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  • Phosphorylation  (58)
  • Models, Molecular  (50)
  • Base Sequence
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (144)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (144)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1997  (144)
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Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (144)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
  • Springer  (2)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (144)
  • 1990-1994
Year
  • 1
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    STATs and gene regulation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-12
    Description: STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are a family of latent cytoplasmic proteins that are activated to participate in gene control when cells encounter various extracellular polypeptides. Biochemical and molecular genetic explorations have defined a single tyrosine phosphorylation site and, in a dimeric partner molecule, an Src homology 2 (SH2) phosphotyrosine-binding domain, a DNA interaction domain, and a number of protein-protein interaction domains (with receptors, other transcription factors, the transcription machinery, and perhaps a tyrosine phosphatase). Mouse genetics experiments have defined crucial roles for each known mammalian STAT. The discovery of a STAT in Drosophila, and most recently in Dictyostelium discoideum, implies an ancient evolutionary origin for this dual-function set of proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Darnell, J E Jr -- AI32489/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI34420/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1630-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; src Homology Domains
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Nuclear accumulation of NFAT4 opposed by the JNK signal transduction pathway (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) group of transcription factors is retained in the cytoplasm of quiescent cells. NFAT activation is mediated in part by induced nuclear import. This process requires calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of NFAT caused by the phosphatase calcineurin. The c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylates NFAT4 on two sites. Mutational removal of the JNK phosphorylation sites caused constitutive nuclear localization of NFAT4. In contrast, JNK activation in calcineurin-stimulated cells caused nuclear exclusion of NFAT4. These findings show that the nuclear accumulation of NFAT4 promoted by calcineurin is opposed by the JNK signal transduction pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chow, C W -- Rincon, M -- Cavanagh, J -- Dickens, M -- Davis, R J -- CA58396/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA65831/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1638-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Calcineurin/metabolism ; Calcineurin Inhibitors ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Jurkat Cells ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mutation ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 3
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    Initial genetic characterization of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-21
    Description: The "Spanish" influenza pandemic killed at least 20 million people in 1918-1919, making it the worst infectious pandemic in history. Understanding the origins of the 1918 virus and the basis for its exceptional virulence may aid in the prediction of future influenza pandemics. RNA from a victim of the 1918 pandemic was isolated from a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, lung tissue sample. Nine fragments of viral RNA were sequenced from the coding regions of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, matrix protein 1, and matrix protein 2. The sequences are consistent with a novel H1N1 influenza A virus that belongs to the subgroup of strains that infect humans and swine, not the avian subgroup.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubenberger, J K -- Reid, A H -- Krafft, A E -- Bijwaard, K E -- Fanning, T G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1793-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cellular Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC 20306-6000, USA. taubenbe@email.afip.osd.mil〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Base Sequence ; *Genes, Viral ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/history/*virology ; Lung/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuraminidase/genetics ; Nucleoproteins/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral/*genetics ; *RNA-Binding Proteins ; Viral Core Proteins/genetics ; Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics ; Virulence
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  • 4
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    Discrete determinants in transfer RNA for editing and aminoacylation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-23
    Description: During translation errors of aminoacylation are corrected in editing reactions which ensure that an amino acid is stably attached to its corresponding transfer RNA (tRNA). Previous studies have not shown whether the tRNA nucleotides needed for effecting translational editing are the same as or distinct from those required for aminoacylation, but several considerations have suggested that they are the same. Here, designed tRNAs that are highly active for aminoacylation but are not active in translational editing are presented. The editing reaction can be controlled by manipulation of nucleotides at the corner of the L-shaped tRNA. In contrast, these manipulations do not affect aminoacylation. These results demonstrate the segregation of nucleotide determinants for the editing and aminoacylation functions of tRNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hale, S P -- Auld, D S -- Schmidt, E -- Schimmel, P -- GM15539/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 23;276(5316):1250-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA Editing ; RNA, Transfer/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Ile/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Val/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 5
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    PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 gets its message across (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hemmings, B A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):534.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. hemmings@fmi.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Enzyme Activation ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: Angiogenesis is thought to depend on a precise balance of positive and negative regulation. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is an angiogenic factor that signals through the endothelial cell-specific Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Like vascular endothelial growth factor, Ang1 is essential for normal vascular development in the mouse. An Ang1 relative, termed angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), was identified by homology screening and shown to be a naturally occurring antagonist for Ang1 and Tie2. Transgenic overexpression of Ang2 disrupts blood vessel formation in the mouse embryo. In adult mice and humans, Ang2 is expressed only at sites of vascular remodeling. Natural antagonists for vertebrate receptor tyrosine kinases are atypical; thus, the discovery of a negative regulator acting on Tie2 emphasizes the need for exquisite regulation of this angiogenic receptor system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maisonpierre, P C -- Suri, C -- Jones, P F -- Bartunkova, S -- Wiegand, S J -- Radziejewski, C -- Compton, D -- McClain, J -- Aldrich, T H -- Papadopoulos, N -- Daly, T J -- Davis, S -- Sato, T N -- Yancopoulos, G D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):55-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Angiopoietin-1 ; Angiopoietin-2 ; Animals ; Blood Vessels/embryology/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphokines/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptor, TIE-2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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  • 7
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    Crystal structure of the nucleotide exchange factor GrpE bound to the ATPase domain of the molecular chaperone DnaK (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: The crystal structure of the adenine nucleotide exchange factor GrpE in complex with the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain of Escherichia coli DnaK [heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70)] was determined at 2.8 angstrom resolution. A dimer of GrpE binds asymmetrically to a single molecule of DnaK. The structure of the nucleotide-free ATPase domain in complex with GrpE resembles closely that of the nucleotide-bound mammalian Hsp70 homolog, except for an outward rotation of one of the subdomains of the protein. This conformational change is not consistent with tight nucleotide binding. Two long alpha helices extend away from the GrpE dimer and suggest a role for GrpE in peptide release from DnaK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harrison, C J -- Hayer-Hartl, M -- Di Liberto, M -- Hartl, F -- Kuriyan, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):431-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratories of Molecular Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Chaperones/*chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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  • 8
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    Human genome agreements (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorimer, B G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):601-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9019811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary/*genetics ; Databases, Factual ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Intellectual Property ; Publishing ; Research Support as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Osmotic activation of the HOG MAPK pathway via Ste11p MAPKKK: scaffold role of Pbs2p MAPKK (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to high extracellular osmolarity induces the Sln1p-Ypd1p-Ssk1p two-component osmosensor to activate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade composed of the Ssk2p and Ssk22p MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), the Pbs2p MAPKK, and the Hog1p MAPK. A second osmosensor, Sho1p, also activated Pbs2p and Hog1p, but did so through the Ste11p MAPKKK. Although Ste11p also participates in the mating pheromone-responsive MAPK cascade, there was no detectable cross talk between these two pathways. The MAPKK Pbs2p bound to the Sho1p osmosensor, the MAPKKK Ste11p, and the MAPK Hog1p. Thus, Pbs2p may serve as a scaffold protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Posas, F -- Saito, H -- GM50909/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM53415/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1702-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Complementation Test ; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mutation ; Osmolar Concentration ; Osmotic Pressure ; Peptides/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Signal Transduction
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  • 10
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    Amidation of bioactive peptides: the structure of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: Many neuropeptides and peptide hormones require amidation at the carboxyl terminus for activity. Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) catalyzes the amidation of these diverse physiological regulators. The amino-terminal domain of the bifunctional PAM protein is a peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) with two coppers that cycle through cupric and cuprous oxidation states. The anomalous signal of the endogenous coppers was used to determine the structure of the catalytic core of oxidized rat PHM with and without bound peptide substrate. These structures strongly suggest that the PHM reaction proceeds via activation of substrate by a copper-bound oxygen species. The mechanistic and structural insight gained from the PHM structures can be directly extended to dopamine beta-monooxygenase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prigge, S T -- Kolhekar, A S -- Eipper, B A -- Mains, R E -- Amzel, L M -- DK32949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM44692/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1300-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Copper/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dipeptides/metabolism ; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/chemistry/metabolism ; Electrons ; Hydroxylation ; Ligands ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; *Multienzyme Complexes ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Peptides/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Rats
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  • 11
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    Proteins from scratch (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DeGrado, W F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):80-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA. wdegrado@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9340760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Computer Simulation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Software ; Thermodynamics ; Transcription Factors/chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 12
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    Hypermethylated SUPERMAN epigenetic alleles in arabidopsis (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: Mutations in the SUPERMAN gene affect flower development in Arabidopsis. Seven heritable but unstable sup epi-alleles (the clark kent alleles) are associated with nearly identical patterns of excess cytosine methylation within the SUP gene and a decreased level of SUP RNA. Revertants of these alleles are largely demethylated at the SUP locus and have restored levels of SUP RNA. A transgenic Arabidopsis line carrying an antisense methyltransferase gene, which shows an overall decrease in genomic cytosine methylation, also contains a hypermethylated sup allele. Thus, disruption of methylation systems may yield more complex outcomes than expected and can result in methylation defects at known genes. The clark kent alleles differ from the antisense line because they do not show a general decrease in genomic methylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jacobsen, S E -- Meyerowitz, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1100-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262479" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Base Sequence ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cytosine/metabolism ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA, Antisense ; DNA, Plant/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
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  • 13
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    A mRNA signal for the type III secretion of Yop proteins by Yersinia enterocolitica (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Pathogenic Yersinia species have a specialized secretion system (type III) to target cytotoxic Yop proteins during infection. The signals of YopE and YopN sufficient for the secretion of translational reporter fusions were mapped to the first 15 codons. No common amino acid or peptide sequence could be identified among the secretion signals. Systematic mutagenesis of the secretion signal yielded mutants defective in Yop translation; however, no point mutants could be identified that specifically abolished secretion. Frameshift mutations that completely altered the peptide sequences of these signals also failed to prevent secretion. Thus, the signal that leads to the type III secretion of Yop proteins appears to be encoded in their messenger RNA rather than the peptide sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, D M -- Schneewind, O -- AI 07323/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1140-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*secretion ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*secretion ; Base Sequence ; Codon ; Frameshift Mutation ; *Membrane Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Point Mutation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis/secretion ; Yersinia enterocolitica/*metabolism/pathogenicity
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  • 14
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    Phylogenetic methods come of age: testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: The use of molecular phylogenies to examine evolutionary questions has become commonplace with the automation of DNA sequencing and the availability of efficient computer programs to perform phylogenetic analyses. The application of computer simulation and likelihood ratio tests to evolutionary hypotheses represents a recent methodological development in this field. Likelihood ratio tests have enabled biologists to address many questions in evolutionary biology that have been difficult to resolve in the past, such as whether host-parasite systems are cospeciating and whether models of DNA substitution adequately explain observed sequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huelsenbeck, J P -- Rannala, B -- GM40282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):227-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. john@mws4.biol.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092465" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Computer Simulation ; *DNA/genetics ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hantavirus/genetics ; Likelihood Functions ; Mutation ; Phthiraptera/genetics ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Rodentia/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Sequencers call for faster data release (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 23;276(5316):1189-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9182326" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Computer Communication Networks ; *Dna ; Europe ; Germany ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; Intellectual Property ; *Internationality ; *Patents as Topic ; Time Factors ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Polyalanine expansion in synpolydactyly might result from unequal crossing-over of HOXD13 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, S T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 17;275(5298):408-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; *Crossing Over, Genetic ; Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptides/analysis/*genetics ; Polydactyly/*genetics ; Syndactyly/*genetics ; *Transcription Factors ; Trinucleotide Repeats
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    De novo protein design: fully automated sequence selection (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: The first fully automated design and experimental validation of a novel sequence for an entire protein is described. A computational design algorithm based on physical chemical potential functions and stereochemical constraints was used to screen a combinatorial library of 1.9 x 10(27) possible amino acid sequences for compatibility with the design target, a betabetaalpha protein motif based on the polypeptide backbone structure of a zinc finger domain. A BLAST search shows that the designed sequence, full sequence design 1 (FSD-1), has very low identity to any known protein sequence. The solution structure of FSD-1 was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and indicates that FSD-1 forms a compact well-ordered structure, which is in excellent agreement with the design target structure. This result demonstrates that computational methods can perform the immense combinatorial search required for protein design, and it suggests that an unbiased and quantitative algorithm can be used in various structural contexts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dahiyat, B I -- Mayo, S L -- GM08346/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):82-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Algorithms ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Alignment ; Solutions ; Transcription Factors/chemical synthesis/*chemistry ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 18
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    Mixed self-assembled monolayers in chemical separations (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: Chemical separations of many biomolecules and pharmaceuticals are limited by their electrostatic interaction with the surfaces of the separation medium. Mixed self-assembled monolayers of octadecyl and methyl chains organize into a dense, two-dimensionally cross-linked network over the chromatographic silica surface to reduce acid dissociation of the surface silanols. Molecular models predict that two-dimensional cross-linking is sterically possible for pure methylsiloxane monolayers, silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements show that cross-linking predominates for mixed monolayers of primarily methylsiloxane, and chromatographic measurements confirm that electrostatic interactions are reduced when the monolayer is primarily methylsiloxane. Chromatographic separation of genetic variants of a highly charged protein, cytochrome c, demonstrates the promise of self-assembled monolayers in separations of biomolecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wirth, M J -- Fairbank, R W -- Fatunmbi, H O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):44-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8974384" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatography/*methods ; Cytochrome c Group/isolation & purification ; Electrochemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Proteins/*isolation & purification ; Silica Gel ; Silicon Dioxide ; *Siloxanes/chemistry ; Surface Properties
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  • 19
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    Reduced ubiquitin-dependent degradation of c-Jun after phosphorylation by MAP kinases (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-17
    Description: The proto-oncogene-encoded transcription factor c-Jun activates genes in response to a number of inducers that act through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways. The activation of c-Jun after phosphorylation by MAPK is accompanied by a reduction in c-Jun ubiquitination and consequent stabilization of the protein. These results illustrate the relevance of regulated protein degradation in the signal-dependent control of gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Musti, A M -- Treier, M -- Bohmann, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 17;275(5298):400-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mice ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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  • 20
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    Regulatory phosphorylation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors by CaM-KII during long-term potentiation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory, requires calcium-dependent protein kinases. Induction of LTP increased the phosphorus-32 labeling of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs), which mediate rapid excitatory synaptic transmission. This AMPA-R phosphorylation appeared to be catalyzed by Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-KII): (i) it correlated with the activation and autophosphorylation of CaM-KII, (ii) it was blocked by the CaM-KII inhibitor KN-62, and (iii) its phosphorus-32 peptide map was the same as that of GluR1 coexpressed with activated CaM-KII in HEK-293 cells. This covalent modulation of AMPA-Rs in LTP provides a postsynaptic molecular mechanism for synaptic plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barria, A -- Muller, D -- Derkach, V -- Griffith, L C -- Soderling, T R -- NS27037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM054408/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2042-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects ; Male ; Peptide Mapping ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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  • 21
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    Crystal structure of human BPI and two bound phospholipids at 2.4 angstrom resolution (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), a potent antimicrobial protein of 456 residues, binds to and neutralizes lipopolysaccharides from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. At a resolution of 2.4 angstroms, the crystal structure of human BPI shows a boomerang-shaped molecule formed by two similar domains. Two apolar pockets on the concave surface of the boomerang each bind a molecule of phosphatidylcholine, primarily by interacting with their acyl chains; this suggests that the pockets may also bind the acyl chains of lipopolysaccharide. As a model for the related plasma lipid transfer proteins, BPI illuminates a mechanism of lipid transfer for this protein family.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beamer, L J -- Carroll, S F -- Eisenberg, D -- GM31299/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1861-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉UCLA-DOE Laboratory of Structural Biology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides ; Binding Sites ; Blood Bactericidal Activity ; Blood Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; *Membrane Proteins ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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  • 22
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    Crystal structure of the cytochrome bc1 complex from bovine heart mitochondria (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: On the basis of x-ray diffraction data to a resolution of 2.9 angstroms, atomic models of most protein components of the bovine cytochrome bc1 complex were built, including core 1, core 2, cytochrome b, subunit 6, subunit 7, a carboxyl-terminal fragment of cytochrome c1, and an amino-terminal fragment of the iron-sulfur protein. The positions of the four iron centers within the bc1 complex and the binding sites of the two specific respiratory inhibitors antimycin A and myxothiazol were identified. The membrane-spanning region of each bc1 complex monomer consists of 13 transmembrane helices, eight of which belong to cytochrome b. Closely interacting monomers are arranged as symmetric dimers and form cavities through which the inhibitor binding pockets can be accessed. The proteins core 1 and core 2 are structurally similar to each other and consist of two domains of roughly equal size and identical folding topology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xia, D -- Yu, C A -- Kim, H -- Xia, J Z -- Kachurin, A M -- Zhang, L -- Yu, L -- Deisenhofer, J -- GM 30721/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):60-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimycin A/metabolism/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Cattle ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytochrome b Group/chemistry ; Cytochromes c1/chemistry ; Dimerization ; Electron Transport Complex III/*chemistry/metabolism ; Intracellular Membranes/enzymology ; Iron/metabolism ; Methacrylates ; Mitochondria, Heart/*enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thiazoles/metabolism/pharmacology
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  • 23
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    Fast-action flicks draw chemists' rave reviews (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):1986-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry ; Carbon Monoxide/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Electrons ; Iron/chemistry/*metabolism ; Lasers ; Models, Molecular ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Myoglobin/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Photoreceptors, Microbial ; Synchrotrons ; *X-Ray Diffraction
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  • 24
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    Exchange of protein molecules through connections between higher plant plastids (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Individual plastids of vascular plants have generally been considered to be discrete autonomous entities that do not directly communicate with each other. However, in transgenic plants in which the plastid stroma was labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), thin tubular projections emanated from individual plastids and sometimes connected to other plastids. Flow of GFP between interconnected plastids could be observed when a single plastid or an interconnecting plastid tubule was photobleached and the loss of green fluorescence by both plastids was seen. These tubules allow the exchange of molecules within an interplastid communication system, which may facilitate the coordination of plastid activities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kohler, R H -- Cao, J -- Zipfel, W R -- Webb, W W -- Hanson, M R -- R07719/PHS HHS/ -- RR04224/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2039-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Genetics and Development, Cornell University, Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chloroplasts/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/*metabolism ; Microscopy/methods ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Leaves/*ultrastructure ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Plants, Toxic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tobacco
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  • 25
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    In situ activation pattern of Drosophila EGF receptor pathway during development (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: Signaling cascades triggered by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) participate in diverse developmental processes. The active state of these signaling pathways was monitored by examination of the in situ distribution of the active, dual phosphorylated form of mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK) with a specific monoclonal antibody. Detection of the active state of the Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (DER) pathway allowed the visualization of gradients and boundaries of receptor activation, assessment of the distribution of activating ligands, and analysis of interplay with the inhibitory ligand Argos. This in situ approach can be used to monitor other receptor-triggered pathways in a wide range of organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gabay, L -- Seger, R -- Shilo, B Z -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Body Patterning ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/immunology/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Drosophila/cytology/embryology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Epidermal Growth Factor ; Eye Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/cytology/embryology ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 26
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    Receptor and betagamma binding sites in the alpha subunit of the retinal G protein transducin (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-17
    Description: Transmembrane receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, light, and odorants mediate their cellular effects by activating heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). Crystal structures have revealed contact surfaces between G protein subunits, but not the surfaces or molecular mechanism through which Galphabetagamma responds to activation by transmembrane receptors. Such a surface was identified from the results of testing 100 mutant alpha subunits of the retinal G protein transducin for their ability to interact with rhodopsin. Sites at which alanine substitutions impaired this interaction mapped to two distinct Galpha surfaces: a betagamma-binding surface and a putative receptor-interacting surface. On the basis of these results a mechanism for receptor-catalyzed exchange of guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate is proposed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Onrust, R -- Herzmark, P -- Chi, P -- Garcia, P D -- Lichtarge, O -- Kingsley, C -- Bourne, H R -- CA-54427/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM-27800/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 17;275(5298):381-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8994033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Compounds/pharmacology ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; Fluorides/pharmacology ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; *Protein Conformation ; Retinaldehyde/pharmacology ; Rhodopsin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Rod Cell Outer Segment/metabolism ; Transducin/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 27
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    Inducible expression and phosphorylation of coactivator BOB.1/OBF.1 in T cells (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: BOB.1/OBF.1 is a transcriptional coactivator that is constitutively expressed in B cells and interacts with the Oct1 and Oct2 transcription factors. Upon activation of Jurkat T cells and primary murine thymocytes with phorbol esters and ionomycin, BOB.1/OBF.1 expression and transactivation function were induced. BOB.1/OBF.1 was phosphorylated at Ser184 both in vivo and in vitro, and this modification was required for inducible activation. Mutation of Ser184 also diminished transactivation function in B cells, suggesting that the activating phosphorylation that is inducible in T cells is constitutively present in B cells. Thus, BOB.1/OBF.1 is a transcriptional coactivator that is critically regulated by posttranslational modifications to mediate cell type-specific gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwilling, S -- Dieckmann, A -- Pfisterer, P -- Angel, P -- Wirth, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):221-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MSZ, Institut fur Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung, Universitat Wurzburg, Versbacher Strasse 5, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; HeLa Cells ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Host Cell Factor C1 ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology ; Ionomycin/pharmacology ; Jurkat Cells ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Octamer Transcription Factor-1 ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*metabolism ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: In response to DNA damage, mammalian cells prevent cell cycle progression through the control of critical cell cycle regulators. A human gene was identified that encodes the protein Chk1, a homolog of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Chk1 protein kinase, which is required for the DNA damage checkpoint. Human Chk1 protein was modified in response to DNA damage. In vitro Chk1 bound to and phosphorylated the dual-specificity protein phosphatases Cdc25A, Cdc25B, and Cdc25C, which control cell cycle transitions by dephosphorylating cyclin-dependent kinases. Chk1 phosphorylates Cdc25C on serine-216. As shown in an accompanying paper by Peng et al. in this issue, serine-216 phosphorylation creates a binding site for 14-3-3 protein and inhibits function of the phosphatase. These results suggest a model whereby in response to DNA damage, Chk1 phosphorylates and inhibits Cdc25C, thus preventing activation of the Cdc2-cyclin B complex and mitotic entry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Y -- Wong, C -- Thoma, R S -- Richman, R -- Wu, Z -- Piwnica-Worms, H -- Elledge, S J -- GM17763/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM44664/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1497-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 14-3-3 Proteins ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; *DNA Damage ; *F-Box Proteins ; G2 Phase ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; *Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; *Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; *cdc25 Phosphatases
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Your complete Web guide to tumors (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehrenstein, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 8;277(5327):762.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9273696" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Computer Communication Networks ; *Databases, Factual ; *Genes ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; United States
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    Crystal structure of mouse CD1: An MHC-like fold with a large hydrophobic binding groove (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: CD1 represents a third lineage of antigen-presenting molecules that are distantly related to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the immune system. The crystal structure of mouse CD1d1, corresponding to human CD1d, at 2.8 resolution shows that CD1 adopts an MHC fold that is more closely related to that of MHC class I than to that of MHC class II. The binding groove, although significantly narrower, is substantially larger because of increased depth and it has only two major pockets that are almost completely hydrophobic. The extreme hydrophobicity and shape of the binding site are consistent with observations that human CD1b and CD1c can present mycobacterial cell wall antigens, such as mycolic acid and lipoarabinomannans. However, mouse CD1d1 can present very hydrophobic peptides, but must do so in a very different way from MHC class Ia and class II molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeng, Z -- Castano, A R -- Segelke, B W -- Stura, E A -- Peterson, P A -- Wilson, I A -- CA-58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):339-45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, CD1/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glycolipids/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/chemistry/immunology ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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    Toroidal structure of lambda-exonuclease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-09-20
    Description: Structure determination at 2.4 angstrom resolution shows that lambda-exonuclease consists of three subunits that form a toroid. The central channel is funnel shaped, tapering from an inner diameter of about 30 angstroms at the wider end to 15 angstroms at the narrow end. This is adequate to accommodate the DNA substrate and thus provides a structural basis for the ability of the enzyme to sequentially hydrolyze thousands of nucleotides in a highly processive manner. The results also suggest the locations of the active sites and the constraints that limit cleavage to a single strand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kovall, R -- Matthews, B W -- GM20066/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1824-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9295273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophage lambda/enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Exodeoxyribonucleases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Recombination, Genetic ; Viral Proteins
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    Crystal structure of protein farnesyltransferase at 2.25 angstrom resolution (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-21
    Description: Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the carboxyl-terminal lipidation of Ras and several other cellular signal transduction proteins. The essential nature of this modification for proper function of these proteins has led to the emergence of FTase as a target for the development of new anticancer therapy. Inhibition of this enzyme suppresses the transformed phenotype in cultured cells and causes tumor regression in animal models. The crystal structure of heterodimeric mammalian FTase was determined at 2.25 angstrom resolution. The structure shows a combination of two unusual domains: a crescent-shaped seven-helical hairpin domain and an alpha-alpha barrel domain. The active site is formed by two clefts that intersect at a bound zinc ion. One cleft contains a nine-residue peptide that may mimic the binding of the Ras substrate; the other cleft is lined with highly conserved aromatic residues appropriate for binding the farnesyl isoprenoid with required specificity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Park, H W -- Boduluri, S R -- Moomaw, J F -- Casey, P J -- Beese, L S -- GM46372/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM52382/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1800-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alkyl and Aryl Transferases ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Transferases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Zinc/metabolism
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    Microbiology's scarred revolutionary (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):699-702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; History, 20th Century ; Origin of Life ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Temperature ; United States
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    The Ras-RasGAP complex: structural basis for GTPase activation and its loss in oncogenic Ras mutants (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of the complex between human H-Ras bound to guanosine diphosphate and the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating domain of the human GTPase-activating protein p120GAP (GAP-334) in the presence of aluminum fluoride was solved at a resolution of 2.5 angstroms. The structure shows the partly hydrophilic and partly hydrophobic nature of the communication between the two molecules, which explains the sensitivity of the interaction toward both salts and lipids. An arginine side chain (arginine-789) of GAP-334 is supplied into the active site of Ras to neutralize developing charges in the transition state. The switch II region of Ras is stabilized by GAP-334, thus allowing glutamine-61 of Ras, mutation of which activates the oncogenic potential, to participate in catalysis. The structural arrangement in the active site is consistent with a mostly associative mechanism of phosphoryl transfer and provides an explanation for the activation of Ras by glycine-12 and glutamine-61 mutations. Glycine-12 in the transition state mimic is within van der Waals distance of both arginine-789 of GAP-334 and glutamine-61 of Ras, and even its mutation to alanine would disturb the arrangements of residues in the transition state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scheffzek, K -- Ahmadian, M R -- Kabsch, W -- Wiesmuller, L -- Lautwein, A -- Schmitz, F -- Wittinghofer, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):333-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Strukturelle Biologie, Rheinlanddamm 201, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Compounds/chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme Activation ; Fluorides/chemistry/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Orbital steering in the catalytic power of enzymes: small structural changes with large catalytic consequences (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: Small structural perturbations in the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were made in order to evaluate the contribution of precise substrate alignment to the catalytic power of an enzyme. The reaction trajectory of IDH was modified (i) after the adenine moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was changed to hypoxanthine (the 6-amino was changed to 6-hydroxyl), and (ii) by replacing Mg2+, which has six coordinating ligands, with Ca2+, which has eight coordinating ligands. Both changes make large (10(-3) to 10(-5)) changes in the reaction velocity but only small changes in the orientation of the substrates (both distance and angle) as revealed by cryocrystallographic trapping of active IDH complexes. The results provide evidence that orbital overlap produced by optimal orientation of reacting orbitals plays a major quantitative role in the catalytic power of enzymes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mesecar, A D -- Stoddard, B L -- Koshland, D E Jr -- GM49857/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):202-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stanley Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cadmium/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; NAD/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; NADP/metabolism ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protein Conformation
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    Continuous in vitro evolution of catalytic function (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: A population of RNA molecules that catalyze the template-directed ligation of RNA substrates was made to evolve in a continuous manner in the test tube. A simple serial transfer procedure was used to achieve approximately 300 successive rounds of catalysis and selective amplification in 52 hours. During this time, the population size was maintained against an overall dilution of 3 x 10(298). Both the catalytic rate and amplification rate of the RNAs improved substantially as a consequence of mutations that accumulated during the evolution process. Continuous in vitro evolution makes it possible to maintain laboratory "cultures" of catalytic molecules that can be perpetuated indefinitely.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, M C -- Joyce, G F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):614-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Catalysis ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics/metabolism ; *Directed Molecular Evolution ; Evolution, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; *RNA, Catalytic/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry ; Templates, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Proteins
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    Researchers get their first good look at the nucleosome (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Featherstone, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1763-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*chemistry ; Histones/*chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleosomes/*chemistry ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Solution structure of 3-oxo-delta5-steroid isomerase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: The three-dimensional structure of the enzyme 3-oxo-delta5-steroid isomerase (E.C. 5.3.3.1), a 28-kilodalton symmetrical dimer, was solved by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The two independently folded monomers pack together by means of extensive hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Each monomer comprises three alpha helices and a six-strand mixed beta-pleated sheet arranged to form a deep hydrophobic cavity. Catalytically important residues Tyr14 (general acid) and Asp38 (general base) are located near the bottom of the cavity and positioned as expected from mechanistic hypotheses. An unexpected acid group (Asp99) is also located in the active site adjacent to Tyr14, and kinetic and binding studies of the Asp99 to Ala mutant demonstrate that Asp99 contributes to catalysis by stabilizing the intermediate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Z R -- Ebrahimian, S -- Zawrotny, M E -- Thornburg, L D -- Perez-Alvarado, G C -- Brothers, P -- Pollack, R M -- Summers, M F -- GM38155/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM49082/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):415-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103200" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Androstenedione/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Dimerization ; Estradiol/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Solutions ; Steroid Isomerases/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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  • 39
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    Signaling by phosphoinositide-3,4,5-trisphosphate through proteins containing pleckstrin and Sec7 homology domains (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: Signal transmission by many cell surface receptors results in the activation of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases that phosphorylate the 3' position of polyphosphoinositides. From a screen for mouse proteins that bind phosphoinositides, the protein GRP1was identified. GRP1 binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4, 5)P3] through a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and displays a region of high sequence similarity to the yeast Sec7 protein. The PH domain of the closely related protein cytohesin-1, which, through its Sec7 homology domain, regulates integrin beta2 and catalyzes guanine nucleotide exchange of the small guanine nucleotide-binding protein ARF1, was also found to specifically bind PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. GRP1 and cytohesin-1 appear to connect receptor-activated PI 3-kinase signaling pathways with proteins that mediate biological responses such as cell adhesion and membrane trafficking.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klarlund, J K -- Guilherme, A -- Holik, J J -- Virbasius, J V -- Chawla, A -- Czech, M P -- DK30648/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK30898/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1927-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 ; ADP-Ribosylation Factors ; Adipocytes/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD18/metabolism ; Blood Proteins/*chemistry ; Brain Chemistry ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; *Phosphoproteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; *Signal Transduction
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    Src structure crystallizes 20 years of oncogene research (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Featherstone, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Phosphorylation ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-hck ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src)/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tyrosine/chemistry/metabolism ; *src Homology Domains
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    Fyn-kinase as a determinant of ethanol sensitivity: relation to NMDA-receptor function (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: Animals vary in their sensitivity to ethanol, a trait at least partly determined by genetic factors. In order to identify possible responsible genes, mice lacking Fyn, a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase, were investigated. These mice were hypersensitive to the hypnotic effect of ethanol. The administration of ethanol enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the hippocampus of control mice but not in Fyn-deficient mice. An acute tolerance to ethanol inhibition of NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal slices developed in control mice but not in Fyn-deficient mice. These results indicate that Fyn affects behavioral, biochemical, and physiological responses to ethanol.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyakawa, T -- Yagi, T -- Kitazawa, H -- Yasuda, M -- Kawai, N -- Tsuboi, K -- Niki, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):698-701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Neurobiology of Emotion, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama-ken 351-01, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Central Nervous System Depressants/*pharmacology ; Ethanol/*pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Flurazepam/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/*drug effects ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism
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    Alternative cleavage of Alzheimer-associated presenilins during apoptosis by a caspase-3 family protease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Most cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the presenilin 1 (PS1) and PS2 proteins, both of which undergo regulated endoproteolytic processing. During apoptosis, PS1 and PS2 were shown to be cleaved at sites distal to their normal cleavage sites by a caspase-3 family protease. In cells expressing PS2 containing the asparagine-141 FAD mutant, the ratio of alternative to normal PS2 cleavage fragments was increased relative to wild-type PS2-expressing cells, suggesting a potential role for apoptosis-associated cleavage of presenilins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, T W -- Pettingell, W H -- Jung, Y K -- Kovacs, D M -- Tanzi, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):373-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetics and Aging Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; *Caspases ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Etoposide/pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Rats ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: A C. elegans neurosecretory signaling system regulates whether animals enter the reproductive life cycle or arrest development at the long-lived dauer diapause stage. daf-2, a key gene in the genetic pathway that mediates this endocrine signaling, encodes an insulin receptor family member. Decreases in DAF-2 signaling induce metabolic and developmental changes, as in mammalian metabolic control by the insulin receptor. Decreased DAF-2 signaling also causes an increase in life-span. Life-span regulation by insulin-like metabolic control is analogous to mammalian longevity enhancement induced by caloric restriction, suggesting a general link between metabolism, diapause, and longevity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kimura, K D -- Tissenbaum, H A -- Liu, Y -- Ruvkun, G -- R01AG14161/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):942-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252323" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Chromosome Mapping ; Conserved Sequence ; Energy Intake ; *Genes, Helminth ; Glucose/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Larva/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Longevity/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry/genetics ; Receptor, Insulin/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Iron-sulfur clusters: nature's modular, multipurpose structures (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-01
    Description: Iron-sulfur proteins are found in all life forms. Most frequently, they contain Fe2S2, Fe3S4, and Fe4S4 clusters. These modular clusters undergo oxidation-reduction reactions, may be inserted or removed from proteins, can influence protein structure by preferential side chain ligation, and can be interconverted. In addition to their electron transfer function, iron-sulfur clusters act as catalytic centers and sensors of iron and oxygen. Their most common oxidation states are paramagnetic and present significant challenges for understanding the magnetic properties of mixed valence systems. Iron-sulfur clusters now rank with such biological prosthetic groups as hemes and flavins in pervasive occurrence and multiplicity of function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beinert, H -- Holm, R H -- Munck, E -- 5-K06 GM 18442/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 12394/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 34812/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 1;277(5326):653-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Enzyme Research and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9235882" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Electron Transport ; Iron/chemistry/*metabolism ; Iron-Sulfur Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Spectroscopy, Mossbauer ; Sulfur/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Direct regulation of the Akt proto-oncogene product by phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: The regulation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt by lipid products of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) was investigated. Akt activity was found to correlate with the amount of phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4-P2) in vivo, and synthetic PtdIns-3,4-P2 activated Akt both in vitro and in vivo. Binding of PtdIns-3,4-P2 occurred within the Akt pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and facilitated dimerization of Akt. Akt mutated in the PH domain was not activated by PI 3-kinase in vivo or by PtdIns-3, 4-P2 in vitro, and it was impaired in binding to PtdIns-3,4-P2. Examination of the binding to other phosphoinositides revealed that they bound to the Akt PH domain with much lower affinity than did PtdIns-3,4-P2 and failed to increase Akt activity. Thus, Akt is apparently regulated by the direct interaction of PtdIns-3,4-P2 with the Akt PH domain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Franke, T F -- Kaplan, D R -- Cantley, L C -- Toker, A -- GM41890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- N01-CO-74101/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):665-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility and Development Center (NCI-FCRFDC), Frederick, MD 21702, USA. tfranke@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Dimerization ; Enzyme Activation ; Mice ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Point Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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    NMDA channel regulation by channel-associated protein tyrosine kinase Src (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediates synaptic transmission and plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) and is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. In membrane patches excised from mammalian central neurons, the endogenous tyrosine kinase Src was shown to regulate the activity of NMDA channels. The action of Src required a sequence [Src(40-58)] within the noncatalytic, unique domain of Src. In addition, Src coprecipitated with NMDA receptor proteins. Finally, endogenous Src regulated the function of NMDA receptors at synapses. Thus, NMDA receptor regulation by Src may be important in development, plasticity, and pathology in the CNS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, X M -- Askalan, R -- Keil, G J 2nd -- Salter, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):674-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8 Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; N-Methylaspartate/metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; src-Family Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Feeling a protein's motion (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-08-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ehrenstein, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 1;277(5326):637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254428" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry ; Biophysical Phenomena ; Biophysics ; Chemistry, Physical ; Lasers ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Models, Molecular ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protein Conformation
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  • 48
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    Cdc25 mitotic inducer targeted by chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: Arrest of the cell cycle at the G2 checkpoint, induced by DNA damage, requires inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase Cdc2 in both fission yeast and human cells. The kinase Wee1 and the phosphatase Cdc25, which regulate Cdc2 phosphorylation, were evaluated as targets of Chk1, a kinase essential for the checkpoint. Fission yeast cdc2-3w Deltacdc25 cells, which express activated Cdc2 and lack Cdc25, were responsive to Wee1 but insensitive to Chk1 and irradiation. Expression of large amounts of Chk1 produced the same phenotype as did loss of the cdc25 gene in cdc2-3w cells. Cdc25 associated with Chk1 in vivo and was phosphorylated when copurified in Chk1 complexes. These findings identify Cdc25, but not Wee1, as a target of the DNA damage checkpoint.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Furnari, B -- Rhind, N -- Russell, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1495-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Division ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Helicases/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; G2 Phase ; Gamma Rays ; Genes, Fungal ; *Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Schizosaccharomyces/cytology/genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; *ras-GRF1
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    The product of the proto-oncogene c-cbl: a negative regulator of the Syk tyrosine kinase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: Engagement of antigen and immunoglobulin receptors on hematopoietic cells is directly coupled to activation of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that then phosphorylate critical intracellular substrates. In mast cells stimulated through the FcvarepsilonRI receptor, activation of several PTKs including Syk leads to degranulation and release of such mediators of the allergic response as histamine and serotonin. Regulation of Syk function occurred through interaction with the Cbl protein, itself a PTK substrate in this system. Overexpression of Cbl led to inhibition of Syk and suppression of serotonin release from mast cells, demonstrating its ability to inhibit a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. Complex adaptor proteins such as Cbl can directly regulate the functions of the proteins they bind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ota, Y -- Samelson, L E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):418-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Degranulation ; Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mast Cells/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl ; Rats ; Receptors, IgE/metabolism ; Receptors, IgG/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Vaccinia virus
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  • 50
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    Murine model of Niemann-Pick C disease: mutation in a cholesterol homeostasis gene (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: An integrated human-mouse positional candidate approach was used to identify the gene responsible for the phenotypes observed in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease. The predicted murine NPC1 protein has sequence homology to the putative transmembrane domains of the Hedgehog signaling molecule Patched, to the cholesterol-sensing regions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and to the NPC1 orthologs identified in human, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mouse model may provide an important resource for studying the role of NPC1 in cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegeneration and for assessing the efficacy of new drugs for NP-C disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loftus, S K -- Morris, J A -- Carstea, E D -- Gu, J Z -- Cummings, C -- Brown, A -- Ellison, J -- Ohno, K -- Rosenfeld, M A -- Tagle, D A -- Pentchev, P G -- Pavan, W J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetic Disease Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/chemistry ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Niemann-Pick Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Sorting Signals/chemistry ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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    Signaling vascular morphogenesis and maintenance (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanahan, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):48-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0534, USA. dougvhanahan@biochem.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9229772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiopoietin-1 ; Angiopoietin-2 ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blood Vessels/*embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Cell Division ; Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/metabolism ; Lymphokines/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Morphogenesis ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, TIE-2 ; Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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    PTG, a protein phosphatase 1-binding protein with a role in glycogen metabolism (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: Protein dephosphorylation by phosphatase PP1 plays a central role in mediating the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism. A PP1C-targeting protein expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (called PTG, for protein targeting to glycogen) was cloned and characterized. PTG was expressed predominantly in insulin-sensitive tissues. In addition to binding and localizing PP1C to glycogen, PTG formed complexes with phosphorylase kinase, phosphorylase a, and glycogen synthase, the primary enzymes involved in the hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism. Overexpression of PTG markedly increased basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the insulin receptor, which do not express endogenous PTG. These results suggest that PTG is critical for glycogen metabolism, possibly functioning as a molecular scaffold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Printen, J A -- Brady, M J -- Saltiel, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1475-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9045612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Glycogen/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase/metabolism ; Insulin/pharmacology ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylase Kinase/metabolism ; Phosphorylase a/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Transfection
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    Regulation of protein phosphatase 2A by direct interaction with casein kinase 2alpha (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-09
    Description: Timely deactivation of kinase cascades is crucial to the normal control of cell signaling and is partly accomplished by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). The catalytic (alpha) subunit of the serine-threonine kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) bound to PP2A in vitro and in mitogen-starved cells; binding required the integrity of a sequence motif common to CK2alpha and SV40 small t antigen. Overexpression of CK2alpha resulted in deactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and suppression of cell growth. Moreover, CK2alpha inhibited the transforming activity of oncogenic Ras, but not that of constitutively activated MEK. Thus, CK2alpha may regulate the deactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heriche, J K -- Lebrin, F -- Rabilloud, T -- Leroy, D -- Chambaz, E M -- Goldberg, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 9;276(5314):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Departement de Biologie Moleculaire et Structurale, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Regulations Cellulaires Endocrines, Unite 244, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9139659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming ; Binding Sites ; Casein Kinase II ; Cell Division ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1 ; Mice ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; Mutation ; Okadaic Acid/pharmacology ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Protein Phosphatase 2 ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism/pharmacology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; ras Proteins/pharmacology
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    Nonsyndromic deafness DFNA1 associated with mutation of a human homolog of the Drosophila gene diaphanous (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The gene responsible for autosomal dominant, fully penetrant, nonsyndromic sensorineural progressive hearing loss in a large Costa Rican kindred was previously localized to chromosome 5q31 and named DFNA1. Deafness in the family is associated with a protein-truncating mutation in a human homolog of the Drosophila gene diaphanous. The truncation is caused by a single nucleotide substitution in a splice donor, leading to a four-base pair insertion in messenger RNA and a frameshift. The diaphanous protein is a profilin ligand and target of Rho that regulates polymerization of actin, the major component of the cytoskeleton of hair cells of the inner ear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynch, E D -- Lee, M K -- Morrow, J E -- Welcsh, P L -- Leon, P E -- King, M C -- R01-DC01076/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1315-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. eric@lynch.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Cochlea/metabolism ; *Contractile Proteins ; Deafness/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Hair Cells, Auditory/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Male ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Profilins ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; X Chromosome
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    Somatic frameshift mutations in the BAX gene in colon cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-02-14
    Description: Cancers of the microsatellite mutator phenotype (MMP) show exaggerated genomic instability at simple repeat sequences. More than 50 percent (21 out of 41) of human MMP+ colon adenocarcinomas examined were found to have frameshift mutations in a tract of eight deoxyguanosines [(G)8] within BAX, a gene that promotes apoptosis. These mutations were absent in MMP- tumors and were significantly less frequent in (G)8 repeats from other genes. Frameshift mutations were present in both BAX alleles in some MMP+ colon tumor cell lines and in primary tumors. These results suggest that inactivating BAX mutations are selected for during the progression of colorectal MMP+ tumors and that the wild-type BAX gene plays a suppressor role in a p53-independent pathway for colorectal carcinogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rampino, N -- Yamamoto, H -- Ionov, Y -- Li, Y -- Sawai, H -- Reed, J C -- Perucho, M -- CA38579/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA63585/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 14;275(5302):967-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Burnham Institute, La Jolla Cancer Research Center, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9020077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/*genetics ; Alleles ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics ; *Frameshift Mutation ; Gene Expression ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; Microsatellite Repeats/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Sequence Deletion ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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    Direct measurement of angles between bond vectors in high-resolution NMR (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-23
    Description: Angles between two interatomic vectors are measured for structure elucidation in solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The angles can be determined directly by using the effects of dipole-dipole cross-correlated relaxation of double-quantum and zero-quantum coherences. The measured rates can be directly related to the angular geometry without need for calibration of a Karplus-type curve, as is the case for scalar coupling measurements, and depend only on the rotational correlation time of the molecule as an empirical parameter. This makes the determination of torsional angles independent from the measurement of coupling constants. The two interatomic vectors can in principle be arbitrarily far apart. The method was demonstrated on the measurement of the peptide backbone angle psi in the protein rhodniin, which is difficult to determine in solution by NMR spectroscopy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reif, B -- Hennig, M -- Griesinger, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 23;276(5316):1230-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Organische Chemie, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, Universitat Frankfurt, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antithrombins/*chemistry ; Insect Proteins/*chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/*methods ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation
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    The cis-trans paradox of integrase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jayaram, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):49-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. jayaram@almach.cc.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophage lambda/*enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA, Circular/metabolism ; Integrases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Conformation ; Recombinases ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Tyrosine/metabolism ; Virus Integration
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    A bitter battle over insulin gene (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1028-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; California ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Recombinant ; Drug Industry ; *Genetic Research ; *Genetic Vectors ; Guideline Adherence/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Insulin/*genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; *Plasmids ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins ; Scientific Misconduct/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; Universities
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    Bimolecular exon ligation by the human spliceosome (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Intron excision is an essential step in eukaryotic gene expression, but the molecular mechanisms by which the spliceosome accurately identifies splice sites in nuclear precursors to messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) are not well understood. A bimolecular assay for the second step of splicing has now revealed that exon ligation by the human spliceosome does not require covalent attachment of a 3' splice site to the branch site. Furthermore, accurate definition of the 3' splice site in this system is independent of either a covalently attached polypyrimidine tract or specific 3' exon sequences. Rather, in this system 3' splice site selection apparently occurs with a 5' --〉 3' directionality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, K -- Moore, M J -- GM53007/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1712-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉W. M. Keck Institute for Cellular Visualization, Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02254, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; *Exons ; Humans ; Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA Precursors/genetics/*metabolism ; *RNA Splicing ; Spliceosomes/*metabolism
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    Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Akt (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: BAD is a distant member of the Bcl-2 family that promotes cell death. Phosphorylation of BAD prevents this. BAD phosphorylation induced by interleukin-3 (IL-3) was inhibited by specific inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). Akt, a survival-promoting serine-threonine protein kinase, was activated by IL-3 in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner. Active, but not inactive, forms of Akt were found to phosphorylate BAD in vivo and in vitro at the same residues that are phosphorylated in response to IL-3. Thus, the proapoptotic function of BAD is regulated by the PI 3-kinase-Akt pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉del Peso, L -- Gonzalez-Garcia, M -- Page, C -- Herrera, R -- Nunez, G -- CA-64556/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):687-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381178" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Androstadienes/pharmacology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chromones/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Humans ; Interleukin-3/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Morpholines/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; bcl-Associated Death Protein ; bcl-X Protein
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    Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-21
    Description: Inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene initiates colorectal neoplasia. One of the biochemical activities associated with the APC protein is down-regulation of transcriptional activation mediated by beta-catenin and T cell transcription factor 4 (Tcf-4). The protein products of mutant APC genes present in colorectal tumors were found to be defective in this activity. Furthermore, colorectal tumors with intact APC genes were found to contain activating mutations of beta-catenin that altered functionally significant phosphorylation sites. These results indicate that regulation of beta-catenin is critical to APC's tumor suppressive effect and that this regulation can be circumvented by mutations in either APC or beta-catenin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morin, P J -- Sparks, A B -- Korinek, V -- Barker, N -- Clevers, H -- Vogelstein, B -- Kinzler, K W -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1787-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, 424 North Bond Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Genes, APC ; Genes, Reporter ; Germ-Line Mutation ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Signal Transduction ; TCF Transcription Factors ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; beta Catenin
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    Crystal structure of methyl-coenzyme M reductase: the key enzyme of biological methane formation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR), the enzyme responsible for the microbial formation of methane, is a 300-kilodalton protein organized as a hexamer in an alpha2beta2gamma2 arrangement. The crystal structure of the enzyme from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, determined at 1.45 angstrom resolution for the inactive enzyme state MCRox1-silent, reveals that two molecules of the nickel porphinoid coenzyme F430 are embedded between the subunits alpha, alpha', beta, and gamma and alpha', alpha, beta', and gamma', forming two identical active sites. Each site is accessible for the substrate methyl-coenzyme M through a narrow channel locked after binding of the second substrate coenzyme B. Together with a second structurally characterized enzyme state (MCRsilent) containing the heterodisulfide of coenzymes M and B, a reaction mechanism is proposed that uses a radical intermediate and a nickel organic compound.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ermler, U -- Grabarse, W -- Shima, S -- Goubeaud, M -- Thauer, R K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 21;278(5342):1457-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strabetae 7, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9367957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Coenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Disulfides/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Mesna/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Metalloporphyrins/chemistry/metabolism ; Methane/*metabolism ; Methanobacterium/*enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Nickel/chemistry/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphothreonine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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    Nuclear export of NF-ATc enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: The transcription factor NF-AT responds to Ca2+-calcineurin signals by translocating to the nucleus, where it participates in the activation of early immune response genes. Calcineurin dephosphorylates conserved serine residues in the amino terminus of NF-AT, resulting in nuclear import. Purification of the NF-AT kinase revealed that it is composed of a priming kinase activity and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 phosphorylates conserved serines necessary for nuclear export, promotes nuclear exit, and thereby opposes Ca2+-calcineurin signaling. Because GSK-3 responds to signals initiated by Wnt and other ligands, NF-AT family members could be effectors of these pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beals, C R -- Sheridan, C M -- Turck, C W -- Gardner, P -- Crabtree, G R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1930-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Brain/enzymology ; COS Cells ; Calcineurin ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ; Glycogen Synthase Kinases ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
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    How cells get the right chromosomes (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: When cells divide, the chromosomes must be delivered flawlessly to the daughter cells. Missing or extra chromosomes can result in birth defects and cancer. Chance events are the starting point for chromosome delivery, which makes the process prone to error. Errors are avoided by diverse uses of mechanical tension from mitotic forces. Tension stabilizes the proper chromosome configuration, controls a cell cycle checkpoint, and changes chromosome chemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nicklas, R B -- GM-13745/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):632-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, LSRC Building, Duke University, Box 91000, Durham, NC 27708-1000, USA. bnicklas@acpub.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; *Meiosis ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Selection, Genetic ; Spindle Apparatus/*metabolism ; Stress, Mechanical
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    Unusual oligomerization required for activity of NtrC, a bacterial enhancer-binding protein (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: Nitrogen regulatory protein C (NtrC) contacts a bacterial RNA polymerase from distant enhancers by means of DNA loops and activates transcription by allowing polymerase to gain access to the template DNA strand. It was shown that NtrC from Salmonella typhimurium must build large oligomers to activate transcription. In contrast to eukaryotic enhancer-binding proteins, most of which must bind directly to DNA, some NtrC dimers were bound solely by protein-protein interactions. NtrC oligomers were visualized with scanning force microscopy. Evidence of their functional importance was provided by showing that some inactive non-DNA-binding and DNA-binding mutant forms of NtrC can cooperate to activate transcription.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wyman, C -- Rombel, I -- North, A K -- Bustamante, C -- Kustu, S -- GM17078/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM32543/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM38361/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1658-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins ; DNA, Bacterial/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Polymerase Sigma 54 ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/metabolism ; Sigma Factor/*metabolism ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    Structure of a murine leukemia virus receptor-binding glycoprotein at 2.0 angstrom resolution (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-12
    Description: An essential step in retrovirus infection is the binding of the virus to its receptor on a target cell. The structure of the receptor-binding domain of the envelope glycoprotein from Friend murine leukemia virus was determined to 2.0 angstrom resolution by x-ray crystallography. The core of the domain is an antiparallel beta sandwich, with two interstrand loops forming a helical subdomain atop the sandwich. The residues in the helical region, but not in the beta sandwich, are highly variable among mammalian C-type retroviruses with distinct tropisms, indicating that the helical subdomain determines the receptor specificity of the virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fass, D -- Davey, R A -- Hamson, C A -- Kim, P S -- Cunningham, J M -- Berger, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1662-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Friend murine leukemia virus/*chemistry ; Glycoproteins/*chemistry ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; *Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Brightness speeds search for structures great and small (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 29;277(5330):1217-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9297237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsins/chemistry ; Bluetongue virus/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Crystallization ; *Crystallography, X-Ray ; Manganese/analysis ; Models, Molecular ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology ; Photons ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; *Protein Conformation ; Proteins/*chemistry ; *Synchrotrons ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A cyanobacterial phytochrome two-component light sensory system (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: The biliprotein phytochrome regulates plant growth and developmental responses to the ambient light environment through an unknown mechanism. Biochemical analyses demonstrate that phytochrome is an ancient molecule that evolved from a more compact light sensor in cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 is a light-regulated histidine kinase that mediates red, far-red reversible phosphorylation of a small response regulator, Rcp1 (response regulator for cyanobacterial phytochrome), encoded by the adjacent gene, thus implicating protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in the initial step of light signal transduction by phytochrome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yeh, K C -- Wu, S H -- Murphy, J T -- Lagarias, J C -- 1 P41 RR06009/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1505-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyanobacteria/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Operon ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteins ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Deletion ; Signal Transduction
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    Expression cloning in the test tube (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉King, R W -- Lustig, K D -- Stukenberg, P T -- McGarry, T J -- Kirschner, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):973-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. king@bcmp.med.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9281074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; Cloning, Molecular/*methods ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Enzymes/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Mitosis ; Phosphorylation ; Plasmids ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
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    Morphologists learn to live with molecular upstarts (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1032-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amphibians/*classification/genetics ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Humans ; Mammals/*classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny
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    Regulation of distinct stages of skeletal muscle differentiation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The signal transduction pathway or pathways linking extracellular signals to myogenesis are poorly defined. Upon mitogen withdrawal from C2C12 myoblasts, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p42Erk2 is inactivated concomitant with up-regulation of muscle-specific genes. Overexpression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) inhibited p42Erk2 activity and was sufficient to relieve the inhibitory effects of mitogens on muscle-specific gene expression. Later during myogenesis, endogenous expression of MKP-1 decreased. MKP-1 overexpression during differentiation prevented myotube formation despite appropriate expression of myosin heavy chain. This indicates that muscle-specific gene expression is necessary but not sufficient to commit differentiated myocytes to myotubes and suggests a function for the MAPKs during the early and late stages of skeletal muscle differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bennett, A M -- Tonks, N K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1288-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Demerec Building, 1 Bungtown Road, Post Office Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Culture Media ; Cyclin D1/genetics ; Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mitogens/pharmacology ; Muscle Proteins/*genetics ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/*enzymology/metabolism ; *Phosphoprotein Phosphatases ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Gram-positive bacterium sequenced (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):478.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Circular/genetics ; European Union ; *Genome, Bacterial ; International Cooperation ; Japan ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Structure of the carboxyl-terminal dimerization domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-11-05
    Description: The carboxyl-terminal domain, residues 146 to 231, of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capsid protein [CA(146-231)] is required for capsid dimerization and viral assembly. This domain contains a stretch of 20 residues, called the major homology region (MHR), which is conserved across retroviruses and is essential for viral assembly, maturation, and infectivity. The crystal structures of CA(146-231) and CA(151-231) reveal that the globular domain is composed of four helices and an extended amino-terminal strand. CA(146-231) dimerizes through parallel packing of helix 2 across a dyad. The MHR is distinct from the dimer interface and instead forms an intricate hydrogen-bonding network that interconnects strand 1 and helices 1 and 2. Alignment of the CA(146-231) dimer with the crystal structure of the capsid amino-terminal domain provides a model for the intact protein and extends models for assembly of the central conical core of HIV-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gamble, T R -- Yoo, S -- Vajdos, F F -- von Schwedler, U K -- Worthylake, D K -- Wang, H -- McCutcheon, J P -- Sundquist, W I -- Hill, C P -- R01 AI40333/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI43036/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 31;278(5339):849-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9346481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Capsid/*chemistry/genetics ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cloning, Organism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; HIV-1/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/chemistry ; *Protein Conformation ; Virus Replication
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    Structure of a protein photocycle intermediate by millisecond time-resolved crystallography (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: The blue-light photoreceptor photoactive yellow protein (PYP) undergoes a self-contained light cycle. The atomic structure of the bleached signaling intermediate in the light cycle of PYP was determined by millisecond time-resolved, multiwavelength Laue crystallography and simultaneous optical spectroscopy. Light-induced trans-to-cis isomerization of the 4-hydroxycinnamyl chromophore and coupled protein rearrangements produce a new set of active-site hydrogen bonds. An arginine gateway opens, allowing solvent exposure and protonation of the chromophore's phenolic oxygen. Resulting changes in shape, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic potential at the protein surface form a likely basis for signal transduction. The structural results suggest a general framework for the interpretation of protein photocycles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Genick, U K -- Borgstahl, G E -- Ng, K -- Ren, Z -- Pradervand, C -- Burke, P M -- Srajer, V -- Teng, T Y -- Schildkamp, W -- McRee, D E -- Moffat, K -- Getzoff, E D -- GM36452/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM37684/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR07707/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1471-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9045611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/physiology ; Binding Sites ; Chromatiaceae ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electrochemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Isomerism ; Light ; Models, Molecular ; *Photoreceptors, Microbial ; *Protein Conformation ; Signal Transduction ; Spectrum Analysis
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    Maintenance of human T cell anergy: blocking of IL-2 gene transcription by activated Rap1 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: In the absence of costimulation, T cells activated through their antigen receptor become unresponsive (anergic) and do not transcribe the gene encoding interleukin-2 (IL-2) when restimulated with antigen. Anergic alloantigen-specific human T cells contained phosphorylated Cbl that coimmunoprecipitated with Fyn. The adapter protein CrkL was associated with both phosphorylated Cbl and the guanidine nucleotide-releasing factor C3G, which catalyzes guanosine triphosphate (GTP) exchange on Rap1. Active Rap1 (GTP-bound form) was present in anergic cells. Forced expression of low amounts of Rap1-GTP in Jurkat T cells recapitulated the anergic defect and blocked T cell antigen receptor (TCR)- and CD28-mediated IL-2 gene transcription. Therefore, Rap1 functions as a negative regulator of TCR-mediated IL-2 gene transcription and may be responsible for the specific defect in IL-2 production in T cell anergy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boussiotis, V A -- Freeman, G J -- Berezovskaya, A -- Barber, D L -- Nadler, L M -- AI 35225/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI39671/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL 54785/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):124-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. vassiliki_boussiotis@macmailgw.dfci.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Antigens, CD28/immunology ; *Clonal Anergy ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/*genetics ; Jurkat Cells ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; rap GTP-Binding Proteins ; ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; ras Proteins/metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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    Defective TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in STAT1-null cells due to low constitutive levels of caspases (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) enhance transcription of specific genes in response to cytokines and growth factors. STAT1 is also required for efficient constitutive expression of the caspases Ice, Cpp32, and Ich-1 in human fibroblasts. As a consequence, STAT1-null cells are resistant to apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Reintroduction of STAT1alpha restored both TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and the expression of Ice, Cpp32, and Ich-1. Variant STAT1 proteins carrying point mutations that inactivate domains required for STAT dimer formation nevertheless restored protease expression and sensitivity to apoptosis, indicating that the functions of STAT1 required for these activities are different from those that mediate induced gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kumar, A -- Commane, M -- Flickinger, T W -- Horvath, C M -- Stark, G R -- P01 CA62220/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1630-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Apoptosis ; Caspase 1 ; Caspase 2 ; Caspase 3 ; *Caspases ; Cell Line ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Dactinomycin/pharmacology ; Dimerization ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology
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    Did birds sail through the K-T extinction with flying colors? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1068.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; *Birds/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Fossils ; *Genes ; Mutation ; Phylogeny
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    Crystal structure of formate dehydrogenase H: catalysis involving Mo, molybdopterin, selenocysteine, and an Fe4S4 cluster (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: Formate dehydrogenase H from Escherichia coli contains selenocysteine (SeCys), molybdenum, two molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (MGD) cofactors, and an Fe4S4 cluster at the active site and catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide. The crystal structures of the oxidized [Mo(VI), Fe4S4(ox)] form of formate dehydrogenase H (with and without bound inhibitor) and the reduced [Mo(IV), Fe4S4(red)] form have been determined, revealing a four-domain alphabeta structure with the molybdenum directly coordinated to selenium and both MGD cofactors. These structures suggest a reaction mechanism that directly involves SeCys140 and His141 in proton abstraction and the molybdenum, molybdopterin, Lys44, and the Fe4S4 cluster in electron transfer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyington, J C -- Gladyshev, V N -- Khangulov, S V -- Stadtman, T C -- Sun, P D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1305-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Structure, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electron Transport ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; Ferrous Compounds/*chemistry ; Formate Dehydrogenases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Formates/*metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogenase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molybdenum/chemistry/metabolism ; Multienzyme Complexes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Nitrites/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protons ; Pterins/chemistry/metabolism ; Selenocysteine/chemistry/metabolism
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    Structural basis for ligand-regulated oligomerization of AraC (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: The crystal structure of the arabinose-binding and dimerization domain of the Escherchia coli gene regulatory protein AraC was determined in the presence and absence of L-arabinose. The 1.5 angstrom structure of the arabinose-bound molecule shows that the protein adopts an unusual fold, binding sugar within a beta barrel and completely burying the arabinose with the amino-terminal arm of the protein. Dimer contacts in the presence of arabinose are mediated by an antiparallel coiled-coil. In the 2.8 angstrom structure of the uncomplexed protein, the amino-terminal arm is disordered, uncovering the sugar-binding pocket and allowing it to serve as an oligomerization interface. The ligand-gated oligomerization as seen in AraC provides the basis of a plausible mechanism for modulating the protein's DNA-looping properties.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soisson, S M -- MacDougall-Shackleton, B -- Schleif, R -- Wolberger, C -- GM18277/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):421-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AraC Transcription Factor ; Arabinose/metabolism ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Repressor Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Transcription Factors
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    X-ray structure of bacteriorhodopsin at 2.5 angstroms from microcrystals grown in lipidic cubic phases (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-12
    Description: Lipidic cubic phases provide a continuous three-dimensional bilayer matrix that facilitates nucleation and growth of bacteriorhodopsin microcrystals. The crystals diffract x-rays isotropically to 2.0 angstroms. The structure of this light-driven proton pump was solved at a resolution of 2.5 angstroms by molecular replacement, using previous results from electron crystallographic studies as a model. The earlier structure was generally confirmed, but several differences were found, including loop conformations and side chain residues. Eight water molecules are now identified experimentally in the proton pathway. These findings reveal the constituents of the proton translocation pathway in the ground state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pebay-Peyroula, E -- Rummel, G -- Rosenbusch, J P -- Landau, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1676-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Biologie Structurale/CEA-CNRS/Universite Joseph Fourier, 41 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287223" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray/*methods ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Glycerides ; Halobacterium/chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proton Pumps ; Protons ; Retinaldehyde/chemistry ; Schiff Bases ; Synchrotrons ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Flexibility in DNA recombination: structure of the lambda integrase catalytic core (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-04
    Description: Lambda integrase is archetypic of site-specific recombinases that catalyze intermolecular DNA rearrangements without energetic input. DNA cleavage, strand exchange, and religation steps are linked by a covalent phosphotyrosine intermediate in which Tyr342 is attached to the 3'-phosphate of the DNA cut site. The 1.9 angstrom crystal structure of the integrase catalytic domain reveals a protein fold that is conserved in organisms ranging from archaebacteria to yeast and that suggests a model for interaction with target DNA. The attacking Tyr342 nucleophile is located on a flexible loop about 20 angstroms from a basic groove that contains all the other catalytically essential residues. This bipartite active site can account for several apparently paradoxical features of integrase family recombinases, including the capacity for both cis and trans cleavage of DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839824/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1839824/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kwon, H J -- Tirumalai, R -- Landy, A -- Ellenberger, T -- AI13544/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM33928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM033928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062723/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):126-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9082984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Attachment Sites, Microbiological ; Bacteriophage lambda/*enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Cloning, Molecular ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Integrases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Recombinases ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Tyrosine/chemistry/metabolism ; Virus Integration
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    Mitotic and G2 checkpoint control: regulation of 14-3-3 protein binding by phosphorylation of Cdc25C on serine-216 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: Human Cdc25C is a dual-specificity protein phosphatase that controls entry into mitosis by dephosphorylating the protein kinase Cdc2. Throughout interphase, but not in mitosis, Cdc25C was phosphorylated on serine-216 and bound to members of the highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed family of 14-3-3 proteins. A mutation preventing phosphorylation of serine-216 abrogated 14-3-3 binding. Conditional overexpression of this mutant perturbed mitotic timing and allowed cells to escape the G2 checkpoint arrest induced by either unreplicated DNA or radiation-induced damage. Chk1, a fission yeast kinase involved in the DNA damage checkpoint response, phosphorylated Cdc25C in vitro on serine-216. These results indicate that serine-216 phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding negatively regulate Cdc25C and identify Cdc25C as a potential target of checkpoint control in human cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peng, C Y -- Graves, P R -- Thoma, R S -- Wu, Z -- Shaw, A S -- Piwnica-Worms, H -- AI34094/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM18428/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM47017/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1501-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 14-3-3 Proteins ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Replication ; *G2 Phase ; Gamma Rays ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; *Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; S Phase ; *Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; *cdc25 Phosphatases
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  • 83
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    A TEL-JAK2 fusion protein with constitutive kinase activity in human leukemia (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The Janus family of tyrosine kinases (JAK) plays an essential role in development and in coupling cytokine receptors to downstream intracellular signaling events. A t(9;12)(p24;p13) chromosomal translocation in a T cell childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient was characterized and shown to fuse the 3' portion of JAK2 to the 5' region of TEL, a gene encoding a member of the ETS transcription factor family. The TEL-JAK2 fusion protein includes the catalytic domain of JAK2 and the TEL-specific oligomerization domain. TEL-induced oligomerization of TEL-JAK2 resulted in the constitutive activation of its tyrosine kinase activity and conferred cytokine-independent proliferation to the interleukin-3-dependent Ba/F3 hematopoietic cell line.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lacronique, V -- Boureux, A -- Valle, V D -- Poirel, H -- Quang, C T -- Mauchauffe, M -- Berthou, C -- Lessard, M -- Berger, R -- Ghysdael, J -- Bernard, O A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1309-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U 301 de l'Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale and SD 401 No. 301 CNRS, Institut de Genetique Moleculaire, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biopolymers ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Child, Preschool ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Interleukin-3/physiology ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; *Milk Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets ; *Repressor Proteins ; STAT5 Transcription Factor ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Translocation, Genetic
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  • 84
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    Recognition of unique carboxyl-terminal motifs by distinct PDZ domains (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: The oriented peptide library technique was used to investigate the peptide-binding specificities of nine PDZ domains. Each PDZ domain selected peptides with hydrophobic residues at the carboxyl terminus. Individual PDZ domains selected unique optimal motifs defined primarily by the carboxyl terminal three to seven residues of the peptides. One family of PDZ domains, including those of the Discs Large protein, selected peptides with the consensus motif Glu-(Ser/Thr)-Xxx-(Val/Ile) (where Xxx represents any amino acid) at the carboxyl terminus. In contrast, another family of PDZ domains, including those of LIN-2, p55, and Tiam-1, selected peptides with hydrophobic or aromatic side chains at the carboxyl terminal three residues. On the basis of crystal structures of the PSD-95-3 PDZ domain, the specificities observed with the peptide library can be rationalized.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Songyang, Z -- Fanning, A S -- Fu, C -- Xu, J -- Marfatia, S M -- Chishti, A H -- Crompton, A -- Chan, A C -- Anderson, J M -- Cantley, L C -- CA66263/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK34989/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM056203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):73-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8974395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanylate Kinase ; Helminth Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Kinesin/chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Myosins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase/chemistry/metabolism ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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  • 85
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    GAP into the breach (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sprang, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):329-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75235, USA. sprang@howie.swmed.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Compounds/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluorides/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; *RGS Proteins ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    Polymer folds just like a protein (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1764.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylene/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Computer Simulation ; Models, Molecular ; *Molecular Conformation ; Polymers/*chemistry ; *Protein Folding ; Solvents
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  • 87
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    Tyrosine phosphorylation of transmembrane ligands for Eph receptors (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: Axonal pathfinding in the nervous system is mediated in part by cell-to-cell signaling events involving members of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family and their membrane-bound ligands. Genetic evidence suggests that transmembrane ligands may transduce signals in the developing embryo. The cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane ligand Lerk2 became phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after contact with the Nuk/Cek5 receptor ectodomain, which suggests that Lerk2 has receptorlike intrinsic signaling potential. Moreover, Lerk2 is an in vivo substrate for the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, which suggests crosstalk between Lerk2 signaling and signaling cascades activated by tyrosine kinases. It is proposed that transmembrane ligands of Eph receptors act not only as conventional RTK ligands but also as receptorlike signaling molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bruckner, K -- Pasquale, E B -- Klein, R -- EY10576/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1640-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054357" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism ; Ephrin-B1 ; Ligands ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/*metabolism ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Proteins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Receptor, EphB2 ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection
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  • 88
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    Phosphorylation of the translational repressor PHAS-I by the mammalian target of rapamycin (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: The immunosuppressant rapamycin interferes with G1-phase progression in lymphoid and other cell types by inhibiting the function of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR was determined to be a terminal kinase in a signaling pathway that couples mitogenic stimulation to the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4E-binding protein, PHAS-I. The rapamycin-sensitive protein kinase activity of mTOR was required for phosphorylation of PHAS-I in insulin-stimulated human embryonic kidney cells. mTOR phosphorylated PHAS-I on serine and threonine residues in vitro, and these modifications inhibited the binding of PHAS-I to eIF-4E. These studies define a role for mTOR in translational control and offer further insights into the mechanism whereby rapamycin inhibits G1-phase progression in mammalian cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brunn, G J -- Hudson, C C -- Sekulic, A -- Williams, J M -- Hosoi, H -- Houghton, P J -- Lawrence, J C Jr -- Abraham, R T -- AR41189/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- DK28312/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK50628/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):99-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Androstadienes/pharmacology ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/pharmacology ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E ; G1 Phase ; Heat-Shock Proteins/pharmacology ; Humans ; Insulin/pharmacology ; Peptide Initiation Factors/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Polyenes/*pharmacology ; *Protein Kinases ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sirolimus ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 89
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    Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosohemoglobin in the physiological oxygen gradient (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: The binding of oxygen to heme irons in hemoglobin promotes the binding of nitric oxide (NO) to cysteinebeta93, forming S-nitrosohemoglobin. Deoxygenation is accompanied by an allosteric transition in S-nitrosohemoglobin [from the R (oxygenated) to the T (deoxygenated) structure] that releases the NO group. S-nitrosohemoglobin contracts blood vessels and decreases cerebral perfusion in the R structure and relaxes vessels to improve blood flow in the T structure. By thus sensing the physiological oxygen gradient in tissues, hemoglobin exploits conformation-associated changes in the position of cysteinebeta93 SNO to bring local blood flow into line with oxygen requirements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stamler, J S -- Jia, L -- Eu, J P -- McMahon, T J -- Demchenko, I T -- Bonaventura, J -- Gernert, K -- Piantadosi, C A -- HL 52529/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HR59130/HR/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Room 321 MSRB, Box 2612, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Pressure ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Cysteine/chemistry/metabolism ; *Hemodynamics ; Hemoglobins/analysis/chemistry/*physiology ; *Mercaptoethanol ; Models, Molecular ; Nitric Oxide/blood/metabolism ; Nitroso Compounds/blood ; Oxygen/*blood ; Oxyhemoglobins/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; *S-Nitrosothiols
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Structural basis for cyclic terpene biosynthesis by tobacco 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-09-20
    Description: Terpene cyclases catalyze the synthesis of cyclic terpenes with 10-, 15-, and 20-carbon acyclic isoprenoid diphosphates as substrates. Plants have been a source of these natural products by providing a homologous set of terpene synthases. The crystal structures of 5-epi-aristolochene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase from tobacco, alone and complexed separately with two farnesyl diphosphate analogs were analyzed. These structures reveal an unexpected enzymatic mechanism for the synthesis of the bicyclic product, 5-epi-aristolochene, and provide a basis for understanding the stereochemical selectivity displayed by other cyclases in the biosynthesis of pharmacologically important cyclic terpenes. As such, these structures provide templates for the engineering of novel terpene cyclases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Starks, C M -- Back, K -- Chappell, J -- Noel, J P -- GM07240/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM54029/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1815-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9295271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alkyl and Aryl Transferases ; Binding Sites ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclization ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Plants, Toxic ; Polyisoprenyl Phosphates/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protons ; Sesquiterpenes/*chemical synthesis ; Tobacco/*enzymology ; Transferases/*chemistry/metabolism
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  • 91
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    Proinsulin C-peptide--biological activity? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steiner, D F -- Rubenstein, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):531-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. dfsteine@midway.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; C-Peptide/chemistry/pharmacology/*physiology ; Capillary Permeability/drug effects ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Insulin/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Neural Conduction ; Proinsulin/chemistry ; Protein Folding ; Rats ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Dual role of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate in the activation of protein kinase B (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: Protein kinase B (PKB) is a proto-oncogene that is activated in signaling pathways initiated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Chromatographic separation of brain cytosol revealed a kinase activity that phosphorylated and activated PKB only in the presence of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. Phosphorylation occurred exclusively on threonine-308, a residue implicated in activation of PKB in vivo. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 was determined to have a dual role: Its binding to the pleckstrin homology domain of PKB was required to allow phosphorylation by the upstream kinase and it directly activated the upstream kinase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokoe, D -- Stephens, L R -- Copeland, T -- Gaffney, P R -- Reese, C B -- Painter, G F -- Holmes, A B -- McCormick, F -- Hawkins, P T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):567-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Onyx Pharmaceuticals, 3031 Research Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA. stokoe@cc.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blood Proteins/chemistry ; Brain/enzymology ; COS Cells ; Cytosol/enzymology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; *Phosphoproteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Stereoisomerism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Crystal structure of pentalenene synthase: mechanistic insights on terpenoid cyclization reactions in biology (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-20
    Description: The crystal structure of pentalenene synthase at 2.6 angstrom resolution reveals critical active site features responsible for the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate into the tricyclic hydrocarbon pentalenene. Metal-triggered substrate ionization initiates catalysis, and the alpha-barrel active site serves as a template to channel and stabilize the conformations of reactive carbocation intermediates through a complex cyclization cascade. The core active site structure of the enzyme may be preserved among the greater family of terpenoid synthases, possibly implying divergence from a common ancestral synthase to satisfy biological requirements for increasingly diverse natural products.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lesburg, C A -- Zhai, G -- Cane, D E -- Christianson, D W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1820-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9295272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alkyl and Aryl Transferases ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclization ; Cyclopentanes/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Geranyltranstransferase ; *Intramolecular Lyases ; Isomerases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Polyisoprenyl Phosphates/chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sesquiterpenes ; Streptomyces/*enzymology ; Transferases/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Identification of a gene that causes primary open angle glaucoma (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness and is characterized by progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Analyses of sequence tagged site (STS) content and haplotype sharing between families affected with chromosome 1q-linked open angle glaucoma (GLC1A) were used to prioritize candidate genes for mutation screening. A gene encoding a trabecular meshwork protein (TIGR) mapped to the narrowest disease interval by STS content and radiation hybrid mapping. Thirteen glaucoma patients were found to have one of three mutations in this gene (3.9 percent of the population studied). One of these mutations was also found in a control individual (0.2 percent). Identification of these mutations will aid in early diagnosis, which is essential for optimal application of existing therapies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, E M -- Fingert, J H -- Alward, W L -- Nguyen, T D -- Polansky, J R -- Sunden, S L -- Nishimura, D -- Clark, A F -- Nystuen, A -- Nichols, B E -- Mackey, D A -- Ritch, R -- Kalenak, J W -- Craven, E R -- Sheffield, V C -- EY02477/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY08905/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY10564/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):668-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Eye Proteins/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*genetics ; *Glycoproteins ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; Trabecular Meshwork/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    A general strategy for selecting high-affinity zinc finger proteins for diverse DNA target sites (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: A method is described for selecting DNA-binding proteins that recognize desired sequences. The protocol involves gradually extending a new zinc finger protein across the desired 9- or 10-base pair target site, adding and optimizing one finger at a time. This procedure was tested with a TATA box, a p53 binding site, and a nuclear receptor element, and proteins were obtained that bind with nanomolar dissociation constants and discriminate effectively (greater than 20,000-fold) against nonspecific DNA. This strategy may provide important information about protein-DNA recognition as well as powerful tools for biomedical research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greisman, H A -- Pabo, C O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):657-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Genes, p53 ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Peptide Library ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics ; TATA Box ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/metabolism ; *Zinc Fingers
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Light-induced structural changes in photosynthetic reaction center: implications for mechanism of electron-proton transfer (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: High resolution x-ray diffraction data from crystals of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides photosynthetic reaction center (RC) have been collected at cryogenic temperature in the dark and under illumination, and the structures were refined at 2.2 and 2.6 angstrom resolution, respectively. In the charge-separated D+QAQB- state (where D is the primary electron donor (a bacteriochlorophyll dimer), and QA and QB are the primary and secondary quinone acceptors, respectively), QB- is located approximately 5 angstroms from the QB position in the charge-neutral (DQAQB) state, and has undergone a 180 degrees propeller twist around the isoprene chain. A model based on the difference between the two structures is proposed to explain the observed kinetics of electron transfer from QA-QB to QAQB- and the relative binding affinities of the different ubiquinone species in the QB pocket. In addition, several water channels (putative proton pathways) leading from the QB pocket to the surface of the RC were delineated, one of which leads directly to the membrane surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stowell, M H -- McPhillips, T M -- Rees, D C -- Soltis, S M -- Abresch, E -- Feher, G -- GM13191/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM45162/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):812-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 147-75CH, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Darkness ; Electron Transport ; Freezing ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes ; Models, Molecular ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; *Protons ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Ubiquinone/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 97
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    Distance-dependent electron transfer in DNA hairpins (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-01
    Description: The distance dependence of photoinduced electron transfer in duplex DNA was determined for a family of synthetic DNA hairpins in which a stilbene dicarboxamide forms a bridge connecting two oligonucleotide arms. Investigation of the fluorescence and transient absorption spectra of these hairpins established that no photoinduced electron transfer occurs for a hairpin that has six deoxyadenosine-deoxythymidine base pairs. However, the introduction of a single deoxyguanosine-deoxycytidine base pair resulted in distance-dependent fluorescence quenching and the formation of the stilbene anion radical. Kinetic analysis suggests that duplex DNA is somewhat more effective than proteins as a medium for electron transfer but that it does not function as a molecular wire.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lewis, F D -- Wu, T -- Zhang, Y -- Letsinger, R L -- Greenfield, S R -- Wasielewski, M R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 1;277(5326):673-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. IL 60439, USA. lewis@chem.nwu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9235887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Composition ; DNA/*chemistry ; *Electrons ; Light ; Models, Molecular ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Spectrum Analysis ; Stilbenes/chemistry
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  • 98
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    Receptor-mediated activation of a MAP kinase in pathogen defense of plants (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Parsley cells recognize the fungal plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae through a plasma membrane receptor. A pathogen-derived oligopeptide elicitor binds to this receptor and thereby stimulates a multicomponent defense response through sequential activation of ion channels and an oxidative burst. An elicitor-responsive mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was identified that acts downstream of the ion channels but independently or upstream of the oxidative burst. Upon receptor-mediated activation, the MAP kinase is translocated to the nucleus where it might interact with transcription factors that induce expression of defense genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ligterink, W -- Kroj, T -- zur Nieden, U -- Hirt, H -- Scheel, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2054-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocenter, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amphotericin B/pharmacology ; Anthracenes/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/enzymology ; Cells, Cultured ; Enzyme Activation ; Fungal Proteins/*pharmacology ; Ion Channels/drug effects/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Onium Compounds/pharmacology ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Phytophthora/metabolism ; Plants/*enzymology/genetics/microbiology ; Respiratory Burst/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Structural convergence in the active sites of a family of catalytic antibodies (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-21
    Description: The x-ray structures of three esterase-like catalytic antibodies identified by screening for catalytic activity the entire hybridoma repertoire, elicited in response to a phosphonate transition state analog (TSA) hapten, were analyzed. The high resolution structures account for catalysis by transition state stabilization, and in all three antibodies a tyrosine residue participates in the oxyanion hole. Despite significant conformational differences in their combining sites, the three antibodies, which are the most efficient among those elicited, achieve catalysis in essentially the same mode, suggesting that evolution for binding to a single TSA followed by screening for catalysis lead to antibodies with structural convergence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Charbonnier, J B -- Golinelli-Pimpaneau, B -- Gigant, B -- Tawfik, D S -- Chap, R -- Schindler, D G -- Kim, S H -- Green, B S -- Eshhar, Z -- Knossow, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1140-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et de Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9027317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Catalytic/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Haptens/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Molecular ; Organophosphonates/chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; Tyrosine/chemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Regulation of NF-kappaB by cyclin-dependent kinases associated with the p300 coactivator (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-24
    Description: The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factor is responsive to specific cytokines and stress and is often activated in association with cell damage and growth arrest in eukaryotes. NF-kappaB is a heterodimeric protein, typically composed of 50- and 65-kilodalton subunits of the Rel family, of which RelA(p65) stimulates transcription of diverse genes. Specific cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) were found to regulate transcriptional activation by NF-kappaB through interactions with the coactivator p300. The transcriptional activation domain of RelA(p65) interacted with an amino-terminal region of p300 distinct from a carboxyl-terminal region of p300 required for binding to the cyclin E-Cdk2 complex. The CDK inhibitor p21 or a dominant negative Cdk2, which inhibited p300-associated cyclin E-Cdk2 activity, stimulated kappaB-dependent gene expression, which was also enhanced by expression of p300 in the presence of p21. The interaction of NF-kappaB and CDKs through the p300 and CBP coactivators provides a mechanism for the coordination of transcriptional activation with cell cycle progression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perkins, N D -- Felzien, L K -- Betts, J C -- Leung, K -- Beach, D H -- Nabel, G J -- R01 AI29179/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 24;275(5299):523-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4520 MSRB I, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Line ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Cyclins/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; NF-kappa B/genetics/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factor RelA ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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