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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF FREEZE-DRIED COMPRESSED SPINACH (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 42 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study was designed to objectively describe those chemical and physical attributes of fresh spinach which directly affect the quality of freeze-dried compressed and rehydrated products. The study was further designed to relate the quality attributes of the raw and reconstituted spinach, thus enabling the selection of the optimum spinach material for freeze drying and compression. Correlation coefficients were determined both among and between fresh and processed material. Correlation among treatments revealed acceptance to be highly correlated (P 〈 0.01) with Gardner Color Values. These values are important because of the speed and simplicity with which they can be obtained. There were no correlations between the chemical and physical attributes of fresh and freeze-dried product. Leaf type was not found to be an important factor in freeze-dried and compressed spinach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1977.tb12602.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A “Cold Shortening” Effect in Avian Muscle (1969)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 34 (1969), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: SUMMARY— Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of post-mortem temperatures between 0 and 20°C on the degree of shortening in isolated pectoralis major muscles of chickens and turkeys. A “cold shortening” effect in these muscles is described and compared to post-mortem pH, average sarcomere length of isolated myofibrils, and relative solubility of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins.The degree of muscle shortening at each temperature after various periods post-mortem indicated that shortening was essentially complete after 3 hr in chickens and 5 hr in turkeys. Shortening in muscles stored at 0°C was significantly greater (P 〈 .01) than in the 12–18°C temperature range. Shortening was greatest in muscles stored at 20°C. The degree of gross shortening observed was directly related to the average sarcomere length of isolated myofibrils. Post-mortem decline in pH was not significantly correlated (P 〉 .05) with shortening. Extractability of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins after 5 hr at either 0 or 16°C was determined and found to be unrelated to the degree of post-mortem shortening.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1969.tb14358.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple novel promoters from the early region in the Streptomyces temperate phage φC31 are activated during lytic development (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Evidence is presented that transcription of most of the early genes in the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) phage φC31 is from a series of unusual promoters that depend on a function expressed early in the φC31 lytic cycle. Primer extension analysis on the 5′ ends of three early mRNAs, from samples prepared 10min after induction of a thermosensitive φC31 lysogen, showed that the 5′ ends all mapped close to highly similar sequences, which are proposed to be an important part of phage-specific promoters. In a shotgun cloning experiment, a fragment containing one of these sequences strongly activated transcription of the xylE reporter gene in plaques of a φC31-derived promoter-probe vector. Another of the sequences was inserted into a xylE-containing promoter-probe plasmsid vector, and promoted xylE expression only when the host was supporting the lytic cycle of φ C31. This suggested that a transcription factor needed for activity of the promoters was present only in φC31 -infected cells. Examination of published and unpublished φ C31 sequence data revealed several more sequences that closely resemble the conserved region of the characterized promoters. Most of these are found in positions close to apparent transcription start sites mapped previously by low-resolution S1 mapping. An overall consensus sequence for the conserved region suggests a general organization (though not a primary sequence) resembling that of promoters recognized in other bacteria by the σ;54 form of RNA polymerase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01256.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimum speed limit for ocean ridge magmatism from 210 Pb– 226 Ra– 230 Th disequilibria (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 437 (2005), S. 534-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although 70 per cent of global crustal magmatism occurs at mid-ocean ridges—where the heat budget controls crustal structure, hydrothermal activity and a vibrant biosphere—the tempo of magmatic inputs in these regions remains poorly understood. Such timescales can be assessed, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03993
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative epidemiology of Banana Bunchy Top Virus Disease and its control (1998)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Publishers
    Plant pathology 47 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Models of a banana bunchy top virus disease epidemic were developed to incorporate the two key features of an epidemic in a plantation in the Philippines: an exponential increase in disease incidence over 10 years, and a declining gradient of incidence from the outside edge of the plantation to the centre. A non-spatial model consisted of three difference equations to describe the numbers of latently infected and of infectious plants in the plantation and the size of the inoculum source outside the plantation. In a spatial model the outside portion of the plantation was divided into eight blocks running parallel to the outside edge. The dispersal gradient of the inoculum was assumed to be negative exponential. Analysis of the two models showed that for disease incidence to increase exponentially over time, the rate of disease progress could be dependent either on internal spread and roguing rate (proportion of diseased plants removed and replaced per unit time) or on the rate of increase of external inoculum pressure. The observed incidence gradient from the edge to the centre of the plot could be explained only if external inoculum dominated the parameters in the spatial model. This model was also used to explore a variable roguing rate across blocks. Simulations indicated that this may produce small gains over the adoption of a constant roguing rate over all blocks, but was risky because a shift of roguing emphasis only slightly too far towards the outside blocks can result in a dramatic increase in disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00230.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical models of weed biocontrol with sterilizing fungi: the consequences of differences in weed and pathogen life-histories (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 46 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A model of the population dynamics of healthy weed plants, weed seeds in the soil, pathogen-infected weed plants and pathogen spores in the soil, was devised to investigate interactions that are important for the success of biocontrol with pathogens that prevent seed set. Three particular features of the host-pathogen interaction were examined in detail: the form of the density dependent relationship which determined seed and spore production, the host life stage at which infection could occur, and the relative competitive abilities of healthy and infected host plants. It was found that, when both weed and pathogen coexist, the equilibrium abundance of the weed in the presence of the pathogen was independent of the form of the relationship between plant density and seed or spore production. However, the form of this relationship did affect estimated equilibrium densities in the absence of biocontrol, and also affected the parametrizations under which both host and pathogen could coexist. Parameters derived from experiments with isolated host plants may therefore be sufficient to assess the biocontrol potential of new pathogens along with knowledge of densities achievable when the weed is uncontrolled. The form of the relationship used to control seed and spore production also had a marked influence on the range of parameter values over which the pathogen could persist. Other control measures were represented by changes to appropriate parameter values, e.g. weeding was represented by a change in weed death rate. With one exception, the use of additional control measures was not antagonistic to biocontrol. Often, however, the combined effect was less than additive, and the existence of synergy (where the combined effects are more than additive) was critically dependent on the form of the relationship of the rate of seed production per plant with density and the efficiency of the other control measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-26.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biology of Striga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae) in Sahelian Mali: effects on pearl millet yield and prospects of control (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Aspects of the population: dynamics of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. on pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum.) were studied in Sahelian Mali. Seasonal development was recorded and density-dependent mortality and fecundity in post-emergent populations investigated. An attempt was also made to assess yield loss due to S. hermonthica attack using a regression approach. The first S. hermonthica plants emerged 42 days after crop germination, and the minimum time to complete the life cycle from emergence was 56 days. Results indicated a premature mortality of 66% in emerged populations. The growth stage reached by the time of host plant death appeared to be important in determining survival to maturity, premature mortality being greatest in plants that had not reached flowering by this time. The potential seed output per plant was estimated at 10 985. There was no evidence that the fecundity of S. hermonthica was affected by the density of emerged populations. Regression models showed a significant relationship between millet yield and emerged S. hermonthica density. The results suggest that lower densities give a relatively larger decrease in yield per S. hermonthica plant. The results of the study are discussed in relation to their implications for control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01650.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the seedbank of Striga spp. (Scrophulariaceae) in Malian fields and the implications for a model of biocontrol of Striga hermonthica (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Striga seeds were extracted from soils collecled in Mali and the viahility of these seeds was estimated. Striga seeds were found in 45 of 46 samples taken from 23 fields. Siriga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. growmg on the host crop millet, was present at all 46 sites sampled. The a size uf the Striga seedbaiik measured lo a depth of 15 cm was estimated to be 38 800 m -2 of surface area (geometnc mean 11 500). The average number of S. hermonthica plants observed per millei hill was 8.83 (geometric mean 3.89) or 13.98 m-2 (gcometrie mean 5.69 m-2). Higher crop hill densities tended to result in higher densities of emerged S. hermonthica per hill. The relationship between seeds m-2 and S. her-monhica plants m-2 was fitied to a reetungular hyperbola and used to reassess an existing model of S. herniouhica control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1996.tb01804.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequences required for regulation of arginine biosynthesis promoters are conserved between Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 3 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The region required for regulation of a previously characterized arginine-regulatable promoter upstream from the argC gene in the argCAEBD-cpa-argF cluster of Bacillus subtilis was defined by integration of argC-lacZ translational fusions into the chromosome at a site distant from the arginine loci. Some sequence similarity was detected between the argC regulatory region and the well-characterized Escherichia coli arginine operators (ARG boxes). This similarity was shown to be functional in vivo in that the B. subtilis repressor regulated the E. coli arginine genes, but the E. coli repressor, even when encoded by a multicopy plasmid, could not repress the B. subtilis argC promoter. In vitro binding studies using purified repressors on DNA fragments encoding operators from both E. coli and B. subtilis demonstrated interactions by both proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00099.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three in-frame N-terminally different proteins are produced from the repressor locus of the Streptomyces bacteriophage φC31 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 5 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sequence of the repressor locus, c, of the Streptomyces temperate phage, φC31, was shown previously to contain an open reading frame encoding a 74 kDa protein. Further analysis of the transcriptional and translational products of the c gene shows a more complex pattern of expression. A nest of three in-frame N-terminally different, C-terminally identical proteins of 74, 54 and 42 kDa were found to be expressed from a corresponding nest of transcripts. The repressor proteins were produced in Escherichia coli and the 42 kDa protein was purified, verified by N-terminal sequencing, and used to raise antibody. The antibody cross-reacted in Western blots with the 74, 54 and 42 kDa proteins expressed in E. coli and Streptomyces lividans and from Streptomyces coelicolorφC31 lysogens. Analysis of transcription of the c gene by S1 mapping and primer extension showed that the nest of transcripts encoding the repressor protein were induced after heat treatment of the cts locus (Sinclair and Bibb, 1989; this paper). Correspondingly, all three of the repressor proteins were induced. In addition to a promoter, cp1, which lies upstream of the 74 kDa open reading frame, the c locus contained at least one internal promoter, cp2, which transcribes DNA encoding the 54 and 42 kDa proteins. Transcripts initiating from cp3 were observed in RNA preparations from S. lividans containing the c gene deleted for cp1 and cp2, but gene fusions using DNA which should contain any putative promoting activity from this region transcriptionally fused to the xylE gene showed very low levels of expression of catechol 2,3 dioxygenase in S. lividans. The 74 kDa protein was not necessary for super-infection immunity. Data described here and current knowledge of the nature of other‘dual start’genes suggest a model for the regulation of lysis versus lysogeny in φC31.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01992.x
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