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  • IntechOpen  (3,032)
  • Taylor & Francis  (990)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Geophysical Union
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  • Wiley
  • 2020-2024  (4,205)
  • 1940-1944
  • 2023  (4,205)
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  • 2020-2024  (4,205)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
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    How sharp is the knife? Herbivore and carnivore sensitivity to resource stoichiometric quality (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: While understanding feeding preferences of herbivores and carnivores is of major importance in ecology, we still know very little on the sensitivity of different functional groups to suboptimal stoichiometric resource quality. Here, we apply concepts of ecological stoichiometry to shed light on differences in the nutritional requirements of herbivores and carnivores, and to make predictions on the influence of suboptimal resource stoichiometric quality on the fitness of these different consumers to. Herbivores generally experience more variation in the quality of their resource than carnivores do, and these differences have likely shaped the extent to which coping mechanisms have evolved. Consequently, we expect 1) herbivores to maintain their stoichiometric homeostasis over a broader range of resource stoichiometry than carnivores, 2) the threshold elemental ratio (TER), i.e. the dietary carbon to nutrient ratio which maximizes fitness, of herbivores to be higher than that of carnivores, 3) a narrower and sharper knife-edge response in carnivores than herbivores and 4) asymmetric knife-edge responses indicating a higher sensitivity to the diet quality that consumers are not used to dealing with, namely nutrient limitation in carnivores and nutrient excess in herbivores. Our study poses that documenting the ranges of resource quality where consumer fitness declines in diverse organisms is a very promising avenue to increase our understanding of community composition and food web functioning.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    A phase field model for fractures in ice shelves (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3PAMM, Wiley, 22(1), ISSN: 1617-7061
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Ice shelves are large floating ice masses, that are formed when glaciers are becoming afloat at the margin of ice sheets. One dominating mass loss mechanism of ice shelves is calving, describing the detachment of icebergs at the front. Ice shelves stabilize inland ice glaciers due to buttressing. If the stabilizing effect of an ice shelf vanishes because of disintegration or thinning, the corresponding glacier accelerates resulting in sea level rise.〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉To describe calving and disintegration of ice shelves, it is important to investigate fracture propagation in ice. A powerful method in fracture mechanics is the phase field method which is based on Griffith's theory. It approximates cracks in a diffuse manner by using a continuous scalar field. We propose a phase field fracture model for ice considering its characteristic material properties. The material behavior of ice depends on the considered time scales. On short time scales it behaves like a solid and while it acts like a fluid on long time scales, which classifies it as a viscoelastic material of Maxwell type. This has been verified by observations. The phase field method allows us to simulate typical fracture situations of ice shelves in Antarctica and Greenland.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    Microwave satellite remote sensing for a sustainable sea (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: he oceans cover roughly 2/3 of the Earth’s surface and are a fundamental ecosystem regulating climate, weather and representing a huge reservoir of biodiversity and natural resources . The preservation of the oceans is therefore not only relevant on an environmental perspective but also on an economical one. A sustainable approach is requested that cannot be simply achieved by improving technologies but calls for a shared new vision of common goods.Within such a complex and holistic problem, the role of satellite microwave remote sensing to observe marine ecosystem and to assist a sustainable development of human activities must be considered. In such a view the paper is meant. Accordingly, the key microwave sensor technologies are reviewed paying particular emphasis on those applications that can provide effective support to pursue some of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Three meaningful sectors are showcased:oil and gas, where microwave sensors can provide continuous fine-resolution monitoring of critical infrastructures; renewable energy, where microwave satellite remote sensing allows supporting the management of offshore wind farms during both feasibility and operational stages; plastic pollution, where microwave technologies that exploit signals of opportunity offer large-scale monitoring capability to provide marine litter maps of the oceans.
    Description: Published
    Description: 507–519
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Higher temperature, increased CO2, and changing nutrient ratios alter the carbon metabolism and induce oxidative stress in a cosmopolitan diatom (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: Phytoplankton are responsible for about 90% of the oceanic primary production, largely supporting marine food webs, and actively contributing to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Yet, increasing temperature and pCO2, along with higher dissolved nitrogen: phosphorus ratios in coastal waters are likely to impact phytoplankton physiology, especially in terms of photosynthetic rate, respiration, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production. Here, we conducted a full-factorial experiment to identify the individual and combined effects of temperature, pCO2, and N : P ratio on the antioxidant capacity and carbon metabolism of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Our results demonstrate that, among these three drivers, temperature is the most influential factor on the physiology of this species, with warming causing oxidative stress and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate was higher under warmer conditions and higher pCO2, and, together with a lower dark respiration rate and higher DOC exudation, generated cells with lower carbon content. An enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake and an overall stimulated microbial loop benefiting from higher DOC exudation are potential longer-term consequences of rising temperatures, elevated pCO2 as well as shifted dissolved N : P ratios.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Capturing drifting species and molecules—Lessons learned from integrated approaches to assess marine metazoan diversity in highly dynamic waters (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental DNA, Wiley, ISSN: 2637-4943
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: Marine community diversity surveys require a reliable assessment to estimate ecosystem functions and their dynamics. For these, non-invasive environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is increasingly applied in zoological studies to complement or even replace traditional morphological identification methods. However, uncertainties remain about the accuracy of the diversity detected with eDNA to capture the actual diversity in the field. Here, we validate the reliability of eDNA metabarcoding in identifying metazoan biodiversity in highly dynamic marine waters of the North Sea. We analyzed biodiversity from water (eDNA) and zooplankton samples with cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 18S rRNA (18S) metabarcoding at Helgoland Roads and validated the optimal molecular resolution by morphological and molecular zooplankton identification (metabarcoding) with the result of merely a few false-negative detections. eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding resolved 354 species from all major and in total 16 metazoan phyla. This molecular genetic species inventory overlapped by 95.9% (COI) and 81.9% (18S) with published inventories of local, morphologically identified species, among them neozoa and rediscovered species. Even though half of all species were detected by both eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding, the methods differed significantly in their detected diversity. eDNA metabarcoding performed very well in cnidarians and annelids, whereas zooplankton metabarcoding identified higher numbers of fish and malacostraca. Species assemblages significantly differed between the individual sampling events and the cumulative number of identified species increased steadily over the sampling period and did not reach saturation. About a third of the species were detected only once while a core community of 22 species was identified continuously. Our study confirms eDNA metabarcoding to be a powerful tool to identify and analyze North Sea fauna in highly dynamic waters and we recommend investing in high sampling efforts by repetitive sampling and replication using at least 0.45 μm filters to increase filtration volume.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Critical Drift in a Neuro-Inspired Adaptive Network (2023)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In:  EPIC3Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society (APS), 130(18), pp. 188401-188401, ISSN: 0031-9007
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: It has been postulated that the brain operates in a self-organized critical state that brings multiple benefits, such as optimal sensitivity to input. Thus far, self-organized criticality has typically been depicted as a one-dimensional process, where one parameter is tuned to a critical value. However, the number of adjustable parameters in the brain is vast, and hence critical states can be expected to occupy a high-dimensional manifold inside a high-dimensional parameter space. Here, we show that adaptation rules inspired by homeostatic plasticity drive a neuro-inspired network to drift on a critical manifold, where the system is poised between inactivity and persistent activity. During the drift, global network parameters continue to change while the system remains at criticality.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Seismic imaging of Dante’s Domes oceanic core complex from streamer waveform inversion and reverse time migration (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2021JB023814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb023814.
    Description: Early arrival traveltime tomography and full waveform inversion were conducted on downward continued streamer seismic data at Dante's Domes oceanic core complex (OCC), providing unprecedented details of shallow P wave velocity structure. Together with reverse time migration images, seafloor morphology, in situ geological samples, magnetic and gravity data, the seismic constraints are used to infer the lithological distribution along the seismic profiles. Based on the striking similarity in velocity structure beneath the corrugated domes with other OCCs and drilling results from Atlantis Massif, we confidently reconfirmed the Southern Dome as dominantly gabbroic rocks, and the Northern Dome as serpentinized peridotites. A series of isolated gabbroic bodies embedded in the diabase and basaltic layers is observed in the breakaway zone, suggesting that the initiation of Dante's Domes OCC occurred over a long period during which there were several failed attempts to form a long-lived detachment fault. This early development of the OCC probably occurred under a regime of alternating magma starvation and magma replenishment. The predominantly gabbroic section, beneath the Southern Dome and extending to termination, indicates the OCC has been created with relatively high magma flux. We also imaged distinct shallow subseafloor reflections which are also termed as D reflectors underneath the corrugated domes. The location of the D reflectors is similar to those in the Atlantis Massif, with depths well correlated with the top of exhumed gabbroic bodies and the discontinuities in the D reflectors between gabbroic bodies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of processes controlling the OCCs initiation and evolution at slow spreading ridges.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91858207), Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (GML2019ZD0205), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021B1515020023). M. X. acknowledges support from Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China (2018FY100505), Guangdong NSF research team project (2017A030312002), K. C. Wong Education Foundation (GJTD-2018-13), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSWDQC005, 133244KYSB20180029, 131551KYSB20200021, and ISEE2021PY03). J. P. C. acknowledges support from the Independent Research and Development Program at WHOI.
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  • 8
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    Spatial variability of movement, structure, and formation of Warm Core Rings in the Northwest Atlantic Slope Sea (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(8),(2022): e2022JC018737, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018737.
    Description: Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings (WCRs) have important influences on the New England Shelf and marine ecosystems. A 10-year (2011–2020) WCR dataset that tracks weekly WCR locations and surface areas is used here to identify the rings' path and characterize their movement between 55 and 75°W. The WCR dataset reveals a very narrow band between 66 and 71°W along which rings travel almost due west along ∼39°N across isobaths – the “Ring Corridor.” Then, west of the corridor, the mean path turns southwestward, paralleling the shelfbreak. The average ring translation speed along the mean path is 5.9 cm s−1. Long-lived rings (lifespan 〉150 days) tend to occupy the region west of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) whereas short-lived rings (lifespan 〈150 days) tend to be more broadly distributed. WCR vertical structures, analyzed using available Argo float profiles indicate that rings that are formed to the west of the NESC have shallower thermoclines than those formed to the east. This tendency may be due to different WCR formation processes that are observed to occur along different sections of the Gulf Stream. WCRs formed to the east of the NESC tend to form from a pinch-off mechanism incorporating cores of Sargasso Sea water and a perimeter of Gulf Stream water. WCRs that form to the west of the NESC, form from a process called an aneurysm. WCRs formed through aneurysms comprise water mostly from the northern half of the Gulf Stream and are smaller than the classic pinch-off rings.
    Description: AS and AG are grateful for financial support from NOAA (NA11NOS0120038), NSF (OCE-1851242 and OCE-2123283), SMAST, and UMass Dartmouth. GG was supported by NSF under grant OCE-1657853. MA was supported by NSF under grant OCE-2122726 and by ONR under grant N00014-22-1-2112.
    Keywords: Gulf Stream ; Warm core rings ; Trajectories ; Eddies ; Aneurysm ; Ring formation
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  • 9
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    Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Asimow, P., Horton, F., & Boyes, X. Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2021GC010172, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010172.
    Description: High-temperature melting in mantle plumes produces voluminous eruptions that are often temporally coincident with mass extinctions. Paleocene Baffin Island lavas—products of early Iceland mantle plume activity—are exceptionally well characterized geochemically but have poorly constrained stratigraphy, geochronology, and eruptive tempos. To provide better geologic context, we measured seven stratigraphic sections of the volcanic deposits and collected paleomagnetic data from 38 sites in the lavas and underlying Cretaceous sediments (Quqaluit Fm.). The average paleomagnetic pole from this study does not overlap with the expected pole for a stable North American locality at 60 Ma, yet the data have sufficient dispersion to average out secular variation. After ruling out other possibilities, we find that the picrites were probably erupted during a polarity transition, over less than 5 kyr. If so, the average eruption interval was ∼67 years per flow for the thickest sequence of exposed lavas. We also calculate that the flood basalts had a minimum total volume of ∼176 km3 (excluding submerged lavas in Baffin Bay). This implies a minimum eruption rate of ∼0.035 km3 yr−1, which is similar to rates found in West Greenland lavas but less than rates found in larger flood basalts. Despite this, the Baffin and West Greenland lavas temporally correlate with the “End C27n event” (a period of ∼2°C global warming) and may be its underlying cause.
    Description: his work was supported by the National Science Foundation (award #1911699 to F. Horton and award #2052963 to J. Biasi), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research, a National Geographic Society grant (#CP4-144R-18), and internal funding from the Caltech Geological and Planetary Sciences Division.
    Keywords: Baffin island ; North Atlantic ; Flood basalt ; Paleomagnetism ; Volcanology ; Secular variation
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  • 10
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    Carbonation of serpentinite in creeping faults of California (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(15), (2022): e2022GL099185, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099185.
    Description: Several large strike slip faults in central and northern California accommodate plate motions through aseismic creep. Although there is no consensus regarding the underlying cause of aseismic creep, aqueous fluids and mechanically weak, velocity-strengthening minerals appear to play a central role. This study integrates field observations and thermodynamic modeling to examine possible relationships between the occurrence of serpentinite, silica-carbonate rock, and CO2-rich aqueous fluids in creeping faults of California. Our models predict that carbonation of serpentinite leads to the formation of talc and magnesite, followed by silica-carbonate rock. While abundant exposures of silica-carbonate rock indicate complete carbonation, serpentinite-hosted CO2-rich spring fluids are strongly supersaturated with talc at elevated temperatures. Hence, carbonation of serpentinite is likely ongoing in parts of the San Andres Fault system and operates in conjunction with other modes of talc formation that may further enhance the potential for aseismic creep, thereby limiting the potential for large earthquakes.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants NSF-EAR-1220280 to F. K. and J. L., NSF-EAR-1219908 to D. G., and NSF-OCE-2001728 to J. L.
    Keywords: Mineral carbonation ; Serpentinite ; Talc ; CO2 ; Aseismic creep ; San Andreas Fault
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  • 11
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    Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marsay, C. M., Landing, W. M., Umstead, D., Till, C. P., Freiberger, R., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Lanning, N. T., Shiller, A. M., Hatta, M., Chmiel, R., Saito, M., & Buck, C. S. Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007416.
    Description: Atmospheric deposition represents a major input for micronutrient trace elements (TEs) to the surface ocean and is often quantified indirectly through measurements of aerosol TE concentrations. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) dominates aerosol mass concentration over much of the global ocean, but few studies have assessed its contribution to aerosol TE loading, which could result in overestimates of “new” TE inputs. Low-mineral aerosol concentrations measured during the U.S. GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15; 152°W, 56°N to 20°S), along with concurrent towfish sampling of surface seawater, provided an opportunity to investigate this aspect of TE biogeochemical cycling. Central Pacific Ocean surface seawater Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations were combined with aerosol Na data to calculate a “recycled” SSA contribution to aerosol TE loading. Only vanadium was calculated to have a SSA contribution averaging 〉1% along the transect (mean of 1.5%). We derive scaling factors from previous studies on TE enrichments in the sea surface microlayer and in freshly produced SSA to assess the broader potential for SSA contributions to aerosol TE loading. Maximum applied scaling factors suggest that SSA could contribute significantly to the aerosol loading of some elements (notably V, Cu, and Pb), while for others (e.g., Fe and Al), SSA contributions largely remained 〈1%. Our study highlights that a lack of focused measurements of TEs in SSA limits our ability to quantify this component of marine aerosol loading and the associated potential for overestimating new TE inputs from atmospheric deposition.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants OCE-1756103 to C. S. Buck, OCE-1756104 to W. M. Landing, OCE-1737024 to A.M. Shiller, OCE-1736906 to M. Hatta, OCE-1736875 to C. P. Till, OCE-1737167 to J. N. Fitzsimmons, and OCE-1736599 to M. Saito. In addition, N. T. Lanning was supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program award 1746932.
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Trace elements ; GEOTRACES ; Sea spray aerosol ; Pacific Ocean
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  • 12
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    Using misorientation and weighted burgers vector statistics to understand intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation at high temperatures (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2022JB024497, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024497.
    Description: During plastic deformation, strain weakening can be achieved, in part, via strain energy reduction associated with intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation. Grain boundaries (in 2D) are segments between triple junctions, that connect to encircle grains; every boundary segment in the encircling loop has a high (〉10°) misorientation angle. Intragranular boundaries terminate within grains or dissect grains, usually containing boundary segments with a low (〈10°) misorientation angle. We analyze electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data from ice deformed at −30°C (Th≈ 0.9). Misorientation and weighted Burgers vector (WBV) statistics are calculated along planar intragranular boundaries. Misorientation angles change markedly along each intragranular boundary, linking low- (〈10°) and high-angle (10–38°) segments that exhibit distinct misorientation axes and WBV directions. We suggest that these boundaries might be produced by the growth and intersection of individual intragranular boundary segments comprising dislocations with distinct slip systems. There is a fundamental difference between misorientation axis distributions of intragranular boundaries (misorientation axes mostly confined to ice basal plane) and grain boundaries (no preferred misorientation axis). These observations suggest during progressive subgrain rotation, intragranular boundaries remain crystallographically controlled up to large misorientation angles (〉〉10°). In contrast, the apparent lack of crystallographic control for grain boundaries suggests misorientation axes become randomized, likely due to the activation of additional mechanisms (such as grain boundary sliding) after grain boundary formation, linking boundary segments to encircle a grain. Our findings on ice intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation may apply more broadly to other rock-forming minerals (e.g., olivine, quartz).
    Description: This work was supported by a NASA fund (Grant No. NNX15AM69G) to David L. Goldsby and two Marsden Funds of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Grant Nos. UOO1116, UOO052) to David J. Prior. Sheng Fan was supported by the University of Otago doctoral scholarship, the Antarctica New Zealand doctoral scholarship, a research grant from New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment through the Antarctic Science Platform (ANTA1801) (Grant No. ASP-023-03), and a New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute (NZARI) Early Career Researcher Seed Grant (Grant No. NZARI 2020-1-5). Open access publishing facilitated by University of Otago, as part of the Wiley – University of Otago agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.
    Keywords: High temperature deformation ; Misorientation ; Weighted Burgers vector ; Intragranular boundary ; Grain boundary ; Boundary geometry
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  • 13
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    When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Jenouvrier, S., Aubry, L., van Daalen, S., Barbraud, C., Weimerskirch, H., & Caswell, H. When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history. Ecology Letters, 25, (2022): 2120– 2131, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14076.
    Description: Individuals differ in many ways. Most produce few offspring; a handful produce many. Some die early; others live to old age. It is tempting to attribute these differences in outcomes to differences in individual traits, and thus in the demographic rates experienced. However, there is more to individual variation than meets the eye of the biologist. Even among individuals sharing identical traits, life history outcomes (life expectancy and lifetime reproduction) will vary due to individual stochasticity, that is to chance. Quantifying the contributions of heterogeneity and chance is essential to understand natural variability. Interindividual differences vary across environmental conditions, hence heterogeneity and stochasticity depend on environmental conditions. We show that favourable conditions increase the contributions of individual stochasticity, and reduce the contributions of heterogeneity, to variance in demographic outcomes in a seabird population. The opposite is true under poor conditions. This result has important consequence for understanding the ecology and evolution of life history strategies.
    Description: We acknowledge Institute Paul Emile Victor (Programme IPEV 109), and Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises for logistical and financial support in Terre Adélie. The study is a contribution to the Program EARLYLIFE funded by a European Research Council Advanced Grant under the European Community's Seven Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 (Grant Agreement ERC-2012-ADG_20120314 to Henri Weimerskirch), to the program SENSEI funded by the BNP Paribas Foundation, and to the Program INDSTOCH funded by ERC Advanced Grant 322989 to Hal Caswell. SJ acknowledges support from Ocean Life Institute and WHOI Unrestricted funds, and NSF projects DEB-1257545, OPP-1246407 and OPP-1840058.
    Keywords: Fixed heterogeneity ; Frailty ; Individual quality ; Individual stochasticity ; Unobserved individual heterogeneity ; SICs
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  • 14
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    Alpine subduction zone metamorphism in the Palaeozoic successions of the Monti Romani (Northern Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: The hinterland of the Cenozoic Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt exposes the metamorphic roots of the chain, vestiges of the subduction-related tectono-metamorphic evolution that led to the buildup of the Alpine orogeny in the Mediterranean region. Like in other peri-Mediterranean belts, the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Palaeozoic continental basement in the Apennines is still poorly constrained, hampering the full understanding of their Alpine orogenic evolution. We report the first comprehensive tectono-metamorphic study of the low-grade metasedimentary (metapsammite/metapelite) succession of the Monti Romani Complex (MRC) that formed after Palaeozoic protoliths and constitutes the southernmost exposure of the metamorphic domain of the Northern Apennines. By integrating fieldwork with microstructural studies, Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material and thermodynamic modelling, we show that the MRC preserves a D1/M1 Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution developed under HP–LT conditions (~1.0–1.1 GPa at T ~ 400°C) during a non-coaxial, top-to-the-NE, crustal shortening regime. Evidence for HP–LT metamorphism is generally cryptic within the MRC, dominated by graphite-bearing assemblages with the infrequent blastesis of muscovite ± chlorite ± chloritoid ± paragonite parageneses, equilibrated under cold palaeo-geothermal conditions (~10°C/km). Results of this study allow extending to the MRC the signature of subduction zone metamorphism already documented in the hinterland of the Apennine orogen, providing further evidence of the syn-orogenic ductile exhumation of the HP units in the Apennine belt. Finally, we discuss the possible role of fluid-mediated changes in the reactive bulk rock composition on mineral blastesis during progress of regional deformation and metamorphism at low-grade conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 919-953
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Adria Paleozoic basement ; alpine orogeny ; chloritoid ; subduction metamorphism ; Northern Appennines ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Are CO2 ‐rich seafloor pockmarks a suitable environment for ostracod assemblages? The example of the Zannone Giant Pockmark (central‐eastern Tyrrhenian) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: Despite their high abundance and diversity, ostracods adapted to a particular chemosynthetic environment and its surroundings have rarely been studied. Therefore, the thresholds and environmental characteristics shaping their assemblages are poorly known. Here, we report a detailed study of the ostracod assemblages occurring around the Zannone Giant Pockmark, a CO2 hydrothermal vent system recently discovered in the central-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea. Although among crustaceans, ostracods seem to have the longest stratigraphic record in fossil seeps and hydrothermal vents starting in the Palaeozoic, our results indicate that their occurrence is driven by CO2 that represents an insurmountable threshold for ostracods’ life.
    Description: Published
    Description: e12698
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CaCO3 undersaturated waters ; circalittoral ; hydrothermal vents ; Mediterranean Sea
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Microbial methane cycling in sediments of Arctic thermokarst lagoons (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, pp. 2714-2731, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-14
    Description: Thermokarst lagoons represent the transition state from a freshwater lacustrine to a marine environment, and receive little attention regarding their role for greenhouse gas production and release in Arctic permafrost landscapes. We studied the fate of methane (CH4) in sediments of a thermokarst lagoon in comparison to two thermokarst lakes on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia through the analysis of sediment CH4 concentrations and isotopic signature, methane-cycling microbial taxa, sediment geochemistry, lipid biomarkers, and network analysis. We assessed how differences in geochemistry between thermokarst lakes and thermokarst lagoons, caused by the infiltration of sulfate-rich marine water, altered the microbial methane-cycling community. Anaerobic sulfate-reducing ANME-2a/2b methanotrophs dominated the sulfate-rich sediments of the lagoon despite its known seasonal alternation between brackish and freshwater inflow and low sulfate concentrations compared to the usual marine ANME habitat. Non-competitive methylotrophic methanogens dominated the methanogenic community of the lakes and the lagoon, independent of differences in porewater chemistry and depth. This potentially contributed to the high CH4 concentrations observed in all sulfate-poor sediments. CH4 concentrations in the freshwater-influenced sediments averaged 1.34 ± 0.98 μmol g−1, with highly depleted δ13C-CH4 values ranging from −89‰ to −70‰. In contrast, the sulfate-affected upper 300 cm of the lagoon exhibited low average CH4 concentrations of 0.011 ± 0.005 μmol g−1 with comparatively enriched δ13C-CH4 values of −54‰ to −37‰ pointing to substantial methane oxidation. Our study shows that lagoon formation specifically supports methane oxidizers and methane oxidation through changes in pore water chemistry, especially sulfate, while methanogens are similar to lake conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Climate Evolution through the onset and intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Reviews of Geophysics, Wiley, 74 p., pp. 1-74, ISSN: 8755-1209
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Description: The Pliocene Epoch (∼5.3-2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an example of a climate system in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2). A long-term trend of ice-sheet expansion led to more pronounced glacial (cold) stages by the end of the Pliocene (∼2.6 Ma), known as the “intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation” (iNHG). We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of ocean temperatures and ice-volume indicators through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (from 3.3 to 2.4 Ma) to determine the character of this climate transition. We identified asynchronous shifts in long-term means and the pacing and amplitude of shorter-term climate variability, between regions and between climate proxies. Early changes in Antarctic glaciation and Southern Hemisphere ocean properties occurred even during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (∼3.264-3.025 Ma) which has been used as an analogue for future warming. Increased climate variability subsequently developed alongside signatures of larger Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (iNHG). Yet, some regions of the ocean felt no impact of iNHG, particularly in lower latitudes. Our analysis has demonstrated the complex, non-uniform and globally asynchronous nature of climate changes associated with the iNHG. Shifting ocean gateways and ocean circulation changes may have pre-conditioned the later evolution of ice sheets with falling atmospheric pCO2. Further development of high-resolution, multi-proxy reconstructions of climate is required so that the full potential of the rich and detailed geological records can be realized.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions: Proceedings of the Zoologica Scripta Symposium, Oslo, Norway, 25 August 2022 (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Zoologica Scripta, Wiley, ISSN: 0300-3256
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-06
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    Novel insights into the sea level evolution along the coast of Bozburun Peninsula (Turkey): A study on submerged Bronze Age harbor in Çamçalık (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: A recent discovery of a Bronze Age harbor site in Çamçalık provides new data for the relative sea level history along the coast of the Bozburun Peninsula over the last 3600 years. In this study, we compared the new and previously published data from nearby sites to determine the long-term relative sea level changes. Further comparison of the observed sea level data and newly produced glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models clarified the tectonic contribution to the relative sea level changes. Our results suggest a nonlinear tectonic subsidence trend in the coastal zone since 3600 B.P. The increase in the relative sea level accelerated over the last 1400 years, mostly due to the seismic events controlled by the tectonic regime of the southeastern Aegean Sea. We can conclude that, as in the past, this active tectonic process will have a major impact on the future sea level evolution of the coastal sector of the Bozburun Peninsula. Notably, our study can be used to understand the historical trend of sea level rise while providing a foundation for future trend prediction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 246-260
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Ice wedge polygon stability on steep slopes in West Greenland related to temperature and moisture dynamics of the active layer (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, Wiley, 34(2), pp. 194-207, ISSN: 1045-6740
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Ice wedge polygons on steep slopes have generally been described as being covered by periglacial sediments and, typically, the active layer on slopes becomes mobile during thaw periods, which can lead to solifluction. In West Greenland close to the ice margin, however, the active layer and ice wedge polygons are stable despite their occurrence on steep slopes with inclinations of ≥30°. We conducted a soil survey (including sampling for soil analyses and radiocarbon dating) in the Umimmalissuaq valley and installed a field station ~4 km east of the current ice margin to monitor soil temperature and water tension at depths of 10, 20 and 35 cm of the active layer on a steep, north-facing slope in the middle of an ice wedge polygon from 2009 to 2015. Thawing and freezing periods lasted between 2 and 3 months and the active layer was usually completely frozen from November to April. We observed simultaneous and complete water saturation at all three depths of the active layer in one summer for 1 day. The amount of water in the active layer apparently was not enough to trigger solifluction during the summer thaw, even at slope inclinations above 30°. In addition, the dense shrub tundra absorbs most of the water during periods between thawing and freezing, which further stabilizes the slope. This process, together with the dry and continental climate caused by katabatic winds combined with no or limited frost heave, plays a crucial role in determining the stability of these slopes and can explain the presence of large-scale stable ice wedge polygon networks in organic matter-rich permafrost, which is about 5,000 years old. This study underlines the importance of soil hydrodynamics and local climate regime for landscape stability and differing intensities of solifluction processes in areas with strong geomorphological gradients and rising air temperatures.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Abrupt and acclimation responses to changing temperature elicit divergent physiological effects in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3New Phytologist, Wiley, 239(3), pp. 1005-1013, ISSN: 0028-646X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Growth rates and other biomass traits of phytoplankton are strongly affected by temperature. We hypothesized that resulting phenotypes originate from deviating temperature sensitivities of underlying physiological processes. We used membrane-inlet mass spectrometry to assess photosynthetic and respiratory O2 and CO2 fluxes in response to abrupt temperature changes as well as after acclimation periods in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Abrupt temperature changes caused immediate over- or undershoots in most physiological processes, that is, photosynthetic oxygen release ((Figure presented.)), photosynthetic carbon uptake ((Figure presented.)), and respiratory oxygen release ((Figure presented.)). Over acclimation timescales, cells were, however, able to re-adjust their physiology and revert to phenotypic ‘sweet spots’. Respiratory CO2 release ((Figure presented.)) was generally inhibited under high temperature and stimulated under low-temperature settings, on abrupt as well as acclimation timescales. Such behavior may help mitochondria to stabilize plastidial ATP : NADPH ratios and thus maximize photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Making the UN Ocean Decade work? The potential for, and challenges of, transdisciplinary research and real‐world laboratories for building towards ocean solutions (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3People and Nature, Wiley, 5(1), pp. 21-33, ISSN: 2575-8314
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-12
    Description: Due to the strong interconnectedness between the ocean and our societies worldwide, improved ocean governance is essential for sustainable development in the context of the UN Ocean Decade. However, a multitude of different perspectives—ecological, societal, political, economic—and relations between these have to be understood and taken into consideration to foster transformative pathways towards marine sustainability. A core challenge that we are facing is that the ‘right’ response to complex societal issues cannot be known beforehand as abilities to predict complex systems are limited. Consequently, societal transformation is necessarily a journey towards the unknown and therefore requires experimental approaches that must enable the involvement of everyone with stakes in the future of our marine environment and its resources. A promising transdisciplinary research method that fulfils both criteria—being participatory and experimental—are real-world laboratories. Here, we discuss how real-world labs can serve as an operational framework in the context of the Ocean Decade by facilitating and guiding successful knowledge exchange at the interface of science and society. The core element of real-world labs is transdisciplinary experimentation to jointly develop potential strategies leading to targeted real-world interventions, essential for achieving the proposed ‘Decade Outcomes’. The authors specifically illustrate how deploying the concept of real-world labs can be advantageous when having to deal with multiple, overlapping challenges in the context of ocean governance and the blue economy. Altogether, we offer a first major contribution to synthesizing knowledge on the potentials of marine real-world labs, considering how they act as a way of exploring options for sustainable ocean futures. Indeed, in the marine context, real-world labs are still under-explored but are a tangible way for addressing the societal challenges of working towards sustainability transformations over the coming UN Ocean Decade and beyond. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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  • 23
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    Dissimilarity analysis based on diffusion maps (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Compositional measurements from species assemblages define a high dimensional dataspace in which the data can form complex structures, termed manifolds. Comparing assemblages in this dataspace is difficult because the data is often sparse relative to its dimensionality and the complex structure of the manifold introduces bias and error in measurements of distance. Here, we apply diffusion maps, a manifold learning method, to find and characterize manifolds in high‐dimensional compositional data. We show that diffusion maps embed the data in reduced dimensions in which the Euclidean distance between data points approximates the distance between them along the manifold. This is especially useful when species turnover is high, as it provides a way to measure meaningful distances between assemblages even when they harbor disjoint sets of species. We anticipate diffusion maps will therefore be particularly useful for characterizing community change over large spatial and temporal scales.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 24
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    Capacity of deep‐sea corals to obtain nutrition from cold seeps aligned with microbiome reorganization (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, 29(1), pp. 189-205, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-02
    Description: Cold seeps in the deep sea harbor various animals that have adapted to utilize seepage chemicals with the aid of chemosynthetic microbes that serve as primary producers. Corals are among the animals that live near seep habitats and yet, there is a lack of evidence that corals gain benefits and/or incur costs from cold seeps. Here, we focused on Callogorgia delta and Paramuricea sp. type B3 that live near and far from visual signs of currently active seepage at five sites in the deep Gulf of Mexico. We tested whether these corals rely on chemosynthetically-derived food in seep habitats and how the proximity to cold seeps may influence; (i) coral colony traits (i.e., health status, growth rate, regrowth after sampling, and branch loss) and associated epifauna, (ii) associated microbiome, and (iii) host transcriptomes. Stable isotope data showed that many coral colonies utilized chemosynthetically derived food, but the feeding strategy differed by coral species. The microbiome composition of C. delta, unlike Paramuricea sp., varied significantly between seep and non-seep colonies and both coral species were associated with various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SUP05). Interestingly, the relative abundances of SUP05 varied among seep and non-seep colonies and were strongly correlated with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values. In contrast, the proximity to cold seeps did not have a measurable effect on gene expression, colony traits, or associated epifauna in coral species. Our work provides the first evidence that some corals may gain benefits from living near cold seeps with apparently limited costs to the colonies. Cold seeps provide not only hard substrate but also food to cold-water corals. Furthermore, restructuring of the microbiome communities (particularly SUP05) is likely the key adaptive process to aid corals in utilizing seepage-derived carbon. This highlights that those deep-sea corals may upregulate particular microbial symbiont communities to cope with environmental gradients.
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  • 25
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    Potential of MALDI‐TOF MS‐based proteomic fingerprinting for species identification of Cnidaria across classes, species, regions and developmental stages (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, 23(7), pp. 1620-1631, ISSN: 1755-098X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Morphological identification of cnidarian species can be difficult throughout all life stages due to the lack of distinct morphological characters. Moreover, in some cnidarian taxa genetic markers are not fully informative, and in these cases combinations of different markers or additional morphological verifications may be required. Proteomic fingerprinting based on MALDI-TOF mass spectra was previously shown to provide reliable species identification in different metazoans including some cnidarian taxa. For the first time, we tested the method across four cnidarian classes (Staurozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, Hydrozoa) and included different scyphozoan life-history stages (polyp, ephyra, medusa) in our dataset. Our results revealed reliable species identification based on MALDI-TOF mass spectra across all taxa with species-specific clusters for all 23 analysed species. In addition, proteomic fingerprinting was successful for distinguishing developmental stages, still by retaining a species specific signal. Furthermore, we identified the impact of different salinities in different regions (North Sea and Baltic Sea) on proteomic fingerprints to be negligible. In conclusion, the effects of environmental factors and developmental stages on proteomic fingerprints seem to be low in cnidarians. This would allow using reference libraries built up entirely of adult or cultured cnidarian specimens for the identification of their juvenile stages or specimens from different geographic regions in future biodiversity assessment studies.
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  • 26
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    Sea‐ice anomalies affect the acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in breeding areas (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Wiley, 21(5), pp. 227-233, ISSN: 1540-9295
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Sea ice is crucial for breeding in true Antarctic pinnipeds. Although critical to interpret and mitigate the effects of extreme climatic events on polar species, knowledge of the effects of strong sea-ice anomalies on the reproductive activity of true Antarctic pinnipeds is scarce. Underwater vocalizations in these species play a key role in reproduction and function as indicators for presence and breeding onset. Using 8 years of recordings, we quantified the effect of sea-ice concentration and drift on the acoustic presence probability of four pinniped species in their breeding areas. In all four species, acoustic activity timing was constant across years, but decreased when sea-ice cover conditions were 〈10%, suggesting that individuals may fail to anticipate rapid changes in sea-ice cover. In the species’ traditional breeding areas, extreme and regular negative anomalies in early austral-summer sea ice could affect long-term reproductive success. Our findings underscore the urgent need for a better understanding of climate-driven changes in high-fidelity breeding areas to mitigate current and future anthropogenic pressures, and to sustain the integrity and functionality of the Southern Ocean's ecosystems.
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  • 27
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    Sea‐ice anomalies affect the acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in breeding areas (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Wiley, 21(5), pp. 227-233, ISSN: 1540-9295
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Sea ice is crucial for breeding in true Antarctic pinnipeds. Although critical to interpret and mitigate the effects of extreme climatic events on polar species, knowledge of the effects of strong sea-ice anomalies on the reproductive activity of true Antarctic pinnipeds is scarce. Underwater vocalizations in these species play a key role in reproduction and function as indicators for presence and breeding onset. Using 8 years of recordings, we quantified the effect of sea-ice concentration and drift on the acoustic presence probability of four pinniped species in their breeding areas. In all four species, acoustic activity timing was constant across years, but decreased when sea-ice cover conditions were 〈10%, suggesting that individuals may fail to anticipate rapid changes in sea-ice cover. In the species’ traditional breeding areas, extreme and regular negative anomalies in early austral-summer sea ice could affect long-term reproductive success. Our findings underscore the urgent need for a better understanding of climate-driven changes in high-fidelity breeding areas to mitigate current and future anthropogenic pressures, and to sustain the integrity and functionality of the Southern Ocean's ecosystems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 28
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    Proteomic fingerprinting enables quantitative biodiversity assessments of species and ontogenetic stages in Calanus congeners (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Arctic Ocean (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, 23(2), pp. 382-395, ISSN: 1755-098X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Species identification is pivotal in biodiversity assessments and proteomic fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has already been shown to reliably identify calanoid copepods to species level. However, MALDI-TOF data may contain more information beyond mere species identification. In this study, we investigated different ontogenetic stages (copepodids C1–C6 females) of three co-occurring Calanus species from the Arctic Fram Strait, which cannot be identified to species level based on morphological characters alone. Differentiation of the three species based on mass spectrometry data was without any error. In addition, a clear stage-specific signal was detected in all species, supported by clustering approaches as well as machine learning using Random Forest. More complex mass spectra in later ontogenetic stages as well as relative intensities of certain mass peaks were found as the main drivers of stage distinction in these species. Through a dilution series, we were able to show that this did not result from the higher amount of biomass that was used in tissue processing of the larger stages. Finally, the data were tested in a simulation for application in a real biodiversity assessment by using Random Forest for stage classification of specimens absent from the training data. This resulted in a successful stage-identification rate of almost 90%, making proteomic fingerprinting a promising tool to investigate polewards shifts of Atlantic Calanus species and, in general, to assess stage compositions in biodiversity assessments of Calanoida, which can be notoriously difficult using conventional identification methods.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 29
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    Wage bargaining and employment revisited: separability and efficiency in collective bargaining* (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley, 125(2), pp. 403-440, ISSN: 0347-0520
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: We analyse the two-dimensional Nash bargaining solution (NBS) by deploying the standard labour market negotiations model of McDonald and Solow. We show that the two-dimensional bargaining problem can be decomposed into two one-dimensional problems, such that the two solutions together replicate the solution of the two-dimensional problem if the NBS is applied. The axiom of “independence of irrelevant alternatives” is shown to be crucial for this type of decomposability. This result has significant implications for actual negotiations because it allows for the decomposition of a multi-dimensional bargaining problem into one-dimensional problems – and thus helps to facilitate real-world negotiations.
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  • 30
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    Cascading, interactive, and indirect effects of climate change on aquatic communities, habitats, and ecosystems (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(S1), pp. s1-s7, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 31
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    Three major mesoplanktonic communities resolved by in situ imaging in the upper 500 m of the global ocean (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, ISSN: 1466-822X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: Aim: The distribution of mesoplankton communities has been poorly studied at global scale, especially from in situ instruments. This study aims to (1) describe the global distribution of mesoplankton communities in relation to their environment and (2) as-sess the ability of various environmental- based ocean regionalizations to explain the distribution of these communities. Location: Global ocean, 0–500 m depth. Time Period: 2008–2019. Major Taxa Studied: Twenty-eight groups of large mesoplanktonic and macroplank-tonic organisms, covering Metazoa, Rhizaria and Cyanobacteria. Methods: From a global data set of 2500 vertical profiles making use of the Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5), an in situ imaging instrument, we studied the global distribu-tion of large (〉600 μm) mesoplanktonic organisms. Among the 6.8 million imaged ob-jects, 330,000 were large zooplanktonic organisms and phytoplankton colonies, the rest consisting of marine snow particles. Multivariate ordination (PCA) and clustering were used to describe patterns in community composition, while comparison with existing regionalizations was performed with regression methods (RDA). Results: Within the observed size range, epipelagic plankton communities were Trichodesmium- enriched in the intertropical Atlantic, Copepoda- enriched at high latitudes and in upwelling areas, and Rhizaria-enriched in oligotrophic areas. In the mesopelagic layer, Copepoda-enriched communities were also found at high lati-tudes and in the Atlantic Ocean, while Rhizaria-enriched communities prevailed in the Peruvian upwelling system and a few mixed communities were found elsewhere. The comparison between the distribution of these communities and a set of existing regionalizations of the ocean suggested that the structure of plankton communities described above is mostly driven by basin- level environmental conditions. Main Conclusions: In both layers, three types of plankton communities emerged and seemed to be mostly driven by regional environmental conditions. This work sheds light on the role not only of metazoans, but also of unexpected large protists and cy-anobacteria in structuring large mesoplankton communities.
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  • 32
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    Resilience of tropical invertebrate community assembly processes to a gradient of land use intensity (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  Oikos vol. 2023 no. e10328
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: Understanding how community assembly processes drive biodiversity patterns is a \ncentral goal of community ecology. While it is generally accepted that ecological communities are assembled by both stochastic and deterministic processes, quantifying \ntheir relative importance remains challenging. Few studies have investigated how the \nrelative importance of stochastic and deterministic community assembly processes vary \namong taxa and along gradients of habitat degradation. Using data on 1645 arthropod species across seven taxonomic groups in Malaysian Borneo, we quantified the \nimportance of ecological stochasticity and of a suite of community assembly processes \nacross a gradient of logging intensity. The relationship between logging and community assembly varied depending on the specific combination of taxa and stochasticity \nmetric used, but, in general, the processes that govern invertebrate community assembly were remarkably robust to changes in land use intensity.
    Keywords: community assembly ; determinism ; habitat degradation ; logging ; stochasticity
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 33
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    Metabarcoding read abundances of orchid mycorrhizal fungi are correlated to copy numbers estimated using ddPCR (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  New Phytologist vol. 2023
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Quantifying the abundances of fungi is key to understanding natural variation in mycorrhi-zal communities in relation to plant ecophysiology and environmental heterogeneity. High-throughput metabarcoding approaches have transformed our ability to characterize and com-pare complex mycorrhizal communities. However, it remains unclear how well metabarcodingread counts correlate with actual read abundances in the sample, potentially limiting their useas a proxy for species abundances. Here, we use droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to evaluate the reliability of ITS2 metabarcodingdata for quantitative assessments of mycorrhizal communities in the orchid speciesNeottiaovatasampled at multiple sites. We performed specific ddPCR assays for eight families oforchid mycorrhizal fungi and compared the results with read counts obtained from metabar-coding. Our results demonstrate a significant correlation between DNA copy numbers measured byddPCR assays and metabarcoding read counts of major mycorrhizal partners ofN. ovata,highlighting the usefulness of metabarcoding for quantifying the abundance of orchid mycor-rhizal fungi. Yet, the levels of correlation between the two methods and the numbers of falsezero values varied across fungal families, which warrants cautious evaluation of the reliabilityof low-abundance families. This study underscores the potential of metabarcoding data for more quantitative analysesof mycorrhizal communities and presents practical workflows for metabarcoding and ddPCRto achieve a more comprehensive understanding of orchid mycorrhizal communities
    Keywords: droplet digital PCR ; fungalquantification ; metabarcoding ; mycorrhizalfungi ; orchid mycorrhiza
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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    East Asian summer precipitation in AWI‐CM3: Comparison with observations and CMIP6 models (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3International Journal of Climatology, Wiley, pp. 1-16, ISSN: 0899-8418
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-08
    Description: Owing to the complicated spatial–temporal characteristics of East Asian precipitation (EAP), climate models have limited skills in simulating the modern Asian climate. This consequently leads to large uncertainties in simulations of the past EAP variation and future projections. Here, we explore the performance of the newly developed Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model,version 3 (AWI-CM3) in simulating the climatological summer EAP. To test whether the model's skill depends on its atmosphere resolution, we design two AWI-CM3 simulations with different horizontal resolutions. The result shows that both simulations have acceptable performance in simulating the summer mean EAP, generally better than the majority of individual models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). However, for the monthly EAP from June to August, AWI-CM3 exhibits a decayed skill, which is due to the subseasonal movement of the western Pacific subtropical high bias. The higher-resolution AWI-CM3 simulation shows an overall improvement relative to the one performed at a relatively lower resolution in all aspects taken into account regarding the EAP. We conclude that AWI-CM3 is a suitable tool for exploring the EAP for the observational period. Having verified the model's skill for modern climate, we suggest employing the AWI-CM3, especially with high atmosphere resolution, both for applications in paleoclimate studies and future projections.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 35
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    Monitoring volcanic activity through combined measurements of CO2 efflux and (222Rn) and (220Rn) in soil gas: an application to Mt. Etna (Italy) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-07
    Description: We present measurements of soil CO2 effluxes combined with soil (222Rn) and (220Rn) from two high-degassing areas on the lower flanks of Mt. Etna volcano (ZE-SV on the E flank and PAT on the SW flank). Measurements were conducted periodically from June 2006 to January 2009 in the ZE-SV area and January 2007 to January 2009 in the PAT area. The results showed significant variations in discharge activity and style. Log values of (220Rn)/(222Rn) and CO2 efflux generally follow a negative correlation, herein parameterized as the Soil Gas Disequilibrium Index (SGDI). Deviations of the SGDI from this negative correlation provide insight into variance of localized and shallow system conditions, namely rock fracturing, residual magma degassing, and near surface interactions between magmatic gases and groundwater. Statistical analysis highlighted signal anomalies, both negative and positive, that were modeled according to the physical properties and the modes of transport for each of the SGDI gas components. The revealed anomalies show correspondence with episodes of magma ascent and eruption, thereby demonstrating the potential of using the SGDI as another instrument for forecasting volcanic activity. An important strength of the SGDI, compared to other magma gas proxies like CO2 or SO2, is that the very short and very different half-lives of 222Rn (t1/2 = 3.85 days) and 220Rn (t1/2 = 55 seconds) provide unique information on the timescales of soil gas transport. Coupling the SGDI with other pre-eruptive proxies enhances the volcanological community’s response capabilities, which is critical for effective hazard mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 167-202
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Keywords: Soil gases ; radon ; carbon dioxide ; volcano monitoring ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 36
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    Relative timing of off‐axis volcanism from sediment thickness estimates on the 8°20’N seamount chain, East Pacific Rise (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-16
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Fabbrizzi, A., Parnell‐Turner, R., Gregg, P., Fornari, D., Perfit, M., Wanless, V., & Anderson, M. Relative timing of off‐axis volcanism from sediment thickness estimates on the 8°20’N seamount chain, East Pacific Rise. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2022GC010335, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010335.
    Description: Volcanic seamount chains on the flanks of mid-ocean ridges record variability in magmatic processes associated with mantle melting over several millions of years. However, the relative timing of magmatism on individual seamounts along a chain can be difficult to estimate without in situ sampling and is further hampered by Ar40/Ar39 dating limitations. The 8°20’N seamount chain extends ∼170 km west from the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR), north of and parallel to the western Siqueiros fracture zone. Here, we use multibeam bathymetric data to investigate relationships between abyssal hill formation and seamount volcanism, transform fault slip, and tectonic rotation. Near-bottom compressed high-intensity radiated pulse, bathymetric, and sidescan sonar data collected with the autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry are used to test the hypothesis that seamount volcanism is age-progressive along the seamount chain. Although sediment on seamount flanks is likely to be reworked by gravitational mass-wasting and current activity, bathymetric relief and Sentry vehicle heading analysis suggest that sedimentary accumulations on seamount summits are likely to be relatively pristine. Sediment thickness on the seamounts' summits does not increase linearly with nominal crustal age, as would be predicted if seamounts were constructed proximal to the EPR axis and then aged as the lithosphere cooled and subsided away from the ridge. The thickest sediments are found at the center of the chain, implying the most ancient volcanism there, rather than on seamounts furthest from the EPR. The nonlinear sediment thickness along the 8°20’N seamounts suggests that volcanism can persist off-axis for several million years.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation awards OCE-1356610, OCE-1356822, OCE-1357150, OCE-1754419, OCE-1834797, OCE-2001314, and OCE-2001331.
    Keywords: Off-axis seamounts ; East Pacific Rise ; Sediment thickness ; Seafloor morphology ; Autonomous underwater vehicle ; Eruption history
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    The influence of ocean topography on the upwelling of carbon in the Southern Ocean (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(19), (2021): e2021GL095088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095088.
    Description: The physical circulation of the Southern Ocean sets the surface concentration and thus air-sea exchange of CO2. However, we have a limited understanding of the three-dimensional circulation that brings deep carbon-rich waters to the surface. Here, we introduce and analyze a novel high-resolution ocean model simulation with active biogeochemistry and online Lagrangian particle tracking. We focus our attention on a subset of particles with high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that originate below 1,000 m and eventually upwell into the near-surface layer (upper 200 m). We find that 71% of the DIC-enriched water upwelling across 1,000 m is concentrated near topographic features, which occupy just 33% of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Once particles upwell to the near-surface layer, they exhibit relatively uniform pCO2 levels and DIC decorrelation timescales, regardless of their origin. Our results show that Southern Ocean bathymetry plays a key role in delivering carbon-rich waters to the surface.
    Description: Riley X. Brady was supported by the Department of Energy's Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (DE-FG02-97ER25308), and particularly benefited from the fellowship's summer practicum at Los Alamos National Lab. Nicole S. Lovenduski and Riley X. Brady were further supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program (DE-SC0022243) and by the National Science Foundation (NSF-PLR 1543457; NSF-OCE 1924636; NSF-OCE 1752724; NSF-OCE 1558225). Mathew E. Maltrud and Phillip J. Wolfram were supported as part of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. This research used resources provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Computing Program, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. 89233218CNA000001.
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; Carbon cycle ; Upwelling ; Lagrangian modeling ; Ocean biogeochemistry ; Climate modeling
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    Environmental DNA (eDNA) reveals potential for interoceanic fish invasions across the Panama Canal (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, 13(1), pp. e9675-e9675, ISSN: 2045-7758
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Interoceanic canals can facilitate biological invasions as they connect the world's oceans and remove dispersal barriers between bioregions. As a consequence, multiple opportunities for biotic exchange arise and the resulting establishment of migrant species often causes adverse ecological and economic impacts. The Panama Canal is a key region for biotic exchange as it connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in Central America. In this study, we used two complementary methods (environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and gillnetting) to survey fish communities in this unique waterway. Using COI (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) metabarcoding, we detected a total of 142 fish species, including evidence for the presence of sixteen Atlantic and eight Pacific marine fish in different freshwater sections of the Canal. Of these, nine are potentially new records. Molecular data did not capture all species caught with gillnets, but generally provided a more complete image of the known fish fauna as more small-bodied fish species were detected. Diversity indices based on eDNA surveys revealed significant differences across different sections of the Canal reflecting in part the prevailing environmental conditions. The observed increase in the presence of marine fish species in the Canal indicates a growing potential for interoceanic fish invasions. The potential ecological and evolutionary consequences of this increase in marine fishes are not only restricted to the fish fauna in the Canal as they could also impact adjacent ecosystems in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Multi‐temporal InSAR analysis to monitor landslides using the small baseline subset (SBAS) approach in the Mila Basin, Algeria (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Hazardous ground deformation and landslides occur frequently in the Mila Basin, Algeria and this problem remains unsolved. However, the historical seismicity in the area indicates no severe damage from past earthquakes. For this reason, studies are needed to monitor the slow ground movements and their triggering factors. Since about two decades ago, satellite observations by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique and the multi-temporal (MT-InSAR) technique have provided a tool for monitoring slow and extremely slow ground displacements. In this study, 2D decomposition of InSAR outputs revealed a sliding surface at two regions located 12 km apart, indicating slow motion rather than fast movement along the damaged area. We concluded that the factors leading to surface displacement in the investigated area include the triggering earthquakes, precipitation, terrain topography and soil moisture. This study contributes to landslide hazard identification and risk assessment in the Mila Basin.
    Description: Published
    Description: 407–423
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Landslides ; InSAR ; Algeria ; Hazard ; Landslide monitoring using MT-InSAR technique in Algeria
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    Insight into summer drought in southern Italy: palaeohydrological evolution of Lake Pergusa (Sicily) in the last 6700 years (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: The Sicily region (central Mediterranean) is at high risk of drying and desertification caused by current warming and land management. The aim of this study is to place current climatic changes within the past trajectories and natural climatic variability of the Holocene. For this we re‐examine a sediment core retrieved at Lake Pergusa covering the last ca. 6700 years. A multiproxy investigation, and in particular the oxygen isotope composition of lacustrine carbonate (δ18Oc), allowed us to reconstruct decadal‐ to centennial‐scale hydrological changes. The wettest period occurred between ca. 6700 and 6000 cal a BP. The δ18Oc record indicates a new period of wetter conditions between ca. 3700 and 2400 cal a BP. In particular, a δ18Oc minimum between 2850 and 2450 cal a BP overlaps with the period of the ‘Great Solar Minimum’ and corresponds to a dramatic reduction of arboreal pollen (AP%) and to an increase in synanthropic pollen, marking the onset of Greek colonization in the region. The longest driest interval corresponds to the Medieval Climate Anomaly, whereas the highest δ18Oc values are recorded in the last 150 years. The trend of the last 3000 years suggests that, considering future climate projections, the area will experience unprecedented drying exacerbated by human impact.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1280-1293
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 41
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    Cascading effects of prey identity on gene expression in a kleptoplastidic ciliate (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Paight, C., Johnson, M., Lasek‐Nesselquist, E., & Moeller, H. Cascading effects of prey identity on gene expression in a kleptoplastidic ciliate. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 70(1), (2022): e12940, https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12940.
    Description: Kleptoplastidic, or chloroplast stealing, lineages transiently retain functional photosynthetic machinery from algal prey. This machinery, and its photosynthetic outputs, must be integrated into the host's metabolism, but the details of this integration are poorly understood. Here, we study this metabolic integration in the ciliate Mesodinium chamaeleon, a coastal marine species capable of retaining chloroplasts from at least six distinct genera of cryptophyte algae. To assess the effects of feeding history on ciliate physiology and gene expression, we acclimated M. chamaeleon to four different types of prey and contrasted well-fed and starved treatments. Consistent with previous physiological work on the ciliate, we found that starved ciliates had lower chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rates, and growth rates than their well-fed counterparts. However, ciliate gene expression mirrored prey phylogenetic relationships rather than physiological status, suggesting that, even as M. chamaeleon cells were starved of prey, their overarching regulatory systems remained tuned to the prey type to which they had been acclimated. Collectively, our results indicate a surprising degree of prey-specific host transcriptional adjustments, implying varied integration of prey metabolic potential into many aspects of ciliate physiology.
    Description: This work was supported by a grant from the Simons Foundation (Award # 689265 to HVM). Research was sponsored by the U.S. Army Research Office and accomplished under contract W911NF-19-D-0001 for the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies.
    Keywords: Acquired metabolism ; Cryptophyte ; Mesodinium chamaeleon ; Photophysiology ; Transcriptomics
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  • 42
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    Retrieving a “Weather Balloon” from the last Ice Age (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seltzer, A. M., & Tyne, R. L. Retrieving a “Weather Balloon” from the last Ice Age. AGU Advances, 3(4), (2022): e2022AV000747, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022AV000747.
    Description: “How cold was the last ice age?” is a question that paleoclimate scientists have been trying to answer for decades. Constraining the magnitude of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (∼20,000 years ago) can help improve our understanding of Earth's climate sensitivity and, therefore enhance our ability to predict future change (Tierney et al., 2020). Of course, there is no single answer to this question: there is spatial structure to LGM temperature change that is linked to fundamental climate system properties and processes. Consequently, paleoclimate scientists have focused on variations of this question, like “What was the latitudinal gradient of LGM temperature change?” (Chiang et al., 2003), “What was the land-sea contrast?” (Rind & Peteet, 1985) or “What was the change in ocean heat content?” (Bereiter et al., 2018). These questions inform large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation, the intensity of the water cycle, and planetary energy balance; the answers to these questions come from proxies like planktic and benthic foraminifera, speleothems, ice cores, pollen records, ancient groundwater, lake sediments, and glacial moraines, to name a few. In short, the paleoclimate community has developed a proxy “tool kit” equipped to map changes across the Earth's surface and into the ocean interior; but, until now, no “tool” existed for the upper atmosphere.
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    Sediments in sea ice drive the Canada Basin surface Mn maximum: insights from an Arctic Mn Ocean model (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007320.
    Description: Biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean are sensitive to the transport of materials from continental shelves into central basins by sea ice. However, it is difficult to assess the net effect of this supply mechanism due to the spatial heterogeneity of sea ice content. Manganese (Mn) is a micronutrient and tracer which integrates source fluctuations in space and time while retaining seasonal variability. The Arctic Ocean surface Mn maximum is attributed to freshwater, but studies struggle to distinguish sea ice and river contributions. Informed by observations from 2009 IPY and 2015 Canadian GEOTRACES cruises, we developed a three-dimensional dissolved Mn model within a 1/12° coupled ocean-ice model centered on the Canada Basin and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Simulations from 2002 to 2019 indicate that annually, 87%–93% of Mn contributed to the Canada Basin upper ocean is released by sea ice, while rivers, although locally significant, contribute only 2.2%–8.5%. Downstream, sea ice provides 34% of Mn transported from Parry Channel into Baffin Bay. While rivers are often considered the main source of Mn, our findings suggest that in the Canada Basin they are less important than sea ice. However, within the shelf-dominated CAA, both rivers and sediment resuspension are important. Climate-induced disruption of the transpolar drift may reduce the Canada Basin Mn maximum and supply downstream. Other micronutrients found in sediments, such as Fe, may be similarly affected. These results highlight the vulnerability of the biogeochemical supply mechanisms in the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar seas to climatic changes.
    Description: This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Climate Change and Atmospheric Research Grant: GEOTRACES (RGPCC 433848-12) and VITALS (RGPCC 433898), an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2016-03865) to SEA, and by the University of British Columbia through a four year fellowship to BR. Computing resources were provided by Compute Canada (RRG 2648 RAC 2019, RRG 2969 RAC 2020, and RRG 1541 RAC 2021).
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Arctic Ocean ; Trace elements ; Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; Ocean modeling ; Micronutrients
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    WISTFUL: whole‐rock interpretative seismic toolbox for ultramafic lithologies (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Shinevar, W., Jagoutz, O., & Behn, M. WISTFUL: whole‐rock interpretative seismic toolbox for ultramafic lithologies. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(8), (2022): e2022GC010329, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010329.
    Description: To quantitatively convert upper mantle seismic wave speeds measured into temperature, density, composition, and corresponding and uncertainty, we introduce the Whole-rock Interpretative Seismic Toolbox For Ultramafic Lithologies (WISTFUL). WISTFUL is underpinned by a database of 4,485 ultramafic whole-rock compositions, their calculated mineral modes, elastic moduli, and seismic wave speeds over a range of pressure (P) and temperature (T) (P = 0.5–6 GPa, T = 200–1,600°C) using the Gibbs free energy minimization routine Perple_X. These data are interpreted with a toolbox of MATLAB® functions, scripts, and three general user interfaces: WISTFUL_relations, which plots relationships between calculated parameters and/or composition; WISTFUL_geotherms, which calculates seismic wave speeds along geotherms; and WISTFUL_inversion, which inverts seismic wave speeds for best-fit temperature, composition, and density. To evaluate our methodology and quantify the forward calculation error, we estimate two dominant sources of uncertainty: (a) the predicted mineral modes and compositions, and (b) the elastic properties and mixing equations. To constrain the first source of uncertainty, we compiled 122 well-studied ultramafic xenoliths with known whole-rock compositions, mineral modes, and estimated P-T conditions. We compared the observed mineral modes with modes predicted using five different thermodynamic solid solution models. The Holland et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy048) solution models best reproduce phase assemblages (∼12 vol. % phase root-mean-square error [RMSE]) and estimated wave speeds. To assess the second source of uncertainty, we compared wave speed measurements of 40 ultramafic rocks with calculated wave speeds, finding excellent agreement (Vp RMSE = 0.11 km/s). WISTFUL easily analyzes seismic datasets, integrates into modeling, and acts as an educational tool.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by NSF Grants EAR-17-22935 (OJ) and EAR-18-44340 (MB).
    Keywords: Seismic velocity ; Seismic wave speed ; Thermodynamic modeling ; Density ; Composition ; Elastic moduli
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  • 45
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    Can we estimate air‐sea flux of biological O2 from total dissolved oxygen? (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-02
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(9), (2022): e2021GB007145, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gb007145.
    Description: In this study, we compare mechanistic and empirical approaches to reconstruct the air-sea flux of biological oxygen (F[O2]bio-as) by parameterizing the physical oxygen saturation anomaly (ΔO2[phy]) in order to separate the biological contribution from total oxygen. The first approach matches ΔO2[phy] to the monthly climatology of the argon saturation anomaly from a global ocean circulation model's output. The second approach derives ΔO2[phy] from an iterative mass balance model forced by satellite-based physical drivers of ΔO2[phy] prior to the sampling day by assuming that air-sea interactions are the dominant factors driving the surface ΔO2[phy]. The final approach leverages the machine-learning technique of Genetic Programming (GP) to search for the functional relationship between ΔO2[phy] and biophysicochemical parameters. We compile simultaneous measurements of O2/Ar and O2 concentration from 14 cruises to train the GP algorithm and test the validity and applicability of our modeled ΔO2[phy] and F[O2]bio-as. Among the approaches, the GP approach, which incorporates ship-based measurements and historical records of physical parameters from the reanalysis products, provides the most robust predictions (R2 = 0.74 for ΔO2[phy] and 0.72 for F[O2]bio-as; RMSE = 1.4% for ΔO2[phy] and 7.1 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 for F[O2]bio-as). We use the empirical formulation derived from GP approach to reconstruct regional, inter-annual, and decadal variability of F[O2]bio-as based on historical oxygen records. Overall, our study represents a first attempt at deriving F[O2]bio-as from snapshot measurements of oxygen, thereby paving the way toward using historical O2 data and a rapidly growing number of O2 measurements on autonomous platforms for independent insight into the biological pump.
    Description: N. Cassar was supported by the “Laboratoire d'Excellence” LabexMER (ANR-10-LABX-19) and co-funded by a grant from the French government under the program “Investissements d'Avenir.” Y. Huang was supported by grants from the China NSF (Nos. 42130401 and 42141002). Y. Huang was also partly supported by Chinese State Scholarship Fund to study at Duke University as a joint PhD student (No. 201806310052). R. Eveleth was supported by the NSF GRFP under grant (No. 1106401). D. Nicholson was supported by the NSF OCE-1129973 and OCE-1923915.
    Keywords: Air-sea gas biological oxygen flux ; Physical oxygen saturation anomaly ; Total dissolved oxygen ; Mechanistic and empirical models
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    Accuracy and reproducibility of coral Sr/Ca SIMS timeseries in modern and fossil corals (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sayani, H., Cobb, K., Monteleone, B., & Bridges, H. Accuracy and reproducibility of coral Sr/Ca SIMS timeseries in modern and fossil corals. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2021GC010068, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010068.
    Description: Coral strontium-to-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) provide quantitative estimates of past sea surface temperatures (SST) that allow for the reconstruction of changes in the mean state and climate variations, such as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, through time. However, coral Sr/Ca ratios are highly susceptible to diagenesis, which can impart artifacts of 1–2°C that are typically on par with the tropical climate signals of interest. Microscale sampling via Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) for the sampling of primary skeletal material in altered fossil corals, providing much-needed checks on fossil coral Sr/Ca-based paleotemperature estimates. In this study, we employ a set modern and fossil corals from Palmyra Atoll, in the central tropical Pacific, to quantify the accuracy and reproducibility of SIMS Sr/Ca analyses relative to bulk Sr/Ca analyses. In three overlapping modern coral samples, we reproduce bulk Sr/Ca estimates within ±0.3% (1σ). We demonstrate high fidelity between 3-month smoothed SIMS coral Sr/Ca timeseries and SST (R = −0.5 to −0.8; p 〈 0.5). For lightly-altered sections of a young fossil coral from the early-20th century, SIMS Sr/Ca timeseries reproduce bulk Sr/Ca timeseries, in line with our results from modern corals. Across a moderately-altered section of the same fossil coral, where diagenesis yields bulk Sr/Ca estimates that are 0.6 mmol too high (roughly equivalent to −6°C artifacts in SST), SIMS Sr/Ca timeseries track instrumental SST timeseries. We conclude that 3–4 SIMS analyses per month of coral growth can provide a much-needed quantitative check on the accuracy of fossil coral Sr/Ca-derived estimates of paleotemperature, even in moderately altered samples.
    Description: We'd also like to thank Yolande Berta and Georgia Tech's Center for Nanostructure Characterization for providing access to their SEM facilities, and the Khaled bin Sultan Living Ocean Foundation and The Nature Conservancy for financial and logistical support for field excursions to Palmyra. Funding for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation (Award Numbers 1502832 and 2002458 to K.M.C) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Award Number: NA11OAR4310165 to K.M.C).
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  • 47
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    Multi-polarization radar backscatter signatures of internal waves at L-band (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: In this study, the scattering mechanisms associated to internal waves (IWs) are investigated at L-band. IWs represent key geophysical factors for sea-air heat exchange and play a paramount role in the biological primary production and in the understanding of the evolution of climate ecosystem. In addition, a better understanding of IWs microwave scattering mechanisms can improve the modeling capability and, therefore, can boost the development on advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based added-value products to mitigate the risk for offshore drilling operations and aquaculture activities associated to IWs. The analysis of L-band multi-polarization SAR scattering of IWs under the influence of surface current straining is performed using a meaningful full-polarimetric Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band 1 SAR data set collected over IWs observed under different imaging and wind conditions. Time and space co-located ancillary information is also available. Experimental results demonstrate that the non-polarized scattering mechanisms constitute a significant contribution to the total IW backscattering, especially in the case of surface current gradients owing to IWs (about 48–57%). It is also found that the non-polarized scattering contribution associated to IW concentrates along the wave crests, i.e. it is at least 60% larger than the one observed along the wave troughs. In addition, considering the IW traveling directions relative to that of the wind, the non-polarized scattering contribution associated to IWs is more remarkable at upwind direction while it is less significant at down/crosswind directions. The non-polarized scattering mechanisms also calls for a modulation induced by IWs which is much more significant,i.e. at least three times, that the one that characterizes the polarized scattering mechanism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1943–1959
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
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    Analysis of fine-scale dynamics of the Drygalski ice tongue in Antarctica using satellite SAR data (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: This study focused on the analysis of the time variability of the morphology of the Drygalski ice tongue (DIT), Antarctica, using – for the first time – satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. A time series of Sentinel-1 interferometric wide swath SAR imagery collected from 2016 to 2021 is considered and an unsupervised methodology, based on a global threshold constant false alarm rate approach, is used to extract the boundary between the DIT and the surrounding ice-free/ice-infested sea water. The most prominent rifts/fractures identified on the extracted profiles and the ice front are selected to analyse the DIT time variability. The feature tracking allows deriving information on the morphological evolution of the DIT, including the annual displacement and average surface velocity. Experimental results show that the DIT ice front calls for a relatively stable motion trend towards the sea with an average surface velocity of about 670 m per year. Our outcomes show a fairly good agreement with similar studies appeared in the scientific literature, which are mostly based on optical imagery.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2581-2598
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Drygalski ice tongue ; Antarctica ; SAR ; Sentinel-1 ; ice edge extraction ; surface velocity
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
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    Contribution of breaking wave on the co-polarized backscattering measured by the Chinese Gaofen-3 SAR (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: In this study, the non-Bragg (NB) scattering due to breaking waves as measured by the C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is investigated using more than 300 Gaofen-3 (GF-3) SAR images, which were acquired in quad-polarization stripmap (QPS) mode, that is, co-polarization [vertical–vertical (VV) and horizontal–horizontal (HH)] and cross-polarization [vertical–horizontal (VH) and horizontal–vertical (HV)]. First, the quality of SAR-based wind estimation is checked against the Haiyang-2B (HY-2B) scatterometer and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA-5), indicating a wind speed accuracy of 1.62 m s−1 root-mean-square error (RMSE) and a 0.89 correlation. Then, the SAR-derived wind and HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) sea surface current are used to simulate Bragg resonant roughness. The non-polarized (NP) wave breaking contribution σwb on co-polarized SAR-measured normalized radar cross section (NRCS) σ0 is studied, which is derived using two methods: an approach of the Bragg theory and empirical function. Numerical simulations are contrasted with actual SAR measurements: they show that the theoretical-based approach provides accurate enough simulations of the NP contribution, especially at the HH-polarization channel. To deeply understand the behavior of sea surface scattering under breaking conditions, the third-generation WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) model is used to simulate wake-breaking parameters, i.e. whitecap coverage (WCC), whitecap foam thickness (WCT) and whitecap breaking height (WCH), which are then collocated with SAR images. The difference between simulated co-polarized NRCS and the measured one versus sea surface dynamics parameters (i.e. SAR-derived wind speed, HYCOM sea surface speed, and WW3-simulated significant wave height) shows that NP enhances HH-polarized backscattering, while it damps the VV-polarized backscattering. In addition, the contribution of σwb could be ignored for WCC and WCT larger than 15 × 10−3 and 40 × 10−3 m, respectively. Moreover, the ratio reduces with the increasing WCH greater than 2.0 m; in particular, the ratio likely remains to be 0.1 as WCH is greater than 2.5 m. Generally, the HH-polarized backscattering is relatively sensitive with the wave-breaking parameters; however, this behavior has to be further studied utilizing buoy-measured wave breaking data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1384–1408
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
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    Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tarry, D., Ruiz, S., Johnston, T., Poulain, P., Özgökmen, T., Centurioni, L., Berta, M., Esposito, G., Farrar, J., Mahadevan, A., & Pascual, A. Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(18), (2022): e2022GL098969, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl098969.
    Description: Measuring vertical motions represent a challenge as they are typically 3–4 orders of magnitude smaller than the horizontal velocities. Here, we show that surface vertical velocities are intensified at submesoscales and are dominated by high frequency variability. We use drifter observations to calculate divergence and vertical velocities in the upper 15 m of the water column at two different horizontal scales. The drifters, deployed at the edge of a mesoscale eddy in the Alboran Sea, show an area of strong convergence (urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl64766:grl64766-math-0001(f)) associated with vertical velocities of −100 m day−1. This study shows that a multilayered-drifter array can be an effective tool for estimating vertical velocity near the ocean surface.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Departmental Research Initiative CALYPSO under program officers Terri Paluszkiewicz and Scott Harper. The authors' ONR Grant No. are as follows: DT, SR, AM, and AP N000141613130, TMSJ N000146101612470, PP N000141812418, TO N000141812138, LRC N000141712517, and N00014191269, MB and GE N000141812782 and N000141812039, and JTF N000141812431.
    Keywords: Drifters ; Vertical velocity ; Submesoscale ; Kinematic properties ; Fronts ; Alboran Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 51
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    Volcano monitoring with magnetic measurements: a simulation of eruptions at axial seamount, Kilauea, Baroarbunga, and Mount Saint Helens (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Tivey, M., & Fluegel, B. Volcano monitoring with magnetic measurements: a simulation of eruptions at axial seamount, Kilauea, Baroarbunga, and Mount Saint Helens. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(17), (2022): e2022GL100006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100006.
    Description: Monitoring of active volcanic systems is a challenging task due in part to the trade-offs between collection of high-quality data from multiple techniques and the high costs of acquiring such data. Here we show that magnetic data can be used to monitor volcanoes by producing similar data to gravimetric techniques at significantly lower cost. The premise of this technique is that magma and wall rock above the Curie temperature are magnetically “transparent,” but not stationary within the crust. Subsurface movements of magma can affect the crustal magnetic field measured at the surface. We construct highly simplified magnetic models of four volcanic systems: Mount Saint Helens (1980), Axial Seamount (2015–2020), Kīlauea (2018), and Bárðarbunga (2014). In all cases, observed or inferred changes to the magmatic system would have been detectable by modern magnetometers. Magnetic monitoring could become common practice at many volcanoes, particularly in developing nations with high volcanic risk.
    Description: This work was supported by the NSF Grant No 2052963 to J. Biasi and an internal Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution grant to M. Tivey.
    Keywords: Magnetism ; Volcanic hazards ; Hawaii ; Iceland ; Volcanology ; Monitoring
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  • 52
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    Radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean from rivers a basin‐wide estimate (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bullock, E., Kipp, L., Moore, W., Brown, K., Mann, P., Vonk, J., Zimov, N., & Charette, M. Radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean from rivers a basin‐wide estimate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(9), (2022): e2022JC018964, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018964.
    Description: Radium isotopes have been used to trace nutrient, carbon, and trace metal fluxes inputs from ocean margins. However, these approaches require a full accounting of radium sources to the coastal ocean including rivers. Here, we aim to quantify river radium inputs into the Arctic Ocean for the first time for 226Ra and to refine the estimates for 228Ra. Using new and existing data, we find that the estimated combined (dissolved plus desorbed) annual 226Ra and 228Ra fluxes to the Arctic Ocean are [7.0–9.4] × 1014 dpm y−1 and [15–18] × 1014 dpm y−1, respectively. Of these totals, 44% and 60% of the river 226Ra and 228Ra, respectively are from suspended sediment desorption, which were estimated from laboratory incubation experiments. Using Ra isotope data from 20 major rivers around the world, we derived global annual 226Ra and 228Ra fluxes of [7.4–17] × 1015 and [15–27] × 1015 dpm y−1, respectively. As climate change spurs rapid Arctic warming, hydrological cycles are intensifying and coastal ice cover and permafrost are diminishing. These river radium inputs to the Arctic Ocean will serve as a valuable baseline as we attempt to understand the changes that warming temperatures are having on fluxes of biogeochemically important elements to the Arctic coastal zone.
    Description: This study was a broad, collaborative effort that would not have been possible without contributions from numerous funding sources, including the National Science Foundation (NSF-0751525, NSF-1736277, NSF-1458305, NSF-1938873, NSF-2048067, NSF-2134865), the NERC-BMBF project CACOON [NE/R012806/1] (UKRI NERC) and BMBF-03F0806A, and an EU Starting Grant (THAWSOME-676982).
    Keywords: Radium isotopes ; Arctic Ocean ; River fluxes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 53
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    Probable signature whistle production in Atlantic white-sided (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and short-beaked common (Delphinus delphis) dolphins near Cape Cod, Massachusetts (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Cones, S., Dent, M., Walkes, S., Bocconcelli, A., DeWind, C., Arjasbi, K., Rose, K., Silva, T., & Sayigh, L. Probable signature whistle production in Atlantic white-sided (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and short-beaked common (Delphinus delphis) dolphins near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Marine Mammal Science, 39(1), (2022): 338-344, https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12976.
    Description: Some delphinids produce a learned, individually specific tonal whistle that conveys identity information to conspecifics (Janik & Sayigh, 2013). These whistles, termed signature whistles, were first described by Caldwell and Caldwell (1965) and have been studied intensively over the past several decades (Janik & Sayigh, 2013). In common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and potentially other species, signature whistles facilitate many ecologically-important behaviors, including individual recognition and maintenance of group cohesion (Janik & Slater, 1998). Additionally, signature whistle contours, or patterns of frequency change over time, can remain stable for several decades, aiding in long-term social bonds (Sayigh et al., 1990). Signature whistles account for approximately 38%–70% of all whistle production in free-swimming animals (Buckstaff, 2004; Cook et al., 2004; Watwood et al., 2005); this percentage can be up to 100% for isolated individuals in captivity (Caldwell et al., 1990). Most of our knowledge on the function and use of signature whistles stems from Tursiops spp., and their use and presence in other delphinid taxa is less understood. Nonetheless, seven additional delphinid species have been reported to produce signature whistles: Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus; Gridley et al., 2014), common dolphins (D. delphis; Caldwell & Caldwell 1968; Fearey et al., 2019), Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella plagiodon; Caldwell et al., 1970), Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens; Caldwell & Caldwell, 1973), Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis; Van Parijs & Corkeron, 2001), and Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis; Duarte de Figueiredo & Simão, 2009).
    Description: Woods Hole Sea Grant, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Grant/Award Number: NA14OAR4170074
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  • 54
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    Interplay between abiotic and microbial biofilm-mediated processes for travertine formation: Insights from a thermal spring (Piscine Carletti, Viterbo, Italy) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-16
    Description: Active hydrothermal travertine systems are ideal environments to investigate how abiotic and biotic processes affect mineralization mechanisms and mineral fabric formation. In this study, a biogeochemical characterization of waters, dissolved gases, and microbial mats was performed together with a mineralogical investigation on travertine encrustations occurring at the outflow channel of a thermal spring. The comprehensive model, compiled by means of TOUGHREACT computational tool from measured parameters, revealed that mineral phases were differently influenced by either abiotic conditions or microbially driven processes. Microbial mats are shaped by light availability and temperature gradient of waters flowing along the channel. Mineralogical features were homogeneous throughout the system, with euhedral calcite crystals, related to inorganic precipitation induced by CO2 degassing, and calcite shrubs associated with organomineralization processes, thus indicating an indirect microbial participation to the mineral deposition (microbially influenced calcite). The microbial activity played a role in driving calcite redissolution processes, resulting in circular pits on calcite crystal surfaces possibly related to the metabolic activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria found at a high relative abundance within the biofilm community. Sulfur oxidation might also explain the occurrence of gypsum crystals embedded in microbial mats, since gypsum precipitation could be induced by a local increase in sulfate concentration mediated by S-oxidizing bacteria, regardless of the overall undersaturated environmental conditions. Moreover, the absence of gypsum dissolution suggested the capability of microbial biofilm in modulating the mobility of chemical species by providing a protective envelope on gypsum crystals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 837-856
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: biofilms; gypsum; hot spring; microbial mat; travertine
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 55
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    A novel target\xe2\x80\x90enriched multilocus assay for sponges (Porifera): Red Sea Haplosclerida (Demospongiae) as a test case (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  Molecular Ecology Resources vol. 24 no. 2, pp. e1389-e1389
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-15
    Description: With declining biodiversity worldwide, a better understanding of species diversity and their relationships is imperative for conservation and management efforts. Marine sponges are species-rich ecological key players on coral reefs, but their species diversity is still poorly understood. This is particularly true for the demosponge order Haplosclerida, whose systematic relationships are contentious due to the incongruencies between morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses. The single gene markers applied in previous studies did not resolve these discrepancies. Hence, there is a high need for a genome-wide approach to derive a phylogenetically robust classification and understand this group\'s evolutionary relationships. To this end, we developed a target enrichment-based multilocus probe assay for the order Haplosclerida using transcriptomic data. This probe assay consists of 20,000 enrichment probes targeting 2956 ultraconserved elements in coding (i.e. exon) regions across the genome and was tested on 26 haplosclerid specimens from the Red Sea. Our target-enrichment approach correctly placed our samples in a well-supported phylogeny, in agreement with previous haplosclerid molecular phylogenies. Our results demonstrate the applicability of high-resolution genomic methods in a systematically complex marine invertebrate group and provide a promising approach for robust phylogenies of Haplosclerida. Subsequently, this will lead to biologically unambiguous taxonomic revisions, better interpretations of biological and ecological observations and new avenues for applied research, conservation and managing declining marine diversity.
    Keywords: bait design ; exon ; phylogenetic markers ; target capture ; ultraconserved element
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 56
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    Physiological response of an Antarctic cryptophyte to increasing temperature, CO2, and irradiance (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(8), pp. 1880-1894, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: The Southern Ocean, a globally important CO2 sink, is one of the most susceptible regions in the world to climate change. Phytoplankton of the coastal shelf waters around the Western Antarctic Peninsula have been experiencing rapid warming over the past decades and current ongoing climatic changes will expose them to ocean acidification and high light intensities due to increasing stratification. We conducted a multiple-stressor experiment to evaluate the response of the still poorly studied key Antarctic cryptophyte species Geminigera cryophila to warming in combination with ocean acidification and high irradiance. Based on the thermal growth response of G. cryophila, we grew the cryptophyte at suboptimal (2°C) and optimal (4°C) temperatures in combination with two light intensities (medium light: 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and high light [HL]: 500 μmol photons m−2 s−1) under ambient (400 μatm pCO2) and high pCO2 (1000 μatm pCO2) conditions. Our results reveal that G. cryophila was not susceptible to high pCO2, but was strongly affected by HL at 2°C, as both growth and carbon fixation were significantly reduced. In comparison, warming up to 4°C stimulated the growth of the cryptophyte and even alleviated the previously observed negative effects of HL at 2°C. When grown, however, at temperatures above 4°C, the cryptophyte already reached its maximal thermal limit at 8°C, pointing out its vulnerability toward even higher temperatures. Hence, our results clearly indicate that warming and high light and not pCO2 control the growth of G. cryophila.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 57
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    The physiological response of an Antarctic key phytoplankton species to low iron and manganese concentrations (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(9), pp. 2153-2166, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability and the divergent requirements of phytoplankton species were recently shown to be potential important drivers of Southern Ocean community composition. Knowledge about Antarctic phytoplankton species requirements for Fe and Mn remains, however, scarce. By performing laboratory experiments and additional calculations of the photosynthetic electron transport, we investigated the response of the ecologically important species Phaeocystis antarctica under a combination of different Fe and Mn concentrations. Fe deprivation alone provoked typical physiological characteristics of Fe limitation in P. antarctica (e.g., lowered growth and photosynthetic efficiency). In comparison, under Mn deprivation alone, the growth and carbon production of P. antarctica were not impacted. Its tolerance to cope with low Mn concentrations resulted from an efficient photoacclimation strategy, including a higher number of active photosystems II through which fewer electrons were transported. This strategy allowed us to maintain similar high growth and carbon production rates as FeMn-enriched cells. Due to its low Mn requirement, P. antarctica performed physiologically as Fe-deprived cells under the combined depletion of Fe and Mn. Hence, our study reveals that different from other Southern Ocean phytoplankton species, P. antarctica possesses a high capacity to cope with natural low Mn concentrations, which can facilitate its dominance over others, potentially explaining its ecological success across the Southern Ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 58
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    Phylogenomic species delimitation of the twisted\xe2\x80\x90winged parasite genus Stylops (Strepsiptera) (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  Systematic Entomology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Description: The twisted-winged parasite genus Stylops has a history of different species concepts with varying host specificity resulting in diverse species diversity estimates in different regions of the Holarctic. The adoption of a supergeneralist species concept in Europe, proposing synonymization of all Western Palaearctic Stylops species, did not facilitate taxonomic clarity and obscured the available life-history data in the region for decades. Lack of molecular data has allowed divergent opinions on species hypotheses and little opportunity for evaluating them in this morphologically challenging genus. To solve these discrepancies and gain novel information about host associations, we applied whole-genome sequencing to 163 specimens, representing a significant portion of putative European species. We evaluate the existing and conflicting species hypotheses with molecular species delimitation using Species bOundry Delimitation using Astral (SODA)and use a maximum likelihood phylogeny to investigate host associations of the species. Furthermore, we evaluate the effect of a number of loci used in SODA for the number of inferred species. We find justification for synonymization of multiple species and indications of undescribed species, as well as new host\xe2\x80\x93parasite relationships. We show that the number of inferred species in SODA is exceedingly and positively correlated with the number of loci used, urging for cautious application. The results of our study bring clarity to the Western Palaearctic species diversity of Stylops. Furthermore, the comprehensive molecular dataset generated in this study will be a valuable resource for future studies on Stylops and the evolution of parasites in general.
    Keywords: [Released under the CC-BY NC 4.0 (\xe2\x80\x9cAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International\xe2\x80\x9d) ; License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 59
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    Environmental vibrio phage–bacteria interaction networks reflect the genetic structure of host populations (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Microbiology, Wiley, 25(8), pp. 1424-1438, ISSN: 1462-2912
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Phages depend on their bacterial hosts to replicate. The habitat, density and genetic diversity of host populations are therefore key factors in phage ecology, but our ability to explore their biology depends on the isolation of a diverse and representative collection of phages from different sources. Here, we compared two populations of marine bacterial hosts and their phages collected during a time series sampling program in an oyster farm. The population of 〈jats:italic〉Vibrio crassostreae〈/jats:italic〉, a species associated specifically to oysters, was genetically structured into clades of near clonal strains, leading to the isolation of closely related phages forming large modules in phage–bacterial infection networks. For 〈jats:italic〉Vibrio chagasii〈/jats:italic〉, which blooms in the water column, a lower number of closely related hosts and a higher diversity of isolated phages resulted in small modules in the phage–bacterial infection network. Over time, phage load was correlated with 〈jats:italic〉V. chagasii〈/jats:italic〉 abundance, indicating a role of host blooms in driving phage abundance. Genetic experiments further demonstrated that these phage blooms can generate epigenetic and genetic variability that can counteract host defence systems. These results highlight the importance of considering both the environmental dynamics and the genetic structure of the host when interpreting phage–bacteria networks.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 60
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    Are all copepods the same? Variation in copepod stoichiometry with taxonomy, ontogeny, latitude, and habitat (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecosphere, Wiley, 14(12), ISSN: 2150-8925
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-08
    Description: Copepods are the most abundant metazoans on Earth, driving cycles of key elements in aquatic systems, most prominently carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). One key factor determining nutrient cycling is copepod somatic stoichiometry, which can reflect ecological strategy. We conducted a systematic review that updates the seminal work of Båmstedt (1986) by summarizing the effects of latitude, habitat, life history stage, and taxonomy on C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios of field-collected copepods. We found that differences among copepod families accounted for the greatest variation, with the Rhincalanidae and Diaptomidae being particularly C-rich, while the Calanidae were more N- and P-rich. Copepod C:N was higher in inland waters compared with animals from marine environments in both copepodites and adult females, matching the higher C content of seston in many inland freshwaters. For both copepodites and adult females, mid-latitude animals had higher C:N and C:P than high-latitude animals, which matched predictions based on the availability of nutrients or adaptation to cold environments. More data must be gathered to fill gaps in our knowledge of copepod stoichiometry, focusing particularly on younger life stages, non-calanoids, low and high latitudes, the southern hemisphere, and estuarine and some inland water habitats, including large lakes. Such information will help better parameterize models of aquatic ecosystems and improve our understanding of how copepods influence consumer-driven nutrient cycling and food web dynamics.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 61
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    Microborings reveal alternating agitation, resting and sleeping stages of modern marine ooids (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Sedimentology, Wiley, ISSN: 0037-0746
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-15
    Description: 〈jats:title〉ABSTRACT〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Ooids are abundant carbonate grains throughout much of Earth's history, but their formation is not well understood. Here, an in‐depth study of microbial bioerosion features of Holocene ooids from the Schooner Cays ooid shoals (Great Bahama Bank, Eleuthera, Bahamas) and the Shalil al Ud ooid shoals in the Gulf (Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates) is presented. No obvious differences were found in ooid size distribution, cortex layer thickness, the composition of nuclei or euendolithic community when comparing ooids from both locations. Microendolithic borings are present in most studied ooid surfaces, but the intensity of (micro‐)bioerosion varies significantly. Applying an epoxy vacuum cast‐embedding technique allowed the identification of ichnotaxa and their inferred producers (various genera of diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores and unspecified bacteria). Euendolithic taxa have specific low‐light tolerances and light optima. This implies that information about the relative bathymetry (seafloor versus burial within an ooid shoal) and ecology for ooid cortex formation can be obtained via the presence or absence of their respective ichnotaxa. The history of a statistically significant number of ooid cortices can be translated into dune dynamics and the temporal variations thereof by allocating the inferred index producer to a defined burial or light penetration zone. In this context, ooid formation can be divided into four stages: (i) an agitation stage in the water column, characterized by the colonization of grains by photoautotrophs; (ii) a resting stage, characterized by temporary burial of the ooid, leading to immobilization and a shift towards heterotrophs; (iii) a sleeping stage, characterized by prolonged burial and colonialization by organotrophs; and (iv) a reactivation stage, characterized by a resurfacing of the ooid and a subsequent shift towards photoautotrophs. The sleeping stage is presumably a stage of ooid degradation where bioerosion, mainly by heterotrophic fungi and bacteria is particularly active.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 62
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    Dependency of Arctic zooplankton on pelagic food sources: New insights from fatty acid and stable isotope analyses (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68, pp. 2346-2358, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Global warming causes dramatic environmental change to Arctic ecosystems. While pelagic primary production is initiated earlier and its intensity can be increased due to earlier ice melt and extended open-water periods, sea-ice primary production is progressively confined on a spatio-temporal scale, leading to unknown consequences for the ice-associated (sympagic) food web. Understanding ecological responses to changes in the availability and composition of pelagic and sympagic food sources is crucial to determine potential changes of food-web structure and functioning in Arctic marine communities under increasingly ice-free conditions. Focus was placed on the importance of suspended particulate organic matter vs. sympagic organic matter for 12 zooplankton species with different feeding modes covering five taxonomic groups (copepods, krill, amphipods, chaetognaths, and appendicularians) at two ice-covered, but environmentally different, stations in the north-western Barents Sea in August 2019. Contributions of diatom- and flagellate-associated fatty acids (FAs) to total lipid content and carbon stable isotopic compositions of these FAs were used to discriminate food sources and trace flows of organic matter in marine food webs. Combination of proportional contributions of FA markers with FA isotopic composition indicated that consumers mostly relied, directly (herbivorous species), or indirectly (omnivorous and carnivorous species), on pelagic diatoms and flagellates, independently of environmental conditions at the sampling locations, trophic position, and feeding mode. Differences were nevertheless observed between species. Contrary to other studies demonstrating a high importance of sympagic organic matter for food-web processes, our results highlight the complexity and variability of trophic structures and dependencies in different Arctic food webs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 63
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    Marine primary producers in a darker future: a meta‐analysis of light effects on pelagic and benthic autotrophs (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, 2023(4), ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: The availability of underwater light, as primary energy source for all aquatic photoautotrophs, is (and will further be) altered by changing precipitation, water turbidity, mixing depth, and terrestrial input of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). While experimental manipulations of CDOM input and turbidity are frequent, they often involve multiple interdependent changes (light, nutrients, C-supply). To create a baseline for the expected effects of light reduction alone, we performed a weighted meta-analysis on 240 published experiments (from 108 studies yielding 2500 effect sizes) that directly reduced light availability and measured marine autotroph responses. Across all organisms, habitats, and response variables, reduced light led to an average 23% reduction in biomass-related performance, whereas the effect sizes on physiological performance did not significantly differ from zero. Especially, pigment content increased with reduced light, which indicated a strong physiological plasticity in response to diminished light. This acclimation potential was also indicated by light reduction effects minimized if the experiments lasted longer. Nevertheless, the performance (especially biomass accrual) was reduced the more the less light intensity remained available. Light reduction effects were also more negative at higher temperatures if ambient light conditions were poor. Macrophytes or benthic systems were more negatively affected by light reduction than microalgae or plankton systems, especially in physiological responses were microalgae and plankton showed slightly positive responses. Otherwise, the effect magnitudes remained surprisingly consistent across habitats and aspects of experimental design. Therefore, the strong observed log–linear relationship between remaining light and autotrophic performance can be used as a baseline to predict marine primary production in future light climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 64
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    Climate change disrupts core habitats of marine species (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, 29(12), pp. 3304-3317, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-22
    Description: Driven by climate change, marine biodiversity is undergoing a phase of rapid change that has proven to be even faster than changes observed in terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding how these changes in species composition will affect future marine life is crucial for conservation management, especially due to increasing demands for marine natural resources. Here, we analyse predictions of a multiparameter habitat suitability model covering the global projected ranges of 〉33,500 marine species from climate model projections under three CO2 emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) up to the year 2100. Our results show that the core habitat area will decline for many species, resulting in a net loss of 50% of the core habitat area for almost half of all marine species in 2100 under the high-emission scenario RCP8.5. As an additional consequence of the continuing distributional reorganization of marine life, gaps around the equator will appear for 8% (RCP2.6), 24% (RCP4.5), and 88% (RCP8.5) of marine species with cross-equatorial ranges. For many more species, continuous distributional ranges will be disrupted, thus reducing effective population size. In addition, high invasion rates in higher latitudes and polar regions will lead to substantial changes in the ecosystem and food web structure, particularly regarding the introduction of new predators. Overall, our study highlights that the degree of spatial and structural reorganization of marine life with ensued consequences for ecosystem functionality and conservation efforts will critically depend on the realized greenhouse gas emission pathway.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 65
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    A facultative mutualism facilitates European seagrass meadows (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecography, Wiley, 2023(5), ISSN: 0906-7590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-18
    Description: Coastal ecosystem functioning often hinges on habitat-forming foundation species that engage in positive interactions (e.g. facilitation and mutualism) to reduce environmental stress. Seagrasses are important foundation species in coastal zones but are rapidly declining with losses typically linked to intensifying global change-related environmental stress. There is growing evidence that loss or disruption of positive interactions can amplify coastal ecosystem degradation as it compromises its stress mitigating capacity. Multiple recent studies highlight that seagrass can engage in a facultative mutualistic relationship with lucinid bivalves that alleviate sulphide toxicity. So far, however, the generality of this mutualism, and how its strength and relative importance depend on environmental conditions, remains to be investigated. Here we study the importance of the seagrass-lucinid mutualistic interaction on a continental-scale using a field survey across Europe. We found that the lucinid bivalve Loripes orbiculatus is associated with the seagrasses Zostera noltii and Zostera marina across a large latitudinal range. At locations where the average minimum temperature was above 1 °C, L. orbiculatus was present in 79% of the Zostera meadows; whereas, it was absent below this temperature. At locations above this minimum temperature threshold, mud content was the second most important determinant explaining the presence or absence of L. orbiculatus. Further analyses suggest that the presence of the lucinids have a positive effect on seagrass biomass by mitigating sulphide stress. Finally, results of a structural equation model (SEM) support the existence of a mutualistic feedback between L. orbiculatus and Z. noltii. We argue that this seagrass-lucinid mutualism should be more solidly integrated into management practices to improve seagrass ecosystem resilience to global change as well as the success of restoration efforts.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 66
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    What we do in the dark: Prevalence of omnivorous feeding activity in Arctic zooplankton during polar night (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(8), pp. 1835-1851, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: During the productive polar day, zooplankton and sea-ice amphipods fulfill a critical role in energy transfer from primary producers to higher trophic-level species in Arctic marine ecosystems. Recent polar night studies on zooplankton and sea-ice amphipods suggest higher levels of biological activity than previously assumed. However, it is unknown if these invertebrates maintain polar night activity on stored lipids, opportunistic feeding, or a combination of both. To assess how zooplankton (copepods, amphipods, and krill) and sea-ice amphipods support themselves on seasonally varying resources, we studied their lipid classes, fatty acid compositions, and compound-specific stable isotopes of trophic biomarker fatty acids during polar day (June/July) and polar night (January). Lipid storage and fatty acid results confirm previously described dietary sources in all species during polar day. We found evidence of polar night feeding in all species, including shifts from herbivory to omnivory. Sympagic-, pelagic-, and Calanus spp.-derived carbon sources supported zooplankton and sea-ice amphipods in both seasons. We provide a first indication of polar night feeding of sea-ice amphipods in the pelagic realm.
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  • 67
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    Interaction matters: Bottom‐up driver interdependencies alter the projected response of phytoplankton communities to climate change (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-19
    Description: Phytoplankton growth is controlled by multiple environmental drivers, which are all modified by climate change. While numerous experimental studies identify interactive effects between drivers, large-scale ocean biogeochemistry models mostly account for growth responses to each driver separately and leave the results of these experimental multiple-driver studies largely unused. Here, we amend phytoplankton growth functions in a biogeochemical model by dual-driver interactions (CO2 and temperature, CO2 and light), based on data of a published meta-analysis on multiple-driver laboratory experiments. The effect of this parametrization on phytoplankton biomass and community composition is tested using present-day and future high-emission (SSP5-8.5) climate forcing. While the projected decrease in future total global phytoplankton biomass in simulations with driver interactions is similar to that in control simulations without driver interactions (5%-6%), interactive driver effects are group-specific. Globally, diatom biomass decreases more with interactive effects compared with the control simulation (-8.1% with interactions vs. no change without interactions). Small-phytoplankton biomass, by contrast, decreases less with on-going climate change when the model accounts for driver interactions (-5.0% vs. -9.0%). The response of global coccolithophore biomass to future climate conditions is even reversed when interactions are considered (+33.2% instead of -10.8%). Regionally, the largest difference in the future phytoplankton community composition between the simulations with and without driver interactions is detected in the Southern Ocean, where diatom biomass decreases (-7.5%) instead of increases (+14.5%), raising the share of small phytoplankton and coccolithophores of total phytoplankton biomass. Hence, interactive effects impact the phytoplankton community structure and related biogeochemical fluxes in a future ocean. Our approach is a first step to integrate the mechanistic understanding of interacting driver effects on phytoplankton growth gained by numerous laboratory experiments into a global ocean biogeochemistry model, aiming toward more realistic future projections of phytoplankton biomass and community composition.
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  • 68
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    Extremely fast Holocene coastal landscape evolution in the Kachchh Upland (NW India): Clues from a multidisciplinary review (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-28
    Description: The coastal landscape of the Kachchh Upland (KU) region (NW-India) changed over the last fewthousand years from a shallow marine gulf to a salty desert (1-4 meters asl). In this area,bordered to the south by the Northern Hill Range (NHR), the tectonic-climatic interactiontriggered the sea level fall from +2/4 m circa (6000-2000 BP) to zero. An ancient riverpattern deposited a tidally regulated delta area during the sea level fall that stopped 2000-3000 years ago due to tectonic activity and a dry climate.Deltaic-alluvial fans (DAF) in front of the NHR suggest that the KU’s tectonic activity led tofast landscape evolution. We explored such drastic changes by integrating scientificinformation from a multidisciplinary literature review, identifying terraces and DAFs, andinferring faults through landform recognition, quantitative morphometry, andfield surveys.Our interpretation, summarized in a map, provides new information on active processesalong the NHR.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2167617
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Kachchh ; coastal landscapeevolution ; tectonic-climatic interaction ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 69
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    Perspectives of species identification by MALDI‐TOF MS in monitoring—Stability of proteomic fingerprints in marine epipelagic copepods (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, 23(5), pp. 1077-1091, ISSN: 1755-098X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: We analysed the robustness of species identification based on proteomic composition to data processing and intraspecific variability, specificity and sensitivity of species-markers as well as discriminatory power of proteomic fingerprinting and its sensitivity to phylogenetic distance. Our analysis is based on MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) data from 32 marine copepod species coming from 13 regions (North and Central Atlantic and adjacent seas). A random forest (RF) model correctly classified all specimens to the species level with only small sensitivity to data processing, demonstrating the strong robustness of the method. Compounds with high specificity showed low sensitivity, that is identification was based on complex pattern-differences rather than on presence of single markers. Proteomic distance was not consistently related to phylogenetic distance. A species-gap in proteome composition appeared at 0.7 Euclidean distance when using only specimens from the same sample. When other regions or seasons were included, intraspecific variability increased, resulting in overlaps of intra and inter-specific distance. Highest intraspecific distances (〉0.7) were observed between specimens from brackish and marine habitats (i.e., salinity probably affects proteomic patterns). When testing library sensitivity of the RF model to regionality, strong misidentification was only detected between two congener pairs. Still, the choice of reference library may have an impact on identification of closely related species and should be tested before routine application. We envisage high relevance of this time- and cost-efficient method for future zooplankton monitoring as it provides not only in-depth taxonomic resolution for counted specimens but also add-on information, such as on developmental stage or environmental conditions.
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  • 70
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    Lipid biomarkers reveal trophic relationships and energetic trade‐offs in contrasting phenotypes of the cold‐water coral Desmophyllum dianthus in Comau Fjord, Chile (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Functional Ecology, Wiley, ISSN: 0269-8463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: Benthic suspension feeders like corals and sponges are important bioengineers in many marine habitats, from the shallow tropics to the depth of polar oceans. While they are generally considered opportunistic, little is known about their actual in situ diet. To tackle this limitation, fatty acid trophic markers (FATMs) have been employed to gain insights into the composition of their diet. Yet, these in situ studies have not been combined with physiological investigations to understand how physiological limitations may modulate the biochemistry of these organisms. Here, we used the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in its natural habitat in Comau Fjord (Northern Patagonia, Chile) as our model species to assess the trophic ecology in response to contrasting physico-chemical conditions (variable vs. stable) and ecological drivers (food availability) at three shallow sites and one deep site. We took advantage of the expression of two distinct phenotypes with contrasting performance (growth, biomass, respiration) coinciding with the differences in sampling depth. We analysed the corals' fatty acid composition to evaluate the utility of FATM profiles to gain dietary insights and assess how performance trade-offs potentially modulate an organism's FATM composition. We found that 20:1(n-9) zooplankton markers dominated the deep high-performance phenotype, while 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) diatom and flagellate markers, respectively, are more prominent in shallow low-performance phenotype. Surprisingly, both energy stores and performance were higher in the deep phenotype, in spite of measured lower zooplankton availability. Essential FA concentrations were conserved across sites, likely reflecting required levels for coral functioning and survival. While the deep high-performance phenotype met with these requirements, the low-performance phenotype appeared to need more energy to maintain functionality in its highly variable environment, potentially causing intrinsic re-allocations of energy and enrichment in certain essential markers (20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3)). Our analysis highlights the biological and ecological insights that can be gained from FATM profiles in CWCs, but also cautions the reliability of FATM as diet tracers under limiting environmental conditions that may also be applicable to other marine organisms. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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  • 71
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    Integrating local environmental observations and remote sensing to better understand the life cycle of a thermokarst lake in Arctic Alaska (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  EPIC3Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, Taylor & Francis, 55(1), pp. 2195518-2195518, ISSN: 1523-0430
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: On 29 June 2022, local observers reported the drainage of a 0.5 ha lake near Qikiqtaġruk (Kotzebue), Alaska, that prompted this collaborative study on the life cycle of a thermokarst lake in the Arctic. Prior to its drainage, the lake expanded from 0.13 ha in 1951 to 0.54 ha in 2021 at lateral rates that ranged from 0.25 to 0.35 m/year. During the drainage event, we estimate that 18,500 m3 of water drained from the lake into Kotzebue Sound, forming a 125-m-long thermo-erosional gully that incised 2 to 14 m in ice-rich permafrost. Between 29 June and 18 August 2022, the drainage gully expanded from 1 m to 〉10 m wide, mobilizing ~8,500 m3 of material through erosion and thaw. By reconstructing a pre-lake disturbance terrain model, we show that thaw subsidence occurs rapidly (0.78 m/year) upon transition from tundra to lake but that over a seventy-year period it slows to 0.12 m/year. The combination of multiple remote sensing tools and local environmental observations provided a rich data set that allowed us to assess rates of lake expansion relative to rates of sub-lake permafrost thaw subsidence as well as hypothesizing about the potential role of beavers in arctic lake drainage.
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  • 72
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    Come, tell me how you live: Habitat suitability analysis for Ostrea edulis restoration (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Wiley, 33(7), pp. 678-695, ISSN: 1052-7613
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: Against the background of the UN decade on ecosystem restoration and the new EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, and in the context of marine spatial planning and complex maritime user conflicts, reliable information on habitat suitability for large-scale restoration is an important prerequisite for implementing conservation management and for supporting successful, sustainable, and ecologically efficient restoration measures. In this study, habitat suitability was assessed using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) for the restoration of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis, in marine protected areas (MPAs) of the German Bight in the North Sea: Borkum Reef Ground (Borkum Riffgrund, BRG) and Sylt Outer Reef – Eastern German Bight (Sylter Außenriff, SAR). Based on site selection criteria, exclusion and suitability factors for the MCDA were defined. Results were integrated with the available geodata to produce habitat suitability maps for oyster restoration in the area of interest. Suitable as well as unsuitable habitats have been successfully identified for both MPAs: several hundred square kilometres (≥97.2% of BRG) or several thousand square kilometres (≥74.5% of SAR) were classified as ecologically and logistically suitable for oyster restoration measures in the respective MPAs. As oyster restoration is significantly limited by human activities (e.g. bottom trawl fisheries), the management of fisheries is an important prerequisite for successful oyster restoration in both MPAs. Results show that designated fishery management measures will increase the possibilities for oyster restoration. In BRG, our results correspond to the known historical distribution. In SAR, our results significantly exceed the historically known distribution. The habitat suitability analysis will facilitate decision-making regarding ocean use, and will reduce restoration costs through targeted management activities in areas of high suitability and expand species recovery by improving the survival of reintroduced individuals. The habitat suitability analysis procedure is easily adaptable for application to other areas, other species, or other habitat restoration projects, or to other conservation management settings. The software applied is open source and the suitability calculation is described in detail to inform wider applications.
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  • 73
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    The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, Wiley, 70(4), pp. e12972-e12972, ISSN: 1066-5234
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Protist plankton are major members of open-water marine food webs. Traditionally divided between phototrophic phytoplankton and phagotrophic zooplankton, recent research shows many actually combine phototrophy and phagotrophy in the one cell; these protists are the “mixoplankton.” Under the mixoplankton paradigm, “phytoplankton” are incapable of phagotrophy (diatoms being exemplars), while “zooplankton” are incapable of phototrophy. This revision restructures marine food webs, from regional to global levels. Here, we present the first comprehensive database of marine mixoplankton, bringing together extant knowledge of the identity, allometry, physiology, and trophic interactivity of these organisms. This mixoplankton database (MDB) will aid researchers that confront difficulties in characterizing life traits of protist plankton, and it will benefit modelers needing to better appreciate ecology of these organisms with their complex functional and allometric predator–prey interactions. The MDB also identifies knowledge gaps, including the need to better understand, for different mixoplankton functional types, sources of nutrition (use of nitrate, prey types, and nutritional states), and to obtain vital rates (e.g. growth, photosynthesis, ingestion, factors affecting photo’ vs. phago’ -trophy). It is now possible to revisit and re-classify protistan “phytoplankton” and “zooplankton” in extant databases of plankton life forms so as to clarify their roles in marine ecosystems.
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  • 74
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    Future warming stimulates growth and photosynthesis in an Arctic microalga more strongly than changes in light intensity or pCO2 (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(12), pp. 2789-2799, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: We assessed the responses of solitary cells of Arctic Phaeocystis pouchetii grown under a matrix of temperature (2°C vs. 6°C), light intensity (55 vs. 160 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and pCO2 (400 vs. 1000 μatm CO2, i.e., 40.5 vs. 101.3 Pa). Next to acclimation parameters (growth rates, particulate and dissolved organic C and N, Chlorophyll a content), we measured physiological processes in vivo (electron transport rates and net photosynthesis) using fast-repetition rate fluorometry and membrane-inlet mass spectrometry. Within the applied driver ranges, elevated temperature had the most pronounced impacts, significantly increasing growth, elemental quotas and photosynthetic performance. Light stimulations manifested more prominently under 6°C, underlining temperature's role as a “master-variable”. pCO2 was the least effective driver, exerting mostly insignificant effects. The obtained data were used for a simplistic upscaling simulation to investigate potential changes in P. pouchetii's bloom dynamics in the Fram Strait with increasing temperatures over the 21st century. Although solitary cells might not be fully representative of colonial cells commonly observed in the field, our results suggest that global warming accelerates bloom dynamics, with earlier onsets of blooms and higher peak biomasses. Such a temperature-induced acceleration in the phenology of Phaeocystis and likely other Arctic phytoplankton might cause temporal mismatches, e.g., with the development of grazers, and therefore substantially affect the biogeochemistry and ecology of the Arctic.
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  • 75
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    Setting the stones to restore and monitor European flat oyster reefs in the German North Sea (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Wiley, 33(7), pp. 661-677, ISSN: 1052-7613
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Ecological restoration includes specific technical phases over the course of an ecosystem recovery process. In the marine environment and for oyster reef restoration, the installation and implementation of pilot reefs close the gap between feasibility studies with small-scale experiments and designated upscaling for marine conservation measures. Against this background, this study presents the design, planning and installation of the first pilot oyster reef in offshore sublittoral regions of the North Sea. The work was conducted as part of marine protected area management in the Natura 2000 site Borkum Reef Ground in the German Bight, in the area of historical offshore oyster grounds. It includes logistical considerations, material selection, methodology for reef base construction and deployment of European flat oysters Ostrea edulis as spat-on-shell, young and adult single seed oysters, and spat-on-reef, as well as the development of an efficient monitoring approach for reef-associated biodiversity. Native Oyster Restoration Alliance monitoring methodologies, such as underwater visual census and seabed images were selected, tested and successfully adapted for the pilot oyster reef and study site. The evaluation and optimization of offshore sublittoral oyster reef monitoring are presented here, and biodiversity metrics are put into perspective with data from recent and historical studies. Results show a few mobile fauna species (e.g., fish and decapods) as first colonizers after reef construction. One year later, biodiversity increased due to a larger number of invertebrate and fish species. However, the pilot oyster reef community still represents an early recolonization stage, with lower biodiversity than historical records. This study presents a proof of concept for the design, planning and construction of an offshore oyster reef and indicates stages in the recovery process. Strategies to optimize and to complement reef-monitoring in challenging environments are discussed, emphasizing additional molecular and functional analyses for future assessments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 76
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    Developing model systems for dinoflagellates in the post‐genomic era (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Phycology, Wiley, 59(5), pp. 799-808, ISSN: 0022-3646
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of eukaryotic microbes that are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. Largely photosynthetic, they encompass symbiotic, parasitic, and free-living lineages with a broad spectrum of trophism. Many free-living taxa can produce bioactive secondary metabolites such as biotox- ins, some of which cause harmful algal blooms. In contrast, most symbiotic species are crucial for sustaining coral reef health. The year 2023 marked a decade since the first genome data of dinoflagellates became available. The growing genome-scale resources for these taxa are highlighting their remarkable evolutionary and genomic complexities. Here, we discuss the prospect of developing dinoflagellate models using the criteria of accessibil- ity, tractability, resources, research support, and promise. Moving forward in the post-genomic era, we argue for the development of fit-to-purpose models that tailor to specific biological contexts, and that a one-size-fits-all model is inadequate for encapsulating the complex biology, ecology, and evolutionary history of dinoflagellates.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 77
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    Sedimentary ancient DNA of rotifers reveals responses to 200 years of climate change in two Kenyan crater lakes (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Freshwater Biology, Wiley, 68(11), pp. 1894-1916, ISSN: 0046-5070
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) has proven to be a useful tool for palaeoenvironmental studies, but only a handful of studies exist so far for tropical regions. In this study we used sedaDNA to study the temporal succession of Brachionus spp. rotifer mitochondrial DNA haplotypes using two sediment cores from two climatically different alkaline-saline crater lakes from the Kenyan Rift Valley. Data were retrieved from a sediment core (dating back to AD 1800) from Lake Kageinya, located in the remote, hot and hyper-arid Suguta Valley. sedaDNA was used to study the temporal succession of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of Brachionus spp. rotifers. The results were compared to previously published data from Lake Sonachi, a well-studied lake in the humid and colder mountainous region of Kenya near the town of Naivasha, now supported by a 210Pb age chronology. Both records extend back before the onset of substantial anthropogenic impact in these regions. The results revealed that climate—rather than anthropogenic impact—was most strongly correlated with haplotype changes in both lakes. During prolonged dry periods (such as from AD 1910 to the late AD 1960s), certain haplotypes persisted. Sudden changes and the emergence of alter native haplotypes were observed when climate became more humid or during episodes of highly variable climate (before AD 1910 and from AD 1960s onwards). Progressive changes in prevailing haplotypes during periods with variable climate could reflect local adaptation and/or be the result of immigration of new haplotypes after the eradication of previous populations during extreme environmental conditions (high temperatures, UV irradiation, pH and salinity). The results indicate that, despite adverse chemical conditions, sedaDNA in tropical lake sediments is preserved for at least a few hundred years. Therefore, its analysis provides a useful complementary palaeoenvironmental proxy for palaeolimnological reconstructions and novel insights on changes in rotifer populations through time.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 78
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    Arctic nekton uncovered by eDNA metabarcoding: Diversity, potential range expansions, and pelagic‐benthic coupling (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental DNA, Wiley, 5(3), pp. 503-518, ISSN: 2637-4943
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: The Arctic Ocean is home to a unique fauna that is disproportionately affected by global warming but that remains under-studied. Due to their high mobility and responsiveness to global warming, cephalopods and fishes are good indicators of the reshuffling of Arctic communities. Here, we established a nekton biodiversity baseline for the Fram Strait, the only deep connection between the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. Using universal primers for fishes (12S) and cephalopods (18S), we amplified environmental DNA (eDNA) from seawater (50–2700 m) and deep-sea sediment samples collected at the LTER HAUSGARTEN observatory. We detected 12 cephalopod and 31 fish taxa in the seawater and seven cephalopod and 28 fish taxa in the sediment, including the elusive Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). Our data suggest three fish (Mallotus villosus, Thunnus sp., and Micromesistius poutassou) and one squid (Histioteuthis sp.) range expansions. The detection of eDNA of pelagic origin in the sediment also suggests that M. villosus, Arctozenus risso, and M. poutassou as well as gonatid squids are potential contributors to the carbon flux. Continuous nekton monitoring is needed to understand the ecosystem impacts of rapid warming in the Arctic and eDNA proves to be a suitable tool for this endeavor.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 79
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    Dominant gingers – Discovery and inheritance of a new shell polymorphism in the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  Ecology and Evolution vol. 13 no. 12
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: Color polymorphism is a classic study system for evolutionary genetics. One of the most color-polymorphic animal taxa is mollusks, but the investigation of the genetic basis of color determination is often hindered by their life history and the limited avail-ability of genetic resources. Here, we report on the discovery of shell color polymor-phism in a much-used model species, the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. While their shell is usually beige, some individuals from a Greek population show a distinct red shell color, which we nicknamed Ginger. Moreover, we found that the inheritance fits simple, single-locus Mendelian inheritance with dominance of the Ginger allele. We also compared crucial life-history traits between Ginger and wild-type individuals, and found no differences between morphs. We conclude that the relative simplicity of this polymorphism will provide new opportunities for a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of shell color polymorphism and its evolutionary origin.
    Keywords: evolution ; genetics ; life history ; Mendelian inheritance ; simultaneous hermaphrodites
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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  • 80
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    Tracing basal resource use across sea‐ice, pelagic, and benthic habitats in the early Arctic spring food web with essential amino acid carbon isotopes (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(4), pp. 862-877, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: A rapidly warming Arctic Ocean and associated sea-ice decline is resulting in changing sea-ice protist communities, affecting productivity of under-ice, pelagic, and benthic fauna. Quantifying such effects is hampered by a lack of biomarkers suitable for tracing specific basal resources (primary producers and microorganisms) through food webs. We investigate the potential of δ13C values of essential amino acids (EAAs) (δ13CEAA values) to estimate the proportional use of diverse basal resources by organisms from the under-ice (Apherusa glacialis), pelagic (Calanus hyperboreus) and benthic habitats (sponges, sea cucumber), and the cryo-pelagic fish Boreogadus saida. Two approaches were used: baseline δ13CEAA values, that is, the basal resource specific δ13CEAA values, and δ13CEAA fingerprints, or mean-centred baseline δ13CEAA values. Substantial use of sub-ice algae Melosira arctica by all studied organisms suggests that its role within Arctic food webs is greater than previously recognized. In addition, δ13CEAA fingerprints from algae-associated bacteria were clearly traced to the sponges, with an individually variable kelp use by sea cucumbers. Although mean-centred δ13CEAA values in A. glacialis, C. hyperboreus, and B. saida tissues were aligned with microalgae resources, they were not fully represented by the filtered pelagic- and sea-ice particulate organic matter constituting the spring diatom-dominated algal community. Under-ice and pelagic microalgae use could only be differentiated with baseline δ13CEAA values as similar microalgae clades occur in both habitats. We suggest that δ13CEAA fingerprints combined with microalgae baseline δ13CEAA values are an insightful tool to assess the effect of ongoing changes in Arctic basal resources on their use by organisms.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 81
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    Tundra conservation challenged by forest expansion in a complex mountainous treeline ecotone as revealed by spatially explicit tree aboveground biomass modeling (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    In:  EPIC3Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, Taylor & Francis, 55(1), pp. 2220208-2220208, ISSN: 1523-0430
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-21
    Description: The subarctic forest tundra transition zone is one of the most vulnerable ecological regions worldwide and susceptible to climate change. Forest changes could lead to biodiversity losses when tundra areas become colonized. However, the impact of complex landscapes with barriers and channels for seed dispersal is highly understudied. Hence, we investigated potential tree aboveground biomass (AGB) change in mountainous central Chukotka (Siberia) with the individual-based spatially explicit vegetation model Larix vegetation simulator (LAVESI). In a climate sensitivity study, we simulate forest dynamics until 3000 CE for Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) with and without hypothetical cooling after 2300 CE to twentieth-century levels. The current state and spatiotemporal dynamics of tree AGB are validated against field and satellite-derived data. Our results suggest densification of existing tree stands and a lagged forest expansion depending on the distance to the current tree line (~39 percent of the total study area, RCP 8.5) under all considered climate scenarios. In scenarios with cooling after 2300 CE, forests stopped expanding and then gradually retreated to their pre-twenty-first-century position (~10 percent, RCP 8.5). However, forest remnants remain in the colonized area, leaving an imprint of forests in former tundra areas, which will likely have an adverse impact on tundra biodiversity.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 82
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    A research agenda for nonvascular photoautotrophs under climate change (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3New Phytologist, Wiley, 237(5), pp. 1495-1504, ISSN: 0028-646X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-21
    Description: Nonvascular photoautotrophs (NVP), including bryophytes, lichens, terrestrial algae, and cyanobacteria, are increasingly recognized as being essential to ecosystem functioning in many regions of the world. Current research suggests that climate change may pose a substantial threat to NVP, but the extent to which this will affect the associated ecosystem functions and services is highly uncertain. Here, we propose a research agenda to address this urgent question, focusing on physiological and ecological processes that link NVP to ecosystem functions while also taking into account the substantial taxonomic diversity across multiple ecosystem types. Accordingly, we developed a new categorization scheme, based on microclimatic gradients, which simplifies the high physiological and morphological diversity of NVP and world-wide distribution with respect to several broad habitat types. We found that habitat-specific ecosystem functions of NVP will likely be substantially affected by climate change, and more quantitative process understanding is required on: (1) potential for acclimation; (2) response to elevated CO2; (3) role of the microbiome; and (4) feedback to (micro)climate. We suggest an integrative approach of innovative, multimethod laboratory and field experiments and ecophysiological modelling, for which sustained scientific collaboration on NVP research will be essential.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 83
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    Biome‐ and timescale‐dependence of Holocene vegetation variability in the Northern Hemisphere (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, 13(10), pp. e10585-e10585, ISSN: 2045-7758
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-21
    Description: Global climatic changes expected in the next centuries are likely to cause unparalleled vegetation disturbances, which in turn impact ecosystem services. To assess the significance of disturbances, it is necessary to characterize and understand typical natural vegetation variability on multi-decadal timescales and longer. We investigate this in the Holocene vegetation by examining a taxonomically harmonized and temporally standardized global fossil pollen dataset. Using principal component analysis, we characterize the variability in pollen assemblages, which are a proxy for vegetation composition, and derive timescale-dependent estimates of variability using the first-order Haar structure function. We find, on average, increasing fluctuations in vegetation composition from centennial to millennial timescales, as well as spatially coherent patterns of variability. We further relate these variations to pairwise comparisons between biome classes based on vegetation composition. As such, higher variability is identified for open-land vegetation compared to forests. This is consistent with the more active fire regimes of open-land biomes fostering variability. Needleleaf forests are more variable than broadleaf forests on shorter (centennial) timescales, but the inverse is true on longer (millennial) timescales. This inversion could also be explained by the fire characteristics of the biomes as fire disturbances would increase vegetation variability on shorter timescales, but stabilize vegetation composition on longer timecales by preventing the migration of less fire-adapted species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Paleometagenomics reveals environmental microbiome response to vegetation changes in northern Siberia over the millennia (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental DNA, Wiley, 5(6), pp. 1252-1264, ISSN: 2637-4943
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: The study of environmental ancient DNA provides us with the unique opportunity to link environmental with ecosystem change over a millennial timescale. Paleorecords such as lake sediments contain genetic pools of past living organisms that are a valuable source of information to reconstruct how ecosystems were and how they changed in response to climate in the past. Here, we report on paleometagenomics of a sedimentary record in northern Siberia covering the past 6700 years. We integrated taxonomic with functional gene analysis, which enabled to shed light not only on community compositions but also on eco-physiological adaptations and ecosystem functioning. We reconstructed the presence of an open boreal forest 6700 years ago that over time was gradually replaced by tundra. This vegetation change had major consequences on the environmental microbiome, primarily enriching bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers (e.g., Nitrospira, Nitrosopumilus, and Ca. Nitrosocosmicus) in the tundra ecosystem. We identified a core microbiome conserved through time and largely consisting of heterotrophic bacteria of the Bacteroidetes phylum (e.g., Mucilaginibacter) harboring numerous functional genes for degradation of plant-biomass and abiotic and biotic stress resistance. Archaea were also a key functional guild, involved in nitrogen and carbon cycling, not only methanogenesis but possibly also degradation of plant material via enzymes such as cellulases and amylases. Overall, the paleo-perspective offered by our study can have a profound impact on modern climate change biology, by helping to explain and predict the ecological interplay among multiple ecosystem levels based on past experiences.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 85
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    Better Together: Early Career Aquatic Scientists Forge New Connections at Eco‐DAS XV (2023)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-06
    Description: A sense of kuleana (personal responsibility) in caring for the land and sea. An appreciation for laulima (many hands cooperating). An understanding of aloha 'āina (love of the land). The University of Hawai'i at Manoa hosted the 2023 Ecological Dissertations in Aquatic Sciences (Eco-DAS) program, which fostered each of these intentions by bringing together a team of early career aquatic ecologists for a week of networking and collaborative, interdisciplinary project development
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  • 86
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    Review of the Central and South Atlantic Shelf and Deep-Sea Benthos: Science, Policy, and Management (2023)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-21
    Description: The Central and South Atlantic represents a vast ocean area and is home to a diverse range of ecosystems and species. Nevertheless, and similar to the rest of the global south, the area is comparatively understudied yet exposed to increasing levels of multisectoral pressures. To counteract this, the level of scientific exploration in the Central and South Atlantic has increased in recent years and will likely continue to do so within the context of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Here, we compile the literature to investigate the distribution of previous scientific exploration of offshore (30 m+) ecosystems in the Central and South Atlantic, both within and beyond national jurisdiction, allowing us to synthesise overall patterns of biodiversity. Furthermore, through the lens of sustainable management, we have reviewed the existing anthropogenic activities and associated management measures relevant to the region. Through this exercise, we have identified key knowledge gaps and undersampled regions that represent priority areas for future research and commented on how these may be best incorporated into, or enhanced through, future management measures such as those in discussion at the UN Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction negotiations. This review represents a comprehensive summary for scientists and managers alike looking to understand the key topographical, biological, and legislative features of the Central and South Atlantic.
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  • 87
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    Effects of Atlantification and changing sea‐ice dynamics on zooplankton community structure and carbon flux between 2000 and 2016 in the eastern Fram Strait (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The collection of zooplankton swimmers and sinkers in time-series sediment traps provides unique insight into year-round and interannual trends in zooplankton population dynamics. These samples are particularly valuable in remote and difficult to access areas such as the Arctic Ocean, where samples from the ice-covered season are rare. In the present study, we investigated zooplankton composition based on swimmers and sinkers collected by sediment traps at water depths of 180–280, 800–1320, and 2320–2550 m, over a period of 16 yr (2000–2016) at the Long-Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN located in the eastern Fram Strait (79°N, 4°E). The time-series data showed seasonal and interannual trends within the dominant zooplankton groups including copepoda, foraminifera, ostracoda, amphipoda, pteropoda, and chaetognatha. Amphipoda and copepoda dominated the abundance of swimmers while pteropoda and foraminifera were the most important sinkers. Although the seasonal occurrence of these groups was relatively consistent between years, there were notable interannual variations in abundance, suggesting the influence of various environmental conditions such as sea-ice dynamic and lateral advection of water masses, for example, meltwater and Atlantic water. Statistical analyses revealed a correlation between the Arctic dipole climatic index and sea-ice dynamics (i.e., ice coverage and concentration), as well as the importance of the distance from the ice edge on swimmer composition patterns and carbon export.
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  • 88
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    Temporal variation in ecological and evolutionary contributions to phytoplankton functional shifts (2023)
    ASLO (Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Communities and their functioning are jointly shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes that manifest in diversity shifts of their component species and genotypes. How both processes contribute to community functional change over time is rarely studied. We here repeatedly quantified eco-evolutionary contributions to CO2-driven total abundance and mean cell size changes after short-, mid-, and longer-term (80, 168, and 〉 168 d, respectively) in experimental phytoplankton communities. While the CO2-driven changes in total abundance and mean size in the short- and mid-term could be predominantly attributed to ecological shifts, the relative contribution of evolution increased. Over the longer-term, the CO2-effect and underlying eco-evolutionary changes disappeared, while total abundance increased, and mean size decreased significantly independently of CO2. The latter could be presumably attributed to CO2-independent genotype selection which fed back to species composition. In conclusion, ecological changes largely dominated the regulation of environmentally driven phytoplankton functional shifts at first. However, evolutionary changes gained importance with time, and can ultimately feedback on species composition, and thus must be considered when predicting phytoplankton change.
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  • 89
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    Mass falls of crustacean carcasses link surface waters and the deep seafloor (2023)
    Ecological Society of America | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Massive swarms of the red crab Pleuroncodes planipes (Stimpson, 1860), a species of squat lobster, are a dominant functional component of the upwelling ecosystem in the eastern Pacific Ocean (Boyd, 1967; Smith et al., 1975). These swarms can wash ashore on the coast, creating mass depositions of crustacean carcasses, a striking phenomenon that has been long documented in Baja California and California (Aurioles-Gamboa et al., 1994; Boyd, 1967). However, little is known about the fate of crab swarms transported offshore by oceanic currents. In May 2015, using an autonomous deep-sea robot, we discovered an unexpectedly large fall of red crab carcasses (〉1000 carcasses ha−1) at a depth of 4050 m on the abyssal Pacific seafloor (Figure 1), almost 1500 km from their spawning areas off the northwest American coast. Several questions arise from this unexpected finding that may help unveil additional close linkages in nutritional transport between processes at the sea surface and the remote abyssal seafloor.
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  • 90
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    Determination and quantification of sedimentary processes in salt marshes using end‐member modelling of grain‐size data (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: End-member modelling of bulk grain-size distributions allows the unravelling of natural and anthropogenic depositional processes in salt marshes and quantification of their respective contribution to marsh accretion. The sedimentology of two marshes is presented: (1) a sheltered back-barrier marsh; and (2) an exposed, reinstated foreland marsh. Sedimentological data are supplemented by an age model based on lead-210 decay and caesium-137, as well as geochemical data. End-member modelling of grain-size data shows that marsh growth in back-barrier settings is primarily controlled by the settling of fines from suspension during marsh inundation. In addition, nearby active dunes deliver aeolian sediment (up to 77% of the total sediment accretion), potentially enhancing the capability of salt marshes to adapt to sea-level rise. Growth of exposed marshes, by contrast, primarily results from high-energy inundation and is attributed to two sediment-transport processes. On the seaward edge of the marsh, sedimentation is dominated by coarser-grained traction load, whereas further inland, settling of fine-grained suspension load prevails. In addition, a third, coarse-grained sediment sub-population is interpreted to derive from anthropogenic land-reclamation measures, that is material from drainage channels relocated onto the marsh surface. This process contributed up to 34% to the total marsh accretion and terminated synchronously with the end of land reclamation measures. Data suggest that natural sediment supply to marshes alone is sufficient to outpace contemporary sea-level rise in the study area. This underlines the resilience potential of salt marshes in times of rising sea levels. The comparison of grain-size sub-populations with observed climate variability implies that even managed marshes allow for the extraction of environmental signals if natural and anthropogenic sedimentary processes are determined and their relative contribution to bulk sediment composition is quantified. Data series based solely on bulk sediments, however, seem to be of limited use because it is difficult to exclude bias of natural signals by anthropogenic measures.
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  • 91
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    Climate change disrupts core habitats of marine species (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Driven by climate change, marine biodiversity is undergoing a phase of rapid change that has proven to be even faster than changes observed in terrestrial ecosystems. Understanding how these changes in species composition will affect future marine life is crucial for conservation management, especially due to increasing demands for marine natural resources. Here, we analyse predictions of a multiparameter habitat suitability model covering the global projected ranges of 〉33,500 marine species from climate model projections under three CO2 emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) up to the year 2100. Our results show that the core habitat area will decline for many species, resulting in a net loss of 50% of the core habitat area for almost half of all marine species in 2100 under the high-emission scenario RCP8.5. As an additional consequence of the continuing distributional reorganization of marine life, gaps around the equator will appear for 8% (RCP2.6), 24% (RCP4.5), and 88% (RCP8.5) of marine species with cross-equatorial ranges. For many more species, continuous distributional ranges will be disrupted, thus reducing effective population size. In addition, high invasion rates in higher latitudes and polar regions will lead to substantial changes in the ecosystem and food web structure, particularly regarding the introduction of new predators. Overall, our study highlights that the degree of spatial and structural reorganization of marine life with ensued consequences for ecosystem functionality and conservation efforts will critically depend on the realized greenhouse gas emission pathway.
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  • 92
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    The costs and tradeoffs of optimal foraging in marine fish larvae (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: 1. In a warming world, both the metabolic rates of ectotherm predators and the phenology of their prey organisms is subject to change. Knowledge on how intrinsic and extrinsic factors govern predator-prey interactions is essential in order to understand how the environment regulates the vital rates of consumers. Controlled experiments, however, simultaneously testing behavioural and growth responses of the larvae of fish and other ectotherm organisms in different feeding regimes are scarce. 2. Prey size (PS) selection was determined for young Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae offered 100- to 850-μm copepods (Acartia tonsa) at five different concentrations. In separate, 4- (13°C) or 7-day (7°C) trials, the effect of prey size on larval foraging behaviour, specific growth rate (SGR) and biochemical condition (RNA:DNA, RD, a proxy for individual instantaneous growth) was tested. 3. Preferred (selected) PS was similar at all prey concentrations but increased from 3 to 5% predator length with increasing larval size. At various temperatures, dome-shaped relationships existed between PS and larval RD (and accordingly SGR). Compensatory changes in foraging behaviour (pause and feeding strike frequencies) existed but were not adequate to maintain positive SGR when available prey were substantially smaller than those preferred by larvae. 5. A physiology-based model predicted that larvae depended more heavily on optimal prey sizes at the colder versus warmer temperature to grow well and that the profitable prey niche breadth (the range in prey sizes in which growth was positive) increased at warmer temperatures. 6. Seemingly subtle match-mismatch dynamics between ectotherm predators and their preferred prey size can have large, temperature-dependent consequences for rates of growth and likely survival of the predator. To the best knowledge, this was the first study to directly quantify the “costs and trade-offs” of optimal foraging in marine fish larvae.
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    Modeling the shape and velocity of magmatic intrusions, a new numerical approach (2023)
    Wiley | AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Dykes are magma-filled fractures propagating through the brittle crust. Understanding the physics of dyking process is essential to mitigate the volcanic hazard associated with the opening of new eruptive fissures at the surface. Often, physics-based models view either fracturing of the host rock or viscous flow of the magma as the dominating energy sink during dyke propagation. Here, we provide a numerical model that captures the coupling of fracturing at the crack tip and the transport of a viscous fluid. Built with the boundary element technique, our model allows for computation of the shape and velocity of a growing fluid-filled crack accounting for the viscosity of the fluid: The fluid flow induces a viscous pressure drop acting at the crack walls, and modifies the shape of the crack. The energy conservation equation provides the constraints to solve for the crack growth velocity, assuming that brittle fracturing and viscous flow are the main processes that dissipate energy. Using a parameter range that represents typical magmatic intrusions, we obtain crack shapes displaying some typical characteristics, including a tear-drop head and an open tail that depend on rock rigidity, magma viscosity and buoyancy. We show that viscous forces significantly contribute to the energy dissipated during the propagation of magmatic dykes. Applied to the 1998 intrusion at Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island), we provide ranges of dyke lengths and openings by adjusting the numerical velocity to the one deduced from the migration of volcano-tectonic events. Key Points We present a new modeling scheme to compute the shape and velocity of a growing fluid-filled crack Our magmatic dykes show a tear drop head and open tail, on a wide range of propagation velocities We reproduce the velocity and fit important parameters for the 1998 Piton de la Fournaise intrusion
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    Anthropogenic Bromoform at the Extratropical Tropopause (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Key Points: - A new CHBr3 emission inventory based on natural and anthropogenic sources suggests that the latter account for 12%–28% of the global emissions - In the NH, new anthropogenic estimates increase known natural CHBr3 emissions by up to 70.5%, leading to higher atmospheric CHBr3 levels - At the NH extratropical tropopause, CHBr3 is enhanced by 0.9 ppt Br due to anthropogenic sources thus doubling natural CHBr3 abundances Bromoform (CHBr3) contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion but is not regulated under the Montreal Protocol due to its short lifetime and large natural sources. Here, we show that anthropogenic sources contribute significantly to the amount of CHBr3 transported into the Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical stratosphere. We present a new CHBr3 emission inventory comprised of natural and anthropogenic sources, with the latter estimated from ship ballast, power plant cooling and desalination plant brine water. Including anthropogenic sources in the new inventory increases CHBr3 emissions by up to 31.5% globally and 70.5% in the NH. In consequence, atmospheric CHBr3 is also significantly higher, especially over the NH extratropics during boreal winter. Here anthropogenic sources enhance bromine at the tropopause by 0.9 ppt Br, thus doubling natural CHBr3 abundances. For some latitudes, tropopause bromine increases by 2.4 ppt Br suggesting significant contributions of anthropogenic CHBr3 to the NH lowermost stratosphere.
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    Sources of Inaccuracy in Boron Isotope Measurement Using LA-MC-ICP-MS (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Laser ablation multi-collector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) has become a valuable tool for the in situ measurement of the boron isotope composition of geological samples at high (tens to hundreds of μm) spatial resolution. That said, this application suffers from significant analytical challenges. We focus in this study on the underlying processes of two of the main causes for inaccuracies using this technique. We provide empirical evidence that not only Ca ions (Sadekov et al. 2019, Standish et al. 2019, Evans et al. 2019) but also Ar ions, that are reflected within the flight tube of the mass spectrometer, are the source for previously reported issues with spectral baselines. We also address the impact of plasma conditions on the instrumental mass fractionation as a source for matrix- and mass-load-related analytical biases. Comparing experimental data with the results of a dedicated release and diffusion model (RDM) we estimate that a close to complete (~ 97%) release of boron from the sample aerosol is needed to allow for consistently accurate LA boron isotope measurement results without the need for corrections.
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    Evidence of hybridization between genetically distinct Baltic cod stocks during peak population abundance(s) (2023)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Range expansions can lead to increased contact of divergent populations, thus increasing the potential of hybridization events. Whether viable hybrids are produced will most likely depend on the level of genomic divergence and associated genomic incompatibilities between the different entities as well as environmental conditions. By taking advantage of historical Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) otolith samples combined with genotyping and whole genome sequencing, we here investigate the genetic impact of the increased spawning stock biomass of the eastern Baltic cod stock in the mid 1980s. The eastern Baltic cod is genetically highly differentiated from the adjacent western Baltic cod and locally adapted to the brackish environmental conditions in the deeper Eastern basins of the Baltic Sea unsuitable for its marine counterparts. Our genotyping results show an increased proportion of eastern Baltic cod in western Baltic areas (Mecklenburg Bay and Arkona Basin)—indicative of a range expansion westwards—during the peak population abundance in the 1980s. Additionally, we detect high frequencies of potential hybrids (including F1, F2 and backcrosses), verified by whole genome sequencing data for a subset of individuals. Analysis of mitochondrial genomes further indicates directional gene flow from eastern Baltic cod males to western Baltic cod females. Our findings unravel that increased overlap in distribution can promote hybridization between highly divergent populations and that the hybrids can be viable and survive under specific and favourable environmental conditions. However, the observed hybridization had seemingly no long-lasting impact on the continuous separation and genetic differentiation between the unique Baltic cod stocks.
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    Origin matters: Using a local reference genome improves measures in population genomics (2023)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Genome sequencing enables answering fundamental questions about the genetic basis of adaptation, population structure and epigenetic mechanisms. Yet, we usually need a suitable reference genome for mapping population-level resequencing data. In some model systems, multiple reference genomes are available, giving the challenging task of determining which reference genome best suits the data. Here, we compared the use of two different reference genomes for the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), one novel genome derived from a European gynogenetic individual and the published reference genome of a North American individual. Specifically, we investigated the impact of using a local reference versus one generated from a distinct lineage on several common population genomics analyses. Through mapping genome resequencing data of 60 sticklebacks from across Europe and North America, we demonstrate that genetic distance among samples and the reference genomes impacts downstream analyses. Using a local reference genome increased mapping efficiency and genotyping accuracy, effectively retaining more and better data. Despite comparable distributions of the metrics generated across the genome using SNP data (i.e. π, Tajima's D and FST), window-based statistics using different references resulted in different outlier genes and enriched gene functions. A marker-based analysis of DNA methylation distributions had a comparably high overlap in outlier genes and functions, yet with distinct differences depending on the reference genome. Overall, our results highlight how using a local reference genome decreases reference bias to increase confidence in downstream analyses of the data. Such results have significant implications in all reference-genome-based population genomic analyses.
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    Nature and Origin of Magnetic Lineations Within Valdivia Bank: Ocean Plateau Formation by Complex Seafloor Spreading (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Valdivia Bank (VB) is a Late Cretaceous oceanic plateau formed by volcanism from the Tristan-Gough hotspot at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). To better understand its origin and evolution, magnetic data were used to generate a magnetic anomaly grid, which was inverted to determine crustal magnetization. The magnetization model reveals quasi-linear polarity zones crossing the plateau and following expected MAR paleo-locations, implying formation by seafloor spreading over ∼4 Myr during the formation of anomalies C34n-C33r. Paleomagnetism and biostratigraphy data from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 391 confirm the magnetic interpretation. Anomaly C33r is split into two negative bands, likely by a westward ridge jump. One of these negative anomalies coincides with deep rift valleys, indicating their age and mechanism of formation. These findings imply that VB originated by seafloor spreading-type volcanism during a plate reorganization, not from a vertical stack of lava flows as expected for a large volcano. Key Points - Valdivia Bank is characterized by quasi-linear magnetic anomalies that are parallel to the inferred paleo-Mid-Atlantic Ridge - Magnetic anomalies imply that the plateau becomes younger E-W consistent with formation via seafloor spreading during anomalies C34n-C33r - Rift valleys, division of C33r, and anomaly curvature imply complex ridge tectonics and a ridge jump
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    Freshwater Contributions to Decadal Variability of the Indonesian Throughflow (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Makassar Strait, the main passageway of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), is an important component of Indo-Pacific climate through its inter-basin redistribution of heat and freshwater. Observational studies suggest that wind-driven freshwater advection from the marginal seas into the Makassar Strait modulates the strait's surface transport. However, direct observations are too short (〈15 years) to resolve variability on decadal timescales. Here we use a series of global ocean simulations to assess the advected freshwater contributions to ITF transport across a range of timescales. The simulated seasonal and interannual freshwater dynamics are consistent with previous studies. On decadal timescales, we find that wind-driven advection of South China Sea (SCS) waters into the Makassar Strait modulates upper-ocean ITF transport. Atmospheric circulation changes associated with Pacific decadal variability appear to drive this mechanism via Pacific lower-latitude western boundary current interactions that affect the SCS circulation. Key Points: - A global ocean model is used to show how freshwater impacts the decadal variability of transport through the main Indonesian Throughflow pathway - Wind-driven advection of South China Sea freshwater induces an upstream pressure gradient that reduces transport - Freshwater input is modulated by atmospheric circulation changes associated with Pacific decadal variability
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    Historical Changes and Reasons for Model Differences in Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing in CMIP6 (2023)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP) allows estimates of effective radiative forcing (ERF) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6). We analyze the RFMIP output, including the new experiments from models that use the same parameterization for anthropogenic aerosols (RFMIP-SpAer), to characterize and better understand model differences in aerosol ERF. We find little changes in the aerosol ERF for 1970–2014 in the CMIP6 multi-model mean, which implies greenhouse gases primarily explain the positive trend in the total anthropogenic ERF. Cloud-mediated effects dominate the present-day aerosol ERF in most models. The results highlight a regional increase in marine cloudiness due to aerosols, despite suppressed cloud lifetime effects in that RFMIP-SpAer experiment. Negative cloud-mediated effects mask positive direct effects in many models, which arise from strong anthropogenic aerosol absorption. The findings suggest opportunities to better constrain simulated ERF by revisiting the optical properties and long-range transport of aerosols. Key Points: - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase six (CMIP6) averaged trend in aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) is small for 1970–2014 and weakly positive for 2000–2014 - Positive direct aerosol radiative effects in CMIP6 models are associated with strong aerosol absorption - Diverse and often strong cloud-mediated effects primarily determine the magnitude of aerosol ERF in CMIP6
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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