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  • 1
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    European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in a changing ocean (2014)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Ocean acidification, caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), is widely considered to be a major global threat to marine ecosystems. To investigate the potential effects of ocean acidification on the early life stages of a commercially important fish species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), 12 000 larvae were incubated from hatch through metamorphosis under a matrix of two temperatures (17 and 19 °C) and two seawater pCO2 levels (ambient and 1,000 µatm) and sampled regularly for 42 days. Calculated daily mortality was significantly affected by both temperature and pCO2, with both increased temperature and elevated pCO2 associated with lower daily mortality and a significant interaction between these two factors. There was no significant pCO2 effect noted on larval morphology during this period but larvae raised at 19 °C possessed significantly larger eyes and lower carbon:nitrogen ratios at the end of the study compared to those raised under 17 °C. Similarly, when the incubation was continued to post-metamorphic (juvenile) animals (day 67-69), fish raised under a combination of 19 °C and 1000 µatm pCO2 were significantly heavier. However, juvenile D. labrax raised under this combination of 19 °C and 1000 µatm pCO2 also exhibited lower aerobic scopes than those incubated at 19 °C and ambient pCO2. Most studies investigating the effects of near-future oceanic conditions on the early life stages of marine fish have used incubations of relatively short durations and suggested that these animals are resilient to ocean acidification. Whilst the increased survival and growth observed in this study supports this view, we conclude that more work is required to investigate whether the differences in juvenile physiology observed in this study manifest as negative impacts in adult fish.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, total; Carbon/Nitrogen ratio; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Chordata; Coast and continental shelf; Code; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); DATE/TIME; Diameter; Dicentrarchus labrax; Dry mass; Duration, number of days; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Height; Identification; Individuals; Laboratory experiment; Larvae; Larvae, dead; Length; Length, standard; Length, total; Metabolic rate, maximum; Metabolic rate, routine; Mortality; Mortality/Survival; Nekton; Nitrogen, total; Not applicable; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Oxygen; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Reproduction; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Sample ID; Single species; Species; Temperate; Temperature; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; UKOA; United Kingdom Ocean Acidification research programme; Wet mass
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 26641 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
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    Have we been underestimating the effects of ocean acidification in zooplankton? (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Cripps, Gemma; Lindeque, Penelope K; Flynn, Kevin J (2014): Have we been underestimating the effects of ocean acidification in zooplankton? Global Change Biology, 20(11), 3377-3385, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12582
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Understanding how copepods may respond to ocean acidification (OA) is critical for risk assessments of ocean ecology and biogeochemistry. The perception that copepods are insensitive to OA is largely based on experiments with adult females. Their apparent resilience to increased carbon dioxide (pCO2) concentrations has supported the view that copepods are 'winners' under OA. Here, we show that this conclusion is not robust, that sensitivity across different life stages is significantly misrepresented by studies solely using adult females. Stage-specific responses to pCO2 (385-6000 µatm) were studied across different life stages of a calanoid copepod, monitoring for lethal and sublethal responses. Mortality rates varied significantly across the different life stages, with nauplii showing the highest lethal effects; nauplii mortality rates increased threefold when pCO2 concentrations reached 1000 µatm (year 2100 scenario) with LC50 at 1084 µatm pCO2. In comparison, eggs, early copepodite stages, and adult males and females were not affected lethally until pCO2 concentrations 〉= 3000 µatm. Adverse effects on reproduction were found, with 〉35% decline in nauplii recruitment at 1000 µatm pCO2. This suppression of reproductive scope, coupled with the decreased survival of early stage progeny at this pCO2 concentration, has clear potential to damage population growth dynamics in this species. The disparity in responses seen across the different developmental stages emphasizes the need for a holistic life-cycle approach to make species-level projections to climate change. Significant misrepresentation and error propagation can develop from studies which attempt to project outcomes to future OA conditions solely based on single life history stage exposures.
    Keywords: Acartia tonsa; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Arthropoda; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon content per individual; Carbon dioxide; Egg production rate per female; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Hatching rate; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Life stage; Mortality; Mortality/Survival; Nauplii recruitment per female; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Replicate; Reproduction; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 8070 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 3
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    Ocean acidification affects the phyto-zoo plankton trophic transfer efficiency (2016)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Cripps, Gemma; Flynn, Kevin J; Lindeque, Penelope K (2016): Ocean acidification affects the phyto-zoo plankton trophic transfer efficiency. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0151739, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151739
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: The critical role played by copepods in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry warrants an understanding of how these animals may respond to ocean acidification (OA). Whilst an appreciation of the potential direct effects of OA, due to elevated pCO2, on copepods is improving, little is known about the indirect impacts acting via bottom-up(food quality) effects. We assessed, for the first time, the chronic effects of direct and/or indirect exposures to elevated pCO2 on the behaviour, vital rates, chemical and biochemical stoichiometry of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa. Bottom-up effects of elevated pCO2 caused species-specific biochemical changes to the phytoplanktonic feed, which adversely affected copepod population structure and decreased recruitment by 30 %. The direct impact of elevated pCO2 caused gender-specific respiratory responses in A.tonsa adults, stimulating an enhanced respiration rate in males (〉 2-fold), and a suppressed respiratory response in females when coupled with indirect elevated pCO2 exposures. Under the combined indirect+direct exposure, carbon trophic transfer efficiency from phytoplankton-to-zooplankton declined to 〈 50 % of control populations, with a commensurate decrease in recruitment. For the first time an explicit role was demonstrated for biochemical stoichiometry in shaping copepod trophic dynamics. The altered biochemical composition of the CO2-exposed prey affected the biochemical stoichiometry of the copepods, which could have ramifications for production of higher tropic levels, notably fisheries. Our work indicates that the control of phytoplankton and the support of higher trophic levels involving copepods have clear potential to be adversely affected under future OA scenarios.
    Keywords: Acartia tonsa; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard error; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Arthropoda; Behaviour; Bicarbonate ion; Biomass/Abundance/Elemental composition; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbohydrates; Carbohydrates, standard error; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, standard error; Carbon/Nitrogen ratio; Carbon/Nitrogen ratio, standard error; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon content per individual; Carbon dioxide; Carbon per cell; Chaetoceros muelleri; Chlorophyta; Chromista; Diameter, standard error; Egg hatching success; Egg hatching success, standard error; Egg production rate, standard error; Egg production rate per female; Eggs, diameter; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Gender; Gross growth efficiency; Gross growth efficiency, standard deviation; Group; Growth/Morphology; Haptophyta; Ingestion rate, standard deviation; Ingestion rate, standard error; Ingestion rate of carbon per day per individual; Ingestion rate of carbon per unit body carbon mass; Isochrysis galbana; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Lipid/carbohydrate ratio; Lipid/carbohydrate ratio, standard error; Lipid/protein ratio; Lipid/protein ratio, standard error; Lipids; Lipids, standard error; Nauplii recruitment per female; Net growth efficiency; Net growth efficiency, standard deviation; Nitrogen, standard error; Nitrogen content per individual; Nitrogen per cell; Not applicable; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Ochrophyta; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error; Pelagos; pH; pH, standard error; Phytoplankton; Plantae; Prey selectivity index; Prey selectivity index, standard error; Primary production/Photosynthesis; Primary production of carbon, standard deviation; Production of carbon per unit body carbon mass; Proteins; Proteins, standard error; Proteins/Carbohydrate ratio; Proteins/Carbohydrate ratio, standard error; Recruitment, standard error; Registration number of species; Reproduction; Respiration; Respiration rate, carbon, standard deviation; Respiration rate, oxygen, per individual; Respiration rate, oxygen, standard error; Respiration rate of carbon per unit body carbon mass; Salinity; Salinity, standard error; Species; Species interaction; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard error; Tetraselmis suecica; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1668 data points
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  • 4
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    Parental exposure to elevated pCO2 influences the reproductive success of copepods (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Cripps, Gemma; Lindeque, Penelope K; Flynn, Kevin J (2014): Parental exposure to elevated pCO2 influences the reproductive success of copepods. Journal of Plankton Research, 36(5), 1165-1174, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbu052
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: Substantial variations are reported for egg production and hatching rates of copepods exposed to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations (pCO2). One possible explanation, as found in other marine taxa, is that prior parental exposure to elevated pCO2 (and/or decreased pH) affects reproductive performance. Previous studies have adopted two distinct approaches, either (1) expose male and female copepoda to the test pCO2/pH scenarios, or (2) solely expose egg-laying females to the tests. Although the former approach is more realistic, the majority of studies have used the latter approach. Here, we investigated the variation in egg production and hatching success of Acartia tonsa between these two experimental designs, across five different pCO2 concentrations (385-6000 µatm pCO2). In addition, to determine the effect of pCO2 on the hatching success with no prior parental exposure, eggs produced and fertilized under ambient conditions were also exposed to these pCO2 scenarios. Significant variations were found between experimental designs, with approach (1) resulting in higher impacts; here 〉20% difference was seen in hatching success between experiments at 1000 µatm pCO2 scenarios (2100 year scenario), and 〉85% at 6000 µatm pCO2. This study highlights the potential to misrepresent the reproductive response of a species to elevated pCO2 dependent on parental exposure.
    Keywords: Acartia tonsa; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Arthropoda; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Egg production rate per female; Egg volume; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Hatching rate; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Nauplii recruitment per female; Nauplii recruitment per female, normalized; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard deviation; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Replicate; Reproduction; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Treatment; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 14635 data points
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  • 5
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    Defining Planktonic Protist Functional Groups on Mechanisms for Energy and Nutrient Acquisition: Incorporation of Diverse Mixotrophic Strategies (2016)
    ELSEVIER GMBH
    In:  EPIC3Protist, ELSEVIER GMBH, 167, pp. 106-120, ISSN: 1434-4610
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Arranging organisms into functional groups aids ecological research by grouping organisms (irrespective of phylogenetic origin) that interact with environmental factors in similar ways. Planktonic protists traditionally have been split between photoautotrophic “phytoplankton” and phagotrophic “microzoo-plankton”. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mixotrophy in euphotic aquatic systems, where many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition. Such organisms do not align with the traditional dichotomy of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. To reflect this understanding,we propose a new functional grouping of planktonic protists in an eco- physiological context: (i) phagoheterotrophs lacking phototrophic capacity, (ii) photoautotrophs lacking phagotrophic capacity,(iii) constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) as phagotrophs with an inherent capacity for phototrophy, and (iv) non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire their phototrophic capacity by ingesting specific (SNCM) or general non-specific (GNCM) prey. For the first time, we incorporate these functional groups within a foodweb structure and show, using model outputs, that there is scope for significant changes in trophic dynamics depending on the protist functional type description. Accord- ingly, to better reflect the role of mixotrophy, we recommend that as important tools for explanatory and predictive research, aquatic food-web and biogeochemical models need to redefine the protist groups within their frameworks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump (2014)
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    In:  EPIC3Biogeosciences, COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 11(4), pp. 995-1005, ISSN: 1726-4170
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The traditional view of the planktonic food web describes consumption of inorganic nutrients by photoautotrophic phytoplankton, which in turn supports zooplankton and ultimately higher trophic levels. Pathways centred on bacteria provide mechanisms for nutrient recycling. This structure lies at the foundation of most models used to explore biogeochemical cycling, functioning of the biological pump, and the impact of climate change on these processes. We suggest an alternative new paradigm, which sees the bulk of the base of this food web supported by protist plankton communities that are mixotrophic – combining phototrophy and phagotrophy within a single cell. The photoautotrophic eukaryotic plankton and their heterotrophic microzooplankton grazers dominate only during the developmental phases of ecosystems (e.g. spring bloom in temperate systems). With their flexible nutrition, mixotrophic protists dominate in more-mature systems (e.g. temperate summer, established eutrophic systems and oligotrophic systems); the more-stable water columns suggested under climate change may also be expected to favour these mixotrophs. We explore how such a predominantly mixotrophic structure affects microbial trophic dynamics and the biological pump. The mixotroph-dominated structure differs fundamentally in its flow of energy and nutrients, with a shortened and potentially more efficient chain from nutrient regeneration to primary production. Furthermore, mixotrophy enables a direct conduit for the support of primary production from bacterial production. We show how the exclusion of an explicit mixotrophic component in studies of the pelagic microbial communities leads to a failure to capture the true dynamics of the carbon flow. In order to prevent a misinterpretation of the full implications of climate change upon biogeochemical cycling and the functioning of the biological pump, we recommend inclusion of multi-nutrient mixotroph models within ecosystem studies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 7
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    Sampling bias misrepresents the biogeographical significance of constitutive mixotrophs across global oceans (2019)
    WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
    In:  EPIC3Global Ecology and Biogeography, WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 28, pp. 414-428, ISSN: 1466-822X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: Aim: Most protist plankton are mixotrophic, with potential to engage in photoautotrophy and phagotrophy; however, the ecology of these organisms has been misdiagnosed for over a century. A large proportion of these organisms are constitutive mixotrophs (CMs), with an innate ability to photosynthesize. Here, for the first time, an analysis is presented of the biogeography of CMs across the oceans. Location: Global marine ecosystems. Time period: 1970–2018. Major taxa studied: Marine planktonic protists. Methods: Records for CM species, primarily from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), were grouped by taxonomy and size to evaluate sampling efforts across Longhurst's oceanic provinces. Biases were evaluated through nonparametric tests and multivariate analysis. Biogeographies of CMs from OBIS data were compared with data from studies that specifically targeted these organisms. Results: Constitutive mixotrophs of different taxonomic groups, across all size ranges, are ubiquitous. However, strong database biases were detected with respect to organism size, taxonomic groups and region. A strong bias was seen towards dinophytes. Species 〈 20 μm, especially non‐dinophytes, were least represented, with their recorded distribution limited to coastal regions and to temperate and polar seas. Studies specifically targeting these organisms revealed their distribution to be much wider. Such biases are likely to have occurred owing to a failure to capture and correctly identify these organisms in routine sampling protocols. Main conclusions: Constitutive mixotrophs are dominant members of organisms traditionally termed “phytoplankton”. However, lack of routine protocols for measuring phagotrophy in “phytoplankton” protists has led to widespread misrepresentation of the fundamental nature of marine planktonic primary producers; most express both “animal‐like” and “plant‐like” nutrition. Our results have implications for studies of the global biogeography of plankton, of food web dynamics (including models) and of biogeochemical cycling in the oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
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    Mixotrophic protists and a new paradigm for marine ecology: where does plankton research go now? (2019)
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Plankton Research, OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 41, pp. 375-391, ISSN: 0142-7873
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-12
    Description: Many protist plankton are mixotrophs, combining phototrophy and phagotrophy. Their role in freshwater and marine ecology has emerged as a major developing feature of plankton research over recent decades. To better aid discussions, we suggest these organisms are termed “mixoplankton”, as “planktonic protist organisms that express, or have potential to express, phototrophy and phagotrophy”. The term “phytoplankton” then describes phototrophic organisms incapable of phagotrophy. “Protozooplankton” describes phagotrophic protists that do not engage in acquired phototrophy. The complexity of the changes to the conceptual base of the plankton trophic web caused by inclusion of mixoplanktonic activities are such that we suggest that the restructured description is termed the “mixoplankton paradigm”. Implications and opportunities for revision of survey and fieldwork, of laboratory experiments and of simulation modelling are considered. The main challenges are not only with taxonomic and functional identifications, and with measuring rates of potentially competing processes within single cells, but with decades of inertia built around the traditional paradigm that assumes a separation of trophic processes between different organisms. In keeping with the synergistic nature of cooperative photo- and phagotrophy in mixoplankton, a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach will be required to tackle the task ahead.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 9
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    Defining planktonic protist functional groups on mechanisms for energy and nutrient acquisition : incorporation of diverse mixotrophic strategies (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Protist 167 (2016): 106–120, doi:10.1016/j.protis.2016.01.003.
    Description: Arranging organisms into functional groups aids ecological research by grouping organisms (irrespective of phylogenetic origin) that interact with environmental factors in similar ways. Planktonic protists traditionally have been split between photoautotrophic “phytoplankton” and phagotrophic “microzooplankton”. However, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mixotrophy in euphotic aquatic systems, where many protists often combine photoautotrophic and phagotrophic modes of nutrition. Such organisms do not align with the traditional dichotomy of phytoplankton and microzooplankton. To reflect this understanding, we propose a new functional grouping of planktonic protists in an eco-physiological context: (i) phagoheterotrophs lacking phototrophic capacity, (ii) photoautotrophs lacking phagotrophic capacity, (iii) constitutive mixotrophs (CMs) as phagotrophs with an inherent capacity for phototrophy, and (iv) non-constitutive mixotrophs (NCMs) that acquire their phototrophic capacity by ingesting specific (SNCM) or general non-specific (GNCM) prey. For the first time, we incorporate these functional groups within a foodweb structure and show, using model outputs, that there is scope for significant changes in trophic dynamics depending on the protist functional type description. Accordingly, to better reflect the role of mixotrophy, we recommend that as important tools for explanatory and predictive research, aquatic food-web and biogeochemical models need to redefine the protist groups within their frameworks.
    Description: This work was funded by grants to KJF and AM from the Leverhulme Trust (International Network Grant F00391 V) and NERC (UK) through its iMARNET programme NE/K001345/1.
    Keywords: Plankton functional types (PFTs) ; Phagotroph ; Phototroph ; Mixotroph ; Phytoplankton ; Microzooplankton
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 10
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    Mucus-Trap-Assisted Feeding Is a Common Strategy of the Small Mixoplanktonic Prorocentrum pervagatum and P. cordatum (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) (2023)
    MDPI
    In:  EPIC3Microorganisms, MDPI, 11(7), pp. 1730-1730, ISSN: 2076-2607
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Prorocentrum comprises a diverse group of bloom-forming dinophytes with a worldwide distribution. Although photosynthetic, mixoplanktonic phagotrophy has also been described. Recently, the small P. cf. balticum was shown to use a remarkable feeding strategy by crafting globular mucus traps to capture and immobilize potential prey. Here we present evidence showing that two additional related species, the recently described P. pervagatum and the cosmopolitan bloom-forming P. cordatum, also produce large (80–120 µm) mucus traps supporting their mixoplanktonic activity. Prey are captured within the traps either through passive entanglement upon contact with the outside surface, or through active water movement created by rotating Prorocentrum cells eddying particles to the inside surface where trapped live prey cells became immobilized. Entrapment in mucus assisted deployment into the prey of a peduncle extruded from the apical area of the Prorocentrum cell. Phagotrophy by P. pervagatum supported faster growth compared to unfed controls and time series quantification of food vacuoles revealed ingestion rates of ca. 10–12 Teleaulax prey cells day−1. Model calculations show clear advantages of deploying a mucus trap for increasing prey encounter rates. This study demonstrates that the large size and immobilization properties of mucus traps successfully increase the availability of prey for small Prorocentrum species, whose peduncle feeding mode impedes consumption of actively moving prey, and that this strategy is common among certain clades of small planktonic Prorocentrum species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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