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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To document distinct sources of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the Río Bermejo, we collected 15 soil and 13 leaf litter samples from the local floodplain, and 10 bedrock (predominantly outcroppings of fine-grained sedimentary bedrock) and 2 soil samples from the Río Bermejo headwaters. Leaf litter and soil were oven-dried at 40°C for 〉48 hours. We shredded leaf litter in an industrial blender, homogenized soil samples in an agate mortar and manually removed root and plant debris 〉1 cm, and pulverized bedrock samples to 〈63 µm.
    Keywords: AR15DS-001; AR15DS-005a; AR15DS-005b; AR15DS-008; AR15DS-010b; AR15DS-013; AR15DS-015; AR15DS-016; AR15DS-018; AR15DS-021; AR15DS-045-S; AR15DS-052-S; AR17MR-18; AR17MR-37; AR17MR-38; AR17MR-48; AR17MR-49; Argentina; biogeochemistry; Bucket, plastic; Calculated; Carbon, organic, total; Carbon, organic/Nitrogen, total ratio; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Distance; El Colgado; Element analyser (EA); Element analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS); Element analyzer coupled to an accelerator mass spectrometer (EA-AMS); Event label; Fraction modern carbon; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; meandering river; Median, grain size; Nitrogen, total; Nitrogen, total/Carbon, organic ratio; organic carbon (OC); Particle size analyser (Retsch/Horiba LA-950V2); PLV_LL11032018; Puerto lavalle; Reserva Natural Formosa; river sediment; RNF_LL12_3_18; RSF-RB confluence; Sample comment; Sample ID; Sample type; ST15-52; ST15-71; StRATEGy; StRATEGy international research training group; SZ_LL12_3_18; Villa Rio Bermejito; WB; δ13C, organic carbon
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 222 data points
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: These data were collected from the Río Bermejo in northern Argentina. To determine the seasonal variability in the particulate organic carbon composition of exported river sediment, we collected weekly suspended sediment samples (March 2016 to March 2018) at the Puente Lavalle (PLV) monitoring site, ~870 river km downstream of the mountain front (-25.655°S, -60.130°W). Surface water samples were collected from a bridge using a river-rinsed bucket and were filtered through a 0.22 µm polyethersulfone membrane. Samples were stored on site at ambient temperatures for up to one year, transferred to Germany and subsequently stored at ~4°C until processing. Suspended sediment was rinsed from filters into pre-combusted glass evaporating dishes using ultra-pure (18.2 M) water, oven-dried at 40°C for 〉48 hr, and homogenized in an agate mortar without crushing. Geochemical and grain size analyses required 0.8 g sediment; for samples 〈0.8 g, we combined consecutive weekly samples to create a new bulk sample of 〉0.8 g (Table S1). We split sediment samples into aliquots for grain size analysis via laser diffraction and geochemical analyses. Sediment particle size distributions were measured on ~0.2 g aliquots using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (Retsch/Horiba LA-950V2). Aliquots for geochemical analyses were ground to 〈63 µm. The homogenized suspended sediment, bedrock, soil and leaf litter aliquots were further split for total nitrogen measurement (TN, wt%) and organic carbon analyses including total organic carbon (TOC, wt%), stable carbon isotope composition (δ13COC), and radiocarbon fraction modern (Fm). We decarbonated the aliquots for POC measurements using a liquid HCl leach following Galy et al., (2007). TOC and TN measurements were split between facilities at the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Durham University, and University of Nevada Reno (UNR) using an elemental analyzer (EA). δ13COC was measured with a coupled EA-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). All isotopic compositions are reported using standard delta (δ) notation in per mil (‰) relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB). Calibration and accuracy were monitored through analyses of in-house standards (Glutamic Acid, 40.82% C, 9.52% N at Durham; Boden3, HEKATECH at GFZ), which were calibrated against international standards (e.g., USGS 40, USGS 24, IAEA 600, IAEA CH3, IAEA CH7, IAEA N1, IAEA N2). Radiocarbon content was measured for a subset of 29 samples at ETH Zürich using a combined EA and accelerator mass spectrometer (EA-AMS) (Ruff et al. 2010; McIntyre et al., 2017). All 14C /12C ratios are reported as fraction modern (Fm, equivalent to F14C as defined by Reimer et al. (2004)) relative to 95% of the 14C activity of NBS Oxalic Acid II in 1950 (δ13COC = -17.8‰) and normalized to δ13COC = -25‰ of VPDB.\n\nThis geochemical dataset is supported by hydrologic measurements of daily water discharge at the El Colorado gauging station (river km 1086, SNIH, https://snih.hidricosargentina.gob.ar/) collected between 2016 and 2018.
    Keywords: biogeochemistry; Bucket, plastic; Calculated; Carbon, organic, total; Carbon, organic/Nitrogen, total ratio; DATE/TIME; Element analyser (EA); Element analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS); Element analyzer coupled to an accelerator mass spectrometer (EA-AMS); Event label; Fraction modern carbon; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; meandering river; Median, grain size; Nitrogen, total; Nitrogen, total/Carbon, organic ratio; organic carbon (OC); Particle size analyser (Retsch/Horiba LA-950V2); PLV_01042016; PLV_01062016; PLV_01062017; PLV_01122017; PLV_02012018; PLV_02092016; PLV_02122016; PLV_04052017; PLV_06012017; PLV_06052016; PLV_06072016; PLV_06082016; PLV_07022018; PLV_07042017; PLV_07102016; PLV_08042016; PLV_08052017; PLV_08122016; PLV_09062017; PLV_09082017; PLV_09112017; PLV_10062016; PLV_11122017; PLV_12012018; PLV_12042016; PLV_12062017; PLV_12072016; PLV_12072017; PLV_12082016; PLV_13012017; PLV_14042017; PLV_14052016; PLV_16022018; PLV_16092016; PLV_16122016; PLV_17062016; PLV_18012017; PLV_18032016; PLV_19012018; PLV_19052017; PLV_19082016; PLV_20052016; PLV_20122017; PLV_21022018; PLV_21042017; PLV_22042016; PLV_22072016; PLV_23122016; PLV_24012018; PLV_24032016; PLV_24032017; PLV_24062016; PLV_24102016; PLV_24112016; PLV_26072017; PLV_26082016; PLV_27012017; PLV_27052016; PLV_27062016; PLV_28042017; PLV_28062017; PLV_28122017; PLV_29042016; PLV_29072016; PLV_29092017; PLV_30032017; PLV_30122016; PLV_31012018; PLV_31082017; Puerto lavalle; River discharge, daily; river sediment; Sample comment; Sample ID; Sampling date; Season; StRATEGy; StRATEGy international research training group; WB; δ13C, organic carbon
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 696 data points
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: These data were collected from the Río Bermejo in northern Argentina. To determine the seasonal variability in the particulate organic carbon composition of exported river sediment, we collected weekly suspended sediment samples (March 2016 to March 2018) at the Puente Lavalle (PLV) monitoring site, ~870 river km downstream of the mountain front (-25.655°S, -60.130°W). Surface water samples were collected from a bridge using a river-rinsed bucket and were filtered through a 0.22 µm polyethersulfone membrane. Samples were stored on site at ambient temperatures for up to one year, transferred to Germany and subsequently stored at ~4°C until processing. To document distinct sources of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the Río Bermejo, we collected 15 soil and 13 leaf litter samples from the local floodplain, and 10 bedrock (predominantly outcroppings of fine-grained sedimentary bedrock) and 2 soil samples from the Río Bermejo headwaters. Suspended sediment was rinsed from filters into pre-combusted glass evaporating dishes using ultra-pure (18.2 M) water, oven-dried at 40°C for 〉48 hr, and homogenized in an agate mortar without crushing. Leaf litter and soil were oven-dried at 40°C for 〉48 hours. We shredded leaf litter in an industrial blender, homogenized soil samples in an agate mortar and manually removed root and plant debris 〉1 cm, and pulverized bedrock samples to 〈63 µm. Geochemical and grain size analyses required 0.8 g sediment; for samples 〈0.8 g, we combined consecutive weekly samples to create a new bulk sample of 〉0.8 g (Table S1). We split sediment samples into aliquots for grain size analysis via laser diffraction and geochemical analyses. Sediment particle size distributions were measured on ~0.2 g aliquots using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (Retsch/Horiba LA-950V2). Aliquots for geochemical analyses were ground to 〈63 µm. The homogenized suspended sediment, bedrock, soil and leaf litter aliquots were further split for total nitrogen measurement (TN, wt%) and organic carbon analyses including total organic carbon (TOC, wt%), stable carbon isotope composition (δ13COC), and radiocarbon fraction modern (Fm). We decarbonated the aliquots for POC measurements using a liquid HCl leach following Galy et al. (2007, doi:10.1111/j.1751-908X.2007.00864.x)). TOC and TN measurements were split between facilities at the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Durham University, and University of Nevada Reno (UNR) using an elemental analyzer (EA). δ13COC was measured with a coupled EA-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). All isotopic compositions are reported using standard delta (δ) notation in per mil (‰) relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB). Calibration and accuracy were monitored through analyses of in-house standards (Glutamic Acid, 40.82% C, 9.52% N at Durham; Boden3, HEKATECH at GFZ), which were calibrated against international standards (e.g., USGS 40, USGS 24, IAEA 600, IAEA CH3, IAEA CH7, IAEA N1, IAEA N2). Radiocarbon content was measured for a subset of 29 samples at ETH Zürich using a combined EA and accelerator mass spectrometer (EA-AMS) (Ruff et al. (2010, doi:10.1017/S003382220005637X); McIntyre et al. (2017, doi:10.1017/RDC.2016.68)). All 14C /12C ratios are reported as fraction modern (Fm, equivalent to F14C as defined by Reimer et al. (2004)) relative to 95% of the 14C activity of NBS Oxalic Acid II in 1950 (δ13COC = -17.8‰) and normalized to δ13COC = -25‰ of VPDB. This geochemical dataset is supported by hydrologic measurements of daily water discharge at the El Colorado gauging station (river km 1086, SNIH, https://snih.hidricosargentina.gob.ar/) collected between 2016 and 2018.
    Keywords: biogeochemistry; meandering river; organic carbon (OC); river sediment; StRATEGy; StRATEGy international research training group
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-7037
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-9533
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-11-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication contains the data sets of a study aiming to reconstruct environmental conditions during the Holocene in the upper part of the Kali Gandaki valley, Nepal. The data are for samples taken from paleosol sections in the Upper Mustang region (Menges et al. 2019). On these samples we measured the grain size distribution to gain information about the depositional processes, pollen data to reconstruct past vegetation, 14C isotopes in the humin fraction of organic matter for soil formation ages, and hydrogen isotopic composition on n-alkanes to reconstruct past hydrological conditions. This is complemented with optically stimulated luminescence data for additional depositional age information, surface water samples and modern soil samples to constrain modern hydrological conditions, and sediment concentration data to gain insights into erosion processes. The data was generated between 2013-02 and 2018-12. The data files are provided in Excel and tab-delimited text versions.
    Keywords: degradation ; paleosols ; climate ; Nepal ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 IRMS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 ISOTOPES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 HABITAT CONVERSION/FRAGMENTATION 〉 DESERTIFICATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 DEGRADATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS 〉 DROUGHT/PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 PALEOCLIMATE 〉 LAND RECORDS 〉 PALEOSOLS
    Type: Dataset
    Format: 2 Files
    Format: application/octet-stream
    Format: application/octet-stream
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset was collected during field-based monitoring in the Kali Gandaki River catchment be-tween the years 2013 and 2017. The monitoring aims to understand the hydrological fluxes and feedback with weathering and erosion processes across the mountain range. The Kali Gandaki River sources its water in the North and traverses through the Himalayan Mountain Range, along a north-south transect. The field-based monitoring comprises targeted field campaigns to revisit locations at different years and seasons in order to constrain the annual and intra-annual variability. This is complemented by permanent installations and routine river and rain sampling at two loca-tions, Lete and Purtighat. Lete is situated at the orographic barrier, at ~2500 m asl. and the up-stream catchment integrates the northern part of the Himalayan Range as well as some of the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Purtighat is located further south and integrates the north-ern part as well as south-facing flanks of the Higher and Lower Himalayas. At both locations, auto-mated river monitoring is installed as well as a trained station ward for daily routine sampling. At Lete, rainfall samples are obtained on a daily resolution during the monsoon. This sampling was not feasible at Purtighat for logistic reasons. Instead, rain was sampled daily in Kathmandu. This dataset contains five tables of stable water isotope analysis. One containing grab samples from the Kali Gandaki river in its vicinities and 4 tables with time series sampling from the Kali Gandaki River and from rainfall.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Grab sampling: Grab samples were obtained from all hydrological compartments (spring, river, tributary, snow, ice, and rain) in the Kali Gandaki catchment and its surroundings. The samples were taken during repeated field campaigns covering all seasons during the years 2013 to 2016. Samples were filtered in the field and stored 30ml Nalgene bottles. Snow and ice samples were melted at ambient temperatures before filtering and storing. Stable water isotope time series of rainfall: Samples were collected by a local, trained station ward, during rainfall periods 2016 and 2017. Samples were recuperated always between 8 and 9 o’clock local time (GMT+5:45) if sufficient rainwater was accumulated. At both locations Lete and Kathmandu we used Palmex Rain Sampler RS1 (Gröning et al., 2012). The following isotope ratios, expressed as δ values with VSMOW as a standard, were measured: δ18O and δ2H. Stable water isotope time series of river water: Samples were collected by a local, trained station ward, between the 10th of June 2015 and October 2018 daily during the monsoon (June to Septem-ber) and bi-weekly (October to May) during the dry season. Sampling time was always between 8 and 9 o’clock local time (GMT+5:45). Samples were typically analyzed for stable water isotopic com-position with weekly resolution. The following isotope ratios, expressed as δ values with VSMOW as a standard, were measured: δ18O and δ2H. River time series samples in Purtighat were first obtained at Mirmi Hydropower Intake, upstream of the confluence with Andhi Khola from a suspension bridge in the middle of the river. The sampling location was later moved upstream to Purthighat village, roughly 10km upstream with no major tributary in between.
    Keywords: rainfall isotopes ; Precipitation ; Nepal ; Himalayas ; perturbations ; Kali Gandaki River ; time series ; groundwater ; monsoon ; pre-monsoon ; river isotopes ; climate 〉 climate type 〉 continental climate 〉 mountain climate ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 ATMOSPHERE 〉 PRECIPITATION 〉 RAIN ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 PALEOCLIMATE INDICATORS 〉 OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS 〉 STREAM ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY 〉 STABLE ISOTOPES ; hydrosphere 〉 hydrologic cycle 〉 hydrologic balance 〉 runoff 〉 drainage 〉 drainage system 〉 natural drainage system ; hydrosphere 〉 water body 〉 aquifer ; land 〉 natural area 〉 terrestrial area 〉 mountainous area 〉 mountain 〉 high mountain ; land 〉 world 〉 Asia 〉 Southern Asia ; science 〉 natural science 〉 water science 〉 hydrology
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-05-09
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data publication contains a high resolution molecular dataset of a study aiming to trace variations in organic carbon sourcing along the Kali Gandaki River in Central Nepal. The data are on samples from different materials in the landscape (litter, soil, bedrock) and river sediments. On these samples we measured the extractable lipid fraction by measured by negative electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS). The data was generated between 2015-05 and 2017-12. Please consult the associated data description and Menges et al. (2020) for more details.
    Keywords: organic carbon ; lipids ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 EROSION/SEDIMENTATION 〉 SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 GEOMORPHOLOGY 〉 FLUVIAL LANDFORMS/PROCESSES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Spectrometers/Radiometers 〉 MASS SPECTROMETERS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: Tracing pathways and transformations of particulate organic carbon from landscape sources to oceanic sinks is commonly done using the isotopic composition or biomarker content of particulate organic matter (POM). However, similarity of source characteristics and complex mixing in rivers often preclude a robust deconvolution of individual contributions. Moreover, these approaches are limited in detecting organic matter transformations. This impedes understanding of carbon cycling. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS) can simultaneously identify many molecular formulas from mixtures of organic matter, and provide direct information on its compositional variability. Here, we investigate how FT‐ICR‐MS can give insight into POM dynamics on a landscape scale, focusing on the trans‐Himalayan Kali Gandaki River, Nepal. Using molecular information, we identify source tracers in the solvent extractable lipid fraction of riverine POM, finding up to 102 indicative molecular formulas for individual sources. Further, we assess molecular transformations of the lipid fraction of POM during its transfer from litter into topsoil, and onwards into the river. A large number of shared mass formulas and a well‐preserved isoprenoidal patterns suggest efficient incorporation of litter into topsoil. In contrast, we observe a selective loss of mass formulas and a preferential export of formulas with low double bond equivalents and a low nominal oxidation state of carbon after organic matter entrainment in the river. Our results demonstrate the potential of FT‐ICR‐MS for source‐to‐sink studies, allowing detailed organic matter source characterization and discrimination, and tracking of molecular transformations along organic matter pathways spanning different spatial and temporal scales.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The transfer of organic matter (OM) by rivers from landscape sources into the ocean followed by its burial in marine sediments is an important carbon sink. Therefore, OM is often traced along this journey using its isotopic or biomarker composition. But contributions of OM sources to river sediments can be difficult to estimate because of similar source characteristics, mixing of many sources and changes of the molecular composition along the way. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS) is a novel method able to identify many molecular formulas from OM mixtures at once providing direct information about their molecular composition. Here, we investigate how FT‐ICR‐MS contributes to understanding the transport and transformation of particulate OM focusing on a Himalayan river in Nepal. We use the molecular information to identify tracers for individual OM sources in the landscape. We then assess molecular transformations during the transfer of litter into topsoil, and onwards into the river. Our data suggest efficient incorporation of litter into topsoil, but we observe a selective loss of molecular formulas upon entrainment of sources into the river. Our results reveal that FT‐ICR‐MS is useful for detailed source characterization and tracking of molecular transformations along OM pathways.
    Description: Key Points: Organic matter sourcing and transformations in a Himalayan river studied by FT‐ICR‐MS measurements of solvent extractable lipids. Identification of up to 102 indicator mass formulas for different organic matter sources in the landscape using indicator species analysis. Mass formulas preserved during incorporation of litter into topsoil but selectively lost during entrainment of sources into the river.
    Description: Helmholtz Impuls und Vernetzungsfond
    Description: GFZ expedition funding
    Description: http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.6.2022.002
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; particulate organic carbon ; solvent extractable lipids ; FT‐ICR‐MS ; Himalaya ; carbon cycling ; indicator species analysis
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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