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    Publication Date: 2017-11-27
    Print ISSN: 0722-4028
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0975
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of hypervelocity impacts has been conducted in an exploding lithium-wire accelerator to examine with a far-field holographic system the removal of particulate contaminants from external spacecraft surfaces subjected to micrometeoroid bombardment. The impacting projectiles used to simulate the micrometeoroids were glass spheres nominally 37 microns in diameter, having velocities between 4 and 17 km/sec. The particulates were glass spheres nominally 25, 50, and 75 microns in diameter which were placed on aluminum targets. For these test, particulates detached had velocities that were log-normally distributed. The significance of the log-normal behavior of the ejected-particulate velocity distribution is that the geometric mean velocity and the geometric standard deviation are the only two parameters needed to model completely the process of particles removed or ejected from a spacecraft surface by a micrometeoroid impact.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7494 , L-9269
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental data are presented which show that hypervelocity impact spallation and penetration failures of a single solid aluminum plate and of a solid aluminum plate spaced a distance behind a Whipple meteor bumper may be retarded by replacing the solid aluminum plate with a laminated plate. Four sets of experiments were conducted. The first set of experiments was conducted with projectile mass and velocity held constant and with polycarbonate cylinders impacted into single plates of different construction. The second set of experiments was done with single plates of various construction and aluminum spherical projectiles of similar mass but different velocities. These two experiments showed that a laminated plate of aluminum and polycarbonate or aluminum and methyl methacrylate could prevent spallation and penetration failures with a lower areal density than either an all-aluminum laminated plate or a solid aluminum plate. The aluminum laminated plate was in turn superior to the solid aluminum plate in resisting spallation and penetration failures. In addition, through an example of 6061-T6 aluminum and methyl methacrylate, it is shown that a laminated structure ballistically superior to its parent materials may be built. The last two sets of experiments were conducted using bumper-protected main walls of solid aluminum and of laminated aluminum and polycarbonate. Again, under hypervelocity impact conditions, the laminated main walls were superior to the solid aluminum main walls in retarding spallation and penetration failures.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-6989 , L-8444
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method is detailed to determine the density of particles wherein the closing velocity is known between the impacting particles and a plate of known material. Either the shock wave velocity or the material velocity produced in the plate upon impact by an unknown material particle is determined and compared with the corresponding shock wave or material velocity that would by produced by different known material particles having the same closing velocity upon impact with the plate. The unknown material particle density is derived by obtaining a coincidence of the shock wave velocity or material velocity conditions initially produced upon impact between the known material plate and one of the different material particles and from the fact that shock wave velocity and material velocity are ordered on the impacting particle material density alone.
    Keywords: SOLID-STATE PHYSICS
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) is being developed to accommodate experiments which require a free-flying exposure in space and which benefit from postflight laboratory analysis of the retrieved experiment hardware. The first LDEF mission, which is planned for a 6- to 12-month stay in space is scheduled in the late 1970s during the Shuttle Orbital Flight Test Program. The LDEF is a simple reusable structure which is three-axis gravity gradient stabilized when free flying in space. The experiments on the LDEF are totally self-contained in trays mounted to the structure. After the LDEF is either revisited or retrieved by the Shuttle, the trays with experiments will be returned to the experimenters for postflight inspection. Attention is given to the fabrication of a second LDEF for a long-term mission planned in 1979, aspects of LDEF orbit life time, the radiation environment, questions of solar exposure, the thermal environment, and the vacuum (atomic particle) environment.
    Keywords: LAUNCH VEHICLES AND SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: AAS 77-233 , Annual Meeting; Oct 18, 1977 - Oct 20, 1977; San Francisco, CA
    Format: text
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The long duration exposure facility (LDEF) is being developed by NASA to accommodate, using the Shuttle, a class of technology, science, and applications experiments which require a free-flying exposure in space. The LDEF offers an attractive approach to experiments which require long-term exposure in space. LDEF missions up to 10 years duration are possible and requested by researchers. Attention is given to the LDEF concept and the operations, plans for technology testing in space, and aspects of investigator participation.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 77-561 , Conference on Space Manufacturing Facilities; May 09, 1977 - May 12, 1977; Princeton, NJ; US
    Format: text
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The NASA Long-Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), designed for the in situ testing of optical instrumentation in the space environment is described. The LDEF is basically a reusable structure which is three-axis gravity-gradient stabilized when flying free in space. The structure weighs about 8,000 lbs. and accommodates experiment trays weighing about 10,000 lbs. A vacuum exposure control canister is being designed for controlled exposure experiments. The LDEF will have an experiment power and data system and a shuttle bay environmental measurements system is being designed for measuring parameters such as acoustics, vibration, acceleration. The induced environment contamination monitor will evaluate the contamination levels of shuttle payloads. Experiments currently under development include the evaluation of active optical components and the study of fiber optic data transmission.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Optics in adverse environments; Seminar; Aug 25, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; San Diego, CA
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reusable Long-Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), which can accommodate experiments requiring large exposure surface areas, large volumes and/or massive hardware, offers to researchers a new inexpensive opportunity to conduct extended technology and basic research testing in the space environment. Many researchers with interest varying from medical research to astrophysics research will have their experiments performed in the 80 large experiment trays on the first LDEF flight. This paper describes the LDEF and a number of experiments now being developed for the first mission. In particular, this paper illustrates the value of the LDEF features which allow the return of the experiment hardware and repeated flights.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 76-197 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Potential NASA missions utilizing large space systems are outlined. With reference to the Mobile Communications Satellite, four conceptual antenna configurations are described and compared. The Science and Applications Space Platform is described and the development of a power utilization package is examined. The package would be left on orbit and would provide a cost-effective means for collecting sunlight energy, storing it and providing power to Shuttle and payloads.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS PAPER 80-275 , Annual Meeting on Space Enhancing Technological Leadership; Oct 20, 1980 - Oct 23, 1980; Boston, MA; US
    Format: text
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