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  • Lepidoptera  (58)
  • Triticum aestivum  (51)
  • Springer  (109)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (109)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (61)
  • 1981  (48)
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  • Springer  (109)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1980-1984  (109)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of variation in host plant on the growth of an oligophagous insect, Malacosoma americanum and its polyphagous relative, Malacosoma disstria (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host-plant relations ; host variation ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Geometridae ; Lepidoptera ; niche breadth ; specialization ; plantinsect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum (F.), einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen entwickelt, wurden verglichen mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria Hb. und zwar im Hinblick auf deren Empfindlichkeit auf Unterschiede im Blatt ihrer gemeinsamen Wirtspflanze, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Das Puppengewicht und die Entwicklungszeit bis zur Verpuppung wurden gemessen bei Raupen, welche auf Blättern von freiwachsenden und von beschatteten Jungpflanzen gezüchtet worden waren. Die Blattunterschiede hatten eine ausgesprochene Wirkung, aber es gab keine Unterschiede in der Reaktion der beiden Arten. Dieser Vergleich lässt vermuten, dass die Empfindlichkeit auf intraspezifische Unterschiede der Wirtspflanzenqualität bei wirtsspezifischen und polyphagen Arten gleich ist. Indessen dürften sich laut anderen Resultaten einige Insektenarten anders verhalten.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.)(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to their sensitivity to variation in the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Pupal weight and time to pupation were measured on larvae reared on foliage from open-grown and from shaded saplings. The difference in foliage had a pronounced effect, but no difference was evident between the species in their response to the variation in foliage. This comparison implies that sensitivity to intraspecific variation in host quality does not differ between host-specific and generalized species. However, results from other species suggest that some species of insects do differ in this respect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300882
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  • 2
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    Food plant specialization and feeding efficiency in the tent caterpillars Malacosoma disstria and M. americanum (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: assimilation efficiency ; growth efficiency ; niche breadth ; specialization ; hostplant relations ; plant-insect interactions ; Malacosoma americanum ; Malacosoma disstria ; Lasiocampidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Raupen von Malacosoma americanum, einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen. entwickelt, wurden mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria in Hinblick auf die Verwertung der Blätter ihres gemeinsames Wirtes Prunus serotina verglichen. Wirerhielten ähnliche Werte wie sie früher für andere Lepidopteren publiziert worden waren und zwar in Bezug auf die üblichen Messwerte, Anteil verwertete Nahrung, Wachstum in Trockengewicht pro Einheit gefressene oder verwertete Nahrung. Zudem unterschieden sich die beiden Arten in keiner Masszahl für Effizienz. Unsere Resultate sind im Einklang mit der Folgerung, das spezialisierte phytophage Insekten ihre Wirtspflanzen nicht besser ausnützen als as polyphage Arten tun.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to the efficiency of utilization of the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. We obtained values similar to those reported for other Lepidoptera for the commonly used measures of the fraction of ingested food that was assimilated, and for the growth in dry weight per unit of food ingested or assimilated. Moreover, the two species did not differ in any measure of efficiency. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that specialized phytophagous insects do not use their host plants with greater physiological efficiency than do generalized insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300873
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  • 3
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    Suitability of selected leguminous plants for development of Maruca testulalis larvae (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338666
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  • 4
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    Sex attractants for clearwing moths: Synanthedon vespiformis and Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis (and/or C. empiformis) (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 203-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Synanthedon vespiformis ; Paranthrene tabaniformis ; Chamaesphecia empiformis ; Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis ; Attractants ; Pheromones ; Clearwing moths ; Nemapogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338671
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  • 5
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    Host races and sympatric speciation in small ermine moths, Yponomeutidae (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 280-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Allozyme variation ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeuta padellus ; evolutionary stages ; F-statistics ; panmixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le degré de différenciation génétique en allozymes à des niveaux divers de divergence évolutive (populations conspécifiques, sibling species et non-sibling species) d'Yponomeuta a été déterminé. Les distances génétiques entre des sibling species ou des non-sibling species sont très larges. Il en est conclu que de telles estimations ne fournissent pas beaucoup d'informations sur le phénomène de spéciation même. Des coéfficients de reproduction consanguine (F ST) ont été calculés pour des populations d'Y. padellus provenant de six plantes-hôtes. La valeur moyenne F STest .030±.012. Les valuers de F ST des populations recueillies sur Crataegus, (plante-hôte habituelle d'Y. padellus), sont inférieures 2–3.5 fois à celles des populations de l'ensemble des autres plantes-hôtes. L'apparition de races en fonction de l'hôte, mesurée par les différences importantes dans de fréquences des allozymes entre populations sympatriques sur plusieurs plantes-hôtes, a été examinée dans quatre régions. Il apparaît ainsi que la formation de races en fonction de l'hôte se produit chez Y. padellus et que la spéciation sympatrique est un évènement très vraisemblable.
    Notes: Abstract The amount of genetic differentiation at various levels of evolutionary divergence (conspecific populations, sibling species and non-sibling species) in Yponomeuta was determined. Genetic distances between siblings or non-siblings were found to cover a wide range. It is concluded that such estimates do not give much information on the speciation process itself. Inbreeding coefficients were calculated for populations of Y. padellus from a total of six host plants. The grand mean F ST value is 0.030±0.012. F ST values for populations sampled from Crataegus, the common food plant of Y. padellus, are 2–3.5 times smaller than those for populations from the other food plants taken together. Host race formation, as measured by significant differences in allozyme frequencies between sympatric populations on two or more food plants, was investigated in four areas. Host race formation seems to occur in Y. padellus and sympatric speciation is a likely event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347708
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  • 6
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    Sex pheromone of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300895
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  • 7
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    Precocious metamorphosis and moulting deficiencies induced by an anti-JH compound, FMev in the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect growth regulators ; Anti-juvenile hormone ; Fluoromevalonate ; Precocious metamorphosis ; Premature pupation ; Ecdysis ; Fall webworm ; Hyphantria cunea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluormevalosäure (FMev), bekannt als ein spezifischer Inhibitor der Biosynthese des Juvenilhormons (JH) in Insekten, wurde in 0,1–50 μg/Tier Dosis topikal an 3., 4. und 5. Larvenstadien von Hyphantria cunea getestet. Die Raupen wurden auf einem semi-synthetischen, künstlichen Nährboden bei 25° und unter Langtagsbedingungen (18 : 6 St., Licht/Dunkel) gezüchtet. Diese Verbindung rief drei verschiedene Typen spezifischer Reaktionen hervor: 1) verfrühte Metamorphose, 2) gehemmte Häutung und 3) verlängerte Larvenentwicklung. Vor der verfrühten Verpuppung wurde normales Verhalten beobachtet. Die Larven des 3. oder 4. Stadiums häuteten sich meist erst nach einem interkalaren Larvenstadium in verfrühte Puppen. Unter den drei Larvenstadien erwies sich das 5. Stadium gegen die Anti-JH-Verbindung am empfindlichsten. In allen getesteten Entwicklungsphasen wiesen die frisch gehäuteten Larven die höchste Empfindlichkeit gegen FMev auf. Nach der Häutung wurde stufenweises Absinken der FMev-Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, im 5. Larvenstadium verursachte die Verbindung jedoch selbst am letzten Tag des Wachstums zu einen relativ hohen Prozentzahl verfrühte Verpuppung. Eine zweite typische Wirkung von FMev war die Hemmung der Häutungsprozesse. Zwei grundlegende Stufen der Häutungsstörungen unterschieden sich voneinander: 1) Als Folge der Anwendung hoher Dosen von FMev konnte die Mehrzahl der Raupen die alte Larvenkutikula nicht öffnen und ging deswegen in kurzer Zeit zugrunde. 2) Bei Behandlung mit niedrigen Dosen der Anti-JH-Verbindung häuteten sich einige Hyphantria-Larven scheinbar normal; nach der Häutung waren aber alle unfähig, die normalen Bewegungen und die Nahrungsaufnahme fortzusetzen. Auch die vorzeitigen Puppenhäutungen wurden in meisten Fällen durch die Anti-JH-Behandlung gehemmt. Die morphogenetischen Wirkungen von FMev konnten durch eine topikale Behandlung mit Hydroprene, einem hochaktiven JH-Analogen, vollständig oder teilweise verhindert werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluoromevalonate (FMev, ZR-3516) known as an inhibitor of JH biosynthesis was topically applied in 0.1 to 50 μg/specimen doses to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea Drury. The anti-JH compound induced 3 main types of specific responses: 1) precocious metamorphosis, 2) inhibition of ecdysis, and 3) prolongation of larval development. Precocious pupation was accompanied by behavioural events typical of normal pupation. Third and 4th instar larvae metamorphosed prematurely mostly with the intervention of an intercalary larval instar. The 5th instar exhibited the highest sensitivity to the anti-JH agent. Within each larval stage the freshly moulted insects proved to be the most susceptible to FMev. Afterwards, the incidence of morphogenetic reaction gradually decreased with age. In another fraction of Hyphantria larvae not responding with precocious pupation, FMev evoked varying degrees of ecdysial disturbance which always resulted in the death of caterpillars. In most cases the anti-JH compound inhibited the premature pupal moult, too, and these affected insects died as tanned pharate pupae. A complete or partial “rescue” from the effects of FMev was elicited, if simultaneously or subsequently, a single topical dose of a JH analogue, hydroprene was also administered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300901
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  • 8
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    Repellency of pheromones released by females of Heliothis armigera and H. zea to females of both species (1981)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sex Pheromones ; Repellent ; Heliothis armigera ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton bollworm ; corn earworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'examen en olfactomètre a porté sur les réactions face à d'autres femelles de la même espèce, de femelles vierges ou ayant copulé d'Heliothis armigera Hübner et H. zea Boddie. Le lot comprenait 8 femelles, vierges ou ayant copulé en présence d'une femelle vierge ou ayant copulé. Les 4 combinaisons possibles de femelles vierges et de femelles ayant copulé ont été examinées avec 12 répétitions pour chaque espèce. Un extrait de l'extrémité de l'abdomen de femelles vierges d'une espèce a été présenté aux femelles de l'autre espèce pour examiner les possibilités de réactions interspécifiques aux phéromones. Pour chaque espèce, les réactions interspécifiques de répulsion entre femelles ont été hautement significatives par rapport aux témoins, à l'exception toutefois des réactions de femelle ayant copulé face à des femelles ayant elles aussi copulé. Les répulsions moyennes chez H. armigera et H. zea pour les 8 femelles de chaque expérience ont été: a) vierges en présence d'une vierge: 7,33 et 7,66; b) vierges en présence d'une femelles ayant copulé: 5,76 et 5,58; c) femelles ayant copulé en présence d'une vierge: 4,67 et 4,83. Les différences sont hautement significatives entre chaque paire de moyennes et entre chaque paire et le lot témoin; 3,17; 3,17; 3,42; 4,00 pour H. armigera; 3,17; 3,50; 2,83 et 3,75 pour H. zea. Les femelles vierges des deux espèces, H. armigera et H. zea ont présenté une réaction de répulsion en présence d'un extrait de l'abdomen de l'autre espèce; les répulsions moyennes étant respectivement 5,53 et 5,33 contre 3,83 et 3,58 pour le lot trémoin. On peut en conclure que ces répulsions doivent entraîner une tendance à la répartition uniforme.
    Notes: Abstract An olfactometer was used to determine the effect of pheromones released by females of the bollworms Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. zea (Boddie) on females of the same species. Four combinations of virgin and mated females were tested for repellency of one to the other. Evidence is presented that females of the two bollworms were repelled by females of the same species. In addition, extracts of virgin female abdomens of each species repelled virgin females of the other species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300876
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  • 9
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    Multivoltinism in Apanteles bignellii and the influence of weather on synchronisation with its host Euphydryas aurinia (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338663
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  • 10
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    Development of artificial diets for laboratory rearing of larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300911
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  • 11
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    Nitrate reductase activity (in vivo and in vitro) of ditelosomic stocks of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 19 (1981), S. 263-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: nitrate reductase ; Triticum aestivum ; ditelosomics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nitrate reductase activities (NRA) of 31 ditelosomic stocks were compared with that of the control plant [Chinese Spring (CS) euploid], using in vivo and in vitro assay procedures that had been optimized with respect to the euploid. Fourteen stocks exhibited significant differences in in vivo NRA from that of the euploid; the effect of removal of a chromosome arm was always to increase NRA. Eight of these stocks showed similar effects in vitro, although in three, a casein-sensitive factor had to be eliminated before the difference was expressed. Homoeologous group effects were evident among ditelosomics of groups 2, 4, and 7, while for three chromosomes (2D, 7A, and 7B), removal of either arm resulted in a similar increase in NRA in vivo and probably in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00504273
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    Baldcypress allelochemics and the inhibition of silkworm enteric microorganisms Some Ecological Considerations (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baldcypress ; Taxodium distichum ; 2-furaldehyde ; 2-furoic acid ; Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombycidae ; enteric microbial inhibition ; Bacillus ; Micrococcus ; Arthrobacter ; Mucor ; Curvularia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure ofBombyx mori larvae to 2-furaldehyde, a major volatile component of baldcypress heartwood,Taxodium distichum, resulted in in vivo inhibition of enteric microorganisms at concentrations (1–47 ppm) that were released naturally from heartwood. The 7 bacterial and 2 fungal enteric isolates were also inhibited in vitro at the same concentrations. It is suggested that inhibition of leaf surface micro-organisms or in vivo inhibition of silkworm enteric microflora, as a result of indirect or direct action of 2-furaldehyde, exacerbates the growth-inhibitory effects of this compound on larvae by reducing the microbial nutritional contribution. The ecological significance of insect enteric microbial inhibition by plant allelochemics is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988638
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  • 13
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    Attractant lures for males of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) Containing (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 563-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex attractant ; (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (E,E)-8 ; 10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate ; lure ; formulation ; antioxidant ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Lures containing different amounts of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were formulated in natural rubber stoppers or polyethylene vials and tested in traps in the field to establish relative attractiveness to males of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.), dose-response relationships, and the effects of weathering. Initially, both formulations of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate were much more attractive than those of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, but their activity diminished considerably after only 5 days in the field because an inhibitor was formed, and polyethylene formulations were not attractive after one week. However, lures containing (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, with or without antioxidants, in both rubber and polyethylene were still attractive after three months' exposure in the field and are therefore suitable for practical monitoring of pea moth populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987704
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  • 14
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    Air permeation tests with (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate for reduction in trap catch of peachtree and lesser peachtree borer moths (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 575-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Peachtree borer ; lesser peachtree borer ; Synanthedon exitiosa ; S. pictipes ; Lepidoptera ; Sessiidae ; Z,Z-3 ; 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate sex pheromone ; traps ; air permeation ; trap catch reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Air permeation trials were conducted to determine whether trap catches of the peachtree borer (PTB)Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) and lesser peachtree borer (LPTB)S. pictipes (Grote and Robinson) could be reduced through application of the synthetic pheromone of the PTB, (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate (Z,Z-ODDA), at 92% isomeric purity. The pheromone was released into the air of peach orchard test plots with hanging laminated plastic dispensers or hollow fiber dispensers in the trees and by aerial dispersal of microcapsules containing a solution of the lure. Results showed that all formulations ofZ, Z-ODDA reduced trap catches of both PTB and LPTB in treated plots relative to catches in traps in untreated plots. In one air permeation experiment, three types of laminated dispensers and one type of hollow fiber dispenser each reduced trap catch of PTB by 93–100% and of LPTB by 75–95%. In a separate test, two formulations of microencapsulatedZ,Z-ODDA did not reduce trap catch of male PTB as effectively as the laminated dispenser; results for LPTB were similar for both the dispensers and microcapsules. Catches of male PTB moths in traps baited with laminated and or fiber pheromone dispensers containing ODDA (94∶6%Z,Z∶E,Z) were not significantly different. LPTB male moths were also captured in these traps, the catches being dependent upon the initial pheromone loading and the type of dispensers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987705
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  • 15
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    Insect sex pheromones: Evaporation rates of alcohols and acetates from natural rubber septa (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 627-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromones ; insect sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; pheromones ; pheromone formulations ; insect population monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The half-lives (t 1/2) of alcohol sex pheromones, 1-alkanols, acetate sex pheromones, and an epoxide (disparlure) were determined on natural rubber septa. Thet 1/2 values for the homologous alcohols from decanol to heptadecanol increased regularly from 2.2 to 1117 days, but thet 1/2 of octadecanol was 609 days. Thet 1/2 values of (Z)7-, (E)7-, and (Z)9-tetradecen-1-ol acetates were 154, 168, and 199 days, respectively, whereas those of five other tested 14-carbon acetates ranged from 310 to 350 days. The dependence oft 1/2 values on chain length and double-bond position is consistent with the hypothesis that molecular size is an important variable affectingt 1/2 values. Also, in accordance with the hypothesis, when aZ-alkenyl compound has a much shortert 1/2 than the corresponding saturated compound, thet 1/2 values of theZ compound and itsE isomer may be quite different. Thus, (E)-9-tetradecen-l-ol acetate had at 1/2 of 331 days. Thet 1/2 of disparlure was 180 days. The effect of thecis-7,8 epoxide group is apparently similar to that of the olefin group in lowering thet 1/2 below the value that would be expected solely on the basis of chain length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987710
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  • 16
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    Relative efficiency of sticky and cylindrical electrical grid traps in capturingSpodoptera exigua (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 733-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Beet armyworm ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone trap ; trap efficiency ; Pherocon 1C trap ; population monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative efficiency of sticky traps and cylindrical electrical grid traps for capturing male beet armyworm moths,Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was studied using night vision equipment. The sticky and grid traps captured 34 and 40%, respectively, of the insects which oriented to them. The grid trap's capacity was limited only by the size of the receptacle (3.8-liter bucket) at the base of the funnel. The maximum capacity of the sticky trap was ca. 110 insects, and the efficiency of this trap declined rapidly when captures exceeded 50% capacity. This decline was caused by the physical blockage of the sticky surface by the captured insects. There was no evidence to indicate that captured males had any repelling effect on other males subsequently attracted to the sticky trap.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990305
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 909-917 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; biological control ; kairomone ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma pretiosum Riley females exhibit success-motivated searching after oviposition. The stimulatory effect of contact with host eggs makes host-egg density an important factor in determining the appropriate strategy for behavioral manipulation, using kairomones, that simulate host seeking, in biological control programs. Host eggs can be used, in conjunction with kairomones or by themselves, to improve the performance of these important beneficial insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987616
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    Sex pheromone components of the European goat moth,Cossus cossus (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Cossus cossus ; Lepidoptera ; Cossidae ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenol ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-3-decenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female tip washings of the European goat moth,Cossus cossus L., were found to contain the following compounds that are structurally similar to known pheromone components of Lepidoptera (%): decyl acetate (1.5), (Z)-5-dodecenol (1), (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (66), dodecyl acetate (12), (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (14), tetradecyl acetate (4), and hexadecyl acetate (1.5). The washes contained an average of 125 ng of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate per female equivalent. EAG responses to nanogram amounts of the identified products indicated that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was the most potent olfactory stimulant followed by (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-5-dodecenol, whereas the saturated acetates caused only weak depolarization. A strong EAG response was also recorded for (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, which was not detected in the female tip washings. Field results showed that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was essential for the attraction of the males and that (Z)-3-decenyl acetate improved the attractiveness of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate alone or in combination with (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988036
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    Synthesis of (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate Major component of sex pheromone of the processionary moth (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synthesis ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaume-topoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; acetylene ; carbocupration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of the major component of the sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa is described. The synthesis uses the carbocupration of acetylene, followed by the coupling with the appropriate 1-iodoalkyne. This synthetic pheromone was shown to be of 98.8%Z purity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988039
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  • 20
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    Sex pheromone components ofEuxoa drewseni Chemical identification, electrophysiological evaluation, and field attractancy tests (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 335-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euxoa drewseni ; Chorizagrotis thanatologia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; parapheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-pentadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven compounds structurally similar to known lepidopterous pheromone components were identified in the extract from 18 calling female moths ofEuxoa drewseni (Staudinger). The identifications were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors simultaneously. Detector antennae were from five species of moths. In the field, male moths were specifically attracted to a three-component blend of dodecyl, (Z)-5-dodecenyl, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates in a ratio of 2∶6∶1. This blend at 1000 μg/rubber septum dispenser is recommended as a trap bait for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-7-tetradecenol inhibited the attraction of moths to the three-component blend. (Z)-7-Pentadecenyl acetate functioned as a parapheromone in place of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate in the pheromone blend, and they appear to react via the same antennal receptor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988453
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    Apparent long-term bodily contamination by disparlure, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) Attractant (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; pheromone persistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Positive attraction of male gypsy moths to the body of the author, now four years after his last known direct contact with disparlure, the synthetic pheromone, is documented. A designed test showed that moths responded to him in highly significantly greater numbers than to others who had had less or no previous exposure to the insect and / or disparlure. The data present persuasive evidence of bodily contamination with disparlure and suggest that the material is very persistent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987768
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    Triunsaturated hydrocarbons, sex pheromone components ofCaenurgina erechtea (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1413-1423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer) ; forage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene have been identified as components of the sex pheromone of the noctuid,Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer), the forage looper. Structural assignments were made on the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic data and were confirmed by comparison with synthetic material. Flight tunnel behavioral studies demonstrated that either component, when tested individually, would elicit wing fanning responses in males; however, mixtures of the two components increased this response and were essential for initiation of upwind flight and landing. In field experiments, traps baited with either component alone captured few or no adult forage looper males while those baited with both components captured several target males.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990747
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    Identification of a sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moth (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 645-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; 3,6,9-eicosatriene ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moths,Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, that attracts conspecific males was isolated and identified as a blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene in a ratio of ca. 5∶3, respectively, when combined. The synthesized compounds elicited responses by velvetbean caterpillar moth males equivalent to those elicited by females in both laboratory wind tunnel bioassays and field trapping experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990414
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    Effect of soybean phytoalexins on the herbivorous insects mexican bean beetle and soybean looper (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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    Identification of sex pheromone components of the female driedfruit moth,Vitula edmandsae serratilineella, and a blend for attraction of male moths (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 785-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Driedfruit moth ; Vitula edmandsae serratilineella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Phycitinae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal ; alcohol ; aldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen pheromone-like compounds were identified in abdomen tip washes and excised abdomen tip extracts of calling females of driedfruit moth,Vitula edmandsae serratilineella Ragonot. Identifications were by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors. Male moths were attracted to a blend of (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol and (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal in a ratio of 100∶1 at 500 μg/rubber septum dispenser, which is recommended for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-9-tetradecenol (0.5%) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (0.1%) may be beneficial for the attraction of males, but 1–2% of (E)-9,(E)-12- or (Z)-9,(Z)-12-tetradecadienol, or (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate inhibited their attraction. Gravid female moths were attracted to traps that captured large numbers of males. Females may be attracted to male hairpencil or forewing gland secretions emitted near the traps or that accumulate in the traps.
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    The response of anther culture to culture temperature in Triticum aestivum (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Anther culture ; Culture temperature ; Induction frequency ; Pollen callus (plantlet) ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The response of anther culture to culture temperature was studied in detail using many varieties, F1 hybrids and pollen-derived lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as materials. The suitable culture temperature for inducing pollen callus (or embryoids) in wheat anther culture ranged from 26 °C to 30 °C, varying with genotypes. But for the great majority of wheat genotypes the suitable culture temperatures lay between 28 °C and 30°C. The most significant genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature was observed in the comparison between the culture at 33 °C for eight days followed by culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C) and the continuous culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C). This genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature is a heritable character which may be controlled by multiple genes. The effect of culture at 30 °C for eight days followed by culture at 26 °C was similar to, or in some cases, better than that of continuous culture at 28 °C, and the effect of culture at 32 °C for eight days followed by culture at 28 °C was similar to that of continuous culture at 30 °C. In the range from 26 °C to 32 °C, the overwhelming majority of pollen calli emerged before the 40th day after anther inoculation, and the higher the culture temperature, the earlier and more concentrated the emerging period of the pollen callus. The pollen callus obtained at high temperatures above 28 °C should be transferred in time onto the regeneration medium at 25°–27°C to induce shoots.
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    The chromosomal location of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 255-258 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The malate dehydrogenase (E.C. no 1.1.1. 37) of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring, shows two activity zones. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the malate dehydrogenase isozymes of zone II are dimers composed of the six possible combinations of subunits coded by triplicate genes located in the long arms of chromosomes of the homoeologous group 1.
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    New hybrids between Agropyron and wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 111-121 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Embryo culture ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum (2n=42,AABBDD) with Agropyron ciliare (2n= 28,SSYY), A. trachycaulum (2n=28,SSHH), A. yezoense (2n=28,SSYY) and A. scirpeum (2n=28) are reported for the first time. F1 hybrids of T. aestivum were also produced with A. intermedium (2n=42,E1E1E2E2Z1Z1) and A. junceum (2n=14,JuJu). All wheat-Agropyron hybrids were obtained by embryo rescue technique. Cultivars and reciprocal crosses differed for seed set, seed development and F1 plant production. The F1 hybrids were sterile. Attempts to obtain amphiploids were unsuccessful. However, backcross derivatives were obtained with wheat as the recurrent parent. The level of chromosome pairing in A. trachycaulum x wheat, A. yezoense x wheat and wheat x A. junceum hybrids provided no evidence of homologous or homoeologous pairing. Mean pairing frequencies in A. ciliare x wheat, wheat x A. scirpeum and wheat x A. intermedium hybrids indicated homoeologous or autosyndetic pairing. Ph gene was more effective in regulating homoeologous pairing in A. yezoense x wheat hybrids than in A. ciliare x wheat hybrid. Chromosome pairing data of BC1 derivatives indicated that either some of the wheat chromosomes were eliminated or Agropyron chromosomes caused reduced pairing of wheat homologues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265184
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    Increasing grain protein content of hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by mutation breeding (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Protein ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276260
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    An evaluation of mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation in wheat, barley and maize (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial heterosis ; Mitochondrial complementation ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two families each of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were studied for mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation. Inbred parents and their hybrids were compared for seedling heights and rate of oxygen uptake by the whole tissue to find out if the hybrids showed greater growth and respiratory activity at the seedling stage. Further comparisons were made by isolating mitochondria from the seedling tissues and measuring their ADP∶0 ratio, respiratory control ratio and cytochrome c oxidase activity for mitochondrial heterosis. Mixtures of parental mitochondria were similarly compared with parental and hybrid mitochondria for in vitro mitochondrial complementation. No evidence for mitochondrial heterosis or in vitro mitochondrial complementation was found, nor any correlation between the different mitochondrial parameters, seedling heights or rates of oxygen uptake by seedling tissue. The suggested use of mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation for plant breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264969
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    Monosomic analysis of genes for resistance against stem rust races in bread wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 313-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using monosomic analysis genes governing resistance in one wheat variety, ‘E5883’, against stem rust races 15C and 122, were located on specific chromosomes. Against race 15C, a major dominant gene, Sr6, was located on chromosome 2D of ‘E5883’ with minor modifiers found on chromosomes 4A and 6D. Against race 122, the presence of a recessive hemizygous ineffective gene, Sr8, was identified, located on chromosome 6A of variety ‘E5883’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264984
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    Fractionation of wheat gliadin and glutenin subunits by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the role of group 6 and group 2 chromosomes in gliadin synthesis (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 349-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Subunits of wheat endosperm proteins have been fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. To determine which subunits in the two-dimensional electrophoretic pattern belong to gliadin or glutenin the endosperm proteins have also been fractionated by a modified Osborne procedure and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose CL-4B prior to separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The control of production of five major grain protein subunits is shown to be determined by chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D by comparing two-dimensional electrophoretic protein subunit patterns of aneuploid lines of the variety ‘Chinese Spring’. From these and previous studies it is concluded that some α, β and γ gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 30,000 to 40,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 6 chromosomes, the ω gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 50,000 to 70,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes and the glutenin subunits (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 〉 85,000) are specified by genes on the long arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes. No major gliadins or glutenin subunits were absent when any of the chromosomes in homoeologous Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7 were deleted. However two gliadins whose presumed structural genes are on chromosome 6D were absent in aneuploid stocks of ‘Chinese Spring’ carrying two additional doses of chromosome 2A. Two out of thirty-three intervarietal or interspecific chromosome substitution lines examined, involving homoeologous Group 2 chromosomes, lacked the same two gliadins. All the subunits in the other thirty-one chromosome substitution lines were indistinguishable from those in ‘Chinese Spring’. It is therefore concluded that the major variation affecting gliadin and glutenins in wheat is concentrated on the chromosomes of homoeologous Groups 1 and 6 but Group 2 chromosomes are candidates for further study. An endosperm protein controlled by chromosome 4D in ‘Chinese Spring’ is shown to be a high molecular weight globulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276448
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    Genetic control of endosperm proteins in wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Total endosperm protein subunits, extracted from the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and from some of its aneuploid lines, were fractionated according to their molecular weight (MW) in an improved high resolution one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The resolution obtained by this method and, in particular, that of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits approached that of a previous report in which two-dimensional fractionation system based on charge and MW was used. In the cultivar Chinese Spring, 21 discrete protein bands were resolved and the chromosomes controlling many of them were either reconfirmed, or, in some cases, established. The advantages of this high resolution SDS PAGE technique are discussed.
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    Control of lectins in Triticum aestivum and Aegilops umbellulata by homoeologous group 1 chromosomes (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aegilops umbellulata ; Genetics ; Lectin ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Each of the three genomes in hexaploid wheat controls the expression of a specific lectin in the embryo. The chromosomes which control their synthesis were determined using nullisomic-tetrasomic and inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of ‘Chinese Spring’. All three wheat lectins were shown to be controlled by the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. Using ditelosomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ the lectin genes could be localized on the long arms of chromosomes 1A and 1D. Inter-specific addition and substitution lines of Aegilops umbellulata chromosomes to ‘Chinese Spring’ indicated that chromosome 1U, which is homoeologous to the group 1 chromosomes of wheat, controls lectin synthesis.
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    Characterization of the multigene family coding for HMW glutenin subunits in wheat using cDNA clones (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 87-96 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunit genes ; cDNA clones ; Tandem DNA repeats ; Chromosomal location ; Gene copy number ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones encoding wheat HMW glutenin subunits have been isolated from a cDNA bank made to poly A+ RNA from developing wheat endosperm var. Chinese Spring. One such clone, pTag 1290, has enabled us to identify the HMW glutenin mRNA species. The DNA sequence of this clone has been partially determined and it contains several tandem DNA repeats. The sequence is discussed in relation to the generation of the HMW glutenin subunit gene family. Analysis of the organization of the HMW glutenin sequences in the wheat genome revealed that the genes encoding HMW glutenin subunits exist in low copy number and are located on the long arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303930
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    Responses of alloplasmic (cytoplasm=Triticum timopheevii) and euplasmic wheats (Triticum aestivum) to photoperiod and vernalization (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevii ; Wheat ; Photoperiod ; Vernalization ; Male sterility ; Alloplasmic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the male sterility-inducing cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. on response of several common winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) nuclear genotypes to photoperiod and vernalization. Comparative studies of cytoplasmic substitution lines provide information on the role of the cytoplasmic genetic mechanism in growth and development. In the case of cytoplasmic male sterility-based hybrid production systems, ubiquity of sterility-inducing cytoplasm in derived hybrids warrants thorough characterization of its influence on plant phenotype. Factorial combinations of cytoplasm (T. timopheevii and T. aestivum), nuclear genotype, and photoperiod or vernalization treatments were evaluated under hydroponic conditions in controlled environment chambers. Interaction of cytoplasm, photoperiod, and nuclear genotype was significant in one or more experiments for days to anthesis and potential spikelet number, and interaction of cytoplasm, vernalization, and nuclear genotype was significant for days to spike emergence. Long day length was associated with increased percentage seed set in one study, but interactions of photoperiod and cytoplasm were not detected for percentage seed set. Interactions involving cytoplasm and photoperiod or vernalization were interpreted as evidence of the existence of genetic factors in cytoplsam of T. timopheevii which alter photoperiod or vernalization responses of alloplasmic plants relative to responses exhibited by euplasmic plants. Since photoperiod and vernalization responses are critical to adaptation, T. timopheevii cytoplasm can alter adaptability of T. aestivum. The specific effect would be nuclear genotype dependent, and does not appear to be of a magnitude greater than that induced by nuclear genetic variability at loci conditioning photoperiod or vernalization responses or other adaptation-determining characteristics. Normal multilocation/year testing of alloplasmic hybrids should therefore adequately identify zones of adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281850
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    Genetic control of endosperm proteins in wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 77-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins ; Glutenins ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Endosperm protein subunits of 109 primitive and modern lines of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., were fractionated by one-dimensional, high resolution, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A wide range of both qualitative and quantitative variation was observed in the fractions of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits of the different lines. The qualitative variation was expressed in the number of subunits per fraction and in their molecular weight, as determined by the differential rate of migration. The quantitative variation was expressed in the differential staining intensity of several subunits. The widest variation was detected in the HMW glutenin and gliadin subunits controlled by chromosome 1B while a much smaller variation was observed in those subunits controlled by chromosome 1A and further smaller variation in the subunits controlled by 1D. Only a small number of subunits in both fractions was found to be controlled by chromosome 1A indicating that diploidization of endosperm protein genes in common wheat has been non-random. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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    An analysis of genes for resistance against two Indian cultures of stem rust races of two bread wheats (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, ‘Agra Local’) and F2 progenies from the backcross to ‘Agra Local’. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance. A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene. The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.
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    Study on nuclear and cytoplasmic genome expression in wheat by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops species ; Alloplasmic lines ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; Cytoplasmic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this first analysis the protein patterns obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 8 day-old leaves from 18 alloplasmic wheat lines are compared. From 440 spots retained on the basis of their reproducibility, 36 proteins were observed to vary in different cytoplasms, allowing us to distinguish the T. aestivum cytoplasm from 5 Aegilops cytoplasms. Twenty-four of the 36 variable proteins could be structurally related to the large subunit of RuBPCase. Nuclear variation between 3 wheat varieties was observed for 14 proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281838
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    Callus induction and growth from the mature embryo ofTriticum aestivum (Wheat) (1983)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 104-113 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cereals ; Embryo culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell proliferation from the mature embryo of wheat occurs on a defined medium in the presence of 2,4-D. Unorganized growth is observed when the 2,4-D concentration is equal to or greater than 2 mg/l, but increasing levels of 2,4-D inhibit cell division. Cell divisions begin after 4 days in culture from parenchyma cells within and near the procambial tissues of the embryo axis. By day 8 continuous meristematic zones are formed in association with vascular tissues, and DNA synthesis and cell divisions are distributed throughout these zones. No morphological evidence exists to show that these zones consist of proliferating root primordia, which are formed only after the level of 2,4-D falls below some critical concentration. When the concentration of 2,4-D is lowered, the meristematic zones first become dissected and then give rise to many root meristems.
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    Evidence for basic homology between wheat and rye chromosomes (1983)
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hexaploid triticale ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; heterochromatin ; chromosome association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar Rosner chromosome 2R lacks the prominent heterochromatic bands of both telomeres. This modified 2R chromosome is capable of pairing in a high frequency with wheat chromosomes. It is hypothesized that the accumulation of heterochromatin at the telomeres of rye chromosomes may have contributed to the isolation of the wheat and rye genera by inhibiting pairing between wheat and rye chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036882
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    Should selection for yield in saline regions be made on saline or non-saline soils? (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. turgidum ; durum wheat ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Saline soils are typically very patchy in their salinity. The yield of crops growing on them is similarly patchy. This paper argues that because most of the yield from such soils comes from the least saline areas, the best breeding strategy for improving the overall yield of crops growing on them is to select for high yield on non-saline soils. This conclusion derives from comparing the effects that four different breeding goals, namely: (1) a 10% increase in yield on non-saline soils, (ii) a 20% increase in the threshold salinity that first reduces yield, (iii) a doubling of yield at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 20 dS/m and (iv) a combination of (i) and (iii), would have on total yield. The effects of achieving these goals in barley, common wheat, durum wheat and triticale in fields exhibiting different salinities are predicted from actual yields of these species grown on different salinities in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021452
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    Relationship between kernel color and protein content of hard red x hard white winter wheat progeny (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 617-624 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; kernel color ; protein content ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Utilization of high-protein hard red wheat germplasm in breeding high-protein hard white winter wheats for the U.S. Great Plains raised concern regarding possible genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Segregating F3 and F4 populations from reciprocal crosses and backcrosses involving high-protein hard red winter wheat cultivar Plainsman V and normal-protein hard white winter wheat line KS75216 were examined. Nonsignificant regression and correlation coefficients in the F3 generations of KS75216/Plainsman V, KS75216//KS75216/Plainsman V and Plainsman V//KS75216/Plainsman V indicated the absence of genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Therefore, despite the presence of genes for protein content and kernel color on the same chromosomes (3A, 3B and 3D), kernel color and protein content appeared as independent traits. A small but significant negative relationship between white kernel color and high protein in Plainsman V/KS75216 was attributable to the possible presence of alien genetic material in the parentage of Plainsman V. Chi-square tests indicated that Plainsman V is a mixture of genotypes for kernel color; most genotypes carry two dominant genes for red color and a few carry one or three. Genetic control of grain protein appeared to be complex. Partial dominance for high protein was indicated in the F3 generation but a generally continuous distribution and transgressive segregation also suggested other genes functioned additively. Heritability estimates by parent-offspring (F3-F4) regression were sufficiently high to ensure genetic progress in the selection of high-protein lines in the red x white wheat crosses. We concluded that development of high-protein cultivars is as feasible for white wheats as for red wheats.
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    The character brown ear of bread wheat: A review (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 299-310 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; ear colour ; glume colour ; genetics ; linkage ; chromosomal location ; geographical distribution ; homeoallelic genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A summary of the brown ear character of bread wheat is presented. In most varieties this character is conditioned by a (semi)dominant gene identified as Rg on 1BS. This gene seems to be widespread, from the viewpoint of evolution, probably because it is an ‘old’ gene. There are no indications that the presence of the gene and hence the presence of a brown ear is advantageous or disadvantageous to the carrier wheat plant. Some linkage relations are described. More research is needed to establish whether all varieties with one gene for brown ear carry Rg, to investigate the varieties with a non-monogenic genetic system and to identify more associations between brown ear and other characters. It should also further be investigated whether within T. spelta another gene for brown ear is present and, if so, whether this gene is on chromosome 1AS and linked to Hgl, the gene for hairy glume.
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    The impact of plant physiology on Australian wheat breeding (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 743-748 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; plant physiology ; plant breeding ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Major changes in the behaviour of the Australian wheat crop over the last one hundred years have been associated with three major gene groupings. The significance of major genes in monitoring response to vernalization, photoperiod and gibberellin, reveals a more optimistic future for breeding programmes where simple genetic and physiologic studies are integrated within those programmes. A revised classification of growth habit is presented in the appendix.
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    Effect of root contact with short-chain aliphatic acids on later wheat growth (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 369-377 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetic acid ; Inhibition ; Wheat growth ; Tillering ; Root growth ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the effect of and duration of the effect of alliphatic acids on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling root growth, shoot growth, and tillering. Winter wheat seedlings grown in contact with unbuffered solutions of 2 mM or greater acetic or 0.5 mM or greater propionic or butyric acid for 3 days showed decreased root and, in general, shoot growth. Buffering the medium partially alleviated the problem. Removing the seedling from the acid medium and growing it in a nutrient medium resulted in accelerated root growth, compared with the control, while shoot growth was permanently inhibited during this study. Seedling wheat, grown with one root in contact with concentrations of acetic acid ranging from 0–16 mM and the other roots in aliphatic acid-free medium, grew at the same rate as the control. Seedling wheat grown for 3 days in 2 and 4 mM acetic acid medium showed a more rapid formation of the first stem tiller (T1) than did the control. Concentrations of 6 and 8 mM acetic acid appeared to delay T1 tiller formation through the first 18 days after germination, while only 10 mM acetic acid reduced T1 tiller formation by 30% 20 days after germination. The second stem tiller (T2) was not affected by previous exposure to acetic acid. The results of these laboratory studies indicate that short-term exposure of seedling winter wheat to short-chain aliphatic acids can result in permanent shoot and tiller damage and not in permanent root damage as previously thought. These results could explain the poor performance of no-till seeded winter wheat when growing through heavy crop residues that are producing shortchain aliphatic acids during decomposition.
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    The acquisition of phosphorus byLupinus albus L. (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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    Increased uptake of anions by plants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 463-467 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Anion uptake ; Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Mycorrhiza ; Phosphorus ; pH Rhizosphere ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In two field experiments sown in 1982 to test the effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) on growth and phosphorus nutrition of (i) spring wheat and spring barley, (ii) winter wheat and winter barley, we measured the concentrations of the major cation (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+) and anions (Cl−, SO4 2−, H2PO4 − and NO3 −) in shoot tissue. In all cases the sum of the anion concentrations (ΣA) was increased strongly by mycorrhizal infection but not by P additions, confirming earlier observations2 on spring wheat. The concentration of total cations (ΣA) was generally reduced by P additions, hence P and VAM both reduced the cation excess (ΣC−ΣA) but by different mechanisms. These results suggest that increased uptake of anions by plants with VAM may be a general phenomenom which would have important implications for the elemental composition of crops. The effect may also be manifested by other types of mycorrhizal association.
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    Chemical properties of soil and water-stable aggregates after sixty-seven years of cropping to spring wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 51-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aggregate fractions ; Fatty acids ; Long-term rotation ; Triticum aestivum ; Water-stable aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three non-replicated, unfertilized, dryland grain rotations—continuous wheat, wheat-fallow, and wheat-wheat-fallow—were established in 1912 on a Dark Brown Chernozemic (Typic Haploboroll) soil. The effect of long-term cropping on the chemical constituents of total water-stable aggregates was assessed. There was a loss in percentage of total water-stable aggregates and a shift in aggregate size distribution with time. Together with an increase in the 100 μm diameter fraction, there was an increase in the sand component of this fraction. These sand particles are probably held together by alkaline-soluble, acid-insoluble organic matter. Organic carbon, polysaccharides, polyuronides, phenols, and chloroform/methanol-extractable organic matter were all associated with the 〉250 μm diameter fractions. Although the aggregates had generally the same suite of aliphatic carboxylic acids, the relative proportions changed with cultivation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178613
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    Response of wheat tillers at different growing stages to gametocide treatment (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 501-504 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gametocide ; sterility ; fertility ; developmental stages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of the gametocides Ethrel, RH-532, and RH-2956 on wheat tillers at various stages of development were studied. The gametocides were applied to Anza and Yecora 70, two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, at three rates of foliar application when the main tillers were at meiosis. Ethrel was less effective in causing sterility than RH-532 and RH-2956. Anza showed greater induced sterility than Yecora 70 when treated with these gametocides. Ethrel affected only late tillers treated at or before meiosis. RH-532 and RH-2956 at the high application rate were equally effective for Anza. RH-2956 at the high application rate induced uniform and maximum sterility in early and late tillers of both Anza and Yecora 70.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034015
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    Some comments on two recent papers in euphytica concerning stem rust resistance in wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 589-591 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038784
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    The chromosomal location of the embryo plus scutellum alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the hexaploid wheat kernel (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 729-734 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Triticum turgidum ; durum ; wheat ; alcohol dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of individual parts of Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum var. durum kernels showed two classes of alcohol dehydrogenase patterns: 1) A three banded pattern (ADH-1, ADH-2 and ADH-3) for endosperm (Ed) and 2) a seven banded pattern (ADH-F1, ADH-F2, ADH-1, ADH-2, ADH-3, ADH-S1 and ADH-S2) for embryo (E), scutellum (S) and embryo plus scutellum (E+S). The use of nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic series of Chinese Spring wheat allows alcohol dehydrogenase to be associated with arms 4Aα, 4BL and 4DS. A five subunit forming dimer hypothesis is postulated to explain the newly reported seven isozyme pattern. Subunits α, β and δ are coded by chromosome arms 4Aα, 4BL and 4DS respectively, and the newly postulated ɛ and γ are coded also by chromosome arm 4BL.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038801
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    Gibberellic acid effects on germination and α-amylase activity of winter wheats (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 875-880 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; pre-harvest sprouting ; germination ; α-amylase enzyme ; gibberellic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sensitivity to GA in non-Gai genome winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was investigated to determine magnitude of variation of the trait, its association with other traits, and effects of geographical location of production. α-Amylase enzyme activity was measured before and after treatment with gibberellic acid in 18 cultivars grown at one location and in five cultivars grown at six locations. Dye-labeled starch and agar-starch media procedures were used for the first and second experiments, respectively. α-Amylase activity differed significantly among the 18 cultivars after germination in water, germination in GA, and in absolute and relative sensitivity to GA. Cultivars that reacted similarly to GA had some common ancestors in their pedigrees, and α-amylase activity and sensitivity to GA were significantly negatively associated with seed weight. α-Amylase activity differed between tall and semi-dwarf cultivars in the second experiment, but not in the first experiment. The magnitude of variation in α-amylase activity and its relationship to preharvest sprouting susceptibility of the cultivars suggested that the trait can be modified to improve seed dormancy. Significant interactions between cultivar responses to GA and geographical location of grain production suggested that selection should be carried out in several environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038818
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    Crossability and embryo development in wheat-rye hybrids (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 593-600 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum durum ; durum wheat ; Secale cereale ; inbred lines ; intergeneric crossability ; embryo development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability and embryo development were studied in the crosses of one Triticum aestivum and three T. durum genotypes with nineteen rye inbred lines. Parental wheat and rye genotypes exerted a significant influence on the characters seed set, number of seeds containing embryos and viable plantlets obtained from embryo culture. It was established that the common winter wheat cultivar Götz is of intermediate crossability. The rye inbred lines varied substantially in their capacity to fertilize several wheat genotypes. Interactions between wheats of different crossability classes and their seed set with rye lines were detected. Significant correlations were obtained between seed set and viable plantlets recovered in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021472
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    Reselection of hard red winter wheat cultivar Lancota for high grain protein content (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 607-615 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; protein content ; grain yield ; mixing time ; soil-borne mosaic virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Lancota has genetic potential to produce grain with higher protein content than most other cultivars grown in the hard winter wheat region. It has not consistently expressed full potential for grain protein content outside its area of development. Experiments were conducted to determine genetic variability for grain protein content in Lancota and to utilize that variability to select genotypes with high grain protein content. Approximately 1600 lines were screened to 37 high-protein selections that varied in yield, test weight, flour mixing time, blooming date, height, and reaction to wheat soil-borne mosaic virus (WSBM). Nine promising selections (KS80476, KS80478, KS80480, KS80488, KS80490, KS80491, KS80497, KS80499, and KS80500) had grain protein advantage over Lancota of 0.5 to 1.0% and equalled or exceeded Lancota in yield or test weight. Those selections were resistant to WSBM and satisfactory or better in mixing properties than Lancota. The highest protein selection (KS80496) had a mean protein advantage of 1.5% over Lancota but exhibited a short mixing time of 1 7/8 min. The absence of correlation between some years indicated strong environmental influence on protein content. We concluded that adequate genetic variability existed in the high-grain protein cultivar Lancota to select lines that express the high protein potential better than the original cultivar outside its area of development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021474
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    Investigation of linkage drag in near isogenic lines of wheat by testing for seedling reaction to races of stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 319-327 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; linkage drag ; seedling resistance ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To determine whether linkage drag had occurred during the breeding of near isogenic lines (NILs) of wheat, 176 lines involving 11 sets of NILs, their recurrent parents and some of their donors were tested for seedling reaction to stem rust (4 races), leaf rust (3 races) and yellow rust (3 races). From the results, six cases were identified in which linkage drag may have played a role. More research is needed to prove clearly that linkage is involved. Nevertheless, the results suggest that linkage drag is a fairly common phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021440
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    The positive effects of the high molecular weight subunits 3+10 and 2* of glutenin on the bread-making quality of wheat cultivars (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 735-742 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat, glutenin ; high-molecular-weight subunits ; SDS-PAGE ; SDS-sedimentation test ; baking quality selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The high-molecular-weight subunit composition of glutenin is regulated by genes on the long arm of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. Evidence is presented that in general the bread-making quality of wheat cultivars containing the subunits 3+10 coded for by chromosome 1D or the subunit 2* coded for by chromosome 1A is higher than that of cultivars containing their allelic counterparts the subunits 2+11 or subunit 1 and the null form respectively. Besides it is shown that the positive effects of the subunits 3+10 and subunit 2* are additive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042153
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    A rapid method for the evaluation of variation in germplasm collections of cereals using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 877-883 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum turgidum ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; chemotypes ; electrophoresis ; variation ; prolamines ; gliadins ; hordeins ; electrophoregram ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of storage proteins (prolamines) was used to screen 64 landraces of wheat and barley from Nepal and the YemenArab Republic and two cultivars for comparison. Altogether 3168 single seeds were examined and the advantages gained by using the vertical slab gel method were recognised. The extent of variation present within populations of landraces could be assessed easily and rapidly using the methods described. Differences in ploidy levels of wheats were detected by PAGE and investigated. Suggestions are made for improvements in sampling strategies in hilly terrain.
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    2-Furaldehyde from baldcypress (1981)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 89-101 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Baldcypress ; Taxodium distichum ; 2-furaldehyde ; Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombycidae ; growth inhibition ; toxicity ; Georgia silkworm industry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 2-Furaldehyde was growth inhibitory and toxic to larvae ofBombyx mori at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Baldcypress,Taxodium distichum, heartwood released this volatile at concentrations in excess of these levels. The adverse effect of this chemical on silkworms may partially account for the demise of the Georgia silkworm industry (circa 1765), after the construction of a baldcypress rearing facility.
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    Synthesis of sex pheromone components of the forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) and of the western tent caterpillar,Malacosoma californicum (Packard) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 159-164 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synthesis ; isomers ; 5,7-dodecadienal ; sex pheromone ; Malacosoma disstria ; Malacosoma californicum ; Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All four geometrical isomers of 5,7-dodecadien-1-ol have been stereoselectively synthesized by using Wittig condensation reactions. (5 Z,7E)-5,7-Dodecadien-1-ol and its corresponding aldehyde are components of the sex pheromone of the forest tent caterpillar. (5 E,7 Z)-5,7-Dodecadienal is a component of the pheromone of the western tent caterpillar. These compounds have been successfully tested in the field.
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    Feeding preferences of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) larvae to some host-plant chemicals (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 391-402 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Abies balsamea ; feeding stimulants ; feeding deterrents ; feeding preference ; sugars ; glycosides ; amino acids ; organic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Single-choice and three-choice tests were used to determine the relative importance of host-plant chemical extracts in eliciting feeding by spruce bud worm larvae. Water-soluble components of the host trees are the most important and, of these, the sugar and glycoside fractions are the most stimulating. The amino acid and organic base fractions have no apparent effect. The organic acid fractions deter feeding slightly.
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    A four-component pheromone blend for optimum attraction of redbacked cutworm males,Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 615-625 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Redbacked cutworm ; Euxoa ochrogaster ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone blend ; sex attractant ; parapheromone ; Z-5-decenyl acetate ; Z-5-undecenyl acetate ; Z-5-dodecenyl acetate ; Z-7-dodecenyl acetate ; Z-9-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four acetates,Z-5-decenyl acetate,Z-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, in microgram ratios of 1∶200∶2∶1 or 1∶200∶6∶2 were excellent, specific sex pheromone blends for capturing male redbacked cutworm moths in cone traps. Blends in ratios of 1∶200∶2∶1 and 2∶200∶2∶1 at 1000 μg/ rubber septum dispenser remained highly effective for 6 weeks under field conditions. The essential minor components,Z-5-decenyl,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetates, became inhibitory at concentrations of about 10% in the blends, and this may be an important general phenomenon in lepidopteran pheromones. Blends involving a parapheromone,Z-5-undecenyl acetate, withZ-5-,Z-7-, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetate, in microgram ratios of 8∶200∶2∶1 or 20∶200∶6∶2 were also excellent specific attractants for this species. TheZ-8-dodecenyl acetate had no obvious effect on the attraction of the redbacked cutworm males.
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: X. Laboratory studies on manipulation of host-finding behavior ofTrichogramma pretiosum riley1 with a kairomone extracted fromHeliothis zea (boddie) moth scales (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 635-648 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; parasitoids ; biological control ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogramma tidae ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noeturidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral response ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley females to the kairomone found inHeliothis zea (Boddie) moth scales is examined.
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    Sex pheromone of the saltmarsh caterpillar moth,Estigmene acrea (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 655-668 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Saltmarsh caterpillar moth ; Estigmene acrea ; (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal ; (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal ; (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxy-heneicosadiene ; fall webworm moth ; Hyphantria cunea ; insect sex pheromone ; cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosane ; trans-9,10-epoxyheneicosane ; linolealde-hyde ; linolenaldehyde ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three compounds have been identified as components of the sex pheromone emitted by females of the saltmarsh caterpillar moth,Estigmene acrea (Drury). These are (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienal (I), (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienal (II), and (Z,Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene (III). In female tip extract they were found in a ratio of 1∶6∶25, respectively, and in trapped female effluvia the ratio was 1∶6∶27, respectively. Combinations of III with either I or II elicited sustained upwind flight in a wind tunnel, but none of these compounds by themselves did so. There is evidence that the antennal acceptor site for III is chiral.
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    Comparative distribution and persistence of disparlure in woodland air after aerial application of three controlled-release formulations (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 867-880 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; controlled release ; laminated dispensers ; hollow fibers ; microcapsules ; atmospheric permeation ; mating disruption ; air concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Disparlure, the gypsy moth sex pheromone, was aerially applied to three plots, using a different controlled-release formulation-gelatin microcapsules, flakes of plastic laminates, or hollow fibers-in each plot. Disparlure concentrations in air were measured intermittently over a 34-day period after application. Measurements were made at four heights above ground: 0.3,2,5, and 10m. Wind speed and air temperature were measured concurrently. Disparlure was emitted from the microcapsules and fibers at very high levels for the first day or two; thereafter, all three formulations produced gradually decreasing aerial concentrations. After 32–34 days, concentrations in all plots ranged from 1.5% to 15.5% of those on the first day, although most of the pheromone remained in the formulations. Results suggest that the effective life of all three formulations for mating disruption by atmospheric permeation would be near 30 days under the test conditions, with fibers likely to have the shortest life. Concentrations varied diurnally throughout the experiment, with highest levels generally between 1400 and 2200 hr each day. Concentrations were highest at the 10-m height with microcapsules and at the 0.3- and 10-m heights with flakes, but were similar at all heights with fibers. Biological implications of the results are presented.
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    Analysis of field-weathered lures containing (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, a sex attractant for the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1049-1056 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex attractant ; (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; lure ; formulation ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Natural rubber stoppers treated with 1, 3, or 10 mg of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, an attractant for male pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.), were exposed in the field during the summer of 1978 and samples analyzed at intervals. The results for all three doses fitted well to first-order loss curves with half-lives of 63.5, 64.7, and 67.3 days, respectively. Thus, lures with an initial dose of 3 mg of the attractant retained approximately 1 mg after 3 months of field exposure; they should therefore maintain a constant level of attractiveness throughout this period because previous field studies showed that moths were equally responsive to fresh lures containing between 1 and 10 mg of the attractant. There was no loss of attractant during the preparation of lures or after 4 months at −15 ° C and only 13% was lost during 3 months of storage at room temperature.
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    Sex pheromone of the tomato looper,Plusia chalcites (ESP) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1081-1088 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; tomato looper ; sex pheromone identification ; glass WCOT capillary chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Z-7-dodencenyl acetate ; Z-9-tetra-decenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Z-7-Dodecenyl acetate (A) andZ-9-tetradecenyl acetate (B), in a 5∶1 ratio, have been identified as sex pheromone components of femalePlusia chalcites. In addition, small amounts of dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetate have been found in the abdominal tip extracts. This is the first known Plusiinae species which utilizes a two-component primary sex pheromone system. The most effective lure found in field experiments was a mixture of 1 mg A and 0.2 mg B absorbed on rubber septa.
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    Larval osmeterial secretions of the swallowtails (Papilio) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1089-1113 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Osmeterial secretion ; Papilio larvae ; Lepidoptera ; monoterpene ; sesquiterpene ; aliphatic acid ; ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The larval osmeterial secretions of sixPapilio species examined displayed a remarkable qualitative change at the fourth larval ecdysis. The secretions of 4th (penultimate) instar larvae ofP. machaon, P. memnon, P. helenus, P. bianor, andP. maackii principally comprised mono- and/or sesquiterpenoids. The compounds identified from these species included α-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, β-selinene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, germacrene-A, germacrene-B, caryophyllene oxide, methyl 3-hydroxy-n-butyrate, and acetic acid. In contrast, the secretion of 4th larval instar ofP. xuthus, although containing similar terpenic compounds, was accompanied by large amounts of aliphatic acids and their esters: isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, methyl isobutyrate and methyl 2-methylbutyrate. On the other hand, the osmeterial secretions of 5th (last) instar larvae varied little in quality among the six species, and the identified compounds consisted of isobutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, methyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, and isovaleric acid, the last of which was specific toP. bianor andP. maackii. The chemical alteration of osmeterial exudate synchronized at the final larval ecdysis with the larval morphological change (particularly in body coloration) that appears to be of defensive significance against predators.
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    On the persistence of disparlure in the human body (1981)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone persistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Response of male gypsy moths from a sparse infestation in Italy to an observer apparently contaminated with disparlure at least two years previously is reported. Other examples of pheromone contamination of people or things are also recorded.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00995754
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    Comparing the effectiveness of sexual communication disruption in the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta) using different combinations and dosages of its pheromone blend (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 501-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disruption of communication ; Oriental fruit moth ; Grapholitha molesta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative efficacy of disruptant blends comprised of different combinations of the Oriental fruit moth's pheromone components was determined in field tests. Disruption was evaluated by comparing male moth catch at synthetic and female-baited traps in disruptant and non-treatment areas. Three atmospheric dosages of a 8-dodecenyl acetate (93.5%Z∶6.5%E) blend, representing two successive 10-fold decreases in concentration (2.5 × 10−2 g/hectare/day to 2.5 × 10−4 g/hectare/day) were tested alone and in combination with an additional percentage of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol. Male moth orientation to traps was eliminated in plots exposed to the two highest binary acetate dosages. However, significantly more males were captured in synthetic-baited traps in the lowest acetate-alone treatment, indicating a diminution of disruption efficiency. In contrast, inclusion of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol in the disruptant blend effected essentially complete disruption of orientation at all concentrations tested. Mating success ofG. molesta pairs confined in small cages apparently was not affected by the presence of relatively high concentrations of the binary acetate and the acetate-alcohol blends. This suggests that habituation and/or adaptation of male response, at least for comparatively “close-range” behaviors, did not occur.
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    Seven-week persistence of an oviposition-deterrent pheromone (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 583-588 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition ; deterrent pheromone ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cabbage leaves sprayed with a water solution of the oviposition-deterrent pheromone ofPieris brassicae remain deterrent to ovipositing females for at least 14 days. Under laboratory conditions, the pheromone, when dried on a glass surface, retains activity for a period of at least 7 weeks. After 7 days under vacuum conditions, some pheromone is still present, indicating a low volatility and / or high stability of (an active fraction of) the pheromone. After 125 eggs are slowly rinsed with 300 ml water, they still release detectable quantities of the pheromone.
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    Effect of day length and light intensity on 2-tridecanone levels and resistance inLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum toManduca sexta (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 707-716 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Manduca sexta (L.) ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; day length ; light intensity ; 2-tridecanone ; glandular trichome ; resistance ; allelochemic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract First instarManduca sexta (L.) larvae confined on foliage fromLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum (accession PI 134417) plants grown under a long-day regime exhibited greater mortality than larvae on foliage from plants grown under a short-day regime. 2-Tridecanone, a toxin important in the insect resistance of PI 134417, was significantly more abundant in the foliage of plants grown under the long-than the short-day regimes. Light intensity influenced neither 2-tridecanone levels nor the expression of resistance. The density of glandular trichomes, which secrete 2-tridecanone, was influenced by an interaction between day length and light intensity.
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    Growth inhibitors in tomato (Lycopersicon) to tomato fruitworm (Heliothis zea) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 753-758 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; α-tomatine ; rutin ; chlorogenic acid ; caffeyl aldaric acid ; allelochemics ; tomato ; tomato fruitworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several compounds that retard the larval growth of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie) have been isolated and identified from tomato leaves,Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. The major allelochemics are α-tomatine (I), chlorogenic acid (II), rutin (III), and a new caffeyl derivative of an aldaric acid (IV). The isolation, analyses, and toxicity of these compounds toH. zea are presented.
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    Biological amplification for increasing electroantennogram discrimination between two female sex pheromones ofSpodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 791-798 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera littoralis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; electroantennogram ; biological amplification ; pheromones ; Boarmia selenaria ; Geometridae ; Matsucoccus josephi ; Homoptera ; Coccoidea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MaleSpodoptera littoralis stimulated by a mixture ofS. littoralis female sex pheromone with a positional isomer and by the pheromone alone, gave greatly amplified electroantennograms (EAGs) when the antennae were connected in series. The technique is described and examples are given of its use in screening extracts for EAG activity. Dose-response curves obtained with this technique are presented and discussed. Through biological amplification, EAG discrimination between the pheromones was increased.
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    Alleviation of α-tomatine-induced toxicity to the parasitoid,Hyposoter exiguae, by phytosterols in the diet of the host,Heliothis zea (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 927-946 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; α-tomatine ; sterols ; sterol esters ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoids ; Hyposoter exiguae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solitary, endoparasitic ichneumonid,Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) is a parasitoid of the tomato fruitworm,Heliothis zea (Boddie). However, the parasitoid is deleteriously affected by the tomato glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine, ingested from hosts (H. zea) fed on artificial diets or semipurified extracts of tomato plants that contained α-tomatine. α-Tomatine causes prolonged larval development; disruption or prevention of pupal eclosion; deformation of antennal, abdominal, and genital structures; and reduction in adult weight and longevity of the parasitoid. These toxic effects are exacerbated when the dietary dose of α-tomatine is increased from 12 μmol to 20 μmol/g dry wt of diet. However, the toxicity of α-tomatine is attenuated in parasitoids reared from hosts fed on artificial diets that contain equimolar or supramolar amounts of 3β-OH-sterols admixed with α-tomatine. Further, the toxicity of extracts from the foliage of different cultivars of tomatoes toH. exiguae is contingent upon the composite levels of α-tomatine and total phytosterol (free and esterified). Cultivars with a low total sterol-tomatine ratio are more toxic toH. exiguae. The possible mode of action of α-tomatine toxicity toH. exiguae by disruption of sterol metabolism is discussed.
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1057-1061 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae parasitoids ; kairomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory experiments conducted to compare the kairomonal activity forMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) of frass fromHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae fed on different host plants,M. croceipes females responded to extracts of frass from larvae reared on cotton or soybeans but not on corn. The lack of response to frass from larvae reared on corn was shown to be a result of a lack of some appropriate chemical(s) in the corn.
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    Initial field trials with the synthetic sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiff.) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 85-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate ; field test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate has been shown to be highly active in catchingThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiff.) males in field trials carried out in different parts of Spain. A variety of formulations containing antioxidants or solid paraffin were tested. Formulations containing 3 and 10% ofE isomer showed a decrease of activity compared with those prepared with pureZ isomer. Dodecyl acetate, also found in the virgin female gland, did not show any synergistic effect when tested in a 9∶1 mixture with the synthetic pheromone. The product exhibited a remarkable persistence of activity under the field conditions even in the absence of stabilizer.
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    Spodoptera exigua: Capture of feral males in traps baited with blends of pheromone components (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 95-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; rubber septa ; (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; beet armyworm ; trapping sticky trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field tests were conducted with various blends of acetates and alcohols previously identified as components of the sex pheromone for the beet armyworm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua (Hübner). The compounds were formulated on rubber septa and placed in sticky traps positioned in fields populated withAmaranthus sp., a favored host of this species. Moth captures were highest in traps baited with septa containing a blend of 0.1 mg (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (Z9,E12–14∶Ac) and 0.01 mg(Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14∶OH). Additionally, we confirmed that all combinations of acetates tested alone captured significantly fewer males than blends containing a 10∶1 ratio ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH. A 10∶1 formulation ofZ9,E12–14∶Ac andZ9–14∶OH in hollow fibers was also attractive to feral BAW males.
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    Field trapping of diamondback mothPlutella xylostella using an improved four-component sex attractant blend (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diamondback moth ; Plutella xylostella ; Crymodes devastator ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Noctuidae ; sex attractant ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to three known sex lure components [(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol], (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was field-proven as a trace coattractant for malePlutella xylostella, with an optimal content below 0.01% in blends. This potent four-component lure for diamondback males also attractedCrymodes devastator males, and in this respect is not different in its attractancy from virgin diamondback females. Replacement of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in the four component lure with (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, at the level of 10% of the total lure mixture, did not alter its attractancy for diamondback males, but it did inhibit attraction ofCrymodes devastator. The status of biologically active components as possible sex pheromones or para-pheromones is discussed.
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    Chemical basis for host selection byHemileuca oliviae (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1425-1437 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Range caterpillar ; Hemileuca oliviae ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; C4 plants ; C3 plants ; tannins ; grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When provided a choice between grass species with C3 or C4 photosynthetic pathways, larvae of range caterpillar,Hemileuca oliviae Cockerell, selected C4 grasses. The basis for host selection was examined by conducting analyses of moisture, crude protein, total available carbohydrate, sucrose, glucose, astringency, condensed tannin, silica, and pubescence of 14 grass species, and correlating host plant chemical characteristics with host preference. Most of the variation in host preference was explained by tannin characteristics (astringency and condensed tannin); C3 grass species had significantly higher tannin levels than C4 species.
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    Identification of two components of the sex pheromone of the moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 503-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Fortricidae ; lightbrown apple moth ; sex pheromone ; (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate ; (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two compounds, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate, have been identified in extracts of females of the lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). The two compounds are active as a coalitive pair and are present in extracts of females in a ratio of about 20∶1.
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    The role of iridoid glycosides in host-plant specificity of checkerspot butterflies (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 475-493 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycoside ; catalpol ; Scrophulariaceae ; Euphydryas ; checkerspot ; host-plant specificity ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; coevolution ; insect-plant interaction ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential role of iridoid glycosides as feeding stimulants forEuphydryas chalcedona larvae was examined in three laboratory experiments. The first experiment examined larval behavior in choice tests between an artificial diet with no additives (AD) and an artificial diet with the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, added (AD + I) in one group; and AD and AD plus a crude extract from which the iridoid glycoside catalpol was crystallized (AD + Ex) in the second group. The larvae were found more often on AD + I or AD + Ex. The second experiment quantified larval consumption of artificial diets when given a choice of AD or AD + I, and AD or AD + Ex, and showed that larvae ate significantly more AD + I or AD + Ex than AD. The third experiment compared growth and survival on six diets: AD; AD + I; artificial diet with dried, ground upScrophularia californica leaves (AD + S); artificial diet with dried, ground upPlantago lanceolata leaves (AD + P);S. californica leaves (S); andP. lanceolata leaves (P). Growth was best onS. californica leaves, and survival was highest onS. californica andP. lanceolata leaves. There were no differences in growth rate or survival between AD andAD + I. Thus, iridoid glycosides serve as feeding attractants and stimulants for larvae ofEuphydryas chalcedona and are suggested as the basis of radiation in butterflies of the genusEuphydryas.
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    Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 695-701 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; pheromone ; parasitoid ; Telenomus remus ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Telenomus remits Nixon is a parasitoid that attacks egg masses ofSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Increased host-seeking behavior was elicited fromT. remus females in Y-tubes, Petri dish, and greenhouse bioassays byS. frugiperda female abdominal tips as well as (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol acetate.
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    Dose-response relationship for two components of the sex pheromone of lightbrown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 715-725 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; dose-response surface ; isobole ; male response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay studies with mixtures of the two components from the sex pheromone ofE. postvittana are used to construct a dose-response surface. The surface clearly shows the existence of a response maximum and that an optimum ratio of the two components applies over a wide range of concentrations. Probit transformations of the same data are used to construct an isobologram. The isobole has a sharp minimum at a ratio for the two components close to the ratio produced by the females.
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    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis virescens in a sustained-flight tunnel to combinations of seven compounds identified from female sex pheromone glands (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 747-759 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; sex pheromone ; moth behavior ; rubber septa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of the seven compounds that have been identified from femaleHeliothis virescens sex pheromone glands was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. The two compounds initially described as pheromone components, (itZ)-11-hexadecenal and (itZ)-9-tetradecenal, were necessary for behavioral activity to occur. Of the remaining five compounds, hexadecanal was most consistent in elevating behavioral activity of males when it was added to treatments. Live, calling females elicited greater sexual activity from males than did the 7-compound mixture on rubber septa.
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    Inhibition of pitted morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and certain other weed species by phytotoxic components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1027-1043 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: allelopathy ; ferulic acid ; no-tillage ; prickly sida ; common ragweed ; weed control ; 2-methoxy-4-ethenylphenol ; carboxylic acid ; phenol ; morning glory ; Ipomoea lacunosa ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to determine if well-known phytotoxic effects of plant residues on crop growth could also be responsible for observed reductions of certain weed species in no-till cropping systems. An aqueous extract of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) reduced the germination and root length of pitted morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.). Phytotoxicity was increased by about 70% when bioassays with the wheat extract on morning glory and ragweed were conducted in the presence of light. Phytotoxic substances were extracted from wheat with 2 N NaOH. The hydrolyzed extract was fractionated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The compound isolated by TLC having the greatest inhibitory effects on morning glory germination was identified using mass spectrometry and determined to be ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid). Ferulic acid at 5 × 103 M inhibited the germination and root length of morning glory 23 and 82%, respectively, and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) with carpels 85 and 82%, respectively. Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) germination was inhibited 100%. Ferulic acid had no effect on ragweed or prickly sida without carpels. Morning glory root and shoot biomass were reduced 52 and 26%, respectively, when morning glory was grown in sand and watered with a 5 × 103 M solution of ferulic acid. Ferulic acid in the presence of prickly sida seed carpels was found to undergo decarboxylation, forming a styrene derivative, 2-methoxy-4-ethenylphenol. The more phytotoxic styrene compound was produced by a bacterium isolated from the carpels of prickly sida seed. The study showed that ferulic acid and other compounds may indeed play a role in reducing the growth of certain weeds in no-tillage cropping systems.
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    Experiments with a two-component sex attractant of the silver Y moth (Autographa gamma L.), and some evidence for the presence of both components in natural female sex pheromone (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1317-1325 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; Autographa gamma L. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; silver Y moth ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol ; ester ; alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-7-Dodecen-1-yl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol were synthesized and tested on males of the silver Y moth (Autographa gamma L.) for sex attractant activity. The key step of the synthesis was the isomerization of acetylenic alcohol (III) with potassium 3-amino-propylamide. In EAG tests with a series of dodecen-1-yl acetates and alcohols, the highest activity was elicited by these two compounds. In field tests using three different kinds of dispensers, highest catches were achieved with a mixture of (Z)-7-dodecen-1 -yl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecen-1 -ol which contained 1–5% of the alcohol. Some evidence was also found for the presence of both compounds in extracts of the abdominal tip of females. The quantities of these components in the extract was 1.0 ng/female for the acetate, and 1.1 ng/female for the alcohol.
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    Cardenolide sequestration by the dogbane tiger moth (Cycnia tenera; Arctiidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 521-532 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cycnia tenera ; Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias ; milkweeds ; cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; allelochemics ; plant-insect interactions ; plant secondary chemistry ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; kin selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cycnia tenera adults, reared as larvae onAsclepias humistrata, had 10 times higher cardenolide concentrations, and contained 15 times more total cardenolide, than did moths reared onA. tuberosa. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed that each individual cardenolide visualized in the adult moths reared on the former host plant corresponds to one present in the plant, thus demonstrating that the insects' cardenolides are indeed derived from the larval food. Adult weights were significantly greater when the larvae had been fed upon the higher cardenolide plant species,A. humistrata. Similar results for other milkweed-feeding insects have been interpreted by some authors as evidence against a metabolic cost of handling cardenolides. However, such interpretations confound cardenolide differences among milkweed species with other differences in plant primary and secondary chemistry that affect insect growth and development. While the cooccurrence inC. tenera of other noxious chemicals (e.g., alkaloids) is not precluded, cardenolides sequestered from larval host plants have probably contributed to the evolution of visual and auditory aposematism in this species. As the eggs are laid in large clutches and larvae are gregarious, such aposematism may have evolved via kin selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990224
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    Stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate, the major component of the sex pheromone of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 863-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-13-Hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; pine processionary moth ; Thaumetopoeapityocampa ; Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; sex pheromone ; synthesis ; biological activity ; ester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A short and stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-13-hexadecen-1 1-yn-1-yl acetate is described. The main feature is a low-temperature Wittig reaction of a triphenylpropylphosphonium bromide with a long-chain alkylated propargyl aldehyde.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987810
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  • 90
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    Field attractiveness of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal pheromone blends to male spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1327-1332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm moths ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; attractants ; isomeric blends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract E∶Z blends of (E)-11-tetradecenal were field tested (three experiments) for their attractiveness to male spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths in northern Maine. Blends of 92.5–99%E isomer caught the most moths (three experiments); blend 95%E had the highest cumulative catch throughout two experiments. Rates of catch per hour for the four most attractive blends (92.5–99%E) showed highly variable responses among experiments; however, similarities were noted for rates of catch within the same experiment. For all experiments and observation hours, blend 95%E had the highest mean rate of catch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994801
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  • 91
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    Is the pedigree of the near-isogenic line Michigan Amber/8*Chancellor of bread wheat correct? (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 41-43 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; linkage ; near-isogenic line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the near-isogenic line Michigan Amber/8*Chancellor cannot derive from Michigan Amber. Marquillo is suggested as the donor cultivar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033657
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  • 92
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    Genetical studies on the difference of anther length among common wheat cultivars (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; anther length ; heritability of anther length ; pistil length ; anther length-flowering date relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Anther and pistil lengths of 61 cultivars and experimental strains of common wheat were measured just before flowering. Anther length varied from 3.0 to 5.1 mm, and pistil length varied from 3.8 to 5.2 mm. A specific correlation was observed between anther length and flowering date among the parental strains, as well as in the F1 generations of 13 cross combinations; Anther length on flowering date fitted well to a curvelinear regression of the second order in parental and F1 generations. The reduction of anther length in both early and late flowering cultivars was attributed to the worse environmental conditions for their floral development, compared to the intermediate types. Such relationship between anther length and flowering date was not found in the F2 generation. This indicates that most of the genes controlling the two characters are different. Heritability of anther length estimated from the regression coefficient of the F1s on the midparents was greater than 0.65.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033658
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  • 93
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    A least-squares method for choosing the best relative proportions when intercrossing cultivars (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; spring wheat ; parent selection ; cross prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It is supposed that k variables have been measured on each of m potential parents, and that the aim is to produce a base population for which the mean values are as close as possible to an ideal genotype. A least-squares estimation procedure for the parent proportions is presented and the determination of the closest practical solution is considered. It is shown that an enumeration procedure for finding the best practical solution, which is applicable in most situations, is simpler and more flexible than the least-squares method. A proposed symbolic presentation of the results of an analysis highlights the strengths and deficiencies of a set of parents and indicates which parents may complement one another.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033672
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  • 94
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    Evidence for a ‘uniculm effect’ in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a mediterranean environment (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; spring wheat ; uniculm effect ; ideotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The concept of the uniculm habit as an important feature of a wheat ideotype for a mediterranean environment was evaluated under field conditions. A uniculm plant produces a single shoot and when sown in a stand exemplifies a non-tillering crop with a fixed density of shoots throughout the growing season. Yield and harvest index of normal tillering spring wheat was compared with that of the same crop surgically detillered throughout the growing season to a constant density of 2 shoots per plant. The use of a biculm, whilst retaining the uniculm principle of a fixed density of shoots throughout the growing season, permitted comparison on a single crop sowing at normal field density. The control plots followed the usual pattern of tillering for the region attaining a maximum of about 4.0 shoots per plant by early spring. Shoot number declined to 2.3 and 2.6 per plant by maturity in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Detillered plots outyielded the controls by 14 per cent in 1978 (2.05 v. 1.80 tonnes ha-1) and 22 per cent in 1979 (1.84 v. 1.51 tonnes ha-1). Harvest indices were 0.39 v. 0.35 in 1978 and 0.30 v. 0.24 in 1979 for detillered and control plots, respectively. Higher leaf area indices and better water relations after anthesis in biculm stands indicated more efficient water use when shoot population was controlled at near optimum level. Irrigation at anthesis reduced the difference in yield between detillered and control plots. Although the uniculm principle was demonstrated with biculms in practice control of shoot number will require the use of genetic uniculms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033988
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  • 95
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    A classification of the NORIN 10 and Tom Thumb dwarfing genes in British, Mexican, Indian and other hexaploid bread wheat varieties (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 355-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; gibberellin insensitivity ; cultivar classification according to Rht genotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The two semi-dwarfing genes Rht1 and Rht2 from Norin 10 have now been incorporated in successful varieties in use in most major wheat growing areas. The more potent dwarfing gene, Rht3, from Tom Thumb has been used in a limited way. These genes may be identified and classified by assessing the associated character of GA-insensitivity in the progeny from test crosses. This paper describes these classifications in the CIMMYT, Mexican, PBI, Cambridge and Indian breeding programmes and for a number of other international varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033997
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  • 96
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    Endosperm peroxidase electrophoresis patterns to distinguish tetraploid from hexaploid wheats (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum turgidum ; durum wheat ; endosperm peroxidases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A simple method is proposed to distinguish hexaploid (Triticum aestivum L.) from tetraploid (Triticum turgidum L., durum wheat) cultivated wheats on the basis of peroxidase isozymes coded by genome D. It can also be used as a first step to detect possible contamination by tetraploid genotype mixtures. The peroxidase patterns of endosperm and of embryo plus scutellum found among 349 entries of a durum wheat world basis collection are shown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034001
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  • 97
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    The relation between wheat lines derived from the F2, F3, F4 and F5 generations for grain yield and harvest index (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 419-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat breeding ; selection ; grain yield ; harvest index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationships between the F2, F3, F4 and F5 generations for grain yield were determined using random, pedigreed lines derived from each generation. The lines from two crosses were grown in plots at two sites over two years. In the first year, only F2 and F3 derived lines were available, but in the second year the F2 to F5 were grown. Correlations between lines in one generation and the mean of lines derived from them in a following generation increased as the generations were advanced. Correlations between consecutive generations were higher than those between generations two or three apart. Correlations between F2 and F5 derived lines, which indicate the effectiveness of selecting F2 lines, varied from 0.10 ns to o.49** when lines from both generations were grown in the same environment. Correlations between years of lines from the same or different generations were low and often non-significant. Harvest index was measured on the F2 and F3 derived lines at the one site in the first year. Selection for improvement of grain yield using harvest index was no more effective than selection for yield directly, when considered across years. It is conclued that, while gains in yield can be achieved by selecting for yield in early generations, a foremost consideration needs to be the influence of different sites and years on the effectiveness of selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034006
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  • 98
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    Effects of crop residues, soil type and temperature on emergence and early growth of wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Crop residue ; Root growth ; Shoot growth ; Soil types ; Temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two controlled environment experiments were conducted to examine the germination and early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Songlen) growing under crop residues of rape, sorghum, field pea and wheat. Additional treamments also included were soil type (Lithic Vertic Ustochrept and Plinthustalf) and temperature (8°C and 24°C to simulate winter and autumn sowing conditions). At low temperature, wheat and sorghum residues produced the most adverse effects on germination with all residues reducing emergence at high temperatures. Shoot lengths were also reduced by most residues at high temperatures whilst root lengths and shoot and root dry weights were unaffected by residue treatments. These results suggest major phytotoxic effects of residues during early growth (up to 14 days after sowing) with, in general, few interactions with soil type or temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178745
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  • 99
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    Growth and mineral composition of barley and wheat across sequences of Solonetzic soil (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Mineral composition ; Na−K interaction ; Solonetzic soil ; Solonetz-Solod sequence ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth and mineral composition of barley and wheat was measured across sequences of Solonetz and Solod soils. Growth of both species, along with root penetration was reduced on the Solonetz compared to the Solod soil. Mineral composition of the foliage and roots indicated that a Na−K interaction was present for the barley across the Solonetz-Solod sequences. Such factors were considered to be characteristics of soil—plant relationships on Solonetzic soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143613
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  • 100
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    The site of action of crossability genes (Kr 1, Kr 2) between Triticum and Secale. II. Proportion of pistils containing pollen tubes and effects of alternate pollination on seed set (1981)
    Springer
    Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; pistils ; pollen tubes ; seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Different wheat genotypes (T. aestivum) were crossed with rye to ascertain the site or sites of manifestation of the crossability genes, Kr 1 and Kr 2. By using fluorescence microscopy, it was found that the order of increasing proportion of wheat micropyles containing pollen tubes is strongly correlated with the levels of crossability with rye. High crossable genotypes have more micropyles containing pollen tubes than those of the low crossable ones. Most of the inhibition or retardation of pollen tubes occurred between the style base and top of the embryo sac, expecially with the low crossable genotypes where both Kr-genes are present. The results also indicate that Kr 1 is a greater inhibitor than Kr 2. Seed set is also highly correlated with the number or proportion of micropyles having pollen tubes. Alternate pollinations seem to support the view that rye pollen tubes do not reach the micropyles of the low crossable genotypes, and hence when repollinated with wheat selfed seeds are produced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033665
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