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  • 1
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    Bone mineral measurement: Experiment M078 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Gamma ray absorptiometric measurements on bone mineral content, in addition to calcium balance studies, were performed on male volunteers during bed rest periods of 24 to 36 weeks duration and compared to Skylab mission data. Results show that mineral losses occur from the bones of the lower extremities during missions of up to 84 days and that in general they follow the loss patterns of the bed rest situation. The level of loss observed in Spacelab crews are not of clinical concern.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 183-190
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  • 2
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    Mineral and nitrogen metabolic studies, experiment M071 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The similarity between bed rest test and space flight effects on human mineral and nitrogen metabolisms indicates impairment of capable musculoskeletal functions. A pattern of urinary calcium increases and total calcium shifts suggests that calcium losses continue with time. Significant losses of nitrogen and phosphorus are associated with reduction in muscle tissue. It is concluded that capable musculoskeletal function is likely to be impaired during space flights of 1 1/2 to 3 years duration.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 164-174
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  • 3
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    Nutritional studies (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Detailed metabolic studies were conducted of the Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 flight crews, and the results are presented in tabular form. Intake and absorption data are also included. Apollo nutrient intakes were found to be characteristically hypocaloric. Estimates of body composition changes from metabolic balance data, from preflight and postflight weights and volumes, and from total body water and potassium provide no evidence for diminished caloric requirements during a flight. As observed during the Gemini Program and during periods of bed rest, measurements of bone density and metabolic balance confirm a tendency toward loss of skeletal tissue in weightlessness. No evidence exists that any inflight metabolic anomaly, including hypokalemia, was induced by marginal or deficient nutrient intakes. In general, the Apollo crewmen were well nourished and exhibited normal gastroenterological functions, although appetite was somewhat diminished and the organoleptic response to food was somewhat modified during flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 277-302
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  • 4
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    Skeletal response (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect of weightlessness on bone mineral content during prolonged space flight was investigated. The mineral content changes which occurred during Apollo 14, 15, and 16 as measured by photon absorptiometry techniques are presented and compared. Bed rest served as an experimental model to assess the bone mineral changes, and to determine what remedial measures might be used to stem the tide of bone mineral loss. It is concluded that loss of mineral from bone due to the state of weightlessness is comparable to that observed in bed rest subjects.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 303-322
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  • 5
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    Apollo food technology (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Large improvements and advances in space food systems achieved during the Apollo food program are discussed. Modifications of the Apollo food system were directed primarily toward improving delivery of adequate nutrition to the astronaut. Individual food items and flight menus were modified as nutritional countermeasures to the effects of weightlessness. Unique food items were developed, including some that provided nutritional completeness, high acceptability, and ready-to-eat, shelf-stable convenience. Specialized food packages were also developed. The Apollo program experience clearly showed that future space food systems will require well-directed efforts to achieve the optimum potential of food systems in support of the physiological and psychological well-being of astronauts and crews.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 437-468
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  • 6
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    Mineral balance, experiment M071 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Concern for the long term metabolic consequences of weightless flight was the basis for the conception of the Skylab medical experiment to measure mineral balance. Proper interpretation of obtained data that diminished atmospheric pressure has no appreciable effect, or at least no protective effect, on calcium metabolism. The absence of changes in calcium metabolism indicates that a stable baseline observation has been made for Skylab as far as the effects of atmosphere or calcium metabolism are concerned.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 7
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    Skylab nutritional studies (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Precise nutritional specifications arising from both physiological and experimental requirements necessitated a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of the Skylab food supply. Each of the approximately seventy different food items was analyzed for digestible and non-digestible carbohydrate, and for protein, amino acids, fat, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Menus were formulated to provide at least the National Research Council's Recommended Dietary Allowance of all essential nutrients and, in addition, to provide constant daily intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and protein. In general, the crew members adhered to their programmed menus. The ability to swallow and digest food was unaffected by prolonged weightlessness. Taste acuity also appeared to be undiminished in flight. The bone and muscle changes which occurred in previous flights were more pronounced in Skylab. It is concluded that these changes did not develop as a result of nutritional deficit. If such changes are nutritionally related, they point to the existence of nutritional requirements in weightlessness which differ quantitatively from those observed on earth.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Life sciences and space research (ISSN 0075-9422); Volume 15; 193-7
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  • 8
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    Apollo 14 food system. (1971)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The program for improving foods for use during space flights consists of introducing new foods and food-handling techniques on each successive manned space flight. Because of this continuing improvement program, the Apollo 14 food system was the most advanced and sophisticated food system to be used in the U.S. space program. The food system used during the Apollo 14 mission and recent space-food-system advances are described and discussed in regard to their usefulness for future manned space flights.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 42; Nov. 197
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  • 9
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    Caloric balance during simulated and actual space flight (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The in-flight caloric intakes of all Apollo astronauts are examined and shown to average about 25 kcal per kg per day. Measurement of weight changes following recovery indicates that about 0.15 kg of fat was lost per man per day in-flight for an average deficit of about 19 kcal per kg per day. Measurement of the caloric intake of astronauts under ground-based conditions and during hypobaric exposure indicated a caloric requirement which was not significantly different from the in-flight requirement adjusted for weight loss. Partial metabolic balance data and measurements of bone loss and body volume revealed that protein and mineral losses also occurred to an extent which would reduce the size of estimated in-flight caloric deficits.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Nov. 197
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  • 10
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    Nutrition systems for pressure suits. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nutrition systems were successfully developed in the Apollo Program for astronauts wearing pressure suits during emergency decompression situations and during lunar surface explorations. These nutrition systems consisted of unique dispensers, water, flavored beverages, nutrient-fortified beverages, and intermediate moisture food bars. The emergency decompression system dispensed the nutrition from outside the pressure suit by interfacing with a suit helmet penetration port. The lunar exploration system utilized dispensers stowed within the interior layers of the pressure suit. These systems could be adapted for provision of nutrients in other situations requiring the use of pressure suits.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Aug. 197
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