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  • 1
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    Opportunities for an African greenhouse gas observation system (2021)
    Springer
    In:  Regional Environmental Change, 21 (4). Art.Nr. 104.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Global population projections foresee the biggest increase to occur in Africa with most of the available uncultivated land to ensure food security remaining on the continent. Simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise due to ongoing land use change, industrialisation, and transport amongst other reasons with Africa becoming a major emitter of greenhouse gases globally. However, distinct knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks as well as their variability remains largely unknown caused by its vast size and diversity and an according lack of observations across the continent. Thus, an environmental research infrastructure—as being setup in other regions—is more needed than ever. Here, we present the results of a design study that developed a blueprint for establishing such an environmental research infrastructure in Africa. The blueprint comprises an inventory of already existing observations, the spatial disaggregation of locations that will enable to reduce the uncertainty in climate forcing’s in Africa and globally as well as an overall estimated cost for such an endeavour of about 550 M€ over the next 30 years. We further highlight the importance of the development of an e-infrastructure, the necessity for capacity development and the inclusion of all stakeholders to ensure African ownership.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
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    Long-period transients (tilt signals) on continuous broadband seismograms recorded during meter-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains processed (downsampled, rotated to local Äspö96 coordinate system, cut) broadband seismograms from two seismometers (Trillium Compact 120s), showing long-period transients on the horizontal components recorded during multiple hydraulic fracturing experiments in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL). Furthermore, the dataset contains extracted tilt time series and the injection parameters of the experiment to allow reproducing the results of Niemz et al. (2021). The seismic waveforms were recorded during meter-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden (Zang et al., 2017). This dataset only contains a subset of the data recorded during the experiments, monitored by a complementary monitoring system. The two seismometers contained in this dataset (A89 and A8B) were located in galleries adjacent/close to the injection borehole (see Fig. 2 in Niemz et al., 2021). The experiments were conducted at the 410m-depth level of the Äspö HRL. Each of the six experiments (HF1 to HF6) consisted of multiple stages with an initial fracturing and three to five refracturing stages (see injection parameters contained in this dataset). The six injection intervals were located along a 28m-long injection borehole. The borehole was drilled sub-parallel to the minimum horizontal compressive stress direction. The distance of the two seismometers to the injection intervals in the injection borehole is between 17 m and 29 m for sensor A89 and 52 m to 72 m for sensor A8B. A89 and A8B correspond to BB1 and BB2 in Niemz et al., 2021. For more details regarding the experimental setup, see Zang et al., 2017; Niemz et al., 2020; and Niemz et al., 2021. The records of the two seismometers show long-period transients that correlate with the injection parameters. These transients are the response of the seismometers to a tilting of the gallery floor. The extracted tilt time series provide independent insight into the fracturing process during the hydraulic stimulations (Niemz et al., 2021).
    Keywords: Tilt ; Äspö Hardrock Laboratory ; Broadband seismometers ; Hydraulic fracturing ; energy 〉 energy type 〉 non-conventional energy 〉 geothermal energy ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers 〉 SEISMOMETERS
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  • 3
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    3D rheological model of the Southern Central Andes (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-05
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The southern Central Andes (SCA, 29°S-39°S) are characterized by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the continental South American Plate. One striking feature of this area is the change of the subduction angle of the Nazca Plate between 33°S and 35°S from the Chilean-Pampean flat-slab zone (〈 5° dip) in the north to a steeper sector in the south (~30° dip). Subduction geometry, tectonic deformation, and seismicity at this plate boundary are closely related to the lithospheric strength in the upper plate. Despite recent research focused on the compositional and thermal characteristics of the SCA lithosphere, the lithospheric strength distribution remains largely unknown. Here we calculated the long-term lithospheric strength on the basis of an existing 3D model describing the variation of thickness, density and temperature of geological units forming the lithosphere of the SCA. The model consists of a continental plate with sediments, a two-layer crust and the lithospheric mantle being subducted by an oceanic plate. The model extension covers an area of 700 km x 1100 km, including the orogen (i.e. magmatic arc, main orogenic wedge), the forearc and the foreland, and it extents down to 200 km depth.
    Description: Methods
    Description: To compute the lithospheric strength distribution in the SCA, we used the geometries and densities of the units forming the 3D lithospheric scale model of Rodriguez Piceda et al. (2020a,b). The units considered for the rheological calculations are (1) oceanic and continental sediments; (3) upper continental crystalline crust; (4) lower continental crystalline crust; (5) continental lithospheric mantle (6) shallow oceanic crust; (7) deep oceanic crust; (8) oceanic lithospheric mantle; and (9) oceanic sub-lithospheric mantle. The thermal field was derived from a temperature model of the SCA (Rodriguez Piceda et al. under review) covering the same region as the structural model of Rodriguez Piceda et al. (2020a). To calculate the temperature distribution in the SCA, the model volume was split into two domains: (1) a shallow domain, including the crust and uppermost mantle to a depth of ~50 km below mean sea level (bmsl), where the steady-state conductive thermal field was calculated using as input the 3D structural and density model of the area of Rodriguez Piceda et al. (2020b, a) and the finite element method implemented in GOLEM (Cacace and Jacquey 2017); (2) a deep domain between a depth of ~50 and 200 km bmsl, where temperatures were converted from S wave seismic velocities using the approach by Goes et al. (2000) as implemented in the python tool VelocityConversion (Meeßen 2017). Velocities from two alternative seismic tomography models were converted to temperatures (Assumpção et al. 2013; Gao et al. 2021). A detailed description of the method can be found in Rodriguez Piceda et al. (under review). The yield strength of the lithosphere (i.e. maximum differential stress prior to permanent deformation) was calculated using the approach by Cacace and Scheck-Wenderoth (2016). We assumed brittle-like deformation as decribed by Byerlee’s law (Byerlee 1968) and steady state creep as the dominant form of viscous deformation. Low-temperature plasticity (Peierls creep) at differential stresses greater than 200 MPa was also included (Goetze et al. 1978; Katayama and Karato 2008). In addition, effective viscosities were computed from a thermally activated power-law (Burov 2011) We assigned rheological properties to each unit of the model on the basis of laboratory measurements (Goetze and Evans 1979; Ranalli and Murphy 1987; Wilks and Carter 1990; Gleason and Tullis 1995; Hirth and Kohlstedt 1996; Afonso and Ranalli 2004). These properties were chosen, in turn, based on the dominant lithology of each layer derived from seismic velocities and gravity-constrained densities. More methodological details and a table with the rheological properties are depicted in Rodriguez Piceda et al. (under review). The rheological results using the thermal model derived from the seismic tomography of Assumpção et al. (2013) and Gao et al. (2021) can be found in Rodriguez Piceda et al. (under review, under review), respectively
    Description: Other
    Description: Two comma-separated files can be found with the calculated lithospheric temperature, strength and effective viscosity for all the points in the model (2,274,757). These points are located at the top surface of each model unit. Therefore, the vertical resolution of the model is variable and depends on the thickness and refinement of the structural modelled units. SCA_RheologicalModel_V01.csv corresponds to the results using the mantle thermal field from the tomography by Assumpção et al. (2013) and presented in Rodriguez Piceda et al. (under review). SCA_RheologicalModel_V02.csv includes the results using the mantle thermal field of Gao et al. (2021) and presented in Rodriguez Piceda et al. (under review). Each of these files contains the following columns: -Northing as " X COORD (m [UTM Zone 19S]) " -Easting as " Y COORD (m [UTM Zone 19S]) " -Depth to the top surface as " Z COORD (m.a.s.l.)" -Temperature in degree Celsius as " TEMP (deg. C) " -Yield strength in MPa as “STRENGTH (MPa)” -Effective viscosity in base-10 logarithm of Pa*s as “EFF VISCOSITY (log10(Pa*s))” The dimensions of the model is 700 km x 1100 km x 200 km. The horizontal resolution is 5 km, while the vertical resolution depends on the thickness of the structural units.
    Keywords: Lithosphere ; Rheology ; Subduction ; Andes ; EARTH SCIENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS
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  • 4
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    3D thermal model of the southern Central Andes (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-05
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Central Andean orogen formed as a result of the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the continental South-American plate. In the southern segment of the Central Andes (SCA, 29°S-39°S), the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate with distinct dip angles from north to south. Subduction geometry, tectonic deformation, and seismicity at this plate boundary are closely related to lithospheric temperature distribution in the upper plate. Previous studies provided insights into the present-day thermal field with focus on the surface heat flow distribution in the orogen or through modelling of the seismic velocity distribution in restricted regions of the SCA as indirect proxy of the deep thermal field. Despite these recent advances, the information on the temperature distribution at depth of the SCA lithosphere remains scarcely constrained. To gain insight into the present-day thermal state of the lithosphere in the region, we derived the 3D lithospheric temperature distribution from inversion of S-wave velocity to temperature and calculations of the steady state thermal field. The configuration of the region – concerning both, the heterogeneity of the lithosphere and the slab dip – was accounted for by incorporating a 3D data-constrained structural and density model of the SCA into the workflow (Rodriguez Piceda et al. 2020a-b). The model consists on a continental plate with sediments, a two-layer crust and the lithospheric mantle being subducted by an oceanic plate. The model extension covers an area of 700 km x 1100 km, including the orogen (i.e. magmatic arc, main orogenic wedge), the forearc and the foreland, and it extents down to 200 km depth.
    Description: Methods
    Description: To predict the temperature distribution in the SCA, the model volume was subdivided into two domains: (1) a shallow domain, including the crust and uppermost mantle to a depth of ~50 km below mean sea level (bmsl), where the steady-state conductive thermal field was calculated using as input the 3D structural and density model of the area (Rodriguez Piceda et al., 2020a-b); (2) a deep domain between a depth of ~50 and 200 km bmsl, where temperatures were converted from S wave seismic velocities (Assumpção et al., 2013) using the approach by Goes et al. (2000) as implemented in the python tool VelocityConversion (Meeßen 2017). The 3D model of Rodriguez Piceda et al. (2020) consists of the following layers: (1) water; (2) oceanic sediments; (3) continental sediments; (4) upper continental crystalline crust; (5) lower continental crystalline crust; (6) continental lithospheric mantle (7) shallow oceanic crust; (8) deep oceanic crust; (9) oceanic lithospheric mantle; and (10) oceanic sub-lithospheric mantle. For the computation of temperatures in the shallow domain, three main modifications were made to the 3D model of Rodriguez Piceda et al. (2020a-b). First, we removed the water layer thus considering the topography/bathymetry as the top of the model. Second, the horizontal resolution was increased to 5 km and, third, the layers were vertically refined by a factor of 3 to 32. We assigned constant thermal properties (bulk conductivity λ and radiogenic heat production S) to each layer of the model according to each lithology (Alvarado et al. 2007, 2009; Ammirati et al. 2013, 2015, 2018; Araneda et al., 2003; Brocher, 2005; Čermák and Rybach, 1982; Contreras-Reyes et al., 2008; Christensen & Mooney, 1995; Gilbert et al., 2006; Hasterok & Chapman, 2011; He et al., 2008; Marot et al., 2014, Pesicek et al., 2012; Rodriguez Piceda et al., 2020; Scarfi & Barbieri, 2019; Vilà et al.,2010; Wagner et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2004). The steady-state conductive thermal field in the shallow domain was calculated applying the Finite Element Method as implemented in the software GOLEM (Cacace & Jacquey, 2017; Jacquey & Cacace, 2017). For the computation, we assigned fixed temperatures along the top and base of the model as thermal boundary conditions. The upper boundary condition was set at the topography/bathymetry and it is the temperature distribution from the ERA-5 land data base (Muñoz Sabater, 2019). The lower boundary condition was set at a constant depth of 50 km bmsl for areas where the Moho is shallower than 50 km bmsl and at the Moho depth proper where this interface is deeper than the abovementioned threshold. The temperature distribution at this boundary condition was calculated from the conversion of S-wave velocities to temperatures (Assumpção et al., 2013).
    Keywords: Lithosphere ; Andes ; Subduction ; Thermal Model ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE 〉 TEMPERATURE PROFILES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS
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  • 5
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    Detrital zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry data from the Leones Valley, Patagonian Andes (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data presented here were produced to study glacial and glacio-fluvial catchment erosion using 'tracer thermochronology' where detrital downstream samples can be used to infer the source elevation sectors of sediments when integrated with known surface bedrock ages from the catchment. For the first time, our study used the zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) method as tracer thermochronometer. The samples come from the Leones Valley at the northeastern flank of the Northern Patagonian Icefield, Chile (46.7° S) This data set comprises ZHe analytical results from (i) six detrital samples of different depositional age and grain size (622 single-grain analyses in total), and (ii) two previously analyzed (Andrić-Tomašević et al., 2021) bedrock samples (22 single-grain analyses in total), as well as grain size measurements and lithology identification of two of the detrital samples (two pebble samples with 262 and 211 pebbles, respectively). Data are provided in 10 tab-delimited text files. The full description of the data and methods is provided in the data description file.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Six detrital samples were collected along ~19 km of the Leones Valley at the northeastern flank of the Northern Patagonian Icefield, Chile. Sample coordinates are presented in Table 1. Samples include one sand- to pebble-sized sample from the ~2.5–1.1 ka (Harrison et al., 2008) Leones terminal moraine that dams Lago Leones, four modern trunk river samples from ~7.5 km and ~19 km downstream of the moraine, where at each location a sand and a pebbles sample was collected separately, and one modern tributary river sand sample from ~13.5 km downstream of the moraine. The moraine sample is a mixture of mainly very fine to coarse sand and granules with some fine to coarse pebbles (grain sizes according to the classification of Wentworth, 1922) from four locations at the lakeward flank of the ~135-m-high and 2-km-wide moraine. The sample material was collected from beneath coarser material at the surface of the moraine and was in total ~16 kg. Sand and pebble samples of the modern river were collected as mixtures from several locations along tens of meters of point bars or sand/pebble bars within the river. Sand samples were ~8 kg each and the two pebble samples contained 211 and 262 individual pebbles, respectively, of ~2–4 cm diameter (Table S1). The pebble samples are representative of the pebble lithologies present at each sampling location, but not of the pebble grain sizes present at each location. The percentage of pebble lithologies present was estimated and then pebbles of the same size range were collected one-by-one. We did not conduct point-counting. Sampling Measurements of pebble size and lithology identification Pebbles were measured along three axes (shortest, intermediate, longest) with a caliper, then their lithology was identified where possible. Data can be found in Table S1. Zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronometry The bulk moraine sample was processed for mineral separation by crushing, milling, and sieving to the 63–250 µm grain size fraction before density and magnetic separation at the University of Potsdam, Germany. The modern river sand samples were sieved to the 63–250 µm fraction before density and magnetic mineral separations at the University of Tübingen, Germany. After the measurements of pebble size and lithology identification, each pebble sample was crushed as bulk sample and sieved to the 63–250 µm fraction before density and magnetic mineral separation at the University of Tübingen. All samples' mineral separates were picked for suitable zircons at 256X magnification under reflected and transmitted light at a binocular microscope at the University of Tübingen. Selection criteria for bedrock zircons were their transparency, no or only few small inclusions, no fractures or broken parts, idiomorphic crystal habit, grain diameters of 〉80 µm, and similar size of crystals for each sample. Zircon quality and abundance was high in bedrock samples. Zircon selection in detrital samples aims at selecting a representative zircon population for measurements to avoid bias. We picked ~100 grains of representative sizes, crystal habits, and colors of each sample. Zircon abundance and quality was high in all detrital samples. Selected zircons were individually packed in niobium tubes and measured in an Alphachron™ helium line at the University of Tübingen. Subsequently, concentrations of uranium and thorium were measured by isotope dilution inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) at the University of Tübingen. For this, zircons were first spiked with a 233U and 230 Th spike solution, dried, and then digested in a two-step high-pressure digestion procedure. Final solutions of 5% HNO3 + 0.5% HF were measured with a Thermo Fisher Scientific iCAP Qc quadrupole ICP-MS. Analytical procedures were developed by Stübner et al. (2016) and analytical details and instrument settings are reported in their supplementary material. Alpha-ejection correction (Ft-correction) of helium measurements was performed after Glotzbach et al. (2019) and ZHe age calculations followed Meesters and Dunai (2005). Grain masses and sphere-equivalent radii (ser) were determined from numerically determined grain geometries (after Glotzbach et al., 2019) and assumed densities (see description of data tables).
    Keywords: tracer thermochronolgy ; glacial erosion ; grain size fractions ; Leones Glacier ; Leones River ; equilibrium line altitude ; zircon (U-Th)/He dating ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CRYOSPHERE 〉 GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS 〉 GLACIERS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 EROSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPIC AGE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTS
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  • 6
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    Model output for aerosol-induced cooling after the Chicxulub impact (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The simulations of the end‐Cretaceous climate and the effects of the impact are carried out with a coupled climate model consisting of a modified version of the ocean general circulation model MOM3, a dynamic/thermodynamic sea ice model, and a fast statistical‐dynamical atmosphere model. Our impact simulations are based on a climate simulation of the end‐Cretaceous climate state using a Maastrichtian (70 Ma) continental configuration. The solar constant is scaled to 1354 W/m2, based on the present‐day solar constant of 1361 W/m2 and a standard solar model. A baseline simulation with 500 ppm of atmospheric CO2 and a sensitivity experiment at 1000 ppm CO2 concentration. The impact is assumed to release 100 Gt sulfur and 1400 Gt CO2. We simulate stratospheric residence times of 2.1 y, 4.3 y and 10.6 y. More information about the model can be found in the manuscript (https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072241).
    Description: Methods
    Description: The data is model output from the coupled ocean-atmosphere model CLIMBER3alpha which models climate globally on a 3.75°x3.75° (ocean) and 22.5° (longitude) x 7.5° (latitude) (atmosphere) grid.
    Keywords: Aerosols and particles ; Abrupt/rapid climate change ; Paleoecology ; Impact phenomena ; Cretaceous ; K-Pg boundary ; climate model simulations ; Chicxulub impact ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 COUPLED CLIMATE MODELS
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  • 7
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    Raman spectroscopic data from gas hydrates formed from a complex gas mixture with different gas supply conditions (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Natural gas hydrates encase predominantly methane, but also higher hydrocarbons as well as CO2 and H2S. The formation of gas hydrates from a changing gas mixture, either due to the preferred incorporation of certain components into the hydrate phase or an inadequate gas supply, may lead to significant changes in the composition of the resulting hydrate phase. To determine the overall composition of a hydrate phase during the hydrate formation process, Raman spectroscopy is regarded as a non-destructive and powerful tool. This technique enables to distinguish between guest molecules in the free gas or liquid phase, encased into a clathrate cavity or dissolved in an aqueous phase, therefore providing time-resolved information about the guest molecules during the hydrate formation process. Experiments were carried out at the Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Laboratory, GFZ. Mixed gas hydrates were synthesized in a high-pressure cell from pure water and a specific gas flow containing CH4, C2H6, C3H8, iso-C4H10 and n-C4H10 at 274 K and 2.20 MPa. Three potential different gas supply conditions were selected for the formation of mixed gas hydrates, namely an open system (test scenario 1) with a continuous gas supply, a closed system (test scenario 2) with no gas supply after initial pressurization with the gas mixture, and a semi-closed system (test scenario 3) with only an incoming gas but a disrupted outlet. In situ Raman spectroscopic measurements and microscopic observations were applied to record changes in both gas and hydrate compositions over the whole formation period until it reached a steady state. In all three test scenarios, 12 hydrate crystals were selected and continuously characterized for 5 days with single point Raman measurements to record the formation process of mixed gas hydrates. Each test scenario was repeated for 3 times, therefore resulting in 9 separate experimental tests. This dataset encompasses raw Raman spectra of the 9 experimental tests (.txt files) which contained Raman shifts and the respective measured intensities. Each Raman spectrum was fitted to Gauss/Lorentz function after an appropriate background correction to estimate the band areas and positions (Raman shift). The Raman band areas were then corrected with wavelength-independent cross-sections factors for each specific component. The concentration of each guest molecule in the hydrate phase / gas phase was given as mol% in separate spreadsheet for three different test scenarios. Further details on the analytical setup, experimental procedures and composition calculation are provided in the following sections.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Mixed gas hydrates were synthesized in a custom-made pressure cell in the laboratory from water and a certified gas mixture containing CH4, C2H6, C3H8, iso-C4H10, and n-C4H10. Initially, the sample cell was filled with 150 μl deionized and degassed water, carefully sealed and pressurized with the respective gas mixture. When the pressure reached 2.20 MPa and the flowrate was constant, the cell was cooled down to 253 K to induce the spontaneous crystallization of hydrate and ice. After the formation of hydrates and ice, the cell was slowly warmed up to allow the dissociation of ice and most hydrate crystals until only a few hydrate crystals were left. Subsequently, the cell was cooled down again to a temperature within the stability field of the hydrate phase, but above the melting temperature of the ice. Under these conditions set, euhedral gas hydrate crystals were allowed to grow. This “melting-cooling” process was carried out three times before the p-T condition was fixed at 2.20 MPa and 274 K for the formation of mixed gas hydrates. To investigate the hydrate formation process, three different test scenarios were carried out with different gas flows but under identical p-T conditions. The inlet and outlet valves located outside the pressure cell were set to the desired position once the mixed gas hydrates started to form. In test scenario 1 (open system), the inlet and outlet valves were kept open throughout the whole experiment. Test scenario 2 (closed system) was carried out with the inlet and outlet valves being closed right after initial pressurization to mimic a system with a limited gas supply. The outlet valve was closed in test scenario 3 (semi-closed system) while the inlet valve was open. These changes on the gas flow were maintained throughout the whole formation process. Each test scenario was repeated for 3 times during the experiments. A confocal Raman spectrometer (LABRAM HR Evolution, Horiba Jobin Yvon) with 1800-grooves/mm grating and a 20× microscope Olympus BX-FM objective was used for the in situ Raman measurements on the mixed gas hydrates. The excitation source was a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG solid-state laser with an output power of 100 mW working at 532 nm. With a focal length of 800 mm, the spectral resolution reached around 0.6 cm-1. A motorized pinhole in the analyzing beam path enabled to variably increase the spatial resolution of laser-spot measurements which in x-y-direction was 0.5 µm and 1.5 µm in z-direction. Before the experiments, the Silicon band (521 cm-1) was employed for the calibration of Raman band positions. During the experiments, a pinhole size of 50 µm was chosen for measurements on the hydrate surface while a pin hole size of 100 µm was set for the gas phase measurements. The acquisition time was 5 seconds with 2 averaged exposures. Neutral density filters that adjusted the output laser power was selected at 100% for the experiment since it provided the best signal-to-noise ratio while laser irradiation damage at the sample was not observed. For each experimental test, 12 hydrate crystals were randomly selected in the pressure cell. With the help of a motorized, software controlled Märzhauser Scan+ sample stage attached to the microscope, which allowed for the positioning of the sample cell at defined coordinates, the selected hydrate crystals could be monitored over the entire duration of the experiment. Single point Raman spectroscopic measurements were performed right after initial pressurization on hydrate crystal surface. For the following 4 days, a continuous characterization on these crystals were carried out to record the changes of hydrate composition during the formation process.
    Keywords: mixed gas hydrates ; in situ Raman spectroscopy ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Active Remote Sensing 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 Lidar/Laser Spectrometers ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 GAS HYDRATES 〉 GAS HYDRATES FORMATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 GAS HYDRATES 〉 GAS HYDRATES PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES 〉 STABILITY ; resource 〉 energy resource
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  • 8
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    Decorated dislocations and (HR-)EBSD data from olivine of the Oman-UAE ophiolite (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset is supplemental to the paper Wallis et al. (2021) and contains data on dislocations and their stress fields in olivine from the Oman-UAE ophiolite measured by oxidation decoration, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and high-angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD). The datasets include images of decorated dislocations, measurements of lattice orientation and misorientations, densities of geometrically necessary dislocations, and heterogeneity in residual stress. Data are provided as 6 TIF files, 8 CTF files, and 37 tab-delimited TXT files. Files are organised by the figure in which the data are presented in the main paper. Data types or sample numbers are also indicated in the file names.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS 〉 MINERAL PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES 〉 COMPOSITION/TEXTURE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 STRESS ; olivine ; peridotite ; Scanning Electrone Microscope
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 9
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    Pictures, DEMs, and raw data relative to analogue accretionary wedges (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-20
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes raw data used in the paper by Reitano et al. (2022), focused on the effect of boundary conditions on the evolution of analogue accretionary wedges affected by both tectonics and surface processes; the paper also focuses on the balance between tectonics and surface processes as a function of the boundary conditions applied. These boundary conditions are convergence velocity and basal slope (i.e., the tilting toward the foreland imposed prior the experimental run). The experiments have been carried out at Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), University “Roma Tre” (Rome). Detailed descriptions of the experimental apparatus and experimental procedures implemented can be found in the paper to which this dataset refers. Here we present: •Pictures recording the evolution of the models. •GIFs showing time-lapses of models. •Raw DEMs of the models and Incision DEMs, used for extracting data later discusses in the paper.
    Description: Methods
    Description: We took digital images during the evolution of the experiments. These images are stored in the “2021-041_Reitano-et-al_Pictures_and_GIFs” folder. Digital Images The qualitative evolution of the analogue models has been recorded using a digital oblique-view camera (Canon EOS 200D). Digital pictures have not been modified with other imaging software. Data from models' surface Laser scan provides a point cloud, composed by x, y, z coordinated of the points composing the model surface (the number of points is function of the laser resolution). The laser scans are converted to raw DEMs, here stored in the “DEMs” folder. For making the file easily readable to GIS software, data are expressed in m (100 m = 1 mm, see scaling section in the main paper). Bottom left corner in the DEMs is randomly chosen to be -70 ∙ 103 m. No data values equal to -9999. Cell size is 100 m (1 mm in the models). Incision and Mass Balance The .txt files inside the “2021-041_Reitano-et-al_DEMs” folder named “CR****_dem**clip” has been used for producing Fig. 6, 8, 10, and S3 in Reitano et al. (2021). From these DEMs we calculated the Mass Balance, as described in the paper this repository refers to. The .txt files named “CR****_inc**ok” have been used for calculating the incision values shown in Fig. 5 and 7 in Reitano et al. (2021). To obtain incision maps and incision over time, the volume of material incised was computed by comparing the actual topography with the reconstructed non-eroded surface at every shortening step. The non-eroded surface has been calculated by creating an envelope surface using crest lines between valleys as constraints (the assumption is that crests do not erode). The results are then a minimum estimate of the amount of incision.
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Erosion ; Sedimentation ; Mass Balance ; Analogue models ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; property data of analogue modelling materials ; analogue modelling results ; software tools ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 FLOOD PLAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 RIVER ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 STREAM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 VALLEY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 SEDIMENTATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 MOUNTAINS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 OROGENIC MOVEMENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 surface water ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 tectonics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 10
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    IGG-Swarm: Temporal Gravity Models from Swarm (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Monthly gravity fields from Swarm A, B, and C, using the integral equation approach with short arcs. Software: GROOPS; Approach: Short-arc approach (Mayer-Gürr, 2006); Kinematic orbit product: IfG Graz: https://ftp.tugraz.at/outgoing/ITSG/satelliteOrbitProducts/operational/Swarm-1/kinematicOrbit/; Arc length: 45 minutes; Reference GFM: GOCO06s (Kvas et. al, 2021), monthly mean has been added back to the solution; Drag model: NRLMSIS2; SRP and EARP and EIRP models: Vielberg & Kusche (2020); Empirical parameters: + for non-gravitational accelerations (sum of Drag+SRP+EIRP+EARP): Bias per arc and direction; + for Drag: Scale per arc and direction; + for radiation pressure (sum of SRP+EIRP+EARP): Scale per day and direction; Non-tidal model: Atmosphere and Ocean De-aliasing Level 1B RL06 (Dobslaw et al., 2017); Ocean tidal model: 2014 finite element solution FES2014b (Carrere et al., 2015); Atmospheric tidal model: AOD1B RL06 atmospheric tides ; Solid Earth tidal model: IERS2010; Pole tidal model: IERS2010; Ocean pole tidal model: IERS2010 (Desai 2002); Third-body perturbations: Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, following the JPL DE421 Planetary and Lunar Ephemerides (Folkner et al., 2014).
    Keywords: Swarm ; monthly gravity field model ; ICGEM ; geodesy ; global gravity field model ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 11
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    The GEYER seismic network (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-25
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A network of 400 continuously running, digital, short-period seismic stations was deployed for a time period of approximately 2 weeks in an area of ~1 x 1.7 km in the Geyer region (Saxony, Germany). The network is part of a feasibility study to check whether and to which extent passive seismic methods, i.e. ambient noise techniques with a large number of stations (LARGE-N) can be used in a mineral exploration context. The project is attached to the INFACT project („Innovative, Non-invasive and Fully Acceptable Exploration Technologies“) funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme. At the same time it serves as a first field test for newly acquired LARGE-N instrumentation of the GIPP instrument pool.Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code XF.
    Keywords: Broadband seismic waveforms ; Seismic monitoring ; temporary local seismic network ; passive seismics ; mineral exploration ; ambient noise ; LARGE-N ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS
    Type: Other , Seismic Network
    Format: ~450G
    Format: SEED data
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  • 12
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    Geochemical and sedimentological data of the Tayma palaeolake record (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-27
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data result from a sedimentological and geochemical multiproxy approach to study a Holocene palaeolake record north of Tayma, NW Saudi Arabia. The lacustrine, partly varved record was analysed in the frame of the DFG founded project CLEAR “Holocene climatic events in Northern Arabia - Environmental changes and human response”. The Tayma palaeolake record comprises continuous lacustrine sediments covering the early to mid-Holocene. The dataset allows detailed palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate interpretations from the early Holocene humid period and subsequent dryer conditions during the mid-Holocene. The dataset is part of the supplementary material to “Neugebauer et al. (submitted)” where further details about the locality, core composite, age model, sampling and analytical methods and data processing are given. The data are provided in individual xlsx-files per type of data. The different files include sedimentological and geochemical data determined on the ca. 6 m long master core from the sediment cores (Tay 220/221 and Tay 253/254/255/256): (i) sediment core microfacies data, (ii) bulk total organic carbon (TOC) and carbonate delta13C_carb and delta18O_carb data, (iii) single aragonite laminae delta13C_arag and delta18O_arag data, (iv) concentrations of n-alkanes n-C29 and n-C31 and hydrogen isotope composition deltaD, (v) XRF core scanning data. All data are provided on composite depths and age scales (based on Bayesian age modelling of radiocarbon dates, varve counting and one tephrochronological anchor; see details in the Supplementary material of Neugebauer et al., submitted).
    Keywords: paleoclimate ; paleolake ; Early Holocene humid period ; stable isotopes ; biomarker ; microfacies ; XRF scanning ; Saudi Arabia ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS 〉 ISOTOPES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 OCEAN/LAKE RECORDS 〉 VARVE DEPOSITS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS 〉 DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 13
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    Crop yields, area and production in France 1900-2018 (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Here we present a data set of crop performance in France, one of Europe’s major crop producers. The data set comprises ten crops (barley, maize, oats, potatoes, rapeseed, sugarbeet, sunflower, durum wheat, soft wheat and wine) and covers the years 1900 to 2018. It contains harvested area, production and yield data for all 96 French départements (i.e. counties or NUTS3 level) with a total number of 375,264 data points. Entries until 1988 have been digitized manually from statistical yearbooks.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Crop area (in hectare, ha, for sown areas) and production (in kg) statistics on departmental level from 1900 until 1988 were collected from books of national agricultural statistics (‘Statistique agricole annuelle’ or ‘Annuaire de statistique agricole’) compiled by the French Ministry of Agriculture; detailed references are provided in the supplementary information. Numbers were manually digitized from photocopied versions of the original paper documents. Data from 1989 to 2018 were derived from digital statistics from the Agreste database (‘Statistique agricole annuelle’ compiled by the Service de la Statistique et de la Prospective (SSP), Secrétariat Général du Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt (MAAF), France); details are provided in the supplementary information. Yields were calculated from total production and sown area for each department to avoid apparently often incorrect yield values printed in the old statistics books. Yields are given in kilogram per hectare (kg/ha, for sown area) for dry mass with 10-16% moisture content, depending on the crop.
    Keywords: crop yield ; long-term ; departement ; France ; agriculture ; land 〉 world 〉 Europe 〉 Western Europe
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  • 14
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    Mineral reflectance spectra and LIBS data of 18 lithium-bearing mineral samples (lepidolite, petalite and spodumene specimen) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-04
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data set contains LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) emission spectra of 18 lithium-bearing minerals and their corresponding hyperspectral reflectance spectra. The data were collected within the research project LIGHTS (Lightweight Integrated Ground and Airborne Hyperspectral Topological Solutions, http://lights.univ-lorraine.fr/) which aims at developing a new exploration process for Li targets combining drone-borne hyperspectral data and field observations. Hyperspectral data were acquired with the HySpex system in a wavelength range of 414 - 2498 nm and are presented in a spectral library. Detailed information about the samples and area of spectral retrieval is presented in the data sheet below. The spectral library presented here expands the collection of spectral libraries including samples from rare-earth minerals, rare-earth-oxides (Koerting et al., 2019a) and copper-bearing minerals (Koellner et al., 2019) which are fully described in Koerting et al. (2021). These libraries aim to give a spectral overview of important resources and deposit mineralizations. 18 samples taken partly from the collections of the University of Potsdam (UP) and the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and partly in the field during previous measurement campaigns were hyperspectrally measured and geochemically analysed by using a LIBS handheld analyzer. A description of the HySpex system in lab use can be found in Koerting et al. (2021). The lithium-bearing mineral samples were measured without prior sample preparation as the surface of the minerals and the influence of the mineral structure were of interest (Figure 1). Figure 1 shows one HySpex scan of four lepidolite samples (Lep1, Lep2, Lep3, Lep4) displayed as a true color RGB image in order to show the untreated samples and the white reflectance (WR) panel needed for the hyperspectral measurements (WR 90%).
    Keywords: hyperspectral ; spectral library ; geochemical ; Li-bearing minerals ; LIBS ; Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Passive Remote Sensing 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 15
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    Mechanical data of simulated basalt-built faults from rotary shear and direct shear experiments (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Here we report the raw data of the friction experiments carried out on basalt-built simulated faults defined by rock-on-rock contacts and powdered gouge. The experiments were specifically designed to investigate the role of fault microstructure on the frictional properties of basalts and the fault slip stability, and were conducted with the rotary-shear apparatus (SHIVA) and the biaxial deformation apparatus (BRAVA), hosted at the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) in Rome. Simulated faults were sheared at constant normal stress from 4 to 30 MPa. In SHIVA experiments, we deformed samples at constant slip velocity of 10 μm/s up to 56 mm net slip. In BRAVA tests we performed a sequence of velocity steps (0.1 to 300 μm/s), followed by slide-hold-slide tests (30-3000 s holds; V=10 μm/s slides). Our main results highlight the frictionally strong nature of basalt faults and show opposite friction velocity dependence upon the velocity upsteps: while fault gouges exhibit velocity weakening behavior with increasing normal stress and sliding velocity, bare rock surfaces transition to velocity strengthening behavior as we approach higher slip velocities. The experiments setup and data are further described in the manuscript “Frictional properties of basalt experimental faults and implications for volcano-tectonic settings and geo-energy sites” to which these data are supplementary material.
    Keywords: Fault mechanics ; Friction of basalts ; Rate and State Friction ; Bare rock surfaces ; Simulated fault gouge ; EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; rock and melt physical properties ; alkali-olivine_basalt ; Biaxial ; Friction ; Rotary Shear ; Strain gauge
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  • 16
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    3D regional models to test influences of hydraulic boundary conditions on the deep fluid flow in the central Upper Rhine Graben (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Knowledge of groundwater flow is of high relevance for groundwater management and the planning of different subsurface utilizations such as deep geothermal facilities. While numerical models can help to understand the hydrodynamics of the targeted reservoir, their predictive capabilities are limited by the assumptions made in their set up. Among others, the choice of appropriate hydraulic boundary conditions, adopted to represent the regional to local flow dynamics in the simulation run, is of crucial importance for the final modelling result. In this publication we present the hydrogeological models to obtain results to quantify how and to which degree different upper hydraulic boundary conditions and vertical cross boundary fluid movement influence the calculated deep fluid conditions Therefore, we take the central Upper Rhine Graben area as a natural laboratory. The presented three models are set up with different sets of boundary conditions. The Reference Model uses the topography as upper hydraulic pressure surface of 0 kPa. In model S1, a subdued replica of the topography, which was built on the base of hydraulic head measurements is applied as the upper hydraulic boundary condition and in model S2 vertical cross boundary flow is implemented. Based on our results, we illustrate in the landing paper that for the Upper Rhine Graben specific characteristics of the flow field are robust and insensitive to the choice of imposed hydraulic boundary conditions, while specific local characteristics are more sensitive. Accordingly, these robust features characterizing the first order groundwater flow dynamics in the Upper Rhine Graben include: (i) a regional groundwater flow component descending from the graben shoulders to rise at its centre; (ii) infiltration of fluids across the graben shoulders, which locally rise along the main border faults; (iii) the presence of heterogeneous hydraulic potentials at the rift shoulders. The configuration of the adopted boundary conditions influence primarily calculated flow velocities and the absolute position of the upflow axis within the graben sediments. In addition, the choice of upper hydraulic boundary conditions exerts a direct control on the evolving local flow dynamics, with the degree of influence gradually decreasing with increasing depth. With respect to regional flow modelling of basin hosted, deep water resources, the main conclusions derived from this study are: (i) the often considered water table as an exact replica of the model topography (Reference Model) likely introduces a source of error in the simulations in regional hydraulic modelling approaches. Here, we show that these errors can be minimized by making use of a water table as upper boundary condition derived from available hydraulic head measurements (model S1). If the study area is part of a supra-regional flow system - like the central Upper Rhine Graben is part of the whole Upper Rhine Graben - the in- and outflow across vertical boundaries need to be considered (model S2).
    Keywords: Upper Rhine Graben ; deep fluid flow ; hydraulic boundary conditions ; 3D numerical model ; hydraulic field ; FEFLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 AQUIFERS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 GROUND WATER DISCHARGE/FLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 INFILTRATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 WATER TABLE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 AQUIFER RECHARGE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 DISCHARGE/FLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 WATER PRESSURE ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 COMPONENT PROCESS MODELS
    Type: Model , Model
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  • 17
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    Spatial representation of direct loss estimates on the residential building stock of Lima (Peru) from decoupled earthquake and tsunami scenarios on variable resolutions exposure models (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data repository contains the spatial distribution of the direct financial loss computed expected for the residential building stock of Metropolitan Lima (Peru) after the occurrence of six decoupled earthquake and tsunami risk scenarios (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021a; Harig and Rakowsky, 2021). These risk scenarios were independently calculated making use of the DEUS (Damage Exposure Update Service) available in https://github.com/gfzriesgos/deus. The reader can find documentation about this programme in (Brinckmann et al, 2021) where the input files required by DEUS and outputs are comprehensively described. Besides the spatially distributed hazard intensity measures (IM), other inputs required by DEUS to computed the decoupled risk loss estimates comprise: spatially aggregated building exposure models classified in every hazard-dependent scheme. Each class must be accompanied by their respective fragility functions, and financial consequence model (with loss ratios per involved damage state). The collection of inputs is presented in Gomez-Zapata et al. (2021b). The risk estimates are computed for each spatial aggregation areas of the exposure model. For such a purpose, the initial damage state of the buildings is upgraded from undamaged (D0) to any progressive damage state permissible by the fragility functions. The resultant outputs are spatially explicit .JSON files that use the same spatial aggregation boundaries of the initial building exposure models. An aggregated direct financial loss estimate is reported for each cell after every hazard scenario. It is reported one seismic risk loss distribution outcome for each of the 2000 seismic ground motion fields (GMF) per earthquake magnitude (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021a). Therefore, 1000 seismic risk estimates from uncorrelated GMF are stored in “Clip_Mwi_uncorrelated” and 1000 seismic risk estimates from spatially cross-correlated GMF (using the model proposed by Markhvida et al. (2018)) are stored in “Clip_ Mwi_correlated”. It is worth noting that the prefix “clip” of these folders refers to the fact that, all of the seismic risk estimates were clipped with respect to the geocells were direct tsunami risk losses were obtained. This spatial compatibility in the losses obtained for similar areas and Mw allowed the construction of the boxplots that are presented in Figure 16 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021). The reader should note that folder “All_exposure_models_Clip_8.8_uncorrelated_and_correlated” also contains another folder entitled “SARA_entire_Lima_Mw8.8” where the two realisations (with and without correlation model) selected to produce Figure 10 in Gomez-Zapata et al., (2021) are stored. Moreover, the data to produce Figure 9 (boxplots comparing the variability in the seismic risk loss estimates for this specific Mw 8.8, are presented in the following .CSV file: “Lima_Mw_8.8_direct_finantial_loss_distributions_all_spatial_aggregations_Corr_and_NoCorr.csv”. Naturally, 1000 values emulating the 1000 realisations are the values that compose the variability expressed in that figure. Since that is a preliminary study (preprint version), the reader is invited to track the latest version of the actually published (if so) journal paper and check the actual the definitive numeration of the aforementioned figures.
    Keywords: tsunami risk ; earthquake risk ; risk scenario ; physical vulnerability ; loss ; deterministic risk ; fragility function ; RIESGOS ; Scenario-based multi-risk assessment in the Andes region ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 TSUNAMIS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 HAZARDS MANAGEMENT
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  • 18
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    New Chilean and a global compilation of soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates from soil-mantled hillslopes (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication contains new and recalculated soil production, chemical weathering, and physical erosion rates for granitoid soil-mantled hillslopes in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. For further comparison and data discussion the data publication presents global rates from granitoid soil-mantled hillslopes combined with a suite of parameters at the sample location (e.g., slope, precipitation, temperature, vegetation cover). The data were collected within the DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota". The data publication contains one excel table including tables S1 to S9. In addition, these nine sub-tables are available as txt files in a zip-file. They are supplementary material to Schaller et al. (2021).
    Description: Other
    Description: The DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" (2016-2022; https://www.earthshape.net/) explored between scientific disciplines and includes geoscientists and biologists to study from different viewpoints the complex question how microorganisms, animals, and plants influence the shape and development of the Earth’s surface over time scales from the present-day to the young geologic past. All study sites are located in the north-to-south trending Coastal Cordillera mountains of Chile, South America. These sites span from the Atacama Desert in the north to the Araucaria forests approximately 1300 km to the south. The site selection contains a large ecological and climate gradient ranging from very dry to humid climate conditions.
    Keywords: EarthShape ; Chile ; Coastal Cordillera ; soil production rate ; chemical weathering rate ; physical erosion rate ; National Parc Pan de Azucar ; Private Reserve Santa Gracia ; National Parc La Campana ; National Parc Nahuelbuta ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 〉 CHEMICAL WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES
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  • 19
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    Ultrasonic transmission measurements from injection borehole and vertical validation boreholes from the STIMTEC experiment, Reiche Zeche Mine, Freiberg (Saxony, Germany) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Between early 2018 and late 2019 the STIMTEC hydraulic stimulation experiment was performed at ca.~130 m below surface at the Reiche Zeche underground research laboratory in Freiberg, Saxony/Germany. The project aimed at gaining insight into the creation and growth of fractures in anisotropic and heterogeneous metamorphic gneiss , to develop and optimise hydraulic stimulation techniques and to control the associated induced seismicity under in situ conditions at the mine-scale. These aspects of failure and associated seismicity are important for the development of enhanced geothermal energy systems. A combined seismic network consisted of 12 single-component acoustic emission sensors (sensitivity 1-100 kHz) and three single-component Wilcoxon accelerometers (sensitivity 50 Hz-25 kHz) were installed in boreholes drilled into the test volume, surrounding the stimulation site (Figure 1). A stimulation borehole with 63 m length was drilled with 15° northward inclination. This data set of 314 active ultrasonic transmission (UT) measurements is supplementary to Boese et al. (2021, in review), which introduces the STIMTEC experiment and its active measurement campaigns. This data set was used to derive an anisotropic velocity model for the STIMTEC rock volume. The active seismic data provided here are from six boreholes (BH09, BH10, BH12, BH15, BH16, BH17) as shown in Figure 1. of the associated data description. There are three tables provided as metadata that contain the STIMTEC sensor coordinates, event information of the 314 UT measurements and the UT picks. The UT measurements were recorded with a sampling rate of 1 MHz and results from an automatic stack of 1024 UT pulses generated by the ultrasonic transmitter and recorded by the STIMTEC sensors. The UT measurements are saved in binary file format (fsf file format). Fsf-files can be processed with FOCI software: https://www.induced.pl/software/foci Each fsf file contains 32768 samples, which corresponds to 0.032768 seconds. All UT event files were manual inspected and phase arrivals identified. These are stored in the fsf-file header as well as in the table STIMTEC_UT_picks.csv.
    Keywords: Ultrasonic transmission ; Acoustic emission sensor ; velocity calibration ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE 〉 SEISMIC BODY WAVES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Accelerometers 〉 ACCELEROMETERS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 20
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    Particle image correlation data from Foamquake: a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes particle image correlation data from 26 experiments performed with Foamquake, a novel analog seismotectonic model reproducing the megathrust seismic cycle. The seismotectonic model has been monitored by the means of a high-resolution top-view monitoring camera. The dataset presented here represents the particle image velocimetry surface velocity field extracted during the experimental model through the cross-correlation between consecutive images. This dataset is supplementary to Mastella et al. (2021) where detailed descriptions of models and experimental results can be found.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Foamquake is a scaled seismotectonic model that reproduces the key features of a generic natural megathrust. The experimental setup is composed of a Plexiglass box where a flat-topped elastic foam rubber wedge with a dimension of 145x90x20 cm^3 (the overriding plate analog) overlaying a planar, 10° dipping rigid plate (the subducting plate analog). The model is free to move laterally for 5 cm within the Plexiglass box. Thus, it is not affected by friction acting at the two sides of the foam wedge. Instead, the rear (i.e., the thickest side) of the vertical wedge is confined by a rigid vertical backstop. The interface between the foam and the lower plate mimics the megathrust interface. Along the rigid subducting plate, a plastic conveyor belt moves downward at the constant velocity of 0.01 cm/s reproducing a steady trench-orthogonal subduction. Along the plate interface a 1 cm layer of granular material (i.e., rice) mimics a seismic asperity surrounded by sand reproducing the heterogeneous frictional configuration of the analog fault zone. Due to the physical properties of granular materials placed along the analog megathrust, Foamquake experiences stick-slip behavior. This behavior, can be described in the rate and state framework, results in the quasi-periodic spontaneous nucleation of frictional instabilities within the rice layer, named foamquakes. The rice is characterized by a velocity weakening frictional behavior while the sand is characterized by velocity neutral behavior. As a consequence, analog earthquakes nucleate within the granular seismic asperity, while the sand tends to inhibit the rupture propagation. Given the 3D nature of the setup, models with more than one asperity can be performed with Foamquake. This dataset includes data from 22 models with a single-asperity configuration. Those models differ from each other by a variation of the normal load applied above the asperity and of the along trench asperity length. This repository also includes data derived from 4 models characterized by the presence of two asperities divided by a barrier.
    Keywords: subduction megathrust earthquakes ; asperities ; multi-scale laboratories ; EPOS ; Analog modelling results ; deformation ; geologic process ; tectonic process ; subduction ; Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; analogue models of geological processes ; MatPIV ; Earthquake simulator ; earthquake ; seismic activity ; geological process ; seismic activity ; thrust fault ; subduction zones ; plate margin setting ; Wedge simulator ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS 〉 PLATE BOUNDARIES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 PHYSICAL/LABORATORY MODELS ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 fault
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  • 21
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    Dataset on Biogeochemical cycling of Mg and Li isotopes in the Conventwald (the Black Forest, Germany) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set contains chemical and Mg isotope analyses of time-series creek water, subsurface flow (0-15cm and 15-150cm), vegetation, regolith, clay-sized fraction and exchangeable fraction of regolith from a catchment of the Black Forest, Germany. This dataset is a following work of “Uhlig, D., & von Blanckenburg, F. (2019)", in which major and trace elements concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr isotope data was reported on the same batch of samples. With the new Mg isotope analyses, we investigated the potential controlling factors on water Mg isotopic composition, and we found exchange reactions in our catchment are a primary control on water chemistry. To further interrogate this finding, a batch of adsorption and desorption experiments using soil samples from our study site were carried out. The adsorption and desorption experiment results are also included here. This combination of field research and lab experiments informs about processes fractionating Mg in the critical zone – with the role of the exchangeable pool highlighted as particularly important – and further verifies the potential of Mg isotopes as a tool in tracing continental weathering process. Samples are assigned with International Geo Sample Numbers (IGSN), a globally unique and persistent Identifier for physical samples.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Briefly, shallow regolith was sampled at depth increments of 20 cm in a 3 m deep trench. Deeper regolith beyond 3 m was retrieved using diesel-powered wireline core-drilling to ~20 m. Time series water samples were collected from 01.03.2015 to 25.02.2016. Open rainfall and throughfall were collected biweekly in bulk container coved by a netting mesh. Creek discharge was collected daily at midnight by autosampler. Groundwater was sampled daily by an autosampler. The groundwater table level was monitored by a pressure probe installed 8.5 m below the surface. Subsurface flow from subsurface flow collectors was collected at two depths intervals: 0-15 cm, 15-150 cm. All the water samples were acidified and stored at 4 ˚C before analysis. Living wood, beech leaves and spruce needles were collected from representative mature and young trees. All measurements were performed in the Helmholtz Laboratory for the Geochemistry of the Earth Surface (HELGES) at GFZ Potsdam. Soil, saprolite, the extracted clay-sized fraction, primary minerals, and bedrock were dissolved by acid digestion using a mixture of concentrated HF and HNO3 in PFA vials. Aqua regia was also applied to assist digestion after HF and HNO3 treatment. Elemental concentrations of the filtered supernatant, water samples, and acid digested solution were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 720-ES). Relative uncertainties are better than 5% for Mg based on repeat analyses of the international reference materials SLRS‐6 (river water, NRC CNRC), BHVO-2 (Basalt, USGS), SRM2709a (soil, USGS) and synthetic in-house standards. Mg isotopes were measured via multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS, Thermo Neptune) using DSM3 as bracketing standard to correct for instrumental mass bias.
    Keywords: Mg isotopes ; Nutrient recycling ; the Black Forest ; Chemical weathering ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 〉 RIVERS/STREAM HABITAT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 NUTRIENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 〉 CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 〉 CHEMICAL WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPES
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  • 22
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    Mass variations induced by ocean tide oscillations (TiME21) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication presents global mass variations that are induced by individual ocean partial tides. The data set was produced using the purely-hydrodynamical ocean tide model TiME in the framework of the DFG-project Nerograv\\ (https://www.lrg.tum.de/iapg/nerograv/) and can be used for gravimetric applications. The overall goal of this project is to improve the processing of gravimetric data sets (e.g. GRACE/GRACE-FO) by improving the understanding of sensor data, processing strategies, and background models. The here presented DOI can contribute to this goal as the here described tidally induced mass variations are an important part of the described background models. As ocean tides are usually described as a superposition of so-called partial tides, the presented mass variations can be attributed to single partial tide frequencies and are thus represented for single partial tide frequencies. Here, not only the effect of direct gravitation exerted by the ocean water is included but also gravity variations due to the elastic yielding of the solid earth in response to water mass redistribution (the load tide) are allowed for. The information describing the partial tides has been transformed to fully normalized Stokes Coefficients describing in-phase and quadrature fields as those are especially handy for gravimetric purposes. The next section describes the creation of the data in more detail.
    Keywords: ocean tide ; GRACE ; GRACE-FO ; partial tide ; load tide ; satellite gravimetry ; gravimeter ; Stokes Coefficients ; mass variation ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Decadal Survey 〉 GRACE II ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder 〉 GRACE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 TIDES 〉 TIDAL COMPONENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 TIDES 〉 TIDAL HEIGHT
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  • 23
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    3-D seismic interpretation with deep learning: a set of Python tutorials (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Here we are sharing our code, tutorials and examples used to interpret geological structures (e.g. faults, salt bodies and horizones) in 2-D and/or 3-D seismic reflection data using deep learning. The repository is organised in a series of tutorials (Jupyter notebooks) with increasing degree of difficulty. We show step-by-step how to: (1) load seismic data, (2) train a model and (3) apply the model to map different geological structures. You can find a few visual examples on our poster and more technical details in our preprint.
    Keywords: Seismic reflection data ; Seismic interpretation ; Machine learning ; Deep learning ; Geophysics ; EARTH SCIENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE GEOPHYSICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 24
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    High Resolution Moho Map of the Eastern Alps (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains a high resolution Moho map of the in the Eastern Alps focused on the SWATH-D network. The Moho map was produced by manually picking the Moho on narrow transects (CCP stacks) calculated with the receiver function method. These manual picks were then fit with a spline in 3-D. Three separate and sometimes overlapping maps are included corresponding to the European, Adriatic, and Pannonian Mohos. In addition to Moho depth, Ps travel time and crustal average Vp/Vs are also reported.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: The dataset is stored as .csv file. The columns X,Y,Z gives the Moho coordinates in the Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system. lat,lon,depth give the geodetic coordinates (depth is in kilometres). tPs=Time lag of the Ps phase, k=Vp/Vs ratio. interp indicates if the datapoint was interpolated at the edge of the Moho surface (so potentially has lower certainty) and is set to 1 if true. tag indicates which Moho the point belong to (Mohos do overlap) with EU=European Moho, AD= Adriatic Moho, and PA=Pannonian Moho.
    Keywords: Moho ; Moho map ; Eastern Alps ; Europe ; Adria ; Pannonian Basin ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
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  • 25
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    Deep seismic reflection profile DEKORP 1990-3A across the Hessian Depression, Northwest Germany (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The 128 km long profile 3A was recorded in 1990 as part of the joint seismic reflection venture DEKORP 1990-3/MVE (Muenchberg-Vogtland-Erzgebirge) between the two former German Republics shortly before their unification. The aim of DEKORP 1990-3/MVE was to explore the structure of the crust from the Rhenish Shield through the Bohemian Massif to the Ore Mountains. The entire profile consists of DEKORP 3A, DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) and its prolongation to the east DEKORP 3B/MVE (East). Its total length amounts to about 600 km. 24 short cross lines and associated 3D blocks with single fold coverage were also recorded. The seismic survey of 3A was conducted to investigate the deep crustal structure of the Hessian Depression with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition, and thus to connect DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) to oil industry seismic profiles in the Leinegraben area. Details of the experiment, preliminary results and interpretations may be obtained from DEKORP Research Group (A) et al. (1994) and DEKORP Research Group (C) et al. (1994). The Technical Report of line 3A gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The N-S trending DEKORP 3A line aimed at a seismic characterisation of the crust beneath the Permo-Mesozoic to Tertiary Hessian Depression. Running from the Solling Dome in the Rhenohercynian through the Kassel Graben and the late Tertiary volcanic fields of the Reinhardswald and Soehrewald, the 3A line ends in the Northern Phyllite Zone north of the Vogelsberg Volcano, the largest of the Cenozoic volcanoes in Europe (DEKORP Research Group (C) et al., 1994). DEKORP 3A is intersected by six short cross lines along the profile and by DEKORP 3B/MVE (West) at its southern end.
    Description: Other
    Description: The German Continental Seismic Reflection Program DEKORP (DEutsches KOntinentales Reflexionsseismisches Programm) was carried out between 1984 – 1999 as the German national reflection seismic program funded by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), Bonn [now: the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)]. DEKORP was administrated by the former Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (NLfB), Hannover [now: the State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology (LBEG)]. In 1994 the DEKORP management was taken over by the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The aim of DEKORP was to investigate the deep crustal structure of Germany with high-resolution near-vertical incidence (mostly vibro)seismic acquisition, supplemented by wide-angle seismic and other target-oriented piggy-back experiments, all complemented by optimized methods of data processing and interpretation. The DEKORP project was closely linked with the KTB (German continental deep-drilling program) and was an equivalent to many other deep-seismic programs world-wide such as COCORP, BIRPS, LITHOPROBE, ECORS, CROP, BELCORP, IBERSEIS and many more. The DEKORP-Atlas (Meissner & Bortfeld, 1990) gives a detailed overview about most of the different campaigns and results. In sum, the resulting DEKORP database includes approximately 40 crustal-scale 2D-seismic reflection lines covering a total of ca. 4 700 km and one 3D-seismic reflection survey covering ca. 400 km². Each DEKORP survey is provided with all datasets that are necessary for either a re-processing (i.e. raw unstacked field records in SEGY) or a re-interpretation (i.e. finally processed sections in SEGY or PNG). The raw data are sorted by records or by CDPs. The final data are available as unmigrated or migrated stacks without or with coherency enhancement. Automatical line-drawings are also included. All data come with additional meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment. Furthermore, all metadata originating from paper copies are made available as scanned files in PNG or PDF, e.g. field and observer reports, location maps in different scales, near-surface profile headers and others. The DEKORP datasets provide unique and deep insights into the subsurface below Germany covering the earth’s crust from the surface to the upper mantle and are increasingly requested by academic institutions and commercial companies. Fields of applications are geothermal development, hazard analysis, hydrocarbon/shale gas exploration, underground gas storage, tunnel construction and much more.
    Keywords: DEKORP ; Deutsches Kontinentales Reflexionsseismisches Programm ; deep crustal structure ; crustal-scale seismic survey ; near-vertical incidence seismic reflection ; Vibroseis acquisition ; Variscan Orogenic Belt ; Rhenohercynian ; Northern Phyllite Zone ; Hessian Depression ; Solling Dome ; Kassel Graben ; Tertiary volcanic fields ; Vogelsberg Volcano ; Mohorovičić discontinuity ; geothermal resources ; hydrocarbon exploration ; seismic risks ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Profilers/Sounders 〉 SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILERS ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust
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  • 26
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    Model output for aerosol-induced cooling after the Chicxulub impact (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The simulations of the end‐Cretaceous climate and the effects of the impact are carried out with a coupled climate model consisting of a modified version of the ocean general circulation model MOM3, a dynamic/thermodynamic sea ice model, and a fast statistical‐dynamical atmosphere model. Our impact simulations are based on a climate simulation of the end‐Cretaceous climate state using a Maastrichtian (70 Ma) continental configuration. The solar constant is scaled to 1354 W/m2, based on the present‐day solar constant of 1361 W/m2 and a standard solar model. A baseline simulation with 500 ppm of atmospheric CO2 and a sensitivity experiment at 1000 ppm CO2 concentration. The impact is assumed to release 100 Gt sulfur and 1400 Gt CO2. We simulate stratospheric residence times of 2.1 y, 4.3 y and 10.6 y. More information about the model can be found in the manuscript (https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072241).
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 27
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    Rain for Peru and Ecuador (RAIN4PE). V. 1.0 (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: RAIN4PE is a novel daily gridded precipitation dataset obtained by merging multi-source precipitation data (satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation, CHIRP (Funk et al. 2015), reanalysis ERA5 (Hersbach et al. 2020), and ground-based precipitation) with terrain elevation using the random forest regression method. Furthermore, RAIN4PE is hydrologically corrected using streamflow data in catchments with precipitation underestimation through reverse hydrology. Hence, RAIN4PE is the only gridded precipitation product for Peru and Ecuador, which benefits from maximum available in-situ observations, multiple precipitation sources, elevation data, and is supplemented by streamflow data to correct the precipitation underestimation over páramos and montane catchments. The RAIN4PE data are available for the terrestrial land surface between 19°S-2°N and 82-67°W, at 0.1° spatial and daily temporal resolution from 1981 to 2015. The precipitation dataset is provided in netCDF format. For a detailed description of the RAIN4PE development and evaluation of RAIN4PE applicability for hydrological modeling of Peruvian and Ecuadorian watersheds, readers are advised to read Fernandez-Palomino et al. (2021).
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  • 28
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    Data from Climate Model Ensemble Simulations for the Mesozoic Climate Evolution. V. 2021-02-04 (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: In “Investigating Mesozoic Climate Trends and Sensitivities with a Large Ensemble of Climate Model Simulations” we study global trends in the climatic evolution through the Mesozoic era (252-66 Ma). The data presented here is the model output on which the results of this manuscript are based. Also included are different boundary condition model input files and scripts to generate the included figures (using the Python programming language in a Jupyter Notebook). The model output is provided in different netcdf files. The data is generated using the coupled ocean-atmosphere model CLIMBER3alpha (Montoya et al. 2005) which models climate globally on a 3.75° x 3.75° (ocean, lon.x lat.) and 22.5° x 7.5° (atmosphere) grid. Please note that data from other research that is shown in the figures in Landwehrs et al. (2021a) is not included in this data publication to avoid copyright issues. Methods The data is model input and output for/from the coupled ocean-atmosphere model CLIMBER3alpha which models climate globally on a 3.75° x 3.75° (ocean, lon.x lat.) and 22.5° x 7.5° (atmosphere) grid.
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  • 29
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    HILLSCAPE Project - Data on moraine soil properties and on overland flow and subsurface flow characteristics (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The German-Swiss Hillscape project focuses on the vertical and lateral redistribution of water and matter along hillslopes and how this redistribution is affected by soil, vegetation and landscape development. The overall research question of the project is: How does the hillslope feedback cycle evolve in the first 10,000 years and how is this related to the evolution of hillslope structure? In order to tackle this research question, chronosequences in alpine glacier forelands were selected and artificial rainfall experiments were conducted. These datasets specifically contain data at the interface of sediment transport and hillslope hydrology. Specifically, they contain data about changes in soil surface characteristics (saturated hydraulic conductivity for three soil depths, soil aggregate stability for the surface soil layer), overland and shallow subsurface flow (runoff characteristics as peak flow rates, duration of flow, runoff ratios, event water fractions) and sediment yield values for overland flow along the moraine chronosequence. We measured the near-surface hydrological characteristics of four moraines with different age on a carbonate glacier foreland (forefield of the Griessfirn, close to the Klausenpass alpine road) and silicate glacier foreland (glacier forefield of the Steingletscher, close to the Sustenpass alpine road). The ages of the four moraines were ~30, ~160, ~3000 and ~10000 years (Sustenpass) and ~80, ~160, 4900 and 13500 years (Klausenpass). We selected 3 plots (dimensions: 4m x 6m) on each moraine, based on the vegetation complexity (low, medium and high), to cover as much of the potential variability within each moraine as possible. The structural vegetation complexity was based on the vegetation cover, number of different species, and functional diversity (based on stem growth form, root type, clonal growth organ, seed mass, Raunkiaer’s life form, leaf dry matter content, nitrogen content and specific leaf area (Garnier et al., 2016). We measured the near-surface hydrological properties of each plot (the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the soil aggregate stability) because the properties are essential for the runoff response on each plot. The runoff response and its characteristics for each plot was determined for sprinkling experiments of different intensities and during natural rainfall events (only at Klausenpass). We used tracers (Deuteriumoxid and NaCl) that we added to the sprinkling water and took samples of the soil water, then rainfall and the runoff to perform a 3-end-member hydrograph separation, using the method of Gibson et al. (2000). With that, we were able to identify the mixing (e.g. event water fraction), storage and flow pathways of the overland flow and subsurface flow. We filtered the overland flow samples to define the total sediment flux per experiment.
    Keywords: Saturated hydraulic conductivity ; soil aggregate stability ; overland flow ; subsurface flow ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 DISCHARGE/FLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 DRAINAGE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 RUNOFF ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 30
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    Model data for simulations of ocean biogeochemistry after the Chicxulub impact (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: In "A pronounced spike in ocean productivity triggered by the Chicxulub impact" we study the combined effect of sulfate aerosols, carbon dioxide and dust on the oceans and the marine biosphere after the Chicxulub impact using simulations with a climate model including ocean biogeochemistry. The data presented here is the model output the results of this manuscript are based on. Additionally, the figures of the publication and scripts (Python) to analyse the model output and generate the figures are contained. The model output is provided in different netcdf files. The structure of the model output is explained in a readme file. The data is generated using the coupled ocean-atmosphere model CLIMBER-3α+C which models climate globally on a 3.75° x 3.75° (ocean) and 22.5° (longitude) x 7.5° (latitude) (atmosphere) grid. More information about the model can be found in the manuscript and the README of this data publication.
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  • 31
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    Sustainable Land Management in a European Context (2021)
    Springer
    In:  Human-Environment Interactions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 32
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    Particle image velocimetry data from an analog seismo-tectonic model addressing the interaction between neighbor asperities (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-31
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes the results of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of one experiment on subduction megathrust earthquakes (with interacting asperities) performed at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET) Univ. Roma Tre in the framework of AspSync, the Marie Curie project (grant agreement 658034; https://aspsync.wordpress.com). Detailed descriptions of the experiments and monitoring techniques can be found in Corbi et al. (2017). This data set is from one experiment characterized by the presence of a 7 cm wide barrier separating two asperities with equal size, geometry and friction. Here we provide PIV data relative to a 16.3 min long interval during which the experiment produces 138 analog earthquakes with an average recurrence time of 7 s. The PIV analysis yields quantitative information about the velocity field characterizing two consecutive frames, measured in this case at the model surface. For a detailed description of the experimental procedure, set-up and materials used, please refer to the article of Corbi et al. (2017) paragraph 2. This data set has been used for: a) studying velocity variations (Fig. 2 in Corbi et al., 2021) and rupture patterns (Fig. 3a, b in Corbi et al., 2021) occurring during the velocity peak of one of the two asperities (aka trigger).
    Description: Methods
    Description: The evolution of the analog model was monitored with a digital top-view camera (PIKE-ALLIED with resolution 1600 × 1200 pixels), capturing one frame every 0.133 s. Digital images were then analyzed with MatPIV (Sveen, 2004), which is an open-source software for PIV running under the MATLAB package. This software uses a cross-correlation technique that allows calculating horizontal components (i.e., on the image plane) of surface displacement with about one tenth of a pixel of accuracy. We used the multi-pass protocol with window size of 128 x 128 pixels and 64 x 64 pixels and 50% overlap. Other information e.g., surface displacement can be easily computed from the velocity field knowing the time between frames.
    Keywords: analogue models of geologic processes ; subduction megathrust earthquakes ; asperities ; multi-scale laboratories ; EPOS ; Analog modelling results ; Software tools ; deformation ; geologic process ; tectonic process ; subduction ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 MatPIV ; Earthquake simulator ; Wedge simulator ; Gelatine ; plate margin setting ; subduction zones ; thrust fault ; Videocamera ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; geological process 〉 seismic activity ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geophysics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 33
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    GRACE-FO calibrated and characterized magnetometer data (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: GRACE-FO carries a magnetometer as part of its attitude orbit control system (AOCS). The magnetometer does not belong to the scientific payload of the mission. However, after postprocessing of the data, information on the geomagnetic field and on electric currents in near Earth space are derived. Each GRACE-FO satellite (GF1 and GF2) carries two fluxgate magnetometers (FGM), an active one, FGM A, and a redundant one, FGM B. So far, the redundant magnetometers were not switched and are not included in the data set. The provided data consists of raw magnetic field data as provided by L1b (RAW), Magnetic field data aligned, calibrated and corrected (ACAL_CORR), CHAOS7 magnetic model predictions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (CHAOS7), Magnetic coordinates (APEX) and Radial and field-aligned currents derived from magnetic data in ACAL_CORR (FAC). The data are provided in NASA CDF format (https://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/). Data categories RAW: Raw magnetic field data as provided by L1b ACAL_CORR: Magnetic field data, aligned, calibrated and corrected CHAOS7: CHAOS7 magnetic model predictions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field APEX: Magnetic coordinates (Emmert et al, 2010) FAC: Radial and field-aligned currents derived from magnetic data in ACAL_CORR
    Keywords: Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder 〉 GRACE-FO ; Platform Magnetometers ; Satellite-based magnetometers ; Earth's magnetic field ; Geomagnetism ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Passive Remote Sensing 〉 Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments 〉 MAGNETOMETERS ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Passive Remote Sensing 〉 Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments 〉 MTQ ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMAGNETISM 〉 MAGNETIC FIELD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS 〉 IONOSPHERE/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS ; Solar/Space Observing Instruments 〉 Magnetic Field/Electric Field Instruments 〉 FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 34
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    The Ethiopian gravimetric quasi-geoid: ETH-QM21 (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The ETH-QM21 model is a gravimetric quasigeoid of 2'x2' spatial resolution developed over Ethiopia. This solution has been derived from the ETH-GM21 gravimetric geoid model by using the ETH-GQS geoid-to-quasigeoid separation surface over Ethiopia (see Dataset Description). Considering the rough topography of Ethiopia, the ETH-QM21 would be beneficial for normal height measurements. The ETH-QM21 model would be beneficial for normal height measurements, also considering the rough topography of Ethiopia. The geoid model is provided in ISG format 2.0 (ISG Format Specifications), while the file in its original data format is available at the model ISG webpage.
    Description: Other
    Description: The International Service for the Geoid (ISG) was founded in 1992 (as International Geoid Service - IGeS) and it is now an official service of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), under the umbrella of the International Gravity Field Service (IGFS). The main activities of ISG consist in collecting, analysing and redistributing local and regional geoid models, as well as organizing international schools on the geoid determination (Reguzzoni et al., 2021).
    Keywords: Geodesy ; Geoid model ; ISG ; Geoid-to-quasigeoid separation ; Ethiopia ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS 〉 GEOID CHARACTERISTICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 〉 GRAVITY
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 35
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    3D-CEBS-TTH: transient thermohydraulic model of the Central European Basin System (CEBS) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We provide a single file (exodus II format) that contains all results of the modeling efforts of the associated paper. This encompasses all structural information as well as the pore pressure, temperature, and fluid velocity distribution through time. We also supply all files necessary to rerun the simulation, resulting in the aforementioned output file. The model area covers a rectangular area around the Central European Basin System (Maystrenko et al., 2020). The data publication is compeiment to Frick et al., (2021). The file published here is based on the structural model after Maystrenko et al., (2020) which resolves 16 geological units. More details about the structure and how it was derived can be found in Maystrenko et al., (2020). The file presented contains information on the regional variation of the pore pressure, temperature and fluid velocity of the model area in 3D. This information is presented for 364 time steps starting from 43,000 years before present and ending at 310000 years after present. This model was created as part of the ESM project (Advanced Earth System Modelling Capacity; https://www.esm-project.net). This project looks at the development of a flexible framework for the effective coupling of Earth system model components. In this, we focused on the coupling between atmosphere and the subsurface by simulating the response of glacial loading, in terms of thermal and hydraulic forcing, on the hydrodynamics and thermics of the geological subsurface of Central Europe. For this endeavor, we populated the 3D structural model by Maystrenko and Coauthors (2020) with rock physical properties, applied a set of boundary conditions and simulated the transient 3D thermohydraulics of the subsurface. More details about this can be found in the accompanying paper (Frick et al., 2021)
    Description: Methods
    Description: For creating this 3D structural model numerous datasets have been integrated. For this we first visualized all data, that is geological cross-sections, drilled well tops, water depths, seismic lines and larger scale models using the commercial software Petrel (©Schlumberger). We then split those datasets into the desired output horizons, removing inconsistencies between them, and using the scattered information of each of the units top elevations to interpolate to regular grids. This was done by the convergent interpolation algorithm of Petrel and a regular grid resolution of 100 m. Especially for the deeper units where only sparse information can be obtained from drilled well tops, we relied on existing models of the Central European Basin System and of the Northeast German Basin which integrated all available GDR seismic lines and are gravity constrained. These have been used along with the 3D Brandenburg model to provide the carcass for the model where no local information was available. Therefore, the crust, mantle and Pre-Permian sediment configuration was derived from larger scale models. For the overlying model units available deep seismic lines along with all deep wells were integrated. For the shallower model units (i.e. Cenozoic) highly resolved geological cross-sections and a dense population of wells were integrated along with the seismic lines. In a final step, high resolution data of the topography (i.e. lake surface and earth surface) were combined with lake bathymetry data to derive the geological surface of the model.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: The grids provided are space separated ascii files for a) the elevation of the top and b) the thickness of each unit, with their structure being identical. The columns for a) are 1: x-coordinate, 2: y-coordinate, and 3: elevation (meter above sea level). For b) the columns are 1: x-coordinate, 2: y-coordinate, and 3: thickness (meter). The horizontal dimensions are 43.5 x 53 km. The resolution of the files is identical, each having a spacing of 100 m. The associated coordinate system is Gauß-Krüger DHDN Zone 4. The naming of the files includes the layer name (geological unit) as well as a number representing the structural position in the model in ascending order. Hence, recomposing the model one would have to order the grids by ascending number to build the model from top to bottom. The vertical resolution of the model is heterogeneous since model units have heterogeneous distributions. A thickness of "0" is denoted where the unit is absent.
    Keywords: Central Europe ; 3D Model ; Glaciation ; subsurface geology ; tectonostratigraphic units ; formation tops ; layer thickness ; sedimentary cover ; basement rocks ; crystalline crust ; lithospheric mantle ; Northeast German Basin ; Central European Basin System ; Thermohydraulic Coupling ; Nuclear Waste ; Transient Process Modelling ; Disequilibrium ; Climate Change ; Paleoclimate ; Advanced Earth System Modelling Capacity ; ESM ; compound material ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 CRYOSPHERIC INDICATORS 〉 GLACIAL MEASUREMENTS 〉 GLACIER ELEVATION/ICE SHEET ELEVATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 CRYOSPHERIC INDICATORS 〉 GLACIAL MEASUREMENTS 〉 GLACIER/ICE SHEET THICKNESS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 CRYOSPHERIC INDICATORS 〉 GLACIAL MEASUREMENTS 〉 GLACIER/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 SEDIMENTS 〉 SEDIMENT THICKNESS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 GLACIAL LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 BEDROCK LITHOLOGY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 EARTH SCIENCE REANALYSES/ASSIMILATION MODELS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 GEOLOGIC/TECTONIC/PALEOCLIMATE MODELS ; information 〉 geo-referenced information ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust 〉 sedimentary basin ; Phanerozoic ; science 〉 natural science 〉 atmospheric science 〉 climatology 〉 palaeoclimatology ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 hydrogeology ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geophysics ; The Present
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 36
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    HydroSat: a repository of global water cycle products from spaceborne geodetic sensors (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Against the backdrop of global change, both in terms of climate and demography, there is an increasing need for monitoring global water cycle. The publicly available global database is very limited in its spatial and temporal coverage worldwide. Moreover, the acquisition of in situ data and their delivery to the database are on the decline since the late 1970s be it for economical, political or other reasons. Given the insufficient monitoring from in situ gauge networks, and without any outlook of improvement, spaceborne approaches are currently being investigated. Satellite-based Earth observation with its global coverage and homogeneous accuracy has been demonstrated to be a potential alternative to in situ measurements. The Institute of Geodesy (GIS), within the Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy at University of Stuttgart has a long-standing expertise, both theoretically and practically, in dynamic satellite geodesy. In recent years, GIS initiated and participated in studies and projects on application of spaceborne geodetic sensors for hydrological studies. HydroSat provides the results of these studies and projects, in which spaceborne geodetic sensors are used to estimate Surface water extent from satellite imagery Water level from satellite altimetry Water Storage Anomaly from satellite gravimetry River discharge from satellite altimetry, imagery or gravimetry
    Keywords: Surface water extent from satellite imagery ; Water level from satellite altimetry ; Water Storage Anomaly from satellite gravimetry ; River discharge from satellite altimetrytr ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 CRYOSAT ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 Earth Explorers 〉 CRYOSAT-2 ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 ENVISAT ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 JASON-1 ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 LANDSAT ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Decadal Survey 〉 GRACE II ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder 〉 GRACE ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 OSTM/JASON-2 ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 SARAL ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 Sentinel GMES 〉 SENTINEL-3 ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 TOPEX/POSEIDON ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Active Remote Sensing 〉 Altimeters 〉 Radar Altimeters 〉 ALTIKA Altimeter ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Passive Remote Sensing 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 Imaging Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MODIS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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    DATA GFZ
  • 37
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    Klyuchevskoy volcanic group experiment (KISS): Supplemantary data of the passive seismological measurement (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-13
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication provides supplementary data to the X9_2015 network that was operated from 2015 until 2016 within the KISS experiment in the area of the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group. In addition, the associated seismic waveform data are archived in the GFZ GEOFON archive with the https://doi.org/10.14470/K47560642124 (Shapiro et al., 2015) and the associated Scientific Technical Report – Data (Green et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.48440/GFZ.B103-21019). Please refer to this site for any further information. Data in the KISS experiment was mainly recorded by Cube3 digitizers which requires a conversion into standard seismological formats including a resampling to adjust the timing of the data to the GPS signals. The data in the GEOFON archive does therefore already include some degree of processing and some loss of information contained in the GPS tags of the raw data. We therefore provide a copy of the raw data as it was retrieved from the Cube digitizers (www.gfz-potsdam.de/gipp → Instruments). Additionally, we provide raw data from the Baikal digitizers and photographs of the sites from the station collection.
    Keywords: Volcano seismology ; Kamchatka ; GIPP Grant Number 201505 ; 201505 ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 38
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    Data of shallow seismic profiles in the Alai valley, Kyrgyzstan, collected within the CaTeNA project (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-13
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset contains waveform data of shallow seismic profiles at two locations in the western part of the Alai valley, Kyrgyzstan. At each location a “long” profile (~5 km and ~2.5 km length, respectively) and one or two short profiles (~120 m and ~250 m) were acquired, centered on known or presumed tectonic faults. As sources, a trailer-mounted weight drop and a hammer were used. The measurements were part of the CaTeNA project. Within the sub-project "The recent deformation in the Pamir based on seismic and geodetic data, dynamic landslide-susceptibility and risk analysis, and seismic imaging of the North Pamir Thrust", which forms part of the international and interdisciplinary CaTeNA project (Climatic and Tectonic Natural Hazards in Central Asia), shallow seismic profiling at two locations has been carried out in the Alai Valley, southern Kyrgyzstan, to investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of the Pamir Frontal Thrust (PFT). Eight seismic profiles were acquired in September 2019 at two locations in the western part of the Alai valley, (1) in the village of Achyk Suu and b) at the Koman fault (SSW of the village of Kashka Suu). At each location a long profile (5 and 2.5km, respectively) and one or two short profiles (~250m) across interesting (presumed) fault structures were acquired.
    Keywords: shallow seismic profiling ; reflection ; refraction ; thrust fault ; Pamir ; Tien Shan ; fault zone structure ; compressional waves ; shear waves ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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    DATA GFZ
  • 39
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    Deep seismic reflection profile DEKORP 1985-4Q across the Bavarian Forest, Southeast Germany (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-13
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The 36 km long line 4Q was recorded in 1985 as part of the DEKORP project, the German continental seismic reflection program. The aim of the survey was to explore important tectonic structures through the regional tectonic trend of the Bavarian Forest (NW-SE) with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). The Technical Report of line 4Q gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Moldanubian unit contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust towards the NW over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded together by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SW-NE striking line 4Q runs perpendicular to the gneisses of the Bavarian Forest at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif, a part of the Moldanubian Zone. In the southwest the profile crosses the NW-SE striking Bavarian Pfahl. The 150 km long quartz vein is a dextral shear zone with cataclastic as well as ductile deformation and extensive quartz mineralization (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). In the northeast DEKORP 4Q intersects the Hoher Bogen, an amphibolitic nappe, belonging to the western margin of the Tepla-Taus-Complex which is marked by an important volume of mafic metamorphic rocks (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). The profile 4Q traverses DEKORP 4N at its northeastern end almost perpendicularly.
    Description: Other
    Description: The German Continental Seismic Reflection Program DEKORP (DEutsches KOntinentales Reflexionsseismisches Programm) was carried out between 1984 – 1999 as the German national reflection seismic program funded by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), Bonn (now: Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF). DEKORP was administrated by the former Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (NLfB), Hanover (now: State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology LBEG). In 1994 the DEKORP management was taken over by the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The aim of DEKORP was to investigate the deep crustal structure of Germany with high-resolution near-vertical incidence (mostly vibro)seismic acquisition, supplemented by wide-angle seismic and other target-oriented piggy-back experiments, all complemented by optimized methods of data processing and interpretation. The DEKORP project was closely linked with the KTB (German continental deep-drilling program) and was an equivalent to many other deep-seismic programs world-wide such as COCORP, BIRPS, LITHOPROBE, ECORS, CROP, BELCORP, IBERSEIS and many more. The DEKORP-Atlas (Meissner & Bortfeld, 1990) gives a detailed overview about most of the different campaigns and results. In sum, the resulting DEKORP database includes approximately 40 crustal-scale 2D-seismic reflection lines covering a total of ca. 4 700 km and one 3D-seismic reflection survey covering ca. 400 km². Each DEKORP survey is provided with all datasets that are necessary for either a re-processing (i.e. raw unstacked field records in SEGY) or a re-interpretation (i.e. finally processed sections in SEGY or PNG). The raw data are sorted by records or by CDPs. The final data are available as unmigrated or migrated stacks without or with coherency enhancement. Automatically line-drawings are also included. All data come with additional meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment. Furthermore, all metadata originating from paper copies are made available as scanned files in PNG or PDF, e.g. field and observer reports, location maps in different scales, near-surface profile headers and others. The DEKORP datasets provide unique and deep insights into the subsurface below Germany covering the earth’s crust from the surface to the upper mantle and are increasingly requested by academic institutions and commercial companies. Fields of applications are geothermal development, hazard analysis, hydrocarbon/shale gas exploration, underground gas storage, tunnel construction and much more.
    Keywords: DEKORP ; Deutsches Kontinentales Reflexionsseismisches Programm ; KTB ; Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm ; deep crustal structure ; crustal-scale seismic survey ; near-vertical incidence seismic reflection ; Vibroseis acquisition ; Variscan Orogenic Belt ; Moldanubian ; Bohemian Massif ; Bavarian Forest ; Bavarian Pfahl ; Hoher Bogen ; Mohorovičić discontinuity ; exploration drilling ; seismic risks ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Profilers/Sounders 〉 SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILERS ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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    DATA GFZ
  • 40
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    Deep seismic reflection profile DEKORP 1985-4N from the Bavarian Forest up to the Franconian Forest, Southeast Germany (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-13
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The 187 km long line 4N was recorded in 1985 as part of the DEKORP project, the German continental seismic reflection program, and served as a basis for a network of six seismic reflection lines KTB 8501 – 8506, which were performed to investigate the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) in the Upper Palatinate. The aim of the survey 4N was to explore the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition and, in particular, to scan the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone. Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). The Technical Report of line 4N gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust towards the NW over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded together by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SE-NW striking line 4N runs along the western border of the Bohemian Massif perpendicular to the main tectonic trend (SW-NE). The profile starts in the Bavarian Forest and runs across the Upper Palatinate Forest. Shortly before the NE-trending Erbendorf Line, which separates the Moldanubian unit from the Saxothuringian unit, the profile runs through the area of the KTB drill site. In the Saxothuringian DEKORP 4N runs through the Fichtel Mountains, the Muenchberg Gneiss Complex and ends in the Franconian Forest. In the Bavarian Forest the line 4N traverses DEKORP 4Q nearly perpendicularly. Farther northwest the profile crosses KTB 8501 – 8503, which were arranged parallel to strike of the orogenic belt, as well as the DEKORP 3-D survey ISO 1989 around the KTB drill hole. In the Muenchberg Gneiss Complex the 4N profile is intersected by DEKORP 3B/MVE (East), which runs along the southern margin of the Saxothuringian belt in a SW-NE direction.
    Description: Other
    Description: The German Continental Seismic Reflection Program DEKORP (DEutsches KOntinentales Reflexionsseismisches Programm) was carried out between 1984 – 1999 as the German national reflection seismic program funded by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT), Bonn (now: Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF). DEKORP was administrated by the former Geological Survey of Lower Saxony (NLfB), Hanover (now: State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology LBEG). In 1994 the DEKORP management was taken over by the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The aim of DEKORP was to investigate the deep crustal structure of Germany with high-resolution near-vertical incidence (mostly vibro)seismic acquisition, supplemented by wide-angle seismic and other target-oriented piggy-back experiments, all complemented by optimized methods of data processing and interpretation. The DEKORP project was closely linked with the KTB (German continental deep-drilling program) and was an equivalent to many other deep-seismic programs world-wide such as COCORP, BIRPS, LITHOPROBE, ECORS, CROP, BELCORP, IBERSEIS and many more. The DEKORP-Atlas (Meissner & Bortfeld, 1990) gives a detailed overview about most of the different campaigns and results. In sum, the resulting DEKORP database includes approximately 40 crustal-scale 2D-seismic reflection lines covering a total of ca. 4 700 km and one 3D-seismic reflection survey covering ca. 400 km². Each DEKORP survey is provided with all datasets that are necessary for either a re-processing (i.e. raw unstacked field records in SEGY) or a re-interpretation (i.e. finally processed sections in SEGY or PNG). The raw data are sorted by records or by CDPs. The final data are available as unmigrated or migrated stacks without or with coherency enhancement. Automatically line-drawings are also included. All data come with additional meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment. Furthermore, all metadata originating from paper copies are made available as scanned files in PNG or PDF, e.g. field and observer reports, location maps in different scales, near-surface profile headers and others. The DEKORP datasets provide unique and deep insights into the subsurface below Germany covering the earth’s crust from the surface to the upper mantle and are increasingly requested by academic institutions and commercial companies. Fields of applications are geothermal development, hazard analysis, hydrocarbon/shale gas exploration, underground gas storage, tunnel construction and much more.
    Keywords: DEKORP ; Deutsches Kontinentales Reflexionsseismisches Programm ; KTB ; Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm ; deep crustal structure ; crustal-scale seismic survey ; near-vertical incidence seismic reflection ; Vibroseis acquisition ; Variscan Orogenic Belt ; Saxothuringian ; Moldanubian ; Bohemian Massif ; Franconian Forest ; Muenchberg Gneiss Complex ; Fichtel Mountains ; Upper Palatinate Forest ; Bavarian Forest ; Mohorovičić discontinuity ; exploration drilling ; tectonothermal activity ; seismic risks ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 PLATE TECTONICS ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Profilers/Sounders 〉 SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILERS ; lithosphere 〉 earth's crust
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    DATA GFZ
  • 41
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    Mineralogical, geochemical and magnetic susceptibility data from a deep hydrothermally altered profile in a semi-arid region (Chilean Coastal Cordillera) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-19
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication contains mineralogical, geochemical and magnetic susceptibility data of an 87.2 m deep profile of hydrothermally altered plutonic rock in a semi-arid region of the Chilean Coastal Cordillera (Santa Gracia). The profile was recovered during a drilling campaign (March and April 2019) as part of the German Science Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which aims at understanding weathering of plutonic rock in dependency on different climatic conditions. The goal of the drilling campaign was to recover the entire weathering profile spanning from the surface to the weathering front and to investigate the weathering processes at depth. To this end, we used rock samples obtained by drilling and soil/saprolite samples from a manually dug 2 m deep soil pit next to the borehole. To elucidate the role of iron-bearing minerals for the weathering, we measured the magnetic susceptibility, determined the mineral content and analysed the geochemistry as well as the composition of Fe-bearing minerals (Mössbauer spectroscopy) in selected samples.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Two boreholes (N1 and N1C) and one soil pit were used to investigate the weathering profile. The soil pit was dug manually next to the drilling site and reached a depth of 2 m. Twelve bulk soil pit samples of approximately 3 kg were taken in different depth intervals to cover the entire 2 m deep soil pit profile. Aliquots were ground in a porcelain and an agate mortar to obtain a grain size of 〈10 μm (S1-S12). The clay-size fraction of the untreated soil pit samples was obtained via centrifugation. Wireline rotary drilling with a PQ3-sized crown (Ø ~85 mm) and potable water was used for borehole N1 (87.2 m deep) to obtain core runs of up to 1.5 m. A hammer sampler equipped with a core catcher (up to 50 cm long core runs, Ø 80 mm) was used for the first 5.6 meters of borehole N1C before switching to the technique used in N1 to reach the final depth of 10 m. Rock field samples of approximately 20 cm length were separated from the core runs of N1 by using sterilized angle grinder and tools. They were trimmed to discs and divided into three different parts at the Technische Universität Berlin, Germany. The composite of the outer parts of each disk was used as the material for analyses of the respective field sample. Rock powders for analyses were obtained by using a jaw crusher and a ball mill at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam (Germany). The loose material of N1C was sampled with sterilized tools and was also milled. Ball-mill processed aliquots of ~10 g (N1 and N1C samples) were ultimately ground in an agate mortar to achieve a grain size of 〈10 μm. The resulting 33 powder samples (C1-C33) were used for the XRD, magnetic susceptibility and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements of the profile. Two core samples with fracture surfaces and alteration features were cut in slabs and grooved with a diamond drill bit. The grooves had a width of 5 mm and were ca. 3 mm deep. The obtained rock powders were used for a mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of the alteration (F1-1 to F1-10 and F3-1 to F3-12).
    Description: Other
    Description: The DFG Priority Program 1803 "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" (2016-2022; https://www.earthshape.net/) explored between scientific disciplines and includes geoscientists and biologists to study from different viewpoints the complex question how microorganisms, animals, and plants influence the shape and development of the Earth’s surface over time scales from the present-day to the young geologic past. All study sites are located in the north-to-south trending Coastal Cordillera mountains of Chile, South America. These sites span from the Atacama Desert in the north to the Araucaria forests approximately 1300 km to the south. The site selection contains a large ecological and climate gradient ranging from very dry to humid climate conditions.
    Keywords: Critical Zone ; iron-bearing silicates ; hydrothermal alteration ; deep weathering ; tectonic fracturing ; EarthShape ; Chile ; Coastal Cordillera ; Private Reserve Santa Gracia ; chemical process 〉 chemical reaction 〉 oxidation ; compound material 〉 igneous material 〉 igneous rock 〉 intermediate composition igneous rock 〉 dioritoid 〉 monzodioritic rock 〉 quartz monzodiorite ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 BEDROCK LITHOLOGY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCKS 〉 IGNEOUS ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS ; environment 〉 natural environment 〉 terrestrial environment ; geological process ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 FIELD INVESTIGATION ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 FIELD SURVEYS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 LABORATORY ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Probes 〉 ELECTRON MICROPROBES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 XRF ; industrial process 〉 drilling ; lithosphere 〉 mineral ; pedosphere 〉 soil 〉 soil profile 〉 mineral matter ; Phanerozoic ; The Present
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 42
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    sandbox - an R tool for creating and analysing synthetic sediment sections (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-01
    Description: Abstract
    Description: sandbox is an R-tool for probabilistic numerical modelling of sediment properties. A flexible framework for definition and application of time/depth- based rules for sets of parameters for single grains that can be used to create artificial sediment profiles. Such profiles can be used for virtual sample preparation and synthetic, for instance, luminescence measurements.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: License: GNU General Public License, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright © 2021 coffeemuggler developers community sandbox is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. sandbox is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
    Keywords: modelling ; digital twin ; geochronology ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 LOESS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 SEDIMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS ; environment 〉 natural environment 〉 aquatic environment ; environment 〉 natural environment 〉 marine environment ; environment 〉 natural environment 〉 terrestrial environment ; environment 〉 physical environment 〉 abiotic environment ; science 〉 environmental science ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 43
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    Flood event and catchment characteristics in Germany and Austria (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-15
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset comprises a range of variables describing characteristics of flood events and river catchments for 480 gauging stations in Germany and Austria. The event characteristics are asscoiated with annual maximum flood events in the period from 1951 to 2010. They include variables on event precipitation, antecedent catchment state, event catchment response, event timing, and event types. The catchment characteristics include variables on catchment area, catchment wetness, tail heaviness of rainfall, nonlinearity of catchment response, and synchronicity of precipitation and catchment state. The variables were compiled as potential predictors of heavy tail behaviour of flood peak distributions. They are based on gauge observations of discharge, E-OBS meteorological data (Haylock et al. 2008), mHM hydrological model simulations (Samaniego et al., 2010), 4DAS climate reanalysis data (Primo et al., 2019), and the 25x25 m resolution EU-DEM v1.1. A short description of the data processing is included in the file inventory and more details can be found in Macdonald et al. (202x) (Citation of article “Event and Catchment Controls of Heavy Tail Behavior of Floods” when available).
    Keywords: flood event-causing precipitation ; pre-event moisture state ; catchment response ; flood event types ; catchment characteristics ; climate 〉 meteorological phenomenon 〉 atmospheric precipitation ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 PRECIPITATION 〉 PRECIPITATION AMOUNT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 FLOODS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 RIVERS/STREAMS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS ; hydrosphere 〉 hydrologic cycle 〉 flood 〉 flood runoff ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 surface water 〉 freshwater 〉 rain water ; pedosphere 〉 soil 〉 soil water 〉 soil moisture ; science 〉 natural science 〉 atmospheric science 〉 meteorology 〉 hydrometeorology
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 44
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    TropSOC Database (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-05
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We provide version 1.0 of an open access database created as part of the project “Tropical soil organic carbon dynamics along erosional disturbance gradients in relation to variability in soil geochemistry and land use” (TropSOC). TropSOC v1.0 contains spatial and temporal explicit data on soil, vegetation, environmental properties and land management collected from 136 pristine tropical forest and cropland plots between 2017 and 2020 as part of several monitoring and sampling campaigns in the Eastern Congo Basin and the East African Rift Valley System. The results of several laboratory experiments focussing on soil microbial activity, C cycling and C stabilization in soils complement the dataset to deliver one of the first landscape scale datasets to study the linkages and feedbacks between geology, geomorphology and pedogensis as controls on biogeochemical cycles in a variety of natural and managed systems in the African Tropics. Sampling procedures are described in each metadata description .pdf file accompanying a specific .csv file that represents a methodologically distinct subset of the database. A general overview of field sampling procedures and design is given in Doetterl et al., (2021, ESSD in review) which describes the dataset as a whole. Analytical procedures are described in each metadata description .pdf file accompanying a specific .csv file that represents a methodologically distinct subset of the database. Data processing and quality control are described in each metadata description .pdf file accompanying a specific .csv file that represents a methodologically distinct subset of the database.
    Keywords: Biogeochemistry ; Tropical Africa ; Tropical soils ; Carbon Cycling ; Soil erosion ; Soil degradation ; Soil genesis ; Geoecology ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 AGRICULTURE 〉 SOILS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 AGRICULTURE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL EROSION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 LANDSCAPE 〉 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 45
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    Eduard Suess: the first honorary president of the Geologische Vereinigung, is 190 years old (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-26
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 46
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    DASF: Web: Web components for the data analytics software framework (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Abstract
    Description: DASF: Web is part of the Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/dasf), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de). It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). DASF: Web collects all web components for the data analytics software framework DASF. It provides ready to use interactive data visualization components like time series charts, radar plots, stacked-parameter-relation (spr) and more, as well as a powerful map component for the visualization of spatio-temporal data. Moreover dasf-web includes the web bindings for the DASF RCP messaging protocol and therefore allows to connect any algorithm or method (e.g. via the dasf-messaging-python implementation) to the included data visualization components. Because of the component based architecture the integrated method could be deployed anywhere (e.g. close to the data it is processing), while the interactive data visualizations are executed on the local machine. dasf-web is implemented in Typescript and uses Vuejs/Vuetify, Openlayers and D3 as a technical basis.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2021 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DASF Data Analytics Software Framework Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Description: Other
    Description: The data analytics software framework DASF, developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/), provides a framework for scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed environments. DASF supports scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed IT infrastructures by sharing data analysis tools and data. For this purpose, DASF defines a remote procedure call (RCP) messaging protocol that uses a central message broker instance. Scientists can augment their tools and data with this protocol to share them with others. DASF supports many programming languages and platforms since the implementation of the protocol uses WebSockets. It provides two ready-to-use language bindings for the messaging protocol, one for Python and one for the Typescript programming language. In order to share a python method or class, users add an annotation in front of it. In addition, users need to specify the connection parameters of the message broker. The central message broker approach allows the method and the client calling the method to actively establish a connection, which enables using methods deployed behind firewalls. DASF uses Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as its underlying message broker. The Typescript bindings are primarily used in conjunction with web frontend components, which are also included in the DASF-Web library. They are designed to attach directly to the data returned by the exposed RCP methods. This supports the development of highly exploratory data analysis tools. DASF also provides a progress reporting API that enables users to monitor long-running remote procedure calls.
    Keywords: DASF ; Data Analytics Software Framework ; RCP ; remote procedure call ; interactive visualization ; web components ; typescript ; vuetify ; openlayers ; d3 ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 VISUALIZATION/IMAGE PROCESSING
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 47
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    DASF: A data analytics software framework for distributed environments (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The success of scientific projects increasingly depends on using data analysis tools and data in distributed IT infrastructures. Scientists need to use appropriate data analysis tools and data, extract patterns from data using appropriate computational resources, and interpret the extracted patterns. Data analysis tools and data reside on different machines because the volume of the data often demands specific resources for their storage and processing, and data analysis tools usually require specific computational resources and run-time environments. The data analytics software framework DASF, developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de) and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/), provides a framework for scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed environments. The data analytics software framework DASF supports scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed IT infrastructures by sharing data analysis tools and data. For this purpose, DASF defines a remote procedure call (RCP) messaging protocol that uses a central message broker instance. Scientists can augment their tools and data with this protocol to share them with others. DASF supports many programming languages and platforms since the implementation of the protocol uses WebSockets. It provides two ready-to-use language bindings for the messaging protocol, one for Python and one for the Typescript programming language. In order to share a python method or class, users add an annotation in front of it. In addition, users need to specify the connection parameters of the message broker. The central message broker approach allows the method and the client calling the method to actively establish a connection, which enables using methods deployed behind firewalls. DASF uses Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as its underlying message broker. The Typescript bindings are primarily used in conjunction with web frontend components, which are also included in the DASF-Web library. They are designed to attach directly to the data returned by the exposed RCP methods. This supports the development of highly exploratory data analysis tools. DASF also provides a progress reporting API that enables users to monitor long-running remote procedure calls. One application using the framework is the Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer (https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/flood-event-explorer). The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer integrates several exploratory data analysis tools and remote procedures deployed at various Helmholtz centers across Germany.
    Keywords: DASF ; RCP ; Python ; Progress ; Data Analytics Software Framework ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION 〉 STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING 〉 DATA NETWORKING/DATA TRANSFER TOOLS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 48
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    DASF: Messaging Python: A python RCP wrapper for the data analytics software framework (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Abstract
    Description: DASF: Messaging Python is part of the Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/dasf), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). DASF: Messaging Python is a RCP (remote procedure call) wrapper library for the python programming language. As part of the data analytics software framework DASF, it implements the DASF RCP messaging protocol. This message broker based RCP implementation supports the integration of algorithms and methods implemented in python in a distributed environment. It utilizes pydantic (https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/) for data and model validation using python type annotations. Currently the implementation relies on Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as a central message broker instance.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2021 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DASF Data Analytics Software Framework Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Description: Other
    Description: The data analytics software framework DASF, developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de) and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/), provides a framework for scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed environments. DASF supports scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed IT infrastructures by sharing data analysis tools and data. For this purpose, DASF defines a remote procedure call (RCP) messaging protocol that uses a central message broker instance. Scientists can augment their tools and data with this protocol to share them with others. DASF supports many programming languages and platforms since the implementation of the protocol uses WebSockets. It provides two ready-to-use language bindings for the messaging protocol, one for Python and one for the Typescript programming language. In order to share a python method or class, users add an annotation in front of it. In addition, users need to specify the connection parameters of the message broker. The central message broker approach allows the method and the client calling the method to actively establish a connection, which enables using methods deployed behind firewalls. DASF uses Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as its underlying message broker. The Typescript bindings are primarily used in conjunction with web frontend components, which are also included in the DASF-Web library. They are designed to attach directly to the data returned by the exposed RCP methods. This supports the development of highly exploratory data analysis tools. DASF also provides a progress reporting API that enables users to monitor long-running remote procedure calls.
    Keywords: DASF ; Data Analytics Software Framework ; RCP ; remote procedure call ; message broker ; distributed analysis ; python ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING 〉 DATA NETWORKING/DATA TRANSFER TOOLS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 49
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    DASF: Progress API: A progress reporting structure for the data analytics software framework (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-27
    Description: Abstract
    Description: DASF: Progress API is part of the Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/dasf), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de). It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). DASF: Progress API provides a light-weight tree-based structure to be sent via the DASF RCP messaging protocol. It's generic design supports deterministic as well as non-deterministic progress reports. While DASF: Messaging Python provides the necessary implementation to distribute the progress reports from the reporting backend modules, DASF: Web includes ready to use components to visualize the reported progress.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: Copyright 2021 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany / DASF Data Analytics Software Framework Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use these files except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
    Description: Other
    Description: The data analytics software framework DASF, developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de) and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/), provides a framework for scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed environments. DASF supports scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed IT infrastructures by sharing data analysis tools and data. For this purpose, DASF defines a remote procedure call (RCP) messaging protocol that uses a central message broker instance. Scientists can augment their tools and data with this protocol to share them with others. DASF supports many programming languages and platforms since the implementation of the protocol uses WebSockets. It provides two ready-to-use language bindings for the messaging protocol, one for Python and one for the Typescript programming language. In order to share a python method or class, users add an annotation in front of it. In addition, users need to specify the connection parameters of the message broker. The central message broker approach allows the method and the client calling the method to actively establish a connection, which enables using methods deployed behind firewalls. DASF uses Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as its underlying message broker. The Typescript bindings are primarily used in conjunction with web frontend components, which are also included in the DASF-Web library. They are designed to attach directly to the data returned by the exposed RCP methods. This supports the development of highly exploratory data analysis tools. DASF also provides a progress reporting API that enables users to monitor long-running remote procedure calls.
    Keywords: DASF ; RCP ; Python ; Progress ; Data Analytics Software Framework ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA MANAGEMENT/DATA HANDLING 〉 DATA NETWORKING/DATA TRANSFER TOOLS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 50
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    RRVS Building survey for building exposure modelling in Valparaiso and Viña del Mar (Chile) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-23
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset contains a set of structural and non-structural attributes collected using the GFZ RRVS (Remote Rapid Visual Screening) methodology. It is composed by 604 randomly distributed buildings in the urban area of Valparaiso and Viña del Mar (Chile). The survey has been carried out between November and December 2018 using a Remote Rapid Visual Screening system developed by GFZ and employing omnidirectional images from Google StreetView (vintage: December 2018) and footprints from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The buildings were inspected by local structural engineers from the Chilean Research Centre for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN) while collecting their attribute values in terms of the GEM v.2.0 taxonomy
    Keywords: taxonomy ; RRVS ; GEM ; risk exposure ; attributes ; survey ; Valparaiso ; RIESGOS ; Scenario-based multi-risk assessment in the Andes region
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  • 51
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    Residential building exposure and physical vulnerability models for ground-shaking and tsunami risk in Lima and Callao (Peru) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-23
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication is composed by two main folders: (1) “Top-down_exposure_modelling_Lima” and (2) “Vulnerability_models_Lima/”. The first one contains a complete collection of data models used to represent the residential building portfolio of Lima and Callao (Peru) using a top-down approach (census-based desktop study). Therein, the reader can find a comprehensive description of the procedure of how the exposure models were constructed. This includes python scripts and postprocessed geodatasets to represent these building stock into predefined and separate classes for earthquake and tsunami physical vulnerabilities. The second folder contains sets of fragility functions for these building classes and the assumed economic consequence model. These models are suplement material of a submitted paper (Gomez-Zapata et al., 2021b). Please note it is an unpublished preprint version at the time of writing this document. The reader is strongly advised to look for the definitive version once (if so) it is accepted and published.
    Keywords: exposure modelling ; physical vulnerability ; consequence model ; fragility function ; earthquake vulnerability ; tsnami vulnerability ; occupancy types ; residential building ; RIESGOS ; Scenario-based multi-risk assessment in the Andes region ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 TSUNAMIS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 52
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    Kali Gandaki High Mountain Observatory, Stable Water Isotope database (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset was collected during field-based monitoring in the Kali Gandaki River catchment be-tween the years 2013 and 2017. The monitoring aims to understand the hydrological fluxes and feedback with weathering and erosion processes across the mountain range. The Kali Gandaki River sources its water in the North and traverses through the Himalayan Mountain Range, along a north-south transect. The field-based monitoring comprises targeted field campaigns to revisit locations at different years and seasons in order to constrain the annual and intra-annual variability. This is complemented by permanent installations and routine river and rain sampling at two loca-tions, Lete and Purtighat. Lete is situated at the orographic barrier, at ~2500 m asl. and the up-stream catchment integrates the northern part of the Himalayan Range as well as some of the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Purtighat is located further south and integrates the north-ern part as well as south-facing flanks of the Higher and Lower Himalayas. At both locations, auto-mated river monitoring is installed as well as a trained station ward for daily routine sampling. At Lete, rainfall samples are obtained on a daily resolution during the monsoon. This sampling was not feasible at Purtighat for logistic reasons. Instead, rain was sampled daily in Kathmandu. This dataset contains five tables of stable water isotope analysis. One containing grab samples from the Kali Gandaki river in its vicinities and 4 tables with time series sampling from the Kali Gandaki River and from rainfall.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Grab sampling: Grab samples were obtained from all hydrological compartments (spring, river, tributary, snow, ice, and rain) in the Kali Gandaki catchment and its surroundings. The samples were taken during repeated field campaigns covering all seasons during the years 2013 to 2016. Samples were filtered in the field and stored 30ml Nalgene bottles. Snow and ice samples were melted at ambient temperatures before filtering and storing. Stable water isotope time series of rainfall: Samples were collected by a local, trained station ward, during rainfall periods 2016 and 2017. Samples were recuperated always between 8 and 9 o’clock local time (GMT+5:45) if sufficient rainwater was accumulated. At both locations Lete and Kathmandu we used Palmex Rain Sampler RS1 (Gröning et al., 2012). The following isotope ratios, expressed as δ values with VSMOW as a standard, were measured: δ18O and δ2H. Stable water isotope time series of river water: Samples were collected by a local, trained station ward, between the 10th of June 2015 and October 2018 daily during the monsoon (June to Septem-ber) and bi-weekly (October to May) during the dry season. Sampling time was always between 8 and 9 o’clock local time (GMT+5:45). Samples were typically analyzed for stable water isotopic com-position with weekly resolution. The following isotope ratios, expressed as δ values with VSMOW as a standard, were measured: δ18O and δ2H. River time series samples in Purtighat were first obtained at Mirmi Hydropower Intake, upstream of the confluence with Andhi Khola from a suspension bridge in the middle of the river. The sampling location was later moved upstream to Purthighat village, roughly 10km upstream with no major tributary in between.
    Keywords: rainfall isotopes ; Precipitation ; Nepal ; Himalayas ; perturbations ; Kali Gandaki River ; time series ; groundwater ; monsoon ; pre-monsoon ; river isotopes ; climate 〉 climate type 〉 continental climate 〉 mountain climate ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 PRECIPITATION 〉 RAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 STREAM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY 〉 STABLE ISOTOPES ; hydrosphere 〉 hydrologic cycle 〉 hydrologic balance 〉 runoff 〉 drainage 〉 drainage system 〉 natural drainage system ; hydrosphere 〉 water body 〉 aquifer ; land 〉 natural area 〉 terrestrial area 〉 mountainous area 〉 mountain 〉 high mountain ; land 〉 world 〉 Asia 〉 Southern Asia ; science 〉 natural science 〉 water science 〉 hydrology
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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    DATA GFZ
  • 53
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    Data of the controlled source seismic profile LISPWAL2: Lithospheric structure of the Namibian continental passive margin at the intersection with the Walvis Ridge (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains data of a reflection seismic profile in North-Western Namibia. The measurements were carried out in continuation of the LISPWAL project aiming to decipher the lithospheric structure of the Namibian passive margin at the intersection with the Walvis Ridge (Ryberg et al., 2014a, b; 2015). Scientific aims were a) to produce a high-resolution image of the reflectivity of the lower-crustal high-velocity body revealed by wide-angle observations; b) an improved understanding of how continental crust and plume head interact, c) to investigate what the extent and volumes of magmatic underplating are, and d) to understand how and which inherited (continental) structures might have been involved and utilized in the break up process. The dataset contains seismic data, including raw and SEG Y files, of the controlled-source survey in North-Western Namibia (Kaokoveld) using near-vertical reflection seismic methods.
    Description: Other
    Description: The Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) provides field instruments for (temporary) seismological studies (both controlled source and earthquake seismology) and for magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) experiments. The GIPP is operated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The instrument facility is open for academic use. Instrument applications are evaluated and ranked by an external steering board. See Haberland and Ritter (2016) and https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/gipp for more information.
    Keywords: geophysics ; controlled-source seismic survey ; onshore ; offshore ; continental margin ; Namibia ; Walvis Ridge ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Profilers/Sounders 〉 SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILERS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 54
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    A 70 3-component sensor deployment to monitor the 2020 EGS stimulation in Espoo/Helsinki, southern Finland - Dataset (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The stations are part of a seismic network in the Helsinki capital area of Finland in 2020. The stations recorded the response to a second stimulation of a ∼ 6 km deep enhanced geothermal system in the Otaniemi district of Espoo that followed on the first larger stimulation in 2018. The second stimulation from 6 May to 24 May 2020 established a geothermal doublet system. The Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki (ISUH), installed the 70 GIPP-provided geophones in addition to surface broadband sensors, ISUH-owned short-period instruments, and a borehole satellite network deployed by the operating company. The data set consists of raw CUBE-recorder data and converted MSEED data. The data set has been collected to underpin a wide range of seismic analysis techniques for complementary scientific studies of the evolving reservoir processes and the induced event properties. These should inform the legislation and educate the public for transparent decision making around geothermal power generation in Finland. The full 2020 network and with it the deployment of the CUBE stations is described in a Seismological Research Letter Data Mine Column by A. Rintamäki et al. (2021).
    Description: Other
    Description: The Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) provides field instruments for (temporary) seismological studies (both controlled source and earthquake seismology) and for magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) experiments. The GIPP is operated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The instrument facility is open for academic use. Instrument applications are evaluated and ranked by an external steering board. See Haberland and Ritter (2016) and https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/gipp for more information.
    Keywords: Geothermal system ; geothermal reservoir ; stimulation ; induced seismicity ; induced earthquakes ; Fennoscandian shield ; earthquake monitoring ; seismic arrays ; array seismology ; array of arrays ; Finland ; Helsinki] ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE ; geology
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  • 55
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    Villarrica Tomography (VITO) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Villarrica Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in South America and is located in a major tourism region. A dense temporal seismological network was installed to investigate the volcanic seismicity and the seismic structure of the edifice with seismic traveltime tomography at high spatial resolution. The network was in operation for 2 weeks from 01.03.2012 to 14.03.2012. It consisted of 30 three-component and 45 one-component short period seismographs covering an area of about 2000 km2. The covered area has a diameter of 45 km and includes the volcanic building.
    Description: Other
    Description: The Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam (GIPP) provides field instruments for (temporary) seismological studies (both controlled source and earthquake seismology) and for magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) experiments. The GIPP is operated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The instrument facility is open for academic use. Instrument applications are evaluated and ranked by an external steering board. See Haberland and Ritter (2016) and https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/gipp for more information.
    Keywords: geophysics ; Volcano seismology ; seismic tomography ; seismotectonics ; PASSIVE_SEISMIC 〉 NETWORK ; SENSOR 〉 GEOPHONE ; SENSOR 〉 3-C ; LAND ; MINISEED_DATA_FORMAT ; SEISMIC_WAVEFORM_DATA ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 56
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    The Global Heat Flow Database: Release 2021 (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-13
    Description: This data publication contains the compilation of global heat-flow data by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC; http://www.ihfc-iugg.org/) of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). The presented data release 2021 contains data generated between 1939 and 2021 and constitutes an updated and extended version of the 2012 IHFC database release (IHFC 2012; later re-published as PANGAEA release: Global Heat Flow Compilation Group, 2013). The 2021 release contains 74,548 heat-flow data from 1,403 publications. 55% of the reported heat-flow values are from the continental domain (n ~ 40,870), while the remaining 45% are located in the oceanic domain (n ~ 33,678). The data are provided in csv and Excel formats. Compared to earlier compilations, which followed the structure defined by Jessop et al. (1976), the new data release was transformed to the recently redefined structure for reporting and storing heat-flow data in the Global Heat Flow Database (Fuchs et al., 2021). Therefore, the notation and structure of the database was adopted, transforming the database field entries defined after Jessop et al. (1976) to the new field structure. Old code notations are not continued and the dataset was cleaned for entries without reporting any heat-flow value. Although successfully transformed, this release marks an intermediate step as the majority of the newly defined database fields have not been filled yet. Filling these fields, checking the existing entries and assessing the quality of each entry are the aim of the upcoming Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project, for which this data set provides the basis. Consequently, we kindly ask the user to take notice that the current release still suffers similar problems as previously published compilations in terms of data heterogeneity, documentation and quality.
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    Format: other
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  • 57
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    Environmental screening for the assessment of potentially toxic elements content in PGI soils from the Mediterranean region (Italy and Turkey) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-02
    Description: To provide a contribution to the Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, here we present the results of a study focused on the potentially toxic elements (PTE) content in agricultural soils’ representative for the Mediterranean region. To reach this aim, samples of 22 Italian (NE Peloritani Mountains, Sicily) and 18 Turkish (Amik Plain, Hatay) soils were collected and analyzed to evaluate their PTE content. The Italian and Turkish sites have been selected because they represent very important cultivation zones. In Amik Plain (Turkey), the dominant crops consist of cotton, wheat, corn and olives, whereas in NE Peloritani Mountains, Sicily (Italy), an appreciate citrus variety, known as the “Interdonato lemon”, guaranteed by Protected Geographical Indication label, is produced. The collected results include: (1) the assessment of PTE levels in soils; (2) the identifcation of the PTE sources; (3) the relationships between PTE contents and soil properties (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, CaCO3, and clay). Several multivariate statistical methods such as correlation matrix, cluster analysis and main component analysis were applied to individuate the anthropogenic vs natural origin of the PTE sources. The detected PTE levels are in decreasing order Mn〉Zn〉V〉Cr〉Cu〉Ni〉As〉Pb〉Co〉Sb〉Se〉Cd for the Italian soils, and Mn〉 Ni〉V〉Zn〉Cr〉Cu〉Pb〉Co〉As〉Se〉Sb〉Cd for the Turkish soils. The overall obtained results allowed to defne: (a) a main lithogenic source for PTE detected in the Italian soils, except for Zn which origin is also associated to anthropogenic input; (b) a lithogenic origin for all of the PTE detected for the Turkish soils, with an associate anthropogenic contribution for Cr, Ni, V, Cu and V. The results obtained in this work enhance the knowledge in the individuation of PTE pollution sources in agricultural soils of the European Mediterranean region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 499
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 58
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    Geochemical and isotopic insights into the assembly, evolution and disruption of a magmatic plumbing system before and after a cataclysmic caldera-collapse eruption at Ischia volcano (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: New geochemical and isotopic data on volcanic rocks spanning the period ~75–50 ka BP on Ischia volcano, Italy, shed light on the evolution of the magmatic system before and after the catastrophic, caldera-forming Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT) eruption. Volcanic ac tivity during this period was influenced by a large, composite and differentiating magmatic system, replenished several times with isotopically distinct magmas of deepprovenance. Chemical and isotopic variations highlight that the pre-MEGT eruptions were fed by trachytic/phonolitic magmas from an isotopically zoned reservoir that were poorly enriched in radiogenic Sr and became progressively less radiogenic with time. Just prior to the MEGT eruption, the magmatic system was recharged by an isotopically distinct magma, relatively more enriched in radiogenic Sr with respect to the previously erupted magmas. This second magma initially fed several SubPlinian explosive eruptions and later supplied the climactic, phonolitic-to-trachytic MEGT eruption(s). Isotopic data, together with erupted volume estimations obtained for MEGT eruption(s), indicate that 〉5–10 km3of this relatively enriched magma had accumulated in the Ischia plumbing system. Geochemical modelling indicates that it accumulated at shallow depths (4–6 km), over a period of ca. 20 ka. After the MEGT eruption, volcanic activity was fed by a new batch of less differentiated (trachyte-latite) magma that was slightly less enriched in radiogenic Sr. The geochemical and Sr–Nd-isotopic variations through time reflect the upward flux of isotopically distinct magma batches, variably contaminated byHercynian crust at 8–12 km depth. The deep-sourced latitic to trachytic magmas stalled at shallow depths (4–6 km depth), differentiated to phonolite through crystal fractionation and assimilation of a feldspar-rich mush, or ascended directly to the surface and erupted.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1035
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia volcano ; Magmatic plumbing system ; Radiogenic isotopes ; Geothermometry ; Feldspar assimilation ; Caldera collapse
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 59
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    The contribution of palaeomagnetism, tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating to refine the last 1100 years of eruptive activity at Vulcano (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: During the past millennia, several eruptions have occurred within the La Fossa caldera on the island of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy), some being also described in historical documents dating back to Republican Roman times (first to second century BC). The absolute and relative timing of such activity, however, has remained poorly defined and controversial, due to contrasting ages provided by radiometric and unconventional palaeomagnetic methods. Here, we present a detailed recon- struction of the eruptive history focused on the ninth to fifteenth century AD period that occurred at both La Fossa cone and Vulcanello. This integrated approach involves tephrostratigraphy, standard palaeomagnetic methodology and radiocarbon dating. The new dataset confirms that the lavas exposed above sea level at Vulcanello were erupted between the tenth and eleventh century AD, and not between the first and second century BC as previously suggested. In this same time interval, La Fossa cone was characterized by long-lasting, shoshonitic, explosive activity followed by a discrete, sustained, rhyolitic explosive eruption. Between AD 1050 and 1300, activity was focused only on La Fossa cone, with alternating explosive and effusive eruptions that emplaced four rhyolitic and trachytic lava flows, resulting in significant growth of the cone. After the violent, phreatic event of the Breccia di Commenda (thirteenth century), the eruption continued with a substantial, long- lasting emission of fine ash until activity ceased. Magmatic explosive activity resumed at La Fossa cone at the beginning of the fifteenth century marking the onset of the Gran Cratere cycle. This phase lasted until the mid-sixteenth century and produced at least seven explosive eruptions of intermediate magma composition and a couple of lateral explosions (Forgia Vecchia I and II). During this time interval, a third cinder cone was emplaced at Vulcanello, and the activity produced the lava flows of Punta del Roveto and Valle dei Mostri. From the seventeenth to twentieth centuries, volcanic activity was concentrated at La Fossa cone, where it ended in 1890. This work confirms that Vulcanello island formed in Medieval times between the tenth and eleventh centuries. Moreover, between the tenth and mid-sixteenth centuries, La Fossa caldera was the site of at least 19 eruptions with an average eruption rate of one event every 34 years. This rate makes volcanic hazard at Vulcano higher than that suggested to date.
    Description: Published
    Description: 12
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 60
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    3D physics-based seismic shaking scenarios for city of Zagreb, Capital of Croatia (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: In this work, we assess ground shaking in the wider Zagreb area by computing simulated seismograms at regional distances. For the purposes of the simulations, we assemble the 3D velocity and density model and test its performance. First, we compare the low-frequency simulations obtained using deterministic method for both new 3D model and a simple 1D model. We then continue the performance test by computing the full broadband seismo- grams. To do that, we apply the hybrid technique in which the low frequency (f〈1 Hz) and high frequency (f=1–10 Hz) seismograms are obtained separately using deterministic and stochastic method, respectively, and then reconciled into a single time series. We apply this method to the MW=5.3 event and four smaller (3.0〈MW〈5.0) events that occurred in the studied region. We compare simulated data with the recorded seismograms and vali- date our results by calculating the goodness of fit score for peak ground velocity and shak- ing duration. Next, to improve the understanding of the strong ground motion in this area, we simulate seismic shaking scenarios for the 1880, MW = 6.2 earthquake. From computed low-frequency waveforms, we generate shakemaps and compare the ground-motion fea- tures of the two possible sources of this event, Kašina fault and North Medvednica fault. We conduct a preliminary study to determine which fault is a more probable source of the 1880 historic event by comparing the peak ground velocities and Arias intensity with the observed intensities.
    Description: Croatian Science Foundation under the Project No. IP-2020-02-3960 European Commission, H2020 Excel- lence Science [ChEESE (Grant No. 823844)]
    Description: Published
    Description: 167–192
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Numerical simulation ; 3D ground motion ; Earthquake ; Central Croatia ; Zagreb ; Seismic wave propagation ; 3D crustal model ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 61
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    Tectonics and fluvial dynamism affecting the Tiber River in Prehistoric Rome (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: Geomorphological investigations in Rome’s river valley are revealing the dynamism of the prehistoric landscape. It is becoming increasingly apparent that paleogeographic conditions that defined Rome in the historical era are the product of changes since the Bronze Age, which may be the result of local fault activity in addition to fluvial dynamism. Through a dedicated borehole chronostratigraphic study, integrated by 14C and archaeological dates, and paleomagnetic investigations, we offer here new evidence for fault displacement since ca. 4500 years/BP. We present the failure of the sedimentary fabric of a clay horizon caused by liquefaction processes commonly linked with seismic shaking, interpreting an (ca. 4 m) offset to signify the existence of a fault line located at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. In addition, we show evidence for another (ca. 1 m) offset affecting a stratigraphic horizon in the river channel, occurring along another hypothesized fault line crossing through the Tiber Valley. Movement along this fault may have contributed to a documented phase of fast overflooding dated to the sixth century BCE which eventually led to the birth of the Tiber Island. The most plausible scenario implies progressive deformation, with an average tectonic rate of 2 mm/year, along these inferred fault lines. This process was likely punctuated with moderate earthquakes, but no large event necessarily occurred. Together, the available evidence suggests that during the early centuries of sedentary habitation at the site of Rome, active fault lines contributed to significant changes to the Tiber River valley, capable of challenging lowland activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 359–378
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 62
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    Guidelines for volcano-observatory operations during crises: recommendations from the 2019 volcano observatory best practices meeting (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: In November 2019, the fourth meeting on Volcano Observatory Best Practices workshop was held in Mexico City as a series of talks, discussions, and panels. Volcanologists from around the world offered suggestions for ways to optimize volcano-observatory crisis operations. By crisis, we mean unrest that may or may not lead to eruption, the eruption itself, or its aftermath, all of which require analysis and communications by the observatory. During a crisis, the priority of the observatory should be to acquire, process, analyze, and interpret data in a timely manner. A primary goal is to communicate effectively with the authorities in charge of civil protection. Crisis operations should rely upon exhaustive planning in the years prior to any actual unrest or eruptions. Ideally, nearly everything that observatories do during a crisis should be envisioned, prepared, and practiced prior to the actual event. Pre-existing agreements and exercises with academic and government collaborators will minimize confusion about roles and responsibilities. In the situation where planning is unfinished, observatories should prioritize close ties and communications with the land and civil-defense authorities near the most threatening volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 63
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    Calcium carbonate saturation states along the West Antarctic Peninsula (2021)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  EPIC3Antarctic Science, Cambridge University Press, 33(6), pp. 575-595, ISSN: 0954-1020
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-13
    Description: The waters along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) have experienced warming and increased freshwater inputs from melting sea ice and glaciers in recent decades. Challenges exist in understanding the consequences of these changes on the inorganic carbon system in this ecologically important and highly productive ecosystem. Distributions of dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), total alkalinity (AT) and nutrients revealed key physical, biological and biogeochemical controls of the calcium carbonate saturation state (Ωaragonite) in different water masses across the WAP shelf during the summer. Biological production in spring and summer dominated changes in surface water Ωaragonite (ΔΩaragonite up to +1.39; ∼90%) relative to underlying Winter Water. Sea-ice and glacial meltwater constituted a minor source of AT that increased surface water Ωaragonite (ΔΩaragonite up to +0.07; ∼13%). Remineralization of organic matter and an influx of carbon-rich brines led to cross-shelf decreases in Ωaragonite in Winter Water and Circumpolar Deep Water. A strong biological carbon pump over the shelf created Ωaragonite oversaturation in surface waters and suppression of Ωaragonite in subsurface waters. Undersaturation of aragonite occurred at 〈 ∼1000 m. Ongoing changes along the WAP will impact the biologically driven and meltwater-driven processes that influence the vulnerability of shelf waters to calcium carbonate undersaturation in the future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 64
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    Integrating hazard, exposure, vulnerability and resilience for risk and emergency management in a volcanic context: the ADVISE model (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: Risk assessments in volcanic contexts are complicated by the multi-hazard nature of both unrest and eruption phases, which frequently occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As an attempt to capture the multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of volcanic risk, we developed an integrAteD VolcanIc risk asSEssment (ADVISE) model that focuses on two temporal dimensions that authorities have to address in a volcanic context: short-term emergency management and long-term risk management. The output of risk assessment in the ADVISE model is expressed in terms of potential physical, functional, and systemic damage, determined by combining the available information on hazard, exposed systems and vulnerability. The ADVISE model permits qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessment depending on the final objective and on the available information. The proposed approach has evolved over a decade of study on the volcanic island of Vulcano (Italy), where recent signs of unrest combined with uncontrolled urban development and significant seasonal variations of exposed population result in highly dynamic volcanic risk. For the sake of illustration of all the steps of the ADVISE model, we focus here on the risk assessment of the transport system in relation to the tephra fallout associated with a long-lasting Vulcanian cycle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Emergency management; Functional vulnerability; Hazard; Physical vulnerability; Risk assessment; Risk management; Systemic vulnerability; Vulcano island
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 65
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    The long and intertwined record of humans and the Campi Flegrei volcano (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: The Campi Flegrei volcano (or Phlegraean Fields), Campania, Italy, generated the largest eruption in Europe in at least 200 ka. Here we summarise the volcanic and human history of Campi Flegrei and discuss the interactions between humans and the environment within the “burning felds” from around 10,000 years until the 1538 CE Monte Nuovo eruption and more recent times. The region’s incredibly rich written history documents how the landscape changed both naturally and anthropogenically, with the volcanic system fuelling these considerable natural changes. Humans have exploited the beautiful landscape, accessible resources (e.g. volcanic ash for pulvis puteolana mortar) and natural thermal springs associated with the volcano for millennia, but they have also endured the downsides of living in a volcanically active region—earthquakes, signifcant ground deformation and landscape altering eruptions. The pre-historic record is detailed, and various archaeological sites indicate that the region was certainly occupied in the last 10,000 years. This history has been reconstructed by identifying archaeological fnds in sequences that often contain ash (tephra) layers from some of the numerous volcanic eruptions from Campi Flegrei and the other volcanoes in the region that were active at the time (Vesuvius and Ischia). These tephra layers provide both a relative and absolute chronology and allow the archaeology to be placed on a relatively precise timescale. The records testify that people have inhabited the area even when Campi Flegrei was particularly active.The archaeological sequences and outcrops of pyroclastic material preserve details about the eruption dynamics, buildings from Roman times, impressive craters that now host volcanic lakes and nature reserves, all of which make this region particularly mystic and fascinating, especially when we observe how society continues to live within the active caldera system. The volcanic activity and long record of occupation and use of volcanic resources in the region make it unique and here we outline key aspects of its geoheritage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Campania ; Campi Flegrei volcano ; History ; Human
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Volsci Volcanic Field (central Italy): eruptive history, magma system and implications on continental subduction processes (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Here, we report on the Quaternary Volsci Volcanic Field (VVF, central Italy). In light of new 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data and compositional characterization of juvenile eruptive products, we refine the history of VVF activity, and outline the implications on the pre-eruptive magma system and the continental subduction processes involved. Different from the nearby volcanic districts of the Roman and Campanian Provinces, the VVF was characterized by small-volume (0.01–0.1 km3) eruptions from a network of monogenetic centers (mostly tuff rings and scoria cones, with subordinate lava occurrences), clustered along high-angle faults of lithospheric depth. Leucite-bearing, high-K (HKS) magmas (for which we report for the first time the phlogopite phenocryst compositions) mostly fed the early phase of activity (∼761–539 ka), then primitive, plagioclase-bearing (KS) magmas appeared during the climactic phase (∼424–349 ka), partially overlapping with HKS ones, and then prevailed during the late phase of activity (∼300–231 ka). The fast ascent of primitive magma batches is typical of a tectonically controlled volcanic field, where the very low magma flux is a passive byproduct of regional tectonic strain. We suggest that the dominant compressive stress field acting at depth was accompanied by an extensional regime in the upper crust, associated with the gravity spreading of the Apennine chain, allowing the fast ascent of magma from the mantle source with limited stationing in shallow reservoirs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 689–718
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Quaternary volcanism ; 40Ar/39Ar geochronology ; Tyrrhenian Sea margin ; Central Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Validation of a two-layer depth-averaged model by comparison with an experimental dilute stratified pyroclastic density current (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: Numerical results of a two-layer depth-averaged model of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) were compared with an experimental PDC generated at the international eruption simulator facility (the Pyroclastic flow Eruption Large-scale Experiment (PELE)) to establish a minimal dynamical model of PDCs with stratification of particle concentrations. In the present two-layer model, the stratification in PDCs is modeled as a voluminous suspended-load layer with low particle volume fractions ( ≲ 10−3) and a thin basal bed-load layer with higher particle volume fractions ( ∼ 10−2 ) on the basis of the source condition in the experiment. Numerical results for the suspended load quantitatively reproduce the time evolutions of the front position and flow thickness in the experimental PDC. The numerical results of the bed-load and deposit thicknesses depend on an assumed value of settling speed at the bottom of the bed load ( WsH ). We show that the thicknesses of bed load and deposit in the simulations agree well with the experimental data, when WsH is set to about 1.25 × 10−2 m/s. This value of the settling speed is two orders of magnitude smaller than that predicted by a hindered-settling model. The small value of WsH is considered to result from decreasing in the effective deposition speed due to the erosion process accompanied by saltating/rolling of particles at the bottom of the bed load.
    Description: Published
    Description: 73
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pyroclastic density current ; Two-layer model ; Experimental validation ; Pyroclastic surge ; Bed load ; Sedimentation process Introduction ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Active fault segments along the North Anatolian Fault system in the Sea of Marmara: implication for seismic hazard (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: A new analysis of high-resolution multibeam and seismic reflection data, collected during several oceanographic expeditions starting from 1999, allowed us to compile an updated morphotectonic map of the North Anatolian Fault below the Sea of Marmara. We reconstructed kinematics and geometries of individual fault segments, active at the time scale of 10 ka, an interval which includes several earthquake cycles, taking as stratigraphic marker the base of the latest marine transgression. Given the high deformation rates relative to sediment supply, most active tectonic structures have a morphological expression at the seafloor, even in presence of composite fault geometries and/or overprinting due to mass-wasting or turbidite deposits. In the frame of the right-lateral strike-slip domain characterizing the North Anatolian fault system, three types of deformation are observed: almost pure strike-slip faults, oriented mainly E–W; NE/SW-aligned axes of transpressive structures; NW/SE-oriented trans-tensional depressions. Fault segmentation occurs at different scales, but main segments develop alongthree major right-lateral oversteps, which delimit main fault branches, from east to west: (i) the transtensive Cinarcik segment; (ii) the Central (East and West) segments; and (iii) the westernmost Tekirdag segment. A quantitative morphometric analysis of the shallow deformation patterns observed by seafloor morphology maps and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles along the entire basin allowed to determine nature and cumulative lengths of individual fault segments. These data were used as inputs for empirical relationships, to estimate maximum expected Moment Magnitudes, obtaining values in the range of 6.8–7.4 for the Central, and 6.9–7.1 for the Cinarcik and Tekirdag segments, respectively. We discuss these findings considering analyses of historical catalogues and available paleoseismological studies for the Sea of Marmara regionto formulate reliable seismic hazard scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 29–44
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: North Anatolian fault · ; Sea of Marmara ; Earthquakes ; Active fault segments ; Marine geophysics ; Seismic hazard ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Eruption type probability and eruption source parameters at Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes (Ecuador) with uncertainty quantification (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Future occurrence of explosive eruptive activity at Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes, Ecuador, is assessed probabilistically, utilizing expert elicitation. Eight eruption types were considered for each volcano. Type event probabilities were evaluated for the next eruption at each volcano and for at least one of each type within the next 100 years. For each type, we elicited relevant eruption source parameters (duration, average plume height, and total tephra mass). We investigated the robustness of these elicited evaluations by deriving probability uncertainties using three expert scoring methods. For Cotopaxi, we considered both rhyolitic and andesitic magmas. Elicitation findings indicate that the most probable next eruption type is an andesitic hydrovolcanic/ash-emission (~ 26–44% median probability), which has also the highest median probability of recurring over the next 100 years. However, for the next eruption at Cotopaxi, the average joint probabilities for sub-Plinian or Plinian type eruption is of order 30–40%—a significant chance of a violent explosive event. It is inferred that any Cotopaxi rhyolitic eruption could involve a longer duration and greater erupted mass than an andesitic event, likely producing a prolonged emergency. For Guagua Pichincha, future eruption types are expected to be andesitic/dacitic, and a vulcanian event is judged most probable for the next eruption (median probability ~40–55%); this type is expected to be most frequent over the next 100 years, too. However, there is a substantial probability (possibly 〉40% in average) that the next eruption could be sub-Plinian or Plinian, with all that implies for hazard levels.
    Description: Published
    Description: 35
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Assessing the biological reactivity of organic compounds on volcanic ash: implications for human health hazard (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Exposure to volcanic ash is a long-standing health concern for people living near active volcanoes and in distal urban areas. During transport and deposition, ash is subjected to various physicochemical processes that may change its surface composition and, consequently, bioreactivity. One such process is the interaction with anthropogenic pollutants; however, the potential for adsorbed, deleterious organic compounds to directly impact human health is unknown. We use an in vitro bioanalytical approach to screen for the presence of organic compounds of toxicological concern on ash surfaces and assess their biological potency. These compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dlPCBs). Analysis of ash collected in or near urbanised areas at five active volcanoes across the world (Etna, Italy; Fuego, Guatemala; Kelud, Indonesia; Sakurajima, Japan; Tungurahua, Ecuador) using the bioassay inferred the presence of such compounds on all samples. A relatively low response to PCDD/Fs and the absence of a dlPCBs response in the bioassay suggest that the measured activity is dominated by PAHs and PAH-like compounds. This study is the first to demonstrate a biological potency of organic pollutants associated with volcanic ash particles. According to our estimations, they are present in quantities below recommended exposure limits and likely pose a low direct concern for human health.
    Description: Published
    Description: 30
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Beyond one-way determinism: San Frediano's miracle and climate change in Central and Northern Italy in late antiquity (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: Integrating palaeoclimatological proxies and historical records, which is necessary to achieve a more complete understanding of climate impacts on past societies, is a challenging task, often leading to unsatisfactory and even contradictory conclusions. This has until recently been the case for Italy, the heart of the Roman Empire, during the transition between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. In this paper, we present new high-resolution speleothem data from the Apuan Alps (Central Italy). The data document a period of very wet conditions in the sixth c. AD, probably related to synoptic atmospheric conditions similar to a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. For this century, there also exist a significant number of historical records of extreme hydroclimatic events, previously discarded as anecdotal. We show that this varied evidence reflects the increased frequency of floods and extreme rainfall events in Central and Northern Italy at the time. Moreover, we also show that these unusual hydroclimatic conditions overlapped with the increased presence of "water miracles" in Italian hagiographical accounts and social imagination. The miracles, performed by local Church leaders, strengthened the already growing authority of holy bishops and monks in Italian society during the crucial centuries that followed the "Fall of the Roman Empire". Thus, the combination of natural and historical data allows us to show the degree to which the impact of climate variability on historical societies is determined not by the nature of the climatic phenomena per se, but by the culture and the structure of the society that experienced it.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Precipitation ; Roman Empire ; miracles ; Social feedbacks ; Cultural change ; climate change
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Influence of permeability on the hydrothermal system at Vulcano Island (Italy): inferences from numerical simulations (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: Volcano-hydrothermal systems are governed by complex interactions between fluid transport, and geochemical and mechanical processes. Evidence of this close interplay has been testified by distinct spatial and temporal correlations in geochemical and geophysical observations at Vulcano Island (Italy). To understand the interaction between fluid circulation and the geochemical and geophysical manifestations, we perform a parametric study to explore different scenarios by implementing a hydro-geophysical model based on the equations for heat and mass transfer in a porous medium and thermo-poroelastic theory. Numerical simulations allow us to define the controlling role of permeability distribution on the different modeled parameters as well as on the geophysical observables. Changes in the permeability within the highly fractured crater area could be responsible for the fluctuations in gas emission and temperature recorded during the crisis periods, which are accompanied by shallow volcano-seismicity in the absence of significant deformation and gravity variations. Despite the general medium permeability of the volcanic edifice, the presence of more highly permeable pathways, which allow the gas to rapidly escape, as testified by the presence of a well-developed fumarolic field, prevents the pressure buildup at shallow depths.
    Description: Published
    Description: 179
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrothermal system ; Parametric simulation ; Vulcano Island ; Hydro-geophysical model
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Lahar risk assessment from source identification to potential impact analysis: the case of Vulcano Island, Italy (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-09
    Description: Lahars are rapid flows composed of water and volcaniclastic sediments, which have the potential to impact residential buildings and critical infrastructure as well as to disrupt critical services, especially in the absence of hazard-based land-use planning. Their destructive power is mostly associated with their velocity (related to internal flow properties and topographic interactions) and to their ability to bury buildings and structures (due to deposit thickness). The distance reached by lahars depends on their volume, on sediments/water ratio, as well as on the geometrical properties of the topography where they propagate. Here we present the assessment of risk associated with lahar using Vulcano island (Italy) as a case study. First, we estimated an initial lahar source volume considering the remobilisation by intense rain events of the tephra fallout on the slopes of the La Fossa cone (the active system on the island), where the tephra fallout is associated with the most likely scenario (e.g. long-lasting Vulcanian cycle). Second, we modelled and identified the potential syn-eruptive lahar impact areas on the northern sector of Vulcano, where residential and touristic facilities are located. We tested a range of parameters (e.g., entrainment capability, consolidation of tephra fallout deposit, friction angle) that can influence lahar propagation output both in terms of intensity of the event and extent of the inundation area. Finally, exposure and vulnerability surveys were carried out in order to compile exposure and risk maps for lahar-flow front velocity (semi-quantitative indicator-based risk assessment) and final lahar-deposit thickness (qualitative exposure-based risk assessment). Main outcomes show that the syn-eruptive lahar scenario with medium entrainment capability produces the highest impact associated with building burial by the final lahar deposit. Nonetheless, the syn-eruptive lahar scenario with low entrainment capacity is associated with higher runout and results in the highest impact associated with lahar-flow velocities. Based on our simulations, two critical infrastructures (telecommunication and power plant), as well as the main road crossing the island are exposed to potential lahar impacts (either due to lahar-flow velocity or lahar-deposit thickness or both). These results show that a risk-based spatial planning of the island could represent a valuable strategy to reduce the volcanic risk in the long term.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Gender equality is a fundamental human right, embedded into the United Nations Charter (1945). Women still face multiple forms of discrimination, harassment and abuse. Gender equality is foundational to ensuring inclusive sustainable socio-economic development, peace and justice.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105-126
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Keywords: gender equality ; sustainable development goals ; geosciences ; geoethics ; women ; girls ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Hydrogeoethics in sustainable water resources management facing water scarcity in Mediterranean and surrounding regions (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-13
    Description: Hydrogeoethics is an emergent transdisciplinary field in geosciences focused on ethical research and best practices related to responsible groundwater science and engineering, creating conditions for sustainable water resources management while respecting human needs and environmental dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 289–292
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Hydrogeoethics ; Geoethics ; Water resources ; Water management ; Water scarcity ; Sustainability ; Mediterranea region ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Groundwater of Sicily (Italy) Close to Landfill Sites: Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-10
    Description: Groundwater close to three municipal solid waste landfll sites in Sicily (southern Italy) was sampled to determine the presence of contaminants and the risk associated with its possible use as drinking and sanitary water. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and metals were investigated. These target compounds are the most common pollutants present in leachates. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS, US EPA) was used to assess human health risk. Ingestion, dermal, and total exposure to these xenobiotic contaminants in groundwater were evaluated, and the cancer and non-cancer risk indexes were calculated. The results revealed that, while the groundwater complied with Italian Drinking Water Directive 30/2001, it did not comply with the "good environmental state" criteria of Directive 30/2009 at two of the three sites investigated. Worrying results were revealed by the risk assessment at the investigated sites. Cancer and non-cancer risk indexes indicated a probable risk, mainly due to dermal exposure to groundwater. These results underline the importance of assessing the risk for all possible routes, evaluating not only ingestion but also dermal exposure, especially when organic pollutants are present. The results of this study show that human health risk has probably been underestimated in the past, as dermal exposure to organic pollutants has only rarely been evaluated in the literature.
    Description: Published
    Description: 535–550
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Human health risk ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Dioxin PCDD/Fs ; Toxic elements ; Environmental quality standard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A common source for the destructive earthquakes in the volcanic island of Ischia (Southern Italy): insights from historical and recent seismicity (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-25
    Description: The island of Ischia, located in the Gulf of Naples, represents an unusual case of resur- gent caldera where small-to-moderate magnitude volcano-tectonic earthquakes generate large damage and catastrophic e ects, as in the case of 4 March 1881 (Imax-VIII-IXMCS) and 28 July 1883 (Imax X-XI MCS) historical earthquakes, and of the recent 21 August 2017 MW=3.9, event. All these earthquakes struck the northern area of the island. With about 65,000 inhabitants, Ischia is a popular touristic destination for thermals baths, host- ing more than 3,000,000 visitors per year, thus representing a high seismic risk area. Assessing its seismic potential appears a fundamental goal and, to this end, the estimate of the magnitude of signi cant historical events and the characterization of their source are crucial. We report here a reassessment of historical data of damage of 1881 and 1883 earth- quakes to evaluate the main source parameters of these events (obtained with the BOXER and EXISM software) and quantitatively compare, for the rst time, the results with the source characteristics, obtained from instrumental data, of the recent 2017 earthquake. The results allowed us to assess the location, as well as the possible dimension and the related maximum magnitude, of the seismogenic structure responsible for such damaging earth- quakes. Our results also provide an additional framework to de ne the mechanisms leading to earthquakes associated with the dynamics of calderas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 177–201
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Stress-induced comenditic trachyte effusion triggered by trachybasalt intrusion: multidisciplinary study of the AD 1761 eruption at Terceira Island (Azores) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-11-26
    Description: The AD 1761 eruption on Terceira was the onlyhistorical subaerial event on the island and one of the lastrecorded in the Azores. The eruption occurred along the fis-sure zone that crosses the island and produced a trachybasaltlava flow and scoria cones. Small comenditic trachyte lava domes (known as Mistérios Negros) were also thought by some to have formed simultaneously on the eastern flank of Santa Bárbara Volcano. Following a multidisciplinary approach, we combined geological mapping, paleomagnetic, petrographic, mineral and whole-rock geochemical and structural analyses to study this eruption. The paleomagnetic dating method compared geomagnetic vectors (directions and intensities) recorded by both the AD 1761 lava flow and Mistérios Negros domes and revealed that the two events were indeed coeval. Based on new data and interpretation of historical records, we have accordingly reconstructed the AD 1761eruptive dynamics and distinguished three phases: (1) a pre-cursory phase characterized by decreased degassing in the fumarolic field of Pico Alto Volcano and a gradual increase of seismic activity, which marked the intrusion of trachybasalt magma; (2) a first eruptive phase that started with phreatic explosions on the eastern flank of Santa Bárbara Volcano, followed by the inconspicuous effusion of comenditic trachyte (66 wt% SiO2), forming a WNW-ESE-oriented chain of lava domes; and (3) a second eruptive phase on the central part ofthe fissure zone, where a Hawaiian to Strombolian-style erup-tion formed small scoria cones (E-W to ENE-WSW-oriented)and a trachybasalt lava flow (50 wt% SiO2) which buried 27houses in Biscoitos village. Petrological analyses show thatthe two batches of magma were emitted independently without evidence of interaction. We envisage that the dome-forming event was triggered by local stress changes induced by intrusion of the trachybasalt dyke along the fissure zone, which created tensile stress conditions that promoted ascent of comenditic trachyte magma stored beneath Santa Bárbara Volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 22
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Erroneously old radiocarbon ages from terrestrial pollen concentrates in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, USA (2021)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in [Schiller, C. M., Whitlock, C., Elder, K. L., Iverson, N. A., & Abbott, M. B. Erroneously old radiocarbon ages from terrestrial pollen concentrates in Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, USA. Radiocarbon, 63(1), (2021): 321-342, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.118.
    Description: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of pollen concentrates is often used in lake sediment records where large, terrestrial plant remains are unavailable. Ages produced from chemically concentrated pollen as well as manually picked Pinaceae grains in Yellowstone Lake (Wyoming) sediments were consistently 1700–4300 cal years older than ages established by terrestrial plant remains, tephrochronology, and the age of the sediment-water interface. Previous studies have successfully utilized the same laboratory space and methods, suggesting the source of old-carbon contamination is specific to these samples. Manually picking pollen grains precludes admixture of non-pollen materials. Furthermore, no clear source of old pollen grains occurs on the deglaciated landscape, making reworking of old pollen grains unlikely. High volumes of CO2 are degassed in the Yellowstone Caldera, potentially introducing old carbon to pollen. While uptake of old CO2 through photosynthesis is minor (F14C approximately 0.99), old-carbon contamination may still take place in the water column or in surficial lake sediments. It remains unclear, however, what mechanism allows for the erroneous ages of highly refractory pollen grains while terrestrial plant remains were unaffected. In the absence of a satisfactory explanation for erroneously old radiocarbon ages from pollen concentrates, we propose steps for further study.
    Description: This research was supported by NSF Grant No. 1515353 to C. Whitlock and sampling in Yellowstone National Park was conducted under permits YELL-SCI-0009 and YELL-SCI-5054.
    Keywords: AMS dating ; Chronology ; Contamination ; Paleoecology ; Pine
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Tracing groundwater circulation in a valuable mineral water basin with geochemical and isotopic tools: the case of FERRARELLE, Riardo basin, Southern Italy (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: The Riardo basin hosts groundwater exploited for the production of high quality, naturally sparkling, bottled water (e.g., Ferrarelle water), and circulating in a system constituted by highly fractured Mesozoic carbonates, overlain by more impervious volcanic rocks of the Roccamonfina complex. The two formations are locally in hydraulic connection and dislocated by deep-rooted faults. The study aimed at elucidating groundwater origin and circulation, using isotopic tracers (δ18O, δ2H, δ11B and 87Sr/86Sr) coupled to groundwater dating (Tritium, CFCs and SF6). Besides recharge by local precipitation over the Riardo hydrogeological basin, stable isotope ratios in water indicated an extra-basin recharge, likely from the elevated surrounding carbonate reliefs (e.g., Maggiore and Matese Mts.). The mineralization process, promoted by the deep CO2 flux, controls the B and Sr contents. However, their isotopic ratios did not allow discriminating between circulation in the volcanic and in the carbonate aquifers, as in the latter the isotopic composition differed from the original marine signature. Groundwater model ages ranged from ~ 30 years for the volcanic endmember to 〉 70 years for the deep, mineralized end-member, with longer circuits recharged at higher elevations. Overall, the results of this study were particularly relevant for mineral water exploitation. A recharge from outside the hydrogeological basin could be evidenced, especially for the more mineralized and valuable groundwater, and an active recent recharge was detected for the whole Riardo system. Both findings will contribute to the refinement of the hydrogeological model and water budget, and to a sustainable development of the resource.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1–28
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aquifer recharge; Fractured aquifers; Groundwater dating; Hydrogeological circuits; Stable isotopes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Multi-model assessment of the late-winter extra-tropical response to El Niño and La Niña (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to affect the Northern Hemisphere tropospheric circulation in late-winter (January–March), but whether El Niño and La Niña lead to symmetric impacts and with the same underlying dynamics remains unclear, particularly in the North Atlantic. Three state-of-the-art atmospheric models forced by symmetric anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) patterns, mimicking strong ENSO events, are used to robustly diagnose symmetries and asymmetries in the extra-tropical ENSO response. Asymmetries arise in the sea-level pressure (SLP) response over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, as the response to La Niña tends to be weaker and shifted westward with respect to that of El Niño. The difference in amplitude can be traced back to the distinct energy available for the two ENSO phases associated with the non-linear diabatic heating response to the total SST field. The longitudinal shift is embedded into the large-scale Rossby wave train triggered from the tropical Pacific, as its anomalies in the upper troposphere show a similar westward displacement in La Niña compared to El Niño. To fully explain this shift, the response in tropical convection and the related anomalous upper-level divergence have to be considered together with the climatological vorticity gradient of the subtropical jet, i.e. diagnosing the tropical Rossby wave source. In the North Atlantic, the ENSO-forced SLP signal is a well-known dipole between middle and high latitudes, different from the North Atlantic Oscillation, whose asymmetry is not indicative of distinct mechanisms driving the teleconnection for El Niño and La Niña.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1965–1986
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Fe and As geochemical self-removal dynamics in mineral waters: evidence from the Ferrarelle groundwater system (Riardo Plain, Southern Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: A theoretical pattern for Fe and As co-precipitation was tested directly in a groundwater natural system. Several monitoring wells were sampled to identify the different endmembers that govern the hydrodynamics of the Ferrarelle Groundwater System in the Riardo Plain (Southern Italy). In agreement with recent investigations, we found a mix of a deep and a shallow component in different proportions, resulting in a specific chemical composition of groundwater in each well depending on the percentages of each component. The shallow component was characterized by EC ~ 430 µS/cm, Eh ~ 300 mV, Fe ~ 0.06 µmol/L and As ~ 0.01-0.12 µmol/L, while the deep component was characterized by EC ~ 3400 µS/cm, Eh ~ 170 mV, Fe ~ 140 µmol/L and As ~ 0.59 µmol/L. A general attenuation of As and Fe concentration that was not due to a simple dilution effect was observed in the mixing process. The oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) produces solid precipitates which adsorb As from solution and then co-precipitate. The reactions pattern of Fe(II) oxidation and As adsorption gave a linear function between [As] and [Fe], where the angular coefficient depends on the [O2]/[H+] ratio. Chemical data obtained from our samples showed a very good agreement with this theoretical relationship. The investigated geochemical dynamics represented a natural process of attenuation of Fe and As, two undesirable elements that usually affect groundwater quality in volcanic aquifers in central-southern Italy, which are exploited to supply drinking water.
    Description: Published
    Description: pages 2065–2082
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fe and As hydrogeochemistry; Natural mineral water; Natural self-removal dynamics; Oxohydroxides adsorption; Water treatment
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 83
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    Geochemical characterisation of the thermo-mineral waters of Greece (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-22
    Description: Geothermal areas of Greece are located in regions affected by recent volcanism and in continental basins characterised by elevated heat flow. Many of them are found along the coast and thus, water is often saline due to marine intrusion. In the current study, we present about 300 unpublished and literature data from thermal and cold mineral waters collected along Greece. Samples were analysed for major ions, Li, SiO2 and isotopes in water. Measured temperatures range from 6.5 to 98°C, pH from 1.96 to 11.98, whilst Total Dissolved Solutes (TDS) from 0.22 to 51 g/L. Waters were subdivided into four main groups: i) thermal; ii) cold; iii) acidic (pH 〈5) and iv) hyperalkaline (pH 〉11). On statistical basis, the thermal waters were subdivided into subgroups according to both their temperature [warm (〈29 °C), hypothermal (29-48 °C), thermal (48-75 °C) and hyperthermal (〉75 °C)] and TDS [low salinity (〈4 g/L), brackish (4-30 g/L) and saline (〉30 g/L)]. Cold waters were subdivided basing on their pCO2 [low (〈0.05 atm), medium (0.05-0.85 atm) and high (〉0.85 atm)]. δ18O-H2O ranges from -12.7 to +2.7 ‰ vs. SMOW, while δ2H-H2O from -91 to +12 ‰ vs. SMOW being generally comprised between the Global Meteoric Water Line and the East Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line. Positive δ18O shifts with respect to the former are mostly related to mixing with seawater, while only for a few samples they point to high-temperature water-rock interaction processes. Only a few thermal waters gave reliable geothermometric estimates, suggesting reservoir temperatures between 80 and 260 °C.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2111–2133
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrogeochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Carbon dioxide ; Geothermometry ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 03.04. Chemical and biological
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    Teleseismic earthquake wavefields observed on the ross ice shelf (2021)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Baker, M. G., Aster, R. C., Wiens, D. A., Nyblade, A., Bromirski, P. D., Gerstoft, P., & Stephen, R. A. Teleseismic earthquake wavefields observed on the Ross Ice Shelf. Journal of Glaciology, 67(261), (2021): 58-74, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.83.
    Description: Observations of teleseismic earthquakes using broadband seismometers on the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) must contend with environmental and structural processes that do not exist for land-sited seismometers. Important considerations are: (1) a broadband, multi-mode ambient wavefield excited by ocean gravity wave interactions with the ice shelf; (2) body wave reverberations produced by seismic impedance contrasts at the ice/water and water/seafloor interfaces and (3) decoupling of the solid Earth horizontal wavefield by the sub-shelf water column. We analyze seasonal and geographic variations in signal-to-noise ratios for teleseismic P-wave (0.5–2.0 s), S-wave (10–15 s) and surface wave (13–25 s) arrivals relative to the RIS noise field. We use ice and water layer reverberations generated by teleseismic P-waves to accurately estimate the sub-station thicknesses of these layers. We present observations consistent with the theoretically predicted transition of the water column from compressible to incompressible mechanics, relevant for vertically incident solid Earth waves with periods longer than 3 s. Finally, we observe symmetric-mode Lamb waves generated by teleseismic S-waves incident on the grounding zones. Despite their complexity, we conclude that teleseismic coda can be utilized for passive imaging of sub-shelf Earth structure, although longer deployments relative to conventional land-sited seismometers will be necessary to acquire adequate data.
    Description: This research was supported by NSF grants PLR-1142518, 1141916, 1142126, 1246151, 1246416 and OPP-1744852 and 1744856.
    Keywords: Glacier geophysics ; Ice shelves ; Seismology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Toward a global reference database of COI barcodes for marine zooplankton (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bucklin, A., Peijnenburg, K. T. C. A., Kosobokova, K. N., O'Brien, T. D., Blanco-Bercial, L., Cornils, A., Falkenhaug, T., Hopcroft, R. R., Hosia, A., Laakmann, S., Li, C., Martell, L., Questel, J. M., Wall-Palmer, D., Wang, M., Wiebe, P. H., & Weydmann-Zwolicka, A. Toward a global reference database of COI barcodes for marine zooplankton. Marine Biology, 168(6), (2021): 78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03887-y.
    Description: Characterization of species diversity of zooplankton is key to understanding, assessing, and predicting the function and future of pelagic ecosystems throughout the global ocean. The marine zooplankton assemblage, including only metazoans, is highly diverse and taxonomically complex, with an estimated ~28,000 species of 41 major taxonomic groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of DNA sequences for the barcode region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) for identified specimens. The foundation of this summary is the MetaZooGene Barcode Atlas and Database (MZGdb), a new open-access data and metadata portal that is linked to NCBI GenBank and BOLD data repositories. The MZGdb provides enhanced quality control and tools for assembling COI reference sequence databases that are specific to selected taxonomic groups and/or ocean regions, with associated metadata (e.g., collection georeferencing, verification of species identification, molecular protocols), and tools for statistical analysis, mapping, and visualization. To date, over 150,000 COI sequences for ~ 5600 described species of marine metazoan plankton (including holo- and meroplankton) are available via the MZGdb portal. This review uses the MZGdb as a resource for summaries of COI barcode data and metadata for important taxonomic groups of marine zooplankton and selected regions, including the North Atlantic, Arctic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The MZGdb is designed to provide a foundation for analysis of species diversity of marine zooplankton based on DNA barcoding and metabarcoding for assessment of marine ecosystems and rapid detection of the impacts of climate change.
    Description: Funding sources for authors of the review paper are described here: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and a grant to SCOR from the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-1840868). Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi Grant/Award Number: 016.161.351 to K.T.C.A.P. European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 746186 (POSEIDoN) to D.W.P. The work of K.N.K. was performed in the framework of the state assignment of IO RAS (Theme No. 0128-2021-0007) and partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research grants No. 18-05-60158 and No. 19-04-00955. The work of A.W.Z. was supported by a grant from HIDEA—Hidden diversity of the Arctic Ocean (No. 2017/27/B/NZ8/01056) from the National Science Centre, Poland, and a Fulbright Senior Award. The Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative of the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre provided funding for A.H. and L.M. (Project Nos. 70184233/HYPNO and 70184240/NORHYDRO), and for T.F. (Project Nos. 70184233/COPCLAD and 70184241/HYPCOP). The work of R.R.H. and J.M.Q. was supported by Census of Marine Life and NOAA Ocean Exploration and Research (NA05OAR4601079 and NA15OAR0110209). The work of S.L. was conducted at the Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB). HIFMB is a collaboration between the Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research, and the Carl-von-Ossietzky University Oldenburg, initially funded by the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony and the Volkswagen Foundation through the Niedersächsisches Vorab’ grant program (Grant No. ZN3285).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Physical and biological properties of early winter Antarctic sea ice in the Ross Sea. (2021)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tison, J.-L., Maksym, T., Fraser, A. D., Corkill, M., Kimura, N., Nosaka, Y., Nomura, D., Vancoppenolle, M., Ackley, S., Stammerjohn, S., Wauthy, S., Van der Linden, F., Carnat, G., Sapart, C., de Jong, J., Fripiat, F., & Delille, B. Physical and biological properties of early winter Antarctic sea ice in the Ross Sea. Annals of Glaciology, 61(83), (2020): 241–259, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.43.
    Description: This work presents the results of physical and biological investigations at 27 biogeochemical stations of early winter sea ice in the Ross Sea during the 2017 PIPERS cruise. Only two similar cruises occurred in the past, in 1995 and 1998. The year 2017 was a specific year, in that ice growth in the Central Ross Sea was considerably delayed, compared to previous years. These conditions resulted in lower ice thicknesses and Chl-a burdens, as compared to those observed during the previous cruises. It also resulted in a different structure of the sympagic algal community, unusually dominated by Phaeocystis rather than diatoms. Compared to autumn-winter sea ice in the Weddell Sea (AWECS cruise), the 2017 Ross Sea pack ice displayed similar thickness distribution, but much lower snow cover and therefore nearly no flooding conditions. It is shown that contrasted dynamics of autumnal-winter sea-ice growth between the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea impacted the development of the sympagic community. Mean/median ice Chl-a concentrations were 3–5 times lower at PIPERS, and the community status there appeared to be more mature (decaying?), based on Phaeopigments/Chl-a ratios. These contrasts are discussed in the light of temporal and spatial differences between the two cruises.
    Description: S. Stammerjohn was supported by the PIPERS and LTER Programs of the U.S. National Science Foundation, ANT-1341606 (S. Stammerjohn and J. Cassano, U Colorado) and ANT-0823101 (H. Ducklow, LDEO/Columbia University), respectively. Steve Ackley (UTSA) was supported by the PIPERS program of the U.S. National Science Foundation ANT-1341717 and by NASA Grant 80NSSC19M0194 to the Center for Adv. Meas. in Extreme Environments at UTSA.Ted Maksym (WHOI) was supported by the PIPERS program of the U.S. National Science Foundation ANT-1341513. This research was supported by the Belgian F.R.S-FNRS (project ISOGGAP and IODIne, contract T.0268.16 and J.0262.17, respectively). Fanny Van der Linden, Sarah Wauthy, Gauthier Carnat, Célia Sapart and Bruno Delille are PhD students, postdoctoral researchers and research associate, respectively, of the Belgian F.R.S.-FNRS. This work was also supported by the Australian Government's Cooperative Research Centre program through the Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, and by the Australian Research Council's Special Research Initiative for Antarctic Gateway Partnership (Project ID SR140300001). Daiki Nomura was supported by grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (#17H04715) and the National Institute for Polar Research through Project Research KP-303 (ROBOTICA) and #28-14.
    Keywords: Antarctic glaciology ; biogeochemistry ; sea ice
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    Small sinking particles control anammox rates in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (2021)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 12(1), pp. 1-12
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-15
    Description: Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) is a major pathway of oceanic nitrogen loss. Ammonium released from sinking particles has been suggested to fuel this process. During cruises to the Peruvian OMZ in April–June 2017 we found that anammox rates are strongly correlated with the volume of small particles (128–512 µm), even though anammox bacteria were not directly associated with particles. This suggests that the relationship between anammox rates and particles is related to the ammonium released from particles by remineralization. To investigate this, ammonium release from particles was modelled and theoretical encounters of free-living anammox bacteria with ammonium in the particle boundary layer were calculated. These results indicated that small sinking particles could be responsible for ~75% of ammonium release in anoxic waters and that free-living anammox bacteria frequently encounter ammonium in the vicinity of smaller particles. This indicates a so far underestimated role of abundant, slow-sinking small particles in controlling oceanic nutrient budgets, and furthermore implies that observations of the volume of small particles could be used to estimate N-loss across large areas.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    Effects of climate change and industrialization on Lake Bolshoe Toko, eastern Siberia (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Paleolimnology, Springer, 65(3), pp. 335-352, ISSN: 0921-2728
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-14
    Description: Industrialization in the Northern Hemisphere has led to warming and pollution of natural ecosystems. We used paleolimnological methods to explore whether recent climate change and/or pollution had affected a very remote lake ecosystem, i.e. one without nearby direct human influence. We compared sediment samples that date from before and after the onset of industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century, from four short cores taken at water depths between 12.1 and 68.3 m in Lake Bolshoe Toko, eastern Siberia. We analyzed diatom assemblage changes, including diversity estimates, in all four cores and geochemical changes (mercury, nitrogen, organic carbon) from one core taken at an intermediate water depth. Chronologies for two cores were established using 210Pb and 137Cs. Sedimentation rates were 0.018 and 0.033 cm year−1 at the shallow- and deep-water sites, respectively. We discovered an increase in light planktonic diatoms (Cyclotella) and a decrease in heavily silicified euplanktonic Aulacoseira through time at deep-water sites, related to more recent warmer air temperatures and shorter periods of lake-ice cover, which led to pronounced thermal stratification. Diatom beta diversity in shallow-water communities changed significantly because of the development of new habitats associated with macrophyte growth. Mercury concentrations increased by a factor of 1.6 since the mid-nineteenth century as a result of atmospheric fallout. Recent increases in the chrysophyte Mallomonas in all cores suggested an acidification trend. We conclude that even remote boreal lakes are susceptible to the effects of climate change and human-induced pollution.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Role of external inputs of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems in determining prevalence of nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Howarth, R. W., Chan, F., Swaney, D. P., Marino, R. M., & Hayn, M. Role of external inputs of nutrients to aquatic ecosystems in determining prevalence of nitrogen vs. phosphorus limitation of net primary productivity. Biogeochemistry, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00765-z.
    Description: Whether net primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem is limited by nitrogen (N), limited by phosphorus (P), or co-limited by N & P is determined by the relative supply of N and P to phytoplankton compared to their elemental requirements for primary production, often characterized by the “Redfield” ratio. The supply of these essential nutrients is affected by both external inputs and biogeochemical processes within the ecosystem. In this paper, we examine external sources of nutrients to aquatic systems and how the balance of N to P inputs influences nutrient limitation. For ocean subtropical gyres, a relatively balanced input of N and P relative to the Redfield ratio from deep ocean sources often leads to near co-limitation by N and P. For lakes, the external nutrient inputs come largely from watershed sources, and we demonstrate that on average the N:P ratio for these inputs across the United States is well above that needed by phytoplankton, which may contribute to P limitation in those lake that experience this average nutrient loading. Watershed inputs are also important for estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems, but ocean sources of nutrients are also significant contributors to overall nutrient loads. The ocean-nutrient sources of N and P are very often at or below the Redfield ratio of 16:1 molar, and can be substantially so, particularly in areas where the continental shelf is wide. This large input of coastal ocean nutrients with a low N:P ratio is one factor that may make N limitation more likely in many coastal marine ecosystems than in lakes.
    Description: Preparation of this manuscript was supported by a National Science Foundation Grant # 1654845 from the Long Term Research in Environmental Biology program, a grant from the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future at Cornell University, and by an endowment given to Cornell by David R. Atkinson to support a professorship held by RWH.
    Keywords: Nutrient limitation ; Nitrogen limitation ; Phosphorus limitation ; Aquatic ecosystems ; Estuaries ; Coastal marine ecosystems ; Redfield ratio ; NANI ; NAPI ; Nutrient stoichiometry
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    Review of the analysis of Th-234 in small volume (2-4 L) seawater samples: improvements and recommendations (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Clevenger, S. J., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Drysdale, J., Pike, S., Puigcorbe, V., & Buesseler, K. O. Review of the analysis of Th-234 in small volume (2-4 L) seawater samples: improvements and recommendations. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 329(1), (2021): 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07772-2.
    Description: The short-lived radionuclide 234Th is widely used to study particle scavenging and transport from the upper ocean to deeper waters. This manuscript optimizes, reviews and validates the collection, processing and analyses of total 234Th in seawater and suggests areas of further improvements. The standard 234Th protocol method consists of scavenging 234Th from seawater via a MnO2 precipitate, beta counting, and using chemical recoveries determined by adding 230Th. The revised protocol decreases sample volumes to 2 L, shortens wait times between steps, and simplifies the chemical recovery process, expanding the ability to more rapidly and safely apply the 234Th method.
    Description: The authors would like to acknowledge support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) program awards 80NSSC17K0555; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Twilight Zone study for KOB and SJC.
    Keywords: Thorium-234 analysis ; 234Th particle flux ; Biological carbon pump ; Particle scavenging
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    Watershed suspended sediment supply and potential impacts of dam removals for an estuary (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ralston, D. K., Yellen, B., & Woodruff, J. D. Watershed suspended sediment supply and potential impacts of dam removals for an estuary. Estuaries and Coasts, (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-020-00873-3.
    Description: Observations and modeling are used to assess potential impacts of sediment releases due to dam removals on the Hudson River estuary. Watershed sediment loads are calculated based on sediment-discharge rating curves for gauges covering 80% of the watershed area. The annual average sediment load to the estuary is 1.2 Mt, of which about 0.6 Mt comes from side tributaries. Sediment yield varies inversely with watershed area, with regional trends that are consistent with substrate erodibility. Geophysical and sedimentological surveys in seven subwatersheds of the Lower Hudson were conducted to estimate the mass and composition of sediment trapped behind dams. Impoundments were classified as (1) active sediment traps, (2) run-of-river sites not actively trapping sediment, and (3) dammed natural lakes and spring-fed ponds. Based on this categorization and impoundment attributes from a dam inventory database, the total mass of impounded sediment in the Lower Hudson watershed is estimated as 4.9 ± 1.9 Mt. This represents about 4 years of annual watershed supply, which is small compared with some individual dam removals and is not practically available given current dam removal rates. More than half of dams impound drainage areas less than 1 km2, and play little role in downstream sediment supply. In modeling of a simulated dam removal, suspended sediment in the estuary increases modestly near the source during discharge events, but otherwise effects on suspended sediment are minimal. Fine-grained sediment deposits broadly along the estuary and coarser sediment deposits near the source, with transport distance inversely related to settling velocity.
    Description: This work was sponsored by the National Estuarine Research Reserve System Science Collaborative, which is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and managed by the University of Michigan Water Center (NAI4NOS4190145). Additional support for participating graduate and undergraduates was provided by the Northeast Climate and Adaptation Center and the Hudson River Fund. Additional support for DKR was provided by the Hudson River Foundation (Grant No. 003/19A). Data from sediment cores that were collected in association with this manuscript are archived here: https://doi.org/10.7275/dh3v-0x33.
    Keywords: Dam removal ; Suspended sediment ; Watershed sediment yield ; Sediment supply ; Sediment trapping
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    DARE: Dense ARray for seismic site effect Estimation (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The project DARE proposes an integrated study of seismic site effects on the deep and elongated Messinian Rhône Canyon (French Rhône Valley). Lithological information from boreholes reaching the bedrock and preliminary geophysical campaigns indicate that the canyon can reach locally 〉500 m and may be deeply incised. The strong material contrast between the sedimentary filling and the substratum, as well as its expected confined geometry make this canyon a good candidate for generating various kinds of multi-dimensional site effects. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code Y7.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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    Myanmar subduction to collision imaging array (MySCOLAR) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The temporary seismic array of MySCOLAR in northern Myanmar consists of 30 broadband stations. The overall scientific goals are to understand the transition from continental collision to oceanic subduction, to quantify the partitioning of deformation in the accretionary prism, in the Burma Plate and along the strike-slip Sagaing fault system and to image the subducting Indian Plate beneath Myanmar and southwest China. The seismological analysis methods applied to this dataset will include location of local earthquakes and determining their focal mechanisms, surface wave tomography from ambient noise and earthquake data, body wave tomography from local and teleseismic earthquakes, full waveform inversion for Earth structure, receiver functions, and shear wave splitting. A subset of the stations was transmitting data in real time, and these stations contributed to real-time earthquake analysis by the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) in Myanmar and the GEOFON earthquake monitoring service. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 6C.
    Language: English
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    Villarrica Tomography (VITO) - Datasets (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The Villarrica Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in South America and is located in a major tourism region. A dense seismological network is used to investigate the seismic characteristics of the volcano and its seismic structure tomographically with high spatial resolution. The network was in operation for 2 week from 01.03.2012 to 14.03.2012. It consisted of 30 3-component and 45 1-component short period seismographs covering an area of 2000 km*2. The covered area has a diameter of 45 km and includes the volcanic building.
    Language: English
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    Seismological profile across Longmenshan Fault - LONGMEN-P (2018-2020) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: The main aim of this project is to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone in China, based on a very dense passive seismology profile. The Longmenshan fault zone hosted the Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008 with a magnitude (Mw) of 7.9 and the Lushan earthquake of June 2013 with a magnitude (Mw) of 6.6. It is planned to mainly use the receiver-function method, to investigate the crustal and mantle structure beneath the Longmenshan fault zone. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data center, under network code 4O under license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, and are embargoed until February 2024.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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    The Irpinia seismic Array (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-27
    Description: Irpinia seismic Array is part of the DEnse mulTi-paramEtriC observations and 4D high resoluTion imaging (DETECT) project focused on the acquisition of a unique multiparametric dataset and fosters collaboration among various institutions. The University of Naples Federico II (UniNa) and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) are leading this effort carried out in collaboration with various local institutions and supported by the local municipalities. The DETECT project aims at exploiting very dense seismic networks deployed across a segmented fault system (Irpinia and Pergola-Melandro) to foster the development of scientific integrated methodologies for monitoring and imaging the fault behavior during the inter-seismic phase. The Irpinia seismic Array consists of a dense constellation of seismic antennas using more than 200 seismic stations deployed for one year. Each seismic antenna, with maximum aperture of ~2 km, uses one broad-band sensor, one short period sensor with 1 Hz and 8 with 4.5 Hz natural frequency. The antennas are deployed above and near the fault segments that generated during the last centuries many strong earthquakes in the southern Apennines. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZK.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 97
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    Properties of rock analogue materials used for Foamquake: a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle at RomaTre University (Italy) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: This dataset provides friction and elasticity data from ring shear and axial tests, respectively, on rock analogue materials used at the University Roma Tre (Rome, IT) in “Foamquake”, a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (Mastella et al., under review). Two granular materials (quartz sand and Jasmine rice) have been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. An elastic material (foam rubber) have been characterized by means of Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v. According to our analysis the granular materials show Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by linear failure envelopes in the shear stress vs. normal load Mohr space. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the quartz sand are µP = 0.69, µD = 0.56 and µR = 0.64, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 50 and 100 Pa. Rate-dependency of friction in quartz sand seems insignificant. Peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of the Jasmine rice are µP = 0.70, µD = 0.59 and µR = 0.61, respectively. Cohesion ranges between 30 and 50 Pa. Rate-weakening of Jasmine rice is c. 6% per tenfold change in shear velocity v. The Young’s modulus of the foam rubber has been constrained to 30 kPa, its Poisson’s ratio is v=0.1.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 98
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    Particle image correlation data from Foamquake: a novel seismotectonic analog model mimicking the megathrust seismic cycle (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: This dataset includes particle image correlation data from 26 experiments performed with Foamquake, a novel analog seismotectonic model reproducing the megathrust seismic cycle. The seismotectonic model has been monitored by the means of a high-resolution top-view monitoring camera. The dataset presented here represents the particle image velocimetry surface velocity field extracted during the experimental model through the cross-correlation between consecutive images. This dataset is supplementary to Mastella et al. (2021) where detailed descriptions of models and experimental results can be found.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 99
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    3D-CEBS-TTH: transient thermohydraulic model of the Central European Basin System (CEBS) (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-09
    Description: We provide a single file (exodus II format) that contains all results of the modeling efforts of the associated paper. This encompasses all structural information as well as the pore pressure, temperature, and fluid velocity distribution through time. We also supply all files necessary to rerun the simulation, resulting in the aforementioned output file. The model area covers a rectangular area around the Central European Basin System (Maystrenko et al., 2020). The data publication is compeiment to Frick et al., (2021). The file published here is based on the structural model after Maystrenko et al., (2020) which resolves 16 geological units. More details about the structure and how it was derived can be found in Maystrenko et al., (2020). The file presented contains information on the regional variation of the pore pressure, temperature and fluid velocity of the model area in 3D. This information is presented for 364 time steps starting from 43,000 years before present and ending at 310000 years after present.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 100
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    Geochemical and sedimentological data of the Tayma palaeolake record (2021)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-05
    Description: The data result from a sedimentological and geochemical multiproxy approach to study a Holocene palaeolake record north of Tayma, NW Saudi Arabia. The lacustrine, partly varved record was analysed in the frame of the DFG founded project CLEAR “Holocene climatic events in Northern Arabia - Environmental changes and human response”. The Tayma palaeolake record comprises continuous lacustrine sediments covering the early to mid-Holocene. The dataset allows detailed palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate interpretations from the early Holocene humid period and subsequent dryer conditions during the mid-Holocene. The dataset is part of the supplementary material to “Neugebauer et al. (submitted)” where further details about the locality, core composite, age model, sampling and analytical methods and data processing are given. The data are provided in individual xlsx-files per type of data. The different files include sedimentological and geochemical data determined on the ca. 6 m long master core from the sediment cores (Tay 220/221 and Tay 253/254/255/256): (i) sediment core microfacies data, (ii) bulk total organic carbon (TOC) and carbonate delta13C_carb and delta18O_carb data, (iii) single aragonite laminae delta13C_arag and delta18O_arag data, (iv) concentrations of n-alkanes n-C29 and n-C31 and hydrogen isotope composition deltaD, (v) XRF core scanning data. All data are provided on composite depths and age scales (based on Bayesian age modelling of radiocarbon dates, varve counting and one tephrochronological anchor; see details in the Supplementary material of Neugebauer et al., submitted).
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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