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  • General Chemistry  (11,044)
  • SPACE VEHICLES  (5,149)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (4,968)
  • BIOSCIENCES  (4,888)
  • Chemical Engineering  (3,242)
  • 1970-1974  (13,475)
  • 1965-1969  (15,816)
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Keywords
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Year
  • 101
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology; 11; Sept
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  • 102
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparison of lidar and in situ measurements of stratospheric aerosol profiles obtained by backscattered ruby laser light and by direct in situ sampling over Laramie, Wyoming, on two nights in mid-September 1972. The lidar backscattering and the particle number density profiles correlated well. Based on these initial comparative experiments, the ground-based lidar coupled with temperature soundings appears to be a possible method for determining the relative aerosol profile under given stratospheric loading conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 103
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: As part of the operational biomedical monitoring for Apollo manned missions, ECG and respiration rate are telemetered at selected intervals to mission control. The data were collected as part of this monitoring program. These data were evaluated for circadian and ultradian rhythmicity because of their uniqueness. The ability to detect and quantitate biorhythms in living systems during space flight is an important aspect of evaluating hypotheses concerning the underlying mechanisms of these phenomena. Circadian variation in heart rate during space flight is demonstrated here. In analyzing generated time series data it has been found that period discrimination is much better than the theoretical limit.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 104
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The plasma hydrocortisone, plasma ACTH, and urinary hydrocortisone values were recorded for each man of the crews of Apollo flights eight through fifteen, 30, 14, and 5 days before flight, immediately after spaceflight recovery, and on future days until the return of most variables to preflight values. The plasma and urinary preflight hydrocortisone values were significantly higher than the postflight values. This result is discussed in terms of three possible explanations: (1) the adrenal-cortical function is suppressed during spaceflight; (2) the activity in flight may amount to stressful exercise, which tests have shown can cause a decrease in plasma adrenocortical hormones; and (3) the in-flight work-rest cycles may be such as to affect the circadian periodicity of the pituitary-adrenal function.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 105
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the results of a Mars surface-to-orbit launch vehicle study using an upgraded atmospheric density profile and an ascent trajectory optimization program. Orbit insertion was achieved with velocity losses less than those found in an earlier study. Values of thrust-to-mass ratio which minimize velocity losses for dual-burn vehicles were found to be significantly greater than the values of thrust-to-launch-mass ratio for the minimum-velocity-loss continuous-burn vehicle. The use of a two-stage solid-propellant vehicle employing a spin-stabilized second stage offers an attractive design option for a Mars surface-to-orbit launch vehicle.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; June 197
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  • 106
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique is described for use in the fabrication of glancing incidence telescopes which operate at large grazing angles (i.e., 8 to 15 degrees). Precision conic section plunge laps are used in a controlled grinding procedure to initially generate imaging surfaces which have a minimum of subsurface damage. A numerically controlled Moore Number 3 Measuring Machine is used throughout the fabrication procedure. Surface geometry accuracies on the order of one-tenth micron have been achieved.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 13; Mar
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  • 107
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Canadian Journal of Botany; 52; 3, 19; 1974
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  • 108
    Publication Date: 2012-05-22
    Description: The development of flight test instrumentation systems based on specific requirements for the flight tests is discussed. The factors which influence the instrumentation system design are described. The use of a measurements list as a device for determining flight test requirements is explained. A block diagram of a typical flight test instrumentation system is provided. The effects of factors such as cost, schedule, personnel, accuracy, environmental qualifications, and reliability are analyzed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AGARD AGARD Flight Test Instrumentation Ser., Vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 109
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple method for detecting bacteria, based on the time of hydrogen evolution, was developed and tested against various members of the Enterobacteriaceae group. The test system consisted of (1) two electrodes, platinum and a reference electrode, (2) a buffer amplifier, and (3) a strip-chart recorder. Hydrogen evolution was measured by an increase in voltage in the negative (cathodic) direction. A linear relationship was established between inoculum size and the time hydrogen was detected (lag period). Lag times ranged from 1 h for 1 million cells/ml to 7 h for 1 cell/ml. For each 10-fold decrease in inoculum, length of the lag period increased 60 to 70 min. Based on the linear relationship between inoculum and lag period, these results indicate the potential application of the hydrogen-sensing method for rapidly detecting coliforms and other gas-producing microorganisms in a variety of clinical, food, and other samples.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Microbiology; 27; May 1974
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  • 110
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility of performing Raman and laser velocimeter measurements simultaneously is demonstrated, and it is shown that the background radiation associated with the Mie scattering and large particulate concentrations does not saturate or distort the relatively weak rotational Raman signals. Under stringent conditions of low static gas densities and large particulate concentrations, Raman density and temperature measurements agree to within plus or minus 5% of the calculated values.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Oct. 197
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  • 111
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present work describes a scheme for a noise suppression system to be used with an afocal coherent optical data processor. The noise averaging scheme is based on the simple principle of moving input and output film planes together during exposure; the noise pattern remains stationary while the desired (filtered) image moves through it. The noise suppression system consists of a drive motor, right-angle gear box, reversing gear assemblage, right-angle gear drive, and micrometer adjusting translation tables. The device was tested by using a Sayce target containing fundamental spatial frequencies from 5 lines/mm to 100 lines/mm as the input signal. The output was photographed on Pan-X 35-mm film with and without the noise suppression system in operation. Microdensitometer scans of the exposed output film show that without noise averaging, resolution is good to about 80 lines/mm, while with noise averaging, it is good to about 35 lines/mm. A brief analysis of errors in the mechanical parts of the system reponsible for the upper limit of resolution is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 112
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An X-band radar capable of continuously variable transmitted pulse durations down to 1 nsec is being flown to investigate the interaction of radar altimeter signals with the sea surface. There is good agreement between the observed radar altimeter leading edge rise time for a 1-nsec transmitted pulse and the rise time predicted from the radar parameters and the sea state determined by a laser profilometer. Using a threshold tracker on 29-pulse averages for a transmitted pulse of 24 nsec, it was found that the range noise varied linearly with the power level of the threshold over a considerable range. The altimeter range quantization was 9.35 cm, and a minimum range noise of 3.9 cm was obtained. A comparison of pulse-to-pulse correlation observed in the radar data with that predicted by a Monte Carlo simulation is used to obtain a measure of sea surface scatterer motion.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Radio Science; 9; Aug
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  • 113
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experimental study of the auditory and visual averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) recorded during hyperoxia, and investigation of the effect of hyperoxia on the so-called contingent negative variation (CNV). No effect of hyperoxia was found on the auditory AEP, the visual AEP, or the CNV. Comparisons with previous studies are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology; 37; Oct. 197
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  • 114
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 115
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The results of 3 years of research are presented concerning the increase in length and weight of the aerial biomass as compared with the underground biomass, as well as the productivity indexes of Bezostaia 1 winter wheat. The experiment involved two varieties, each of them with nine repetitions. Sterile sifted sand treated several times with a Knop solution during the vegetative period was used as a seed bed. The seeds were kept in water for 2 hours before treatment. Biometric and statistical measurements showed significant responses in the treated varieties.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: the 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 2, B (NASA-TT-F-15663); p 244-249
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  • 116
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Irradiation of Aurora 100 tomatoes by a hydrodynamic ultrasonic generator with a frequency of 25 kHz per sec intensifies seed germination and the growth of the plants, causing precosity and increasing the output by 15.63 to 37.65%. The most effective radiation time (between 20 and 40 min) intensifies the phenophases. It causes some increase in output and changes in the chemical compositions of the fruits.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 2, B (NASA-TT-F-15663); p 238-242
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  • 117
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The device described consists of two distinct parts: (1) The sound pickup system consisting of the wide-frequency band condenser microphone which contains in the same assembly the frequency-modulated oscillator and the output stage. Being transistorized and small, this system can be easily moved, so that sounds can be picked up even in places that are difficult to reach with larger devices. (2) The receiving and recording part is separate and can be at a great distance from the sound pickup system. This part contains a 72 MHz input stage, a frequency changer that gives an intermediate frequency of 30 MHz and a multichannel analyzer coupled to an oscilloscope and a recorder.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics Vol. 2, B (NASA-TT-F-15663); p 67-70
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  • 118
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The characteristics of an ultrasonic generator with magnetostrictive amplifiers are described. The generator was designed to supply an output power of about 400 watts at a consumption of about 1 kilowatt. The generator produces sound waves in the frequency range of 18 to 30 KHz. The circuit design is described and examples of the construction are illustrated. The generator is used to study different industrial processes such as the effect of ultrasonic radiation of the emulsification of liquids, the dispersion of solids, and ultrasonic filtration.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics Vol. 2, B (NASA-TT-F-15663); p 40-52
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  • 119
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: British Heart Journal; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 120
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; May 1974
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  • 121
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A commercial quadrupole mass spectrometer (residual gas analyzer, RGA) system has been modified to operate at large separations of its electronics console and sensing head. The methods implemented have made practical applications, as well as operation, of such a system possible for the first time. This advance was stimulated by a need for placing sensors at remote (45 or 60 m) chamber locations for space simulation testing of orbital flight spacecraft. Emphasis is placed on instrument functional requirements and describing the hardware changes and adjustment techniques necessary to assure operation at the extended cable lengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 28; Mar
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  • 122
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; May 1974
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  • 123
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A laser has been combined with a mass spectrometer in a new configuration developed for studies of high-temperature materials. A vacuum-lock, solid-sample inlet is mounted at one end of a cylindrical, high-vacuum chamber one meter in length with a nude ion-source, time-of-flight mass spectrometer at the opposite end. The samples are positioned along the axis of the chamber at distances up to one meter from the ion source, and their surfaces are vaporized by a pulsed laser beam entering via windows on one side of the chamber. The instrumentation along with its capabilities is described, and results from laser-induced vaporization of several graphites are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics; 13; 1974
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  • 124
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic objectives of the ERTS-1 mission are defined as follows: (1) to determine what data can be acquired from an orbiting satellite on the natural and cultural resources and on the environment; and (2) to develop and demonstrate the combination of data-acquisition procedures and interpretative techniques which can make this new knowledge available for use in the many facets of man's life. A general description of the satellite's observatory system and its sensors is given, including the thermal control subsystem, the power subsystem, the attitude control subsystem, the orbit adjust subsystem, the telemetry and tracking systems, the communications and data handling subsystem, the return beam vidicon subsystem, the multispectral scanner subsystem, the two wideband video tape recorders, and the data collection subsystem.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences; 17; Mar
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  • 125
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Biological Chemistry; 249; Jan. 10
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  • 126
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A two-channel spectrometer was calibrated in the wavelength region 1200-3400 A and flown on an Aerobee rocket to observe the stars alpha Lyr, eta UMa, and zeta Oph. Standard tungsten lamps provided the absolute calibration down to 2250 A, and a photodiode calibrated by the National Bureau of Standards was the reference at shorter wavelengths. The molecular branching-ratio technique of relative calibration using the gases CO, NO, and N2 was a check on the absolute calibration. The flux from eta UMa agrees with the prediction of a hydrogen line blanketed model atmosphere within 10% between 1700 and 3400 A and within 4% over most of this wavelength region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 30; 1, Ja; Jan. 197
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  • 127
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High-transmission, low-pass scatter filters for blocking at wavelengths from 3.5 to 50 microns and single-layer antireflection coatings for optical materials used in the 25- to 300-micron region of the spectrum are described. The application of both techniques to liquid-He-cooled filters permits the construction of efficient low-pass and medium-width bandpass filters for use throughout the far infrared.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Feb. 197
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  • 128
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Details of powered flight are considered, giving attention to the lift-off, engine thrust, and separation from the S-1VB stage. The rendezvous checklist was performed on time and exactly prior to the first phasing maneuver. The Command Service Module was finally maneuvered to a position for hard docking. Attention is given to aspects of extravehicular activity during the mission and delays experienced in the separation procedure.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
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  • 129
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: On Dec. 4, 1973, after 21 months in flight, Pioneer 10 passed by Jupiter at a distance within 130,000 km of its cloud tops. During the month before and after, instrumentation on the spacecraft made a number of scientific measurements of the Jupiter environment, thus completing one of three scientific objectives of the mission. Previously, Pioneer 10 had explored the asteroid belt and had completed the second scientific objective by determining that the belt did not present a hazard to spacecraft passing through it. The third objective, the exploration of interplanetary phenomena, started with the launch of Pioneer 10 and will not be completed until 1977 when the spacecraft nears the orbit of Uranus and the signal from the spacecraft becomes too weak to be heard at ground receivers.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Science; 183; Jan. 25
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  • 130
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-22
    Description: The use of transducers in the measuring channels of flight test instrumentation systems is discussed. Emphasis is placed on transducers with an electrical output. The physical effects used for producing the electrical outputs are defined. Diagrams of the various types of transducers are included to show the operating principles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AGARD AGARD Flight Test Instrumentation Ser., Vol. 1; 14 p
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  • 131
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Various methods presently used for the dissemination of time at several levels of precision are described along with future projects in the field. Different aspects of time coordination are reviewed and a list of future laboratories participating in a National Time Scale will be presented. A Brazilian Atomic Time Scale will be obtained from as many of these laboratories as possible. The problem of intercomparison between the Brazilian National Time Scale and the International one will be presented and probable solutions will be discussed. Needs related to the TV Line-10 method will be explained and comments will be made on the legal aspects of time dissemination throughout the country.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 99-107
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  • 132
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The methods of synchronizing precision clocks will be reviewed placing particular attention to the simpler techniques, their accuracies, and the approximate cost of equipment. The more exotic methods of synchronization are discussed in lesser detail. The synchronization techniques that will be covered will include satellite dissemination, communication and navigation transmissions via VLF, LF, HF, UHF and microwave as well as commercial and armed forces television. Portable clock trips will also be discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 29-37
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  • 133
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Between July 1973 and January 1974, three time transfer experiments using the Timation 2 satellite were conducted to measure time differences between the U.S. Naval Observatory and Australia. Statistical tests showed that the results are unaffected by the satellite's position with respect to the sunrise/sunset line or by its closest approach azimuth at the Australian station. Further tests revealed that forward predictions of time scale differences, based on the measurements, can be made with high confidence.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 513-531
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  • 134
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The basic time scales are presented: International Atomic Time, Universal Time, and Universal Time (Coordinated). These scales must be maintained in order to satisfy specific requirements. It is shown how they are obtained and made available at a very high level of precision.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 17-26
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  • 135
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A treatment is given of relativistic clock synchronization effects due to the rotation of the earth. Unlike other approaches, the point of view of an earth fixed coordinate system is used which offers insight to many problems. An attempt is made to give the reader an intuitive grasp of the subject as well as to provide formulae for his use. Specific applications to global timekeeping, navigation, VLBI, relativistic clock experiments, and satellite clock synchronization are discussed. The question of whether atomic clocks are ideal clocks is also treated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Its Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 395-424
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  • 136
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A review of range time synchronization methods are discussed as an important aspect of range operations. The overall capabilities of various missile ranges to determine precise time of day by synchronizing to available references and applying this time point to instrumentation for time interval measurements are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 91-97
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  • 137
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The relativistic conversion between coordinate time and atomic time is reformulated to allow simpler time calculations relating analysis in solar-system barycentric coordinates (using coordinate time) with earth-fixed observations (measuring earth-bound proper time or atomic time.) After an interpretation of terms, this simplified formulation, which has a rate accuracy of about 10 to the minus 15th power, is used to explain the conventions required in the synchronization of a world wide clock network and to analyze two synchronization techniques-portable clocks and radio interferometry. Finally, pertinent experiment tests of relativity are briefly discussed in terms of the reformulated time conversion.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 425-439
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  • 138
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The common time measurements as used by the U.S. Air Force Measurements and Standards Laboratory, Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center (AGMC), Newark Air Force Station, Ohio, are described. Electronic counter time interval measurements are emphasized since this is the most common time comparison measurement in use. The proper use and setting of controls will be covered along with helpful hints and common mistakes to be avoided. Applications of time measurements are described and some of these are timekeeping via Loran-C, TV Line-10, and WWV. Frequency determination using periodic time readings will also be discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 83-89
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  • 139
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Present applications of precise time and frequency (T/F) technology can be grouped as follows: (1) Communications systems which require T/F for time division multiplexing and for using spread spectrum techniques. (2) Navigation systems which need T/F for position fixing using a timed signal. (3) Scientific-Metrological applications which use T/F as the most precisely reproducible standard of measurement. (4) Astronomical-Space applications which cover a variety of the most demanding applications such as pulsar research, Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and laser/radar ranging. In particular, pulsar time-of-arrival measurements require submicrosecond precision over a period of one-half year referred to an extraterrestrial inertial system, and constitute the most stringent requirements for uniform timekeeping to date.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 1-15
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  • 140
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The particle measurement subsystem planned for the MJS 77 mission is described. Scientific objectives with respect to Saturn's rings are as follows: (1) measure particles outside the visible rings, including particulates orbiting in more distant rings and particles scattered out of visible rings, (2) measure meteoroid environment in vicinity of Saturn, and (3) develop an understanding of the dynamics of the rings with respect to their collisional interaction with the environment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 167-173
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  • 141
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: After a schematic representation of the IRIS experiment, objectives of the program are outlined. Specifically data cover: (1) determination of energy balance for Jupiter and Saturn, (2) determination of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor quantities, (3) three dimensional temperature fields, (4) hydrogen-helium ratios and isotopic ratios of H/C, C/N, and C/O.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 147-153
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  • 142
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Atmospheric properties of Saturn's rings as measured by an ultraviolet spectrometer onboard the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn probe are studied. Measurements were made of planetary atmospheric radiation, resonance scattered by atomic or molecular constituents, solar spectra, and the absorption characteristics of the atmosphere. Measurements were made in the 400 to 1600 A region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 145-146
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  • 143
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Attempts were made to determine the spatial distribution of materials and brightness temperature of Saturn's rings using observations made by the visual imaging system of the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn project.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 141-143
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  • 144
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observations of Saturn's rings by the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn photopolarimeter are studied. From these observations attempts were made to: (1) determine the size, shape, albedo, distribution, and orientation of particles in the rings, (2) measure geometric and optical thickness of the rings, and (3) determine the effect of Saturn's satellites on dynamics of ring particles. Special attention was given to stellar and solar occulation measurements, surface brightness photometry, and phase angle dependence of intensity and polarization.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 131-139
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  • 145
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The NASA Balloon-borne Ultraviolet Stellar Spectrometer (BUSS) which is carried to an altitude of 40 km by a 15 million cubic foot balloon for night-time observations of ultraviolet stellar spectra is discussed. The BUSS optical system, comprising an 0.40 m aperture Cassegrain telescope and an Ebert-Fastie spectrometer, points at various selected stars and focuses a portion of their spectra on the photocathode of an image dissector tube. The spectral region between 2,775 Angstroms and 2,825 Angstroms is sampled by the detector at 0.25 Angstroms increments using photon counting techniques. The pointing system for the payload uses a pair of orthogonal magnetometers which sense the earth's magnetic field for an aximuth reference, and a platform potentiometer for an elevation reference. This pointing system places the target star within the 3x1 degree field of view of an outer optical star tracker. The outer star tracker is then used to point the entire instrument to within one arc minute of the target star.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Telescope Systems for Balloon-Borne Res.; p 190-201
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  • 146
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A 40 centimeter diameter aperture, balloon-borne telescope and ultraviolet spectrometer is described and selected scientific results are briefly reviewed. The general configuration of the 0.4 angstrom resolution instrument is shown and the utilization of servo-controlled secondary mirror, image dissector detector, and special mirror coatings are discussed. An outlook for astronomical research in the mid-ultraviolet from balloon-borne telescopes is presented together with future development plans for JSC's balloon-borne payload.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Telescope Systems for Balloon-Borne Res.; p 107-119
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  • 147
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a cryogenically cooled filter radiometer for use with high altitude balloons is discussed. The radiometer has features which include the options for remote operation of two filter wheels each containing six filters at helium temperature and a cryogenic rotary chopper which may be run at 200 cycles per second or positioned open or closed, and a remotely operable chopped blackbody calibration source. The radiometer contains a ten inch diameter liquid nitrogen cooled Cassegrain telescope with nine individually filtered field stops in the focal plane. The telescope is mounted on a two-axis servo operated gimbal which is used to make sky scans under the control of an onboard programmer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Telescope Systems for Balloon-Borne Res.; p 91-106
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  • 148
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results are presented of far infrared photometric measurements of H2 regions in the galactic plane between longitudes 350 and 40 degrees. The results are combined from balloon flights in 1972 and 1973 carried out in cooperation with CNES in the south of France.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Telescope Systems for Balloon-Borne Res.; p 51-57
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  • 149
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of balloon vehicles to observe the solar corona with an infrared coronagraph is reviewed. The scientific results and the instruments employed are discussed. A parallel is drawn between the required functions of a coronagraph and of a far-infrared cold telescope.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Telescope Systems for Balloon-Borne Res.; p 1-6
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  • 150
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Electrophoresis has contributed significantly to the methodology of biological sciences, and shows the potential for large scale fractionation of a wide range of medically important substances, including living cells. Gravity plays an important role in the electrophoretic process, and hence the importance of the NASA effort to develop a zero-gravity separation facility as part of its shuttle program. The current state of art in electrophoresis is reviewed with particular emphasis on the role of gravity and the possible use of istachophoresis. This technique utilizes a discontinuous buffer system, and appears to be the only high resolution electrophoretic technique currently available for separation of living cells.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 729-253
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  • 151
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The use of sounding rockets for the conduct of, and verification of, processing experiments and techniques under conditions of weightlessness are summarized. The experimental payloads, project management, mission schedules are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 565-579
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  • 152
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Space processing facilities, including furnace systems, will, only vaguely resemble their laboratory and industry counterparts. Within the constraints imposed by the host vehicle, flight furnaces will be more versatile. They will provide a wider range of controlled heating, cooling and sample positioning to accommodate the requirements of experiment scientists, and will be more efficiently packaged. The development of these advanced furnace systems will be an essential element in the orderly evolution of space processing technology.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 581-593
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  • 153
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Discussed are the definitions of facilities which will serve the research needs of a large group of users. These facilities (payloads) are derived by several combinations of items from a large inventory of modular, reusable, research equipment which enables ready response to many flight opportunities. Workable concepts have been prepared and submitted to the Spacelab design activity. These designs permit the flying of either partial or dedicated payloads. The technical integrity of the modular approach to payload design/integration and the utility of commercial-equipment technology are also addressed in this paper.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 525-564
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  • 154
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The SERT D (Space Electric Rocket Test - D) study defines a possible spacecraft project that would demonstrate the use of electric ion thrusters for long-term (5 yr) station keeping and attitude control of a synchronous orbit satellite. Other mission objectives included in the study were: station walking to satellite rendezvous and inspection, use of low cost attitude sensing system, use of an advanced solar array orientation and slip ring system, and an ion thruster integrated directly with a solar array power source. The SERT D spacecraft, if launched, will become SERT 3 the third space electric thruster test.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71494
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  • 155
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new method of forming a visual image by ultrasound is described. A shadowgraphic transmission image similar to an X-ray radiograph is produced by the application of a technique known as Time Delay Spectrometry. The system uses a repetitive frequency sweep with a linear relationship between frequency and time and the transmitting and receiving crystal are scanned in raster fashion about the subject. By electronic processing, an image may be built up which represents the energy transmitted through the specimen with a given time delay. An intensity modulated picture encompassing the full shades-of-gray capability of the recording system can be produced. A second type of image showing transmission time through the specimen may also be formed. Brightness changes in the displayed image in this case correspond to changes in the ultrasonic transmission time through the specimen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology; 1; 2-B,; 1974
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  • 156
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Membrane page composers were made and were evaluated in a simulated holographic optical memory system. Calculated and experimentally determined electromechanical and optical characteristics of the circular membrane light valves used on the arrays are shown to be in close agreement. Several operating prototypes of 8 x 8 and 16 x 16 elements were produced. Measurements were made of switching time, optical contrast, and dynamic storage time of many cells on the devices. Digital patterns were stored in the arrays. The performance required of the page composer as a component of an optical memory system is considered. The fabrication techniques used can be easily extended to larger arrays.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: RCA Review; 35; Dec. 197
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  • 157
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne liquid-helium-cooled spectrometer was developed and flown to measure the cosmic background radiation in the 3- to 18-per-cm region. It features a cooled horn antenna, a polarizing Michelson interferometer, and a germanium bolometer. These design features and the performance of the instrument are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 158
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We report the first demonstration of holographic techniques in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region. Holograms were produced with coherent 1182-A radiation. The holograms were recorded in polymethyl methacrylate and examined with an electron microscope. A holographic grating with a fringe spacing of 386 A was produced and far-field Fraunhofer holograms of submicron particles were recorded.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 25; Oct. 15
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  • 159
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Apollo command module was the first manned spacecraft to be designed to enter the atmosphere of the earth at lunar-return velocity, and the design of the thermal protection subsystem for the resulting entry environment presented a major technological challenge. Brief descriptions of the Apollo command module thermal design requirements and thermal protection configuration, and some highlights of the ground and flight testing used for design verification of the system are presented. Some of the significant events that occurred and decisions that were made during the program concerning the thermal protection subsystem are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7564 , JSC-S-383
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  • 160
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Possible large space telescope geometries are studied to determine performance and the effects of misalignments. The results are displayed parametrically as a function of relative back focal distance (RBFD). As RBFD increases, a larger high resolution field is obtained, and misalignment effects become less severe.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7627 , M-222
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  • 161
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An examination of a number of measurements of turbidity reported in the literature reveals considerable variability in the definitions, units, and measurement techniques used. Many of these measurements differ radically in the optical quantity measured. The radiometric basis of each of the most common definitions of turbidity is examined. Several commercially available turbidimeters are described and their principles of operation are evaluated radiometrically. It is recommended that the term turbidity be restricted to measurements based upon the light scattered by the sample with that scattered by standard suspensions of known turbidity. It is also recommended that the measurement procedure be standardized by requiring the use of Formazin as the turbidity standardizing material and that the Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU) be adopted as the standard unit of turbidity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70641 , X-913-74-109
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  • 162
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation was made of sheathed thermocouples for turbine blade temperature measurements. Tests were performed on the Chromel-Alumel sheathed thermocouples with both two-wire and single-wire configurations. Sheath diameters ranged from 0.25 to 0.76 mm, and temperatures ranged from 1080 to 1250 K. Both steady-state and thermal cycling tests were performed for times up to 450 hr. Special-order and commercial-grade thermocouples were tested. The tests showed that special-order single-wire sheathed thermocouples can be obtained that are reliable and accurate with diameters as small as 0.25 mm. However, all samples of 0.25-mm-diameter sheathed commercial-grade two-wire and single-wire thermocouples that were tested showed unacceptable drift rates for long-duration engine testing programs. The drift rates were about 1 percent in 10 hr. A thermocouple drift test is recommended in addition to the normal acceptance tests in order to select reliable miniature sheathed thermocouples for turbine blade applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7671 , E-7838
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  • 163
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An evaluation is presented of the multiband photography concept that tonal differences between rock formations on aerial photography can be improved through the selection of the appropriate bands. The concept involves: (1) acquiring band reference data for the rocks being considered; (2) selecting the best combination of bands to discriminate the rocks using these reference data; (3) acquiring aerial photography using these selected bands; and (4) extracting the desired geologic information in an optimum manner. The test site geology and rock reflectance are discussed in detail. The evaluation found that the differences in contrast ratios are not statistically significant, and the spectral information in different bands is not advantageous.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-138226 , REPT-74-2
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  • 164
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analytical and experimental investigation has been made to provide a space shuttle orbiter wing design that met the guideline requirements of landing performance, stability, and hypersonic trim for a specified center-of-gravity envelope. The analytical study was facilitated by the use of the Optimal Design Integration system (ODIN) and the experimental part of the investigation was conducted in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel and the Langley continuous-flow hypersonic tunnel.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7478 , L-9099
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  • 165
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During the space power facility jettison tests, the non-domed half of the Centaur standard shroud was allowed to completely separate from its hinge connection and was caught in a horizontal catch net. A rigid body dynamic analysis that was performed to predict the half shroud prior to and after net contact is presented. Analytical predictions of the longitudinal and circumferential bending moments imposed on the half shroud by the catch net and the net pressure on the half shroud corrugated skin are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71537 , E-7943
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  • 166
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of hypervelocity impacts has been conducted in an exploding lithium-wire accelerator to examine with a far-field holographic system the removal of particulate contaminants from external spacecraft surfaces subjected to micrometeoroid bombardment. The impacting projectiles used to simulate the micrometeoroids were glass spheres nominally 37 microns in diameter, having velocities between 4 and 17 km/sec. The particulates were glass spheres nominally 25, 50, and 75 microns in diameter which were placed on aluminum targets. For these test, particulates detached had velocities that were log-normally distributed. The significance of the log-normal behavior of the ejected-particulate velocity distribution is that the geometric mean velocity and the geometric standard deviation are the only two parameters needed to model completely the process of particles removed or ejected from a spacecraft surface by a micrometeoroid impact.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7494 , L-9269
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  • 167
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The sequence of the command and service module milestone review process is given, and the Customer Acceptance Readiness Review and Flight Readiness Review plans are presented. Contents of the System Summary Acceptance Documents for the two formal spacecraft reviews are detailed, and supplemental data required for presentation to the review boards are listed. Typical forms, correspondence, supporting documentation, and minutes of a board meeting are included.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7599 , JSC-S-389
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  • 168
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental aerodynamic investigations were conducted in a 3.5-foot hypersonic wind tunnel. The model used for this test was a 0.010-scale of the Configuration 2 Space Shuttle Orbiter and the External Tank. Six-component aerodynamic force and moment data were recorded over an angle of attack range from -8 deg to +30 deg at 0 deg and 5 deg angles of sideslip. Data was also recorded during beta sweeps of -8 deg to +10 deg at angles of attack of -10 deg, 0 deg, and 30 deg. All testing was done at Mach 7.3. Various elevon, rudder and orbiter to external tank attaching structures and fairings were tested to determine longitudinal and lateral-directional stability characteristics. Non-metric exhaust plumes were installed during a portion of the testing to determine the effects of the main propulsion system rocket plumes.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134089 , DMS-DR-2102
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  • 169
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of transporting radioactive waste produced in the process of generating electricity in nuclear powerplants into space for ultimate disposal was investigated at the request of the AEC as a NASA in-house effort. The investigation is part of a broad AEC study of methods for long-term storage or disposal of radioactive waste. The results of the study indicate that transporting specific radioactive wastes, particularly the actinides with very long half-lives, into space using the space shuttle/tug as the launch system, appears feasible from the engineering and safety viewpoints. The space transportation costs for ejecting the actinides out of the solar system would represent less than a 5-percent increase in the average consumer's electric bill.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2912 , E-7676
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  • 170
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A literature search was made to obtain values of human forearm, hand and finger blood flow as functions of environmental temperature. The sources used include both government and laboratory reports and the research presented in the open literature. An attempt was made to review many of the more quantitative noninvasive determinations and to collate the results in such a way as to yield blood flow values for each body segment as continuous functions of temperature. A brief review of the various ways used to measure blood flow is included along with an abstract of each work from which data was taken.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62342
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  • 171
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two bedrest studies of 56 days each have been conducted to evaluate the effects of prolonged bedrest on circadian synchrony and endocrine and metabolic function. Measurements included the pituitary-adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, insulin-glucose-growth hormones, catecholamine excretion, body temperature, and heart rate. The results indicated that a rigorous regimen of exercise did not prevent the endocrine and metabolic effects of prolonged bedrest. Changes in circadian, endocrine, and metabolic functions in bedrest appear to be due to changes in hydrostatic pressure and lack of postural cues rather than to inactivity, confinement, or the bleeding schedule. Prolonged bedrest, particularly beyond 24 days, resulted in rhythm desynchronization in spite of well regulated light/dark cycles, temperature, humidity, activity, and meal times and meal composition and in increased lability of all endocrine parameter measured. It also resulted in an apparent insensitivity of the glucose response to insulin, of cortisol secretion to ACTH, and of growth hormone secretion to hypoglycemia.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3051 , A-5339
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  • 172
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sensitive tests for the detection of extracellular enzyme activity in Martian soil was investigated using simulated Martian soil. Enzyme action at solid-liquid water interfaces and at low humidity were studied, and a kinetic scheme was devised and tested based on the growth of microorganisms and the oxidation of ammonium nitrite.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-CR-138587
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  • 173
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N74-18505.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134554
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  • 174
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental aerodynamic investigations were conducted on a .0405 scale representation of the space shuttle orbiter in a 7.75 x 11 foot low speed wind tunnel during the time period March 21, to April 17, 1973. The primary test objectives were to investigate both the aerodynamic and propulsion effects of various air breathing engine systems in free air and in the presence of the ground. The free air portion of this test investigated the aerodynamic effects of engine nacelle number, nacelle grouping, and nacelle location. For this testing the model was sting mounted on a six component internal strain gage balance entering through the model base. The ground plane portion of the aerodynamic test investigated the same nacelle effects at ground plane locations of full scale W.P. = 239.9, 209.3, 158.9, 108.5, and 7.78 in. At the conclusion of the aerodynamic test period the propulsion effects of various nacelle locations and freestream orientations in the presence of the ground were investigated.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-128793 , DMS-DR-2038
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  • 175
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method is described for compression molding of thermosetting plastics composition. Heat is applied to the compressed load in a mold cavity and adjusted to hold molding temperature at the interface of the cavity surface and the compressed compound to produce a thermal front. This thermal front advances into the evacuated compound at mean right angles to the compression load and toward a thermal fence formed at the opposite surface of the compressed compound.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
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  • 176
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An article having a cavity with a thin bottom wall is provided by assembling a thin sheet, for example, a metal sheet, adjacent to the surface of a member having one or more apertures. A bonding adhesive is interposed between the thin sheet and the subadjacent member, and the thin sheet is subjected to a high fluid pressure. In order to prevent the differential pressure from being exerted against the thin sheet, the aperture is filled with a plug of solid material having a linear coefficient of thermal expansion higher than that of the member. When the assembly is subjected to pressure, the material is heated to a temperature such that its expansion exerts a pressure against the thin sheet thus reducing the differential pressure.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
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  • 177
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experiment was performed in conjunction with the Apollo 16 launch to define operational and instrumentational problems associated with launch-vehicle exhaust effluent monitoring. Ground and airborne sampling were performed for CO, CO2, hydrocarbons, and particulates. Sampling systems included filter pads and photometers for particulates and whole-air grab samples for gases. Launch debris was identified in the particulate samples at ground level(taken immediately after launch) and in the airborne measurements (taken 40 to 50 minutes after launch approximately 40 km downwind of the pad). Operational problems were identified and included the need for higher instrumentation mobility and the need for real-time sampling instrumentation as opposed to collection-type samples such as the whole-air grab sample.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2910 , L-9097
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  • 178
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Loss of mineral from bone during periods of immobilization, recumbency, or weightlessness is examined. This report describes the instrumentation, technique, and bone mineral changes observed preflight and postflight for the Apollo 14, 15, and 16 missions. The bone mineral changes documented during the Apollo Program are reviewed, and their relevance to future missions is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-58110 , JSC-08680
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  • 179
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New personal communications equipment was required for the Apollo Program recovery operations. Two new, small, personal radios were developed and used successfully in the Apollo recovery program.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7587 , JSC-S-385
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  • 180
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The upgraded spacecraft control section for the Small Astronomy Satellite is able to point its thrust axis to any direction in space; it can also spin or slow its outer body rotation to zero for star-locked pointing of side viewing experiments. A programmable telemetry system and delayed command system enhance the inherent capability of a spacecraft designed to be used for a variety of experiments, each of which can be built independently and attached just prior to final acceptance testing and launch. The design of this new spacecraft, whose first launch is scheduled for 1975, is provided in sufficient detail to permit the reader to ascertain its suitability for specific experiments. A summary of the spacecraft characteristics, project reliability requirements, and environmental test conditions are included in the appendices.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70569 , X-405-74-7
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  • 181
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An HEAO-A spacecraft is described which is scheduled for launch in April 1977 to survey the sky in the 0.15 keV to 10 MeV range of X-rays with improved sensitivity and angular resolution. The spectral and time variations of discrete sources, and the spectrum and isotropy of the diffuse component will be measured. A hard X-ray and low energy gamma ray experiment is described which will use as an array of seven (NaI)(Tl)/CsI(Na) phoswich detectors and eight large CsI(Na) shields. Detector events are pulse-height analyzed with a selectable time resolution of 0.1, 0.005, or 0.00002 sec. The instrument background is expected to be comprised of approximately equal parts of diffuse gamma rays entering the aperture, radioactive decay of spallation products, and gamma ray leakage through the shields. Detailed background predictions are presented, and sensitivity estimates indicate that the Crab nebula should be detected up to approximately 5 MeV. Approximate 1% isotropy limits for the diffuse component of cosmic gamma rays should be achieved, and its spectrum measured with improved precision.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 177-184
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  • 182
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer instrument to be utilized in the Viking 1975 Molecular Analysis experiment has undergone preliminary testing in its flight configured version. A synthetic mixture of 24 components as well as a sample of the Murchison meteorite has been used for this purpose. The resulting data not only allowed the identification of most of the organic compounds known to be present, but also revealed the identity of a few unexpected ones. Thus, the sensitivity and reliability of the instrument and data system are satisfactorily demonstrated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Origin of Life; 5; July-Oct
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  • 183
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Simultaneous end-expiratory pressures, referred to midthoracic level, in the superior and abdominal venae cavae, pericardial space, and right and left heart, were recorded without thoracotomy in three anesthetized dogs during sudden changes from supine to vertical head-up or head-down body positions. Intrathoracic and dependent great vein pressures referred to midchest level (sixth thoracic vertebra) decreased and showed simple hydrostatic gradients in either vertical position. However, a discontinuity in the large vein hydrostatic gradient occurred just distal to the superior margin of the thorax in either body position and was resumed again above this level. It is concluded that, just as the cerebrospinal fluid and intraperitoneal pressures minimize the effects of gravitational and inertial forces on the cerebral and visceral circulations, the pericardial and pleural pressures have a similar role for the heart proper.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 37; Aug. 197
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  • 184
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Computations of the reflectivity, transmissivity, and efficiency properties for TE, TM, and T45 deg waves of far-infrared beam splitters and of the polarizations induced at both reflection and transmission are described. Effects of variations in the state of polarization, orientation, pointing accuracy, and wavelength of the incident light, as well as variations in refractive index and thickness of the beam splitters, are discussed. These results apply directly to Fourier interferometer-spectrometers. They can be used for optimizing the performance of these instruments. They indicate, in particular, that some advantages may be gained by the use of incident polarized light (angle of polarization smaller than about 45 deg or negative elliptical polarization) or light of large incidence angle (larger than approximately 60 deg) or both.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Aug. 197
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  • 185
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Mice infected by intraperitoneal injection of Diplococcus pneumoniae were held at 1 atm in either hypoxic (12%), hyperoxic (75%), or a normal (21%) oxygen environment. Mortality rates indicated prolongation of survival in hypoxia and shortened survival in hyperoxia. Exposure of mice to the experimental gas mixtures prior to inoculation did not alter the results.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; July 197
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  • 186
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The radio-frequency interferometry method can be used to probe interiors of celestial bodies and terrestrial areas with low conductivity. In order to interpret the interference patterns, a theoretical study is made of the electromagnetic fields due to a dipole antenna on the surface of a horizontally stratified n-layered medium. Three approaches are used to calculate the interference patterns: direct numerical integration, asymptotic evaluation by the saddle point method, and a residue series approach. The asymptotic approach leads to the geometrical-optics interpretation. The residue approach leads to modal analysis. The validity of the formulation is checked by comparisons with analog model tank experiments and actual field data obtained from glaciers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 187
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the present experiment, rigid control over the sleep and wake-up times was employed in an attempt to contain the natural rhythm to a 24-hr cycle. Eight subjects were isolated from all time and social cues for 10 days. They were placed on a rigid schedule of sleep between 11 p.m. and 7 a.m. The results indicate that, for practical purposes, the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm can be contained to a 24-hr cycle by rigid control of the sleep portion of the cycle. When part of the control was released by allowing the subjects to sleep beyond 7 a.m., they slept an average of 67 min longer and showed sleep latencies which averaged 73 min. From these data it is concluded that control of the sleep portion of the sleep-wakefulness cycle, particularly control of the wake-up time, is sufficient to contain the free-running sleep-wakefulness rhythm to a 24-hr cycle.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; July 197
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  • 188
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Description of an optical design evolved as a result of such a unique set of experiment requirements as: high spatial and spectral resolution, the need to scan object space in both elevation and azimuth, and tight size and weight limitations dictated by typical spacecraft constraints. All of these requirements are shown to have been met in an optical system that has been built, tested, and flown under extremely tight schedule and cost constraints.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 13; July-Aug
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  • 189
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Test results and key principles are given for a radar altimeter designed for meteorological balloons. The instrument, which weighs 160 g and consumes 0.7 W, will fill a gap in meteorological sensing using balloons - an area where pressure altitude was formerly the prevailing reference. The instrument is basically a delay-lock radar utilizing a superregenerative RF stage. Long-term absolute accuracy of plus or minus 10 m and short-term stability of better than 2 m rms were measured at altitudes of 20 km.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE; vol. 62
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  • 190
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Heat flow from an embedded heated wire responds to a change in the ambient environment. The wire is part of a self-balancing bridge system, and heat flow is measured directly in watts. Steady-state and transient thermal coupling can be measured directly and is an indication of the thermal resistance and diffusivity for the system under study. The method is applied to an aerospace electroexplosive component.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; May 1974
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  • 191
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We report a whole-rock uranium method in which the polished sample and track detector are separated in a vacuum chamber. Irradiation with thermal neutrons induces uranium fission in the sample, and the detector records the integrated fission track density. Detection efficiency and geometric factors are calculated and compared with calibration experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 192
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the operation of future manned space vehicles, there will always be a finite probability that an accident will occur which results in uncontrolled tumbling of a craft. Hard docking by a manned rescue vehicle is not acceptable because of the hazardous environment to which rescue crewmen would be exposed and excessive maneuvering accelerations during docking operations. A movable-mass control concept, which is activated upon initiation of tumbling and is autonomous, can convert tumbling motion into simple spin. The complete equations of motion for an asymmetric rigid spacecraft containing a movable mass are presented, and appropriate control law and system parameters are selected to minimize kinetic energy, resulting in simple spin about the major principal axis. Simulations indicate that for a large space station experiencing a collision, which results in tumbling, a 1% movable mass is capable of stabilizing motion in 2 hr.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Apr. 197
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  • 193
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Multispectral Scanner (MSS) was launched on the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) on July 23, 1972. The MSS has two calibration systems, one internal and one external. Both calibration systems have shown strong, spectrally dependent performance degradation since launch. This paper presents details on the optical system of the MSS and data on the performance degradation as a function of both spectral interval and time in orbit. The history of the MSS during tests is traced, and it is shown that hydrocarbons from an external source may have been deposited on optical surfaces in the instrument. It is postulated that these contaminant coatings may have polymerized as a result of the exposure to UV light from the sun, increasing their blue absorbtion and accounting for the observed performance degradation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; May 1974
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  • 194
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A developed form of the Fresner zone-plate interferometer is described. Three basic configurations are distinguished, associated with the real and virtual first order foci of a zone plate. Related versions and higher order variants are also educed. Compensated phase zone plates used in this application are found to produce uniform amplitude wavefronts. The properties of the interferometer in this form are discussed and an example given of its high-quality performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; May 1974
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  • 195
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Apollo X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was a part of a geochemical package flown on the Apollo 15 and 16 missions. The device was to map the concentrations of aluminum, magnesium, and silicon in the lunar regolith along the spacecraft ground track. A functional description of the spectrometer is given and the telemetry data format is discussed together with the pulse height analyzer, the pulse shape discriminator, questions of in-flight calibration, and the flight results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 196
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Holographic storage experiments using crystal Sr(0.75)Ba(0.25)Nb2O6 (SBN 75/25) as a volume-phase holographic medium show that this material is the most sensitive crystalline storage medium yet discovered. An exposure level of 0.003 J/sq cm at 0.488 micron produces a 1% diffraction efficiency in a 5-mm length of crystal. In addition to high recording sensitivity, SBN 75/25 exhibits interesting electric-field induced effects that include electric-field enhanced recording sensitivity and voltage-switchable latent-to-active holographic reconstruction efficiency. These effects are explained in terms of drift and diffusion of photoionized carriers coupled with the nonlinear electrooptic behavior characteristic of this low Curie temperature ferroelectric crystal. A mechanism is proposed that correlates the observed electrically controlled holographic response with the dielectric behavior of the crystal. These interesting effects are used to implement a novel, layered optical memory having no moving parts and having electrical access for writing or reading selected layers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 197
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experiment to measure the charge composition and energy spectra of ultra low energy charged particles in interplanetary space has been developed and launched on the IMP 8 (Explorer 50) satellite on Oct. 26, 1973. The instrument consists of two separate sensors sharing common electronics. One of these sensors uses a thin window gas proportional counter to measure the rate of energy loss and a totally depleted silicon surface barrier detector to measure total energy of incoming particles. The energy range for two dimensional analysis extends from 300 KeV to 2.5 MeV for protons and 60 KeV/nucleon to 25 MeV/nucleon for iron with excellent resolution of individual chemical elements. The other sensor combines electrostatic deflection with total energy measurements in silicon surface barrier detectors to give the ionic charge and kinetic energy of the particle.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 198
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of an active, momentum-exchange system to be used for attitude stabilization of a class of cable-connected artificial-g space stations is studied. A system which employs a single movable control mass is examined for the control of a space station which has the physical appearance of two cylinders connected axially by cables. The dynamic model for the space station includes its aggregate rigid body rotation and relative torsional rotation between the bodies. A zero torsional stiffness design (one cable) and a maximum torsional stiffness design (eight cables) are examined in various stages of deployment, for selected spin velocities ranging from 4 rpm upwards. A linear, time-invariant, feed-back control system is employed, with gains calculated via a root-specification procedure. The movable mass controller provides critical wobble-damping capability for the crew quarters for all configurations and spin velocity.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; Mar. 197
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  • 199
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Mar. 197
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  • 200
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 45; Mar. 197
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