherAnnonaceae groups and difficulties with its circumscription and definition, the maintainance of the “Fusaea subfamily” as a whole appears questionable.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. alpina ; E. christii ; E. cisalpina ; Chorology and history of the Alpine flora
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    Notes: Abstract The taxonomic affinities, circumsciription and racial differentiation ofE. alpina and its infraspecific synonymy are considered. Its diploid nature is confirmed. The yellow-floweringE. christii is also diploid (2n = 22, first account). A detailed comparison withE. alpina (Figs. 1–2) suggests the rank of subspecies only, and gives no hints as to its suggested hybrid origin. The distribution of the two taxa is documented in maps (Figs. 3–5).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 19-45 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Festuca vivipara ; F. ovina subsp.supina ; Chromosome numbers ; external morphology ; anatomy ; ecology ; distribution ; phylogeny ; Flora of the Central and Eastern Alps ; of Austria ; Slovenia ; N. Italy ; Switzerland ; and Spain
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    Notes: Abstract The differences betweenFestuca vivipara (tetraploid) andF. ovina subsp.supina (diploid), two often confused taxa, are demonstrated in regard to morphology, leaf anatomy, ecology and distribution. New maps illustrate the distribution ofF. vivipara in the Alps and the Northern Hemisphere. The development of different polyploidy levels withinF. vivipara as a consequence of occasional sexual processes is discussed. (English Summary on p. 39.)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum ; sect.Macrantholium ; Pollen
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    Notes: Abstract Pollen of the two distylous species which make upLinum sect.Macrantholinum differs from that of other distylous species in the genus in being multiporate and in having much more modest differences in exine sculpturing between grains from long- and short-styled plants. Pollen morphology does not help in relating the two species to others in the genus but does support their retention in a separate section.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 71-88 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) ; Bunium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyosystematics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for 23 species of the genusBunium, distributed mainly in Middle Asia and Transcaucausia. The great diversity of basic chromosome numbers is unusual for a genus ofUmbelliferae: x = 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, and 6. This series obviously has to be interpreted as descending dysploidy. Infraspecific aneuploidy was found in three species, but there are no B-chromosomes or polyploidy. The karyotypes of 18 species are described, using two morphometric chromosome parameters, centromere position and relative length (Table 2), and illustrated (Figs. 2–4). Species vary greatly in their karyotype asymmetry (20.4–45.9%). Chromosome numbers and structures appear to be useful in the karyotaxonomical and biogeographical analysis of the genus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Androecium morphology ; pollination ; evolutionary trends
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    Notes: Abstract The evolution of the androecium in theOrchidaceae shows three major trends. There is a progressive trend in the degree of fusion of the filament(s) and staminode(s) to the gynoecium. Secondly, there is a reduction in the number of fertile anthers. Finally, there is a progressive change in the position of the base of the anther relative to the apex of the stigma; in the more primitive orchids the apex of the stigma is always higher than the base of the anther (this position is reversed in the higher orchids). All three trends reflect variation in the evolution of pollen dispersal and pollen reception mechanisms in theOrchidaceae. Trends in the evolution of the orchid anther(s) tend to parallel trends in the evolution of their pollinaria.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae =Gramineae ; Festuca sect. ; Bovinae ; Seed protein electrophoresis ; morphology ; numerical analysis ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract Seed protein electrophoresis confirms the existence of polymorphism among hexaploid populations ofFestuca arundinacea. Both protein and morphological results suggest thatF. pratensis andF. arundinacea should retain independent specific status. High protein homology of these two species withF. gigantea points towards phylogenetic links between these taxa.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Gymnocalycium subgen ; Pirisemineum ; subgen. nov. ; Flora of Bolivia ; Argentina and Paraguay
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    Notes: Abstract A new subgenus ofGymnoalycium is described; its distribution and position within the genus are briefly discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Arum spp. div. ; Pollen ; scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Abstract A preliminary report is given on the pollen morphology of eight species of the genusArum examined by scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are spheroidal and their sporoderm sculpture possesses spines. The species vary mainly in number, shape and distribution of the spines on the pollen surface and these characters can be used to differentiate them.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Hordeum bulbosum ; H. murinum ; Seed collections ; lodicule characters ; spikelet morphology
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    Notes: Abstract It is sometimes necessary to identify eitherH. bulbosum orH. murinum on the basis of the inflorescence or “seeds” alone. The majority of taxonomic keys use the presence of swollen basal culms for the former against the annual habit for the latter. Confusion is due to similarities in inflorescences and spikelet morphology. Lodicules which always persist and are present beside the fruit in a mature caryopsis, and other characters such as the awns of the lemmas of the lateral spikelets enable conclusive distinction.
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  • 67
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pollination ecology ; visitation rates ; pollination along altitudinal gradient ; Flora of Chile, of the Andes
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    Notes: Abstract Visitation rates and mean numbers of visits per flower per day are determined at three altitudinal levels (2 200–3 600 m) in the high Andes of central Chile from quantified observations of flowers visitors to a total of 134 species of plants, studied over three flowering seasons. Significant altitudinal decreases in the mean no. visits/flower/minute and per day were recorded, with Level III flowers, on the average, being pollinated only about 1/2 as frequently and to as low as 1/4 as frequently in certain months, as Level I flowers. Visitation rates are generally highest in early and mid-summer at all altitudes. — The lower visitation rates at the higher elevations are due to lower insect abundance relative to plant resources and lower levels of activity for the insects present, stemming from the generally lower ambient temperatures. Seasonal differences in visitation rates may also be related to differences in insect abundance levels. The total probability of ovule pollination cannot be estimated directly from the pollination rates, because stigmas are probably receptive for longer periods at the higher elevations. When differences in the duration of stigma receptivity are estimated from differences in flower lifelength, the probability of pollination in Level III is not very different from that expected in Level I. However, for some months, the deficit in Level III may still be substantial. — These results underline the inherent dangers of predicting pollination possibilities directly from pollination rates. They also suggest that the impoverished pollination conditions assumed in hypotheses predicting higher amounts of self-compatibility at high altitudes might not be justified for all high temperate mountains.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Palmae ; Arecaceae ; Cocosoideae ; Attalea ; Scheelea ; Orbignya ; Flavones ; flavonols ; flavone C-glycosides ; flavonoid sulphates ; chemosystematics
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    Notes: Abstract In a flavonoid survey of direct and hydrolysed leaf extracts of sixteenAttalea, sevenScheelea and fourOrbignya species free tricin, tricin 7-glycosides, tricin 5-glucoside and flavone C-glycosides were the most frequent constituents; present in 100, 89, 70, and 81% of species, respectively. Luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were each found in only 15% of the sample. The present results confirm the findings of a previous survey thatAttalea, Scheelea andOrbignya are chemically heterogeneous with as much variation between species as between genera. Furthermore, threeAttalea species,A. allenii, A. guaranitica andA. victoriana showed some infraspecific variation. On the other hand all three accessions ofA. ferruginea and six ofA. geraensis examined gave identical flavonoid profiles. The results support the view thatA. geraensis andA. guaranitica are closely related but do not support the suggested close relationship based on morphology betweenA. oleifera, A. burretiana andA. piassabossu.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 253-286 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Centaurium ; Blackstonia ; Secoiridoid glucosides ; xanthories ; chemotaxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Methanolic extracts from aerial parts and capsules of plants of 5 populations ofBlackstonia perfoliata and 99 populations of nine European and two AmericanCentaurium species (Gentianaceae) have been screened by means of TLC for the secoiridoid glucosides: sweroside, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and the m-hydroxybenzoyl esters of sweroside, namely centapicrin, desacetylcentapicrin, decentapicrin A and B as well as for the xanthones: 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5,6,7-tetramethoxyxanthone and xanthone-β-mono-glucosides. The taxonomical significance of the results is discussed. On the basis of chemotaxonomical evidence twoCentaurium species,C. pulchellum andC. tenuiflorum, are placed in sect.Parviflora instead of sect.Centaurium subsect.Parviflora.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 287-297 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilloideae ; Ornithogalum ; O. umbellatum ; O. angustifolium ; Polyploid complex ; pollen shape ; pollen fertility ; seed formation ; seedlings ; weather circumstances
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    Notes: Abstract The pollen fertility and seed formation of six species of theOrnithogalum umbellatum/angustifolium complex and of seven related species were studied. Four types of pollen grains could be recognized. The pollen fertility varied greatly in this complex and is not related to the ploidy level. The seed formation ofO. umbellatum showed an adaptation to a subcontinental-Mediterranean climate, that ofO. angustifolium to an Atlantic climate. In both cases raindrops seem to be important for pollination, in view of the absence of insect pollinators. After open pollination 113 seedlings were obtained in four species. Their chromosome numbers were determined. Nearly all the cultivated seedlings were aneuploid, which points to a positive selection of euploids in nature, because aneuploid individuals are rare in the wild.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Wurmbea ; Monocliny ; andromonoecy ; morph ratios ; seed set ; ovule production
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    Notes: Abstract A population ofWurmbea dioica subsp.alba in Western Australia contained monoclinous and andromonoecious individuals in roughly equal proportions. The average number of flowers per inflorescence for the former was 2.6 and for the latter 2.9, with its terminal flower staminate. Ovule number and seed production per perfect flower of both morphs decreased progressively from lower to upper flowers in the inflorescence. Two-flowered monoclinous individuals had a greater percentage of ovules maturing to seed than did threeflowered ones, but seed production of the latter exceeded that of the former. No differences in percent seed set or in seed production were noted for similar individuals of andromonoecious individuals. Although monoclinous and andromonoecious plants apparently contributed equally to the pollen pool, seed production of the former exceeded that of the latter. Thus, the energetic costs of monocliny exceed those of andromonoecy in this population.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Epicuticular layer ; leaf resins ; flavonoid aglycones ; distribution ; arid habitat ; ecological functions ; chemotaxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Flavonoids generally occur in higher plants as water-soluble glycosides. However, lipophilic flavonoid aglycones can be excreted by glandular trichomes or extruded through the cuticle. They are accumulated on the plant surface as constituents of leaf resins or thin epicuticular layers. External flavonoid aglycones are found in various families throughout the higher plants, but appear to be most abundant in theAsteraceae. They occur relatively frequently in plants of (semi-)arid habitats. It is advantageous for chemotaxonomic studies that the structural diversity of exudate flavonoids is normally greater than that of the tissue glycosides in these plants.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 143-163 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Polyploidy ; compilospecies ; agamospermy ; dioecy ; agamic complex ; phenetics ; numerical taxonomy ; interspecific hybrids ; morphology ; origins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria neodioica polyploid agamic complex is a polymorphic species occurring across North America mainly north of the terminal margin of the Wisconsin glacier. This taxonomically difficult group has recently been treated as consisting of the four subspeciesA. neodioica subsp.canadensis, subsp.howellii, subsp.neodioica, and subsp.petaloidea. TheA. neodioica agamic complex has been considered of hybrid origin with several sexual diploid species constituting its parentage. Crosses were made among five sexual diploid species ofAntennaria, morphologically similar toA. neodioica s.l., in an attempt to discover its origins. Representative specimens of the five diploid species,A. neodioica s. l., and the synthetic interspecific F1 hybrids were subjected to various analyses including PCA, cluster (UPGMA), and discriminant analyses. Results suggest that theA. neodioica complex is of multiple hybrid origin involving the four diploid speciesA. neglecta, A. plantaginifolia, A. racemosa, andA. virginica. BecauseA. neodioica is the result of diverse origin it is more desirable to consider the agamic complex as a separate, distinct species from its sexual diploid relatives. Several morphological characters in the diploid species were determined to be polygenically inherited.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Bocageopsis ; Ephedranthus ; Malmea ; Unonopsis ; Pollen ultrastructure ; exine differentiation ; non-columellate and columellate exine ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract The four genera investigated show solitary sulcate pollen grains. The structure and sculpture of the sporoderm is very similar inBocageopsis andUnonopsis, and supports the close relationship of both genera; their flower morphology also is very similar. In contrast, the sporoderm ofEphedranthus, and especially that ofMalmea, is different in some characters and suggests more remote relationships; this is also confirmed by differences in flower morphology. Within this group of genera a distinct exine progression can be recognized from non-columellate (Malmea) to granular (Unonopsis guatterioides), further to somewhat irregularly (Bocageopsis, someUnonopsis species), and finally to very regularly columellate (Ephedranthus). The sculpture of the tectum varies from a reticulum with large lumina (Malmea) to one with small performations (Ephedranthus). Within theAnnonaceae the genusMalmea is among the most primitive in respect to pollen structure. The sulcus of the four genera is very large and runs over 1/3 of the pollen grain. It is characterized by a reduction of the exine and a bulgy thickening of the intine.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 119-141 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Guatteria ; Guatteriopsis ; Guatteriella ; Heteropetalum ; Pollen ultrastructure ; chromosome analysis ; Giemsa C-banding ; sequential fluorochrome staining ; leaf surface micromorphology ; evolution in primitive angiosperms
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    Notes: Abstract Guatteria, Guatteriopsis, Guatteriella andHeteropetalum share the same conspicuous pollen type which is new for theSpermatophyta. It is zonoaperturate with a folded aperture region and an extremely reduced exine. First chromosome counts and karyotype analyses forGuatteriopsis (4 species investigated) andGuatteriella (1 species) are identical with those ofGuatteria (19 species seen): 2n = 28. The genome is characterized by diploidization and partly telocentric chromosomes. Sequentially Giemsa C- and fluorochrome banded chromosomes and interphase nuclei are described. The cuticular folding pattern is distinct forHeteropetalum only. Growth forms and ecology are reported for many species. The evolutionary pattern of theGuatteria group is discussed and compared with other genera and families.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 179-190 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Scilloideae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum ; O. umbellatum ; O. angustifolium ; Polyploid complex ; self-pollination ; bulbil vs. seed production ; crossing experiments ; fertility relationship
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    Notes: Abstract The fertility relationships ofOrnithogalum umbellatum, O. angustifolium and 9 related taxa were studied.O. umbellatum andO. angustifolium, which are not interfertile, are both recognized as a comparium. Pollination of five species belonging to theO. umbellatum/angustifolium polyploid complex, i.e.O. umbellatum, O. angustifolium, O. baeticum, O. monticolum andO. algeriense, resulted in a moderate seed set. However, the seeds obtained after these interspecific crosses did not germinate. Six related species, i.e.O. exscapum, O. nivale, O. comosum, O. collinum, O. gussonei andO. woronowii showed a very low seed set after being crossed. One exception occurs:O. nivale ×O. exscapum. The seed set was also low after the complex species had been crossed with some related species, but there was one exception: both reciprocal crosses betweenO. monticolum andO. woronowii yielded some viable seeds. No other interspecific crosses gave rise to viable seeds. Bulbil-producing species have a lower seed set after self-pollination than species which do not produce bulbils.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aristolochiaceae ; Thottea ponmudiana sp. n. ; Th. siliquosa ; Flora of India
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    Notes: Abstract Thottea ponmudiana sp. nova from Kerala (India) can readily be distinguished from its closest allyTh. siliquosa and all the other known species of the genus by its yellow flowers with purple eyes, deeply lobed perianth with strongly reflexed margins, uniseriate stamens united in three bundles and strongly 4-angled, green, glabrescent fruits.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; cereals ; Protein content ; kernel weight ; correlation with allozyme markers and environmental parameters
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    Notes: Abstract Geographic variation in protein content of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, and the associations of protein content with ecological and allozyme markers were tested in an attempt to derive predictive guidelines for conservation and utilization in breeding programs. The study involved 195 genotypes of wild barley from 25 populations, 15 central and 10 marginal. These populations had been tested earlier for allozymic variation (Nevo & al. 1979 a, b). The results indicate that protein content varies both within, but particularly between populations. Notably, the 10 marginal populations exhibit high protein content but low kernel weight, as compared with the 15 central populations which displayed lower protein content but high kernel weight. Three variable combinations of climatic factors explain 40% of the variability in protein content among populations. Likewise, 3 variable combinations of allozyme allele frequencies explain a significant degree of spatial variance in protein content (R square = 0.63). — We conclude that natural populations of wild barley in Israel contain large amounts of yet untapped genes for protein content. These could be effectively screened and utilized for producing high protein cultivars of barley by following ecological and allozymic markers as predictive guidelines in screening natural populations of wild barley.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Plectranthus ; P. vestitus ; Pollination ; melittophily ; hovering bees ; Flora of madagascar
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    Notes: Abstract In a primary forest on the Central Plateau of MadagascarPlectranthus vestitus (Lamiaceae) was principally pollinated by the beePachymelus limbatus (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). A species ofStylogaster (Diptera, Conopidae) acted as a co-pollinator. Flower — pollinator interactions are described. The bee performed pollination while hovering, a flower-visit lasting onlyc. 0.3 seconds. Floral features such as shape and size of the corolla tube, and the lack of a landing place suggest specialization to hovering anthophorid beepollinators. Floral biology and pollination in the genusPlectranthus are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 237-262 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Verbesina ; V. breedlovei ; sp. n. ; V. cronquistii ; sp. n. ; V. olsenii ; sp. n. ; Taxonomic revision ; chromosome numbers
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    Notes: Abstract Verbesina sect.Pseudomontanoa is revised. The last treatment of the group byRobinson & Greenman (1899) recognized 5 species; the present treatment recognizes 12 species, 3 of which (V. breedlovei, V. cronquistii andV. olsenii) are described as new. A key to species, phyletic diagram and distribution maps are provided.
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae ; Apiaceae ; Ferula communis ; rDNA variability
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    Notes: Abstract The rDNA of five accessions of the giant fennel (Ferula communis, Umbelliferae) was analyzed. The restriction map of Bam H 1, Eco R 1 and Hind III sites was established for one of them. Variation between the five accessions was observed at several levels. Three have a homogeneous repeat size, whereas the two others are heterogeneous, one presenting an additional site heterogeneity. However, the general pattern of organization is very similar and there is much greater similarity between theFerula accessions than with the pattern observed for carrot, a plant from the same family. Variation was also observed in the copy number of the rDNA repeats, which ranges from ≃ 900 to 3 500. The results demonstrate that the five accessions can be clearly differentiated by molecular analysis of their DNA although they belong to the same species or subspecies. They also demonstrate that different isolated populations of a species evolve independently, thus shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of speciation.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Rubus ; Pollen viability ; pollen germination ; seed set ; cotton blue ; TTC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen viability has been investigated in 20 blackberry species using 3 methods, (1) cotton blue, (2) TTC, and (3) germination in a sucrose solution. Significant differences were found between species. Correlations between high pollen viability and high seed set were also obtained.
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  • 83
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum tenuifolium ; Breeding system ; heterostyly ; self-incompatibility ; pollen production ; seed-set ; colonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Distyly inLinum tenuifolium L. is associated with a high degree of self-incompatibility. Breakdown in this system has occurred without the morphological rearrangement expected as the result of cross-over within the distyly supergene. Pollen-flow in both distylous and monomorphic populations is leptokurtic. A high proportion of intra-flower pollination occurs. Pollen production per ovule is reduced in the self-compatible race. Mean seed-set is increased. Individuals of the self-compatible race produce less vegetative growth and require a shorter time to reach reproductive maturity under cultivation. Increased fecundity appears to provide the selective advantage promoting the breakdown of self-incompatibility in this species. This is achieved through a massive shift of resources toward female reproductive function in plants of the monomorphic race. Subsequent colonization by this race has led to its increased distribution in C. & S. Europe.
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  • 84
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 307-318 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene ; New Species ; Flora of Iran ; Afghanistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 15 new species are described: Sect.Sclerocalycinae:S. farsistanica, S. stapfii. — Sect.Spergulifoliae:S. paktiensis. — Sect.Auriculatae:S. caroli-henrici, S. daënensis, S. gertraudiae, S. nizvana, S. oligophylla, S. persepolitana, S. pseudaucheriana, S. pseudonurensis, S. renzii, S. salangensis, S. sojakii. — Sect.Brachypodae:S. rasvandica. — All the new species are from Iran with exception ofS. paktiensis andS. parvanica which are from Afghanistan.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nicotiana. — Habituation ; differentiation ; crown gall ; tissue culture ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Differentiation on hormoneless media, habituation ability and crown gall induction inNicotiana tissue cultures have been used as physiological parameters of evolutionary differentiation between species. Some of them on hormone free media differentiated whole plantlets, others produced only shoots or roots or showed undifferentiated growth (habituation), some eventually died. Moreover, the same genotypes showed a differential behaviour as far as tumor formation byAgrobacterium tumefaciens was concerned. Particularly, the competence for crown gall transformation inNicotiana species seems negatively correlated with differentiation capacity and may be ascribed to differences in the plants capacity to synthesize growth regulators. The correlation between the results obtained and the phylogenetic position of the genotypes tested is finally discussed.
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  • 86
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 31-41 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis sativus L. — Giemsa C-banding ; heterochromatin ; infraspecific classification
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infraspecific cytogenetical variation was studied in a diverse collection of five non-cultivated and cultivatedCucumis sativus accessions. The individual chromosomes of different accessions could be identified by the C-banding pattern and chromosome measurements. About 40–50% of the genomic area are made up of heterochromatin inC. sativus. The non-cultivated accessions exhibit more heterochromatin and lower chiasma frequencies per pollen mother cell than cultivated accessions. There is infraspecific variation in C-banding pattern, karyomorphology and multinucleolate cells. The use of C-banding in infraspecific classification is discussed.
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  • 87
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragaceae ; Saxifraga granulata L. — Gynodioecy ; floral biology ; sex ratios ; inheritance of male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of gynodioecy in two populations in northern England of the normally hermaphroditeSaxifraga granulata is reported. Female plants have aborted stamens, and smaller petals than hermaphrodites. At Staindrop, County Durham, an estimated 23% of the flowering stems were female; at Macclesfield, Cheshire, 4% were female. The inheritance of male sterility is not simple, and probably involves at least one cytoplasmic and two nuclear genes. The secondary sexual characteristics, hermaphrodite-predominant sex ratios, and complex inheritance of male sterility, are typical of gynodioecious populations.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 55-65 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Caesalpinioideae ; Bauhinia ungulata. — Fruit production ; seed production ; position effects ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of seed and fruit production ofBauhinia ungulata, a small tree legume indigenous in tropical America, were studied in Costa Rica. Only about 8% of flowers produced fruits. The average pod had 19 ovules and about two thirds of these began seed development, with mature pods containing an average of 9.7 mature undamaged seeds. About half of the mature pods were damaged by herbivores and within these, 27% of ovules or seeds had been eaten. Among trees there was no significant variation in pod production, but the number of ovules per pod and seed production per pod varied significantly. Within infructescences most pods were retained at middle positions. Within pods, the probability of an ovule developing into a seed increased toward the distal end. The pattern of seed and fruit production in this species agrees well in general with that reported for other neotropical legumes. The abortion of seeds and fruits can be regarded as a way of controlling maternal investment, and as a response to herbivory.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Eupatorieae ; Oxylobus.—Taxonomy.—Flora of Mexico ; Central America ; Guatemala ; Columbia ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A revisionary treatment ofOxylobus is rendered. Four species are recognized. All are confined to the mountainous regions of southern Mexico and Central America, except forO. glanduliferus which has disjunct populations in the highlands of north-central South America. Descriptions, illustrations, dot-maps and a key to species are presented.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) ; Peucedanum ; Lomatium. — Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of morphometric karyotype characters was carried out in 14 species ofPeucedanum s. lat. (Umbelliferae — Apioideae) and in one species of the related genusLomatium. The differences of the species in their karyotype characters are correlated only to a limited degree with their similarities of dissimilarities in morphological (i. a. carpological) characters, and thus with their taxonomic position. The evolution of these two sets of characters seems to have proceeded not synchronously or even in different directions in the group of platycarpousUmbelliferae united in the genusPeucedanum. Therefore, it is unlikely that morphometric chromosome characters revealed by monochrome staining can be used appropriately in the taxonomic revision of the polymorphous genusPeucedanum.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 103-119 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris. — Heterocarpy ; canalized numbers ; meristic characters ; quantitative genetics ; modifier genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The proportion of the outer, “hairy” achenes in capitula of hybrid D 14 (Microseris pygmaea × M. bigelovii) is determined by the same major gene as in its sister hybrid, B 87, as shown by marker segregation. Crossover between major gene and markers shows their genetic independence. Two modifiers segregating 9:7 influence the proportion of hairies in plants homozygous for the major gene. These same modifiers (or two genes linked with them) also determine the segregation of the number of achenes per head. Most likely, the modifiers act indirectly via a residual dependence of heterocarpy on capitulum size within strict quantitative limits set by the major gene. The identification of modifiers in a polygenic system as major genes for another character acting pleiotropically supports our contention that relatively few genes interact in plant development to determine key morphological characteristics at the organismic level.
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  • 92
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loranthaceae ; Desmaria mutabilis. — Shoot dimorphism ; bud scales ; deciduousness ; heterocotyly ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Desmaria mutabilis is unique inLoranthaceae in having dimorphic shoots, the short shoots producing a terminal inflorescence. Other unusual features in the family are well differentiated bud scales and deciduousness. The normal position of mature plants on the trunks of large trees is shown to be a consequence of profuse vegetative reproduction from the epicortical roots, the predominant growth direction of the latter towards the trunk from the original site of establishment on a lateral branch, and the ability of epicortical roots to generate haustorial contacts through heavy host bark. The seedling is heterocotylar, one cotyledon being phanerocotylar, the other cryptocotylar and functioning as a haustorial organ in the endosperm. It is suggested thatDesmaria is a member of the primitive complex of loranthaceous genera which includesGaiadendron.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apiaceae ; Ferulago antiochia sp.n. — Flora of Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ferulago antiochia Saya & Miski is newly described: it is known only from the type locality in Hatay province and has affinities toF. trachycarpa Boiss. of sect.Anisotaenia.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Lens. — Systematics ; allozymes ; reproductive barriers ; domestication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusLens includes 5 taxonomic species:L. culinaris is cultivated andL. orientalis, L. odemensis, L. ervoides, andL. nigricans are wild. All the species are annual and almost exlusively selfers. The wild lentils are distributed over a large geographical area and form small disjunct populations which are composed of a small number of plants. 67Lens populations were assayed electrophoretically for 9 enzyme systems; 15 enzymic genes with 37 alleles were identified. The genetic distances (D) measured between the pairs of populations indicated a significantly greater similarity between populations belonging to the same taxonomic species. Assuming the populations represent a random sample of the variability in each of the species the genetic distances (D) between the 5 taxa were calculated. The shortest genetic distance was found betweenL. orientalis andL. culinaris. Another significant feature of the data is the apparent isolation ofL. nigricans from the other 4 species. The genetic distances between theLens species are compared to the patterns of crossability barriers between them.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 41-76 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Steroids ; sterols ; ecdysones ; brassicanolides ; sapogenins ; saponins ; withanolides ; pregnanes ; cardenolides ; bufodienolides ; oxidation state ; skeletal specialization ; Sporne indices ; herbacity indices ; evolutionary steroid indices
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    Notes: Abstract The use of steroids as taxonomic markers of the angiosperms was evaluated. To this end evolutionary advancement parameters, based on oxidation state and skeletal specialization of each steroid were calculated. The averages of these values for the steroids registered for a particular plant group were assumed to represent the evolutionary parameters of the plant group. Positive correlations of these chemical parameters and of morphological Sporne indices, as well as of herbacity indices, were observed to constitute a general trend. Furthermore, steroids are not uniformly distributed within a morphologically homogeneous plant group, but are replacement characters. Thus, in spite of their functional importance, steroids can be considered, analogously to many other classes of secondary metabolites, for chemosystematic purposes.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 207-231 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericales ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cladistic analysis of theEricales based on morphological, anatomical, embryological, and phytochemical data has been undertaken. Resulting from the analysis, 56 equally parsimonious cladograms were obtained. The tribeEnkiantheae was found to be the sister-group of the rest of theEricaceae, in which theEmpetraceae, theEpacridaceae, Pyrolaceae, andMonotropaceae are forming derived ingroups. It is thus concluded that theEricaceae are a paraphyletic assemblage as presently circumscribed, and thatEmpetraceae andEpacridaceae are better treated as members of theEricaceae.
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  • 97
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Robinsonia ; Adaptive radiation ; chloroplast DNA ; ribosomal DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction site mutations in the chloroplast (cpDNA) and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were examined in 41 populations representing five of the seven recognized species of the genusRobinsonia, which is endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands. No intraspecific variation was detected for cpDNA but one population of one of the species (R. evenia) had a restriction site mutation in rDNA not detected elsewhere. No restriction site mutations were unique to all species ofRobinsonia relative to the species ofSenecio used as outgroups. All 13 mutations (eight from cpDNA and five from rDNA) are restricted to single species, and thus provide no cladistically useful information within the genus. The distribution of mutations is concordant with the hypothesis of a rapid adaptive radiation ofRobinsonia subsequent to the dispersal of its ancestor to Masatierra.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 259-283 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Astereae ; Cladistics ; evolution ; phylogeny ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheAstereae were surveyed and the genera arranged in 23 informal groups. The generic groups were used to sample representative genera for a cladistic analysis based on morphological characters. The resulting cladogram was used for discussion of evolution and subtribal classification within the tribe. The lower basic chromosome numbers x = 4, 5, 6, and 8 are interpreted as reductions from a primitive x = 9. The subtribeGrangeinae occupies a phylogenetically basal position as sister group to the rest of the tribe. This may be divided into two large groups, largely corresponding to the homochromousSolidagininae and to the heterochromousAsterinae sensu lato, i.e. including theBellidinae, Hinterhuberinae, Conyzinae, andBaccharidinae. The latter four subtribes are derived within theAsterinae, and hence reduced to synonymy. Several intercontinental relationships indicate that a geographical subdivision of the tribe should be avoided, although in our analysis most of the groups proved to be restricted to one of five major regions.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 99-122 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asclepiadaceae ; Periplocaceae ; Translator ultrastructure ; translator ontogenesis ; floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen den beiden FamilienPeriplocaceae undAsclepiadaceae besteht in der Ausbildung der Translatoren, mit deren Hilfe der Pollen von Insekten übertragen wird. Bei denPeriplocaceae kleben die Pollentetraden an dem Translator, dieser selbst haftet mit einer basalen Klebscheibe am Kopf des Pollinators. DieAsclepiadaceae verzichten demgegenüber auf den Klebstoff, die Pollinien sind durch zwei Caudiculae mit einem Klemmkörper verbunden, der am Insekt klemmt. Im Zentrum dieser Arbeit steht die Frage, ob sich zwischen beiden Translatorformen Homologien finden lassen, die eine gemeinsame stammesgeschichtliche Herkunft begründen. Der Translator derPeriplocaceae besteht aus den drei Elementen Klebscheibe (adhesive disc), Stipes (stipe) und Pollenschaufel (spoon). Im typischen Fall sitzt der Stipes dorsal der Klebscheibe an, wodurch die Klebfläche selbst wie ein Stempel nach unten bzw. schräg nach außen gerichtet ist. Demgegenüber ist die geradlinige Anordnung von Stipes und Klebscheibe beiPeriploca graeca eine Ausnahme, die nicht als Basis für den Vergleich mit dem Asclepiadaceen-Translator dienen kann. In der Ontogenese wird der feste Teil der Klebscheibe, das Scutellum, zuerst angelegt und durch basale Sekretaddition als etwa rechtwinklig zur Griffelkopfoberfläche stehende Scheibe hinausgeschoben. Die Bildung des Scutellums erfolgt also von seiner Schmalseite aus. Im nächsten Schritt wird der Stipes-Ansatz am Scutellumrücken gebildet, auf diese Weise entsteht die gewinkelte Verbindung von Klebscheibe und Stipes. Der Anschluß der Pollenschaufel erfolgt etwas später ebenso wie die basale Verlängerung der Klebscheibe. Die Ontogenese zeigt, daß das primäre Element des Periplocaceen-Translators der obere Teil der Klebscheibe mit dem ihm dorsal ansitzenden basalen Stipesabschnitt ist. Innerhalb derAsclepiadaceae bilden die GattungenSecamone undFockea von den übrigen Gattungen abweichend gestaltete Translatoren aus, bei denen die Pollinien nicht an seitlichen Caudiculae, sondern an einer dorsalen Platte befestigt sind. Der morphologische Vergleich ergibt, daß die Translatoren beider Gattungen ausgeprägt plesiomorphe Züge tragen und als Zwischenformen zwischen dem Periplocaceen-Translator und dem elaborierten Asclepiadaceen-Translator angesehen werden können. Der Translator vonSecamone läßt sich mit dem primären Scutellum-Stipes-Komplex derPeriplocaceae homologisieren. Der Klemmkörper selbst entspricht einem nach vorn zusammengeschlagenen Scutellum, der die Pollinien tragende Dorsalfortsatz dem basalen Stipes. Für diese Homologisierung spricht nicht nur die relative Lage der Elemente der verglichenen Translatoren, sondern insbesondere ihre in den Grundzügen übereinstimmende Ontogenese. Von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung ist dabei die von der Schmalseite her erfolgende Bildung des Scutellums, die in der von der Basis aus fortschreitenden Anlegung desSecamone-Klemmkörpers ihre Entsprechung findet. Der Translator der GattungFockea stellt im Sinn des Stetigkeitskriteriums eine Zwischenform zwischen denSecamoneae und den elaboriertenAsclepiadaceae dar. Ohne diese Zwischenform wäre der morphologische Zusammenhang der Translatoren beider Taxa kaum zu belegen.Fockea stimmt mitSecamone in der Ausbildung des dorsalen Fortsatzes zur Pollinienanheftung wie auch in der Anheftung des adulten Translators an die Leitschiene mit Hilfe basaler Klebflächen überein. Eine Weiterentwicklung zeigtFockea in der Verlängerung des Translators parallel zur Griffelkopfoberfläche, die mit einer anfänglichen neuen Bodenbildung einhergeht. Diese neue Längsachse wie auch eine ausgeprägte Bodenstruktur sind charakteristisch für die Translatoren höher entwickelter Asclepiadaceen. Als auffälligstes Unterscheidungsmerkmal kommt bei ihnen die Befestigung der Pollinien mit Hilfe zweier Caudiculae hinzu. Aufgrund fehlender Zwischenstufen ist die phylogenetische Herkunft der Caudiculae bisher nur hypothetisch lösbar. Eine Ableitung von basalen Klebflächen wie etwa beiFockea wird für wahrscheinlich gehalten. Damit sind im elaborierten Asclepiadaceen-Translator nur noch Andeutungen von Elementen zu finden, die mit dem Translator vonSecamone homologisiert werden könnten. Nach den vorliegenden Untersuchungen erscheint der Entwicklungsschritt von der Periplocaceen-Stufe zum einfachsten Klemmkörper derAsclepiadaceae beiSecamone wesentlich geringer als die Evolution des Translators innerhalb derAsclepiadaceae selbst.
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the problem of homology between the translators inPeriplocaceae andAsclepiadaceae. Since most differences between the flowers in both families are based on the functional differences in the pollination process, it seems that the question of common ancestry can best be solved by clarifying the problem of the evolution of the translator itself. Ontogenetic investigation has revealed that the central element of the periplocoid translator is the adhesive disc together with the base of the stipe. The translator inSecamoneae (the most primitive tribe inAsclepiadaceae) is homologous to this element, and inSecamone the adhesive disc is transformed into the corpusculum while the stipe is represented by the dorsal process to which the pollinia are attached. The translator in the genusFockea represents an intermediate stage in the further phylogenetic elaboration of the asclepiad translator. It corresponds toSecamone in the development of a dorsal process for the attachment of the pollinia and in the special mode by which the corpusculum is attached to the anther wings. On the other hand, the elongated shape and the formation of a floor in the corpusculum are derived traits pointing to the more highly evolvedAsclepiadaceae, such as theAsclepiadeae. The question of the derivation of the caudicles is discussed and a hypothesis concerning their development from pre-adaptive elements inFockea is put forward. General conclusions are 1. thatPeriplocaceae andAsclepiadaceae are sister groups and that the common ancestor possessed a primitive translator composed of at least the two elements adhesive disc and stipe; 2. that the morphological difference of the translators betweenPeriplocaceae andSecamone is smaller than betweenSecamone and the more advancedAsclepiadaceae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 1-28 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Cytoevolution ; chromosome base numbers ; dysploidy ; polyploidy ; cladistics ; gondwanan forests ; heathlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers for 9 tribes and 73 genera ofRutaceae are examined for the probable chromosome base numbers in these taxa. There is abundant dysploidy and infrageneric polyploidy in the largeRutoideae/Toddalioideae complex. We found that x = 18 was typical for the tribesZanthoxyleae andToddalieae; probably ancestral in theBoronieae and perhaps in theRuteae, Diosmieae, andCusparieae; and characteristic of subfamilyFlindersioideae. Considering the basic position of elements ofZanthoxyleae andToddalieae in the family it appears that diploid x = 18 is ancestral in theRutaceae. The morphologically advancedCitroideae are invariant for x = 9 and may be a product of dysploid reduction.
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