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  • Lepidoptera  (66)
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  • Springer  (90)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Larval secretions and food odors affect orientation in femalePlodia interpunctella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Indianmeal moth ; semiochemicals ; attraction ; oviposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Substrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae ofPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two-choice oviposition assays determined that four-day-old gravid femaleP. interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal-based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two- and four-choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition-eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two-choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work onP. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted as both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host-seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition-eliciting pheromone for conspecific females.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426402
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Trade-offs in responses to host plants within a population of a generalist herbivore,Christoneura rosaceana (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): feeding performance ; diapausing propensity ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; host-range ; insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive, suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383552
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering pupal diapause in the spotted tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter blancardella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): diapause induction ; photoperiod ; temperature ; Phyllonorycter blancardella ; spotted tentiform leafminer ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering diapause inPhyllonorycter blancardella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was examined in the laboratory and field using leafminers from commercial apple orchards in Ontario, Canada.P. blancardella exhibited a long-day response to photoperiod: long daylengths resulted in uninterrupted development whereas short daylengths induced diapause. The estimated critical photoperiod for diapause induction was L14.25∶D9.75. The larvae of leafminers destined to enter diapause took ca. 3× longer to complete development than the larvae of non-diapausing leafminers. The development prolonging effect of photoperiod decreased with decreasing daylength. Temperature modified the diapause inducing effect of photoperiod. At L14.25∶D9.75, diapause incidence was similar at 15 and 20°C but was lower at 25°C. Photoperiod also altered the normal relationship between development rate and temperature. At L14.25∶D9.75, the duration of larval development of diapausing leafminers was similar at 15, 20 and 25°C. Temperature alone is unlikely to have a role in the induction of diapause because leafminers exposed to natural late summer and fall temperature regimes and L16∶D8 did not enter diapause.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382412
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of volatile compounds from fungus-infected date fruit that stimulate upwind flight in femaleEctomyelois ceratoniae (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ectomyelois ceratoniae ; carob moth ; host-finding ; Phoenix dactylifera ; dates ; gas chromatography-electrophysiology ; mass spectrometry ; wind tunnel ; attraction ; volatiles ; headspace
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Four volatile compounds emitted from fungus-infected date fruit,Phoenix dactylifera L., were identified using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, electroantennographic assays of synthetic standards, and wind tunnel bioassays. These compounds were ethyl hexanoate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol. Wind tunnel bioassays showed that ethyl hexanoate was capable of stimulating upwind flight and landing on the source by mated female carob moths,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Addition of both ethanol and acetaldehyde to ethyl hexanoate resulted in an increase in attraction to a level similar to that found for date fruits. No such effect was noted for additions of 2-phenylethanol at the dosages tested. In this study, it appears that ethyl hexanoate is a dominant olfactory stimulant and attractant for mated female carob moths, and represents a novel compound with regard to previously identified lepidopteran host odor attractants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383810
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fluctuating asymmetry and survival ability in the forest tent caterpillar mothMalacosoma disstria: implications for pest management (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): forest tent caterpillar moth ; Malacosoma disstria ; fluctuating asymmetry ; survival ability ; pest management ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry of the first tarsal segment of the proleg of the forest tent caterpiller mothMalacosoma disstria Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) was significantly inversely related to survival ability in the lab. The monitoring of population levels of fluctuating asymmetry could have important implications in pest management of this and other species by providing an indication of the health of a population.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380563
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regulation ofHelicoverpa zea larval behavior by the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Helicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky regulates the larval behavior of its hostHelicoverpa zea (Boddie). Parasitized third, fourth and fifth instars burrow into the soil 0.7–3.4 days earlier than unparasitized larvae that normally enter the soil to pupate at the end of the fifth and final larval instar. Parasitized third instars molt once then burrow as fourth instars, one instar earlier than normal. WhenE. bryani pupariated on the soil surface in the field, none survived to the adult stage. However,E. bryani adults emerged from 49.2% of hosts that had burrowed into the soil. By accelerating the timing ofH. zea burrowing behavior and causing host larvae to enter the soil before death,E. bryani ensures its pupariation in an environment with improved protection against natural enemies and lethal temperatures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380567
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variation in phenology and nutritional quality between host plants and its effect on larval performance in a specialist butterfly,Zerynthia rumina (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Zerynthia ; Aristolochia ; herbivory ; phenology ; nutritional indices
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The main host plants of the butterflyZerynthia rumina L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in southern Spain occur in different habitats and in general do not grow sympatrically. Therefore, each single local butterfly population uses the particular host available within its range.Aristolochia longa L. is a tuberous perennial herb available only in the spring, whileA. baetica L. is an evergreen perennial vine with indeterminate growth. However, because of the toughness of older leaves, newly hatched larvae feed only on new leaves ofA. baetica, and most of these leaves are produced well before the larvae hatch. In laboratory experiments, caterpillars feeding on either new or matureA. longa leaves grew faster and converted food into biomass more efficiently than those feeding on newA. baetica leaves. These differences are related to variation in nutritional quality among the host plants. Estimates of butterfly abundance were lower in sites whereZ. rumina usesA. baetica, compared with those where the host isA. longa. The potential differential effect of these two food plants on the densities of local butterfly populations relying on them is discussed here.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426411
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of the juvenile hormone analog fenoxycarb on post-embryonic development of the eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana, following treatment of the egg stage (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; juvenile hormone analog ; fenoxycarb ; postembryonic development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382386
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Visual feedback in the control of pheromone-mediated flight ofHeliothis virescens males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 605-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; visual feedback
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract MaleHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made to fly into a uniformly white and translucent tube within a large wind tunnel while responding to sex pheromone. Different visual patterns placed within the tube greatly affected the ability of the male moths to maintain upwind progress or remain oriented to the wind while in contact with the plume. Over 89% of males attempting to fly through a blank tube, lacking visual patterns, became disoriented, the males gaining or losing altitude and repeatedly hitting the sides of the tube. Patterns of 20–40 dots placed on the sides of the tube at or slightly above plume level resulted in high levels of sustained upwind flight (47–74%) relative to patterns placed directly below (30–40%), directly above (35%), or slightly below the level of the flight path (26–44%). Optimal upwind progression in pheromone-responding males occurred when image motion could be resolved both transversely (T), orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the body relative to the horizontal plane of the environment, and longitudinally (L), along the body axis. Even very sparse patterns (single rows of dots) could elicit high levels of sustained upwind flight (53–63%) when positioned within the tube such that the males' movements would create both L and T image motion. However, successful negotiation of the tube was also unexpectedly facilitated by patterns apparently providing no horizontal transverse component for flying males but providing longitudinal flow while centering the moth in the plume through a symmetrical left-right input (4–40%).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997435
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Foraging for solitarily and gregariously feeding caterpillars: A comparison of two related parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 585-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997434
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evidence of the eversion ofMamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) hair-pencils during courtship (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 885-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; male scents ; hair-pencils ; courtship
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997133
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Non-host plant odor (Tanacetum vulgare; Asteracea) affects the reproductive behavior ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Tanacetum vulgare ; Tansy ; Lobesia botrana ; European grapevine moth ; Asteracea ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; oviposition ; behavior ; nonhost plant ; semiochemicals ; plant odor ; olfaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Females ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) are attracted in natural conditions by volatiles released by a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.; Asteracea). We have shown that both tansy flowers and their odor inhibit oviposition behavior and mating behavior and reduce adult longevity. The mean number of eggs laid per female isolated with tansy flowers was reduced by up to 50% every 2 days during the 6 days of exposure. This reduction was maintained after the tansy was removed. In the presence of tansy essential oil, the egg-laying reduction ranged from about 30 to 80% according to the odor concentration. The number of spermatophores found in females isolated with tansy flowers was also reduced twofold compared to the control treatment, indicating that the presence of tansy reduced mating activity. This mating activity is strongly reduced, by two-thirds, when adults face the highest dose of essential oil compared to controls. The number of eggs laid by the controls cannot be explained by the number of spermatophores. Therefore, the reduction in oviposition has been attributed to the presence of tansy flowers or to the tansy odor. Tansy flowers and tansy odor increased male mortality during the exposure (10% in the control, 50% in the tansy treatment, and up to 98% in the odor treatment). The highest rates of male mortality occurred during the 4- to 6-day period of exposure to flowers or odor. Repellence resulting in sustained locomotor activity is a possible cause of such a mortality. Female mortality was increased only in response to the highest dose of odor. This increase might be due to egg retention, and not directly to a plant effect. We discuss the effects of tansy flower odor on different patterns relative to the reproductive behavior ofL. botrana and, especially, on oviposition behavior in the ecological context of plant selection and polyphagy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990077
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    From model to mimic: Age-dependent unpalatability in monarch butterflies (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 176-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Schlagwort(e): Cardiac glycoside loss ; Danaus plexippus ; aging ; breakdown of chemical defense ; three trophic level interactions ; automimicry ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are unpalatable to various vertebrate predators because their larvae sequester bitter and emetic cardiac glycosides (CGs) from milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Here we show that the concentration of the defensive CGs decrease as individual butterflies age, regardless of the CGs' initial amounts or specific chemical structures. Consequently, individual monarch butterflies can change from being unpalatable models to palatable mimics during their lifetime. Since monarchs breed continuously over the spring and summer in North America, freshly emerged adult butterflies may serve as noxious models for older individuals which become automimics as they age.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01984960
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calcium plays a central role in phase shifting the ocular circadian pacemaker of Aplysia (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 415-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Schlagwort(e): Aplysia ; Calcium ; Circadian ; Light ; Serotonin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The eye of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica contains an oscillator that drives a circadian rhythm of spontaneous compound action potentials in the optic nerve. Both light and serotonin are known to influence the phase of this ocular rhythm. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of extracellular calcium in both light and serotonin-mediated phase shifts. Low calcium treatments were found to cause phase shifts which resembled those produced by the transmitter serotonin. However, unlike serotonin, low calcium neither increased ocular cAMP levels nor could these phase shifts be prevented by increasing extracellular potassium concentration. Low calcium-induced phase shifts were prevented by the simultaneous application of the translational inhibitor anisomycin and low calcium treatment resulted in changes in [35S]methionine incorporation into several proteins as measured by a two-dimensional electrophoresis gel analysis. Finally, light treatments failed to produce phase shifts in the presence of low calcium or the calcium channel antagonist nickel chloride. These results are consistent with a model in which serotonin phase shifts the ocular pacemaker by decreasing a transmembrane calcium flux through membrane hyperpolarization while light-induced phase shifts are mediated by an increase in calcium flux.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00199249
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of larval host plants of the fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 75-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): larval host plants ; distribution ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Othreis fullonia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The adult fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia, a native of the indo-Malaysian region, causes severe damage to fruits grown throughout the tropical and subtropical belt from Africa through Asia and Australia to the Pacific Islands. Plants of the family Menispermaceae and the genusErythrina (Fabaceae) serve as larval hosts but the adult moths prefer Menispermaceae plants for oviposition. In Africa, Asia and Australia, the moth does not lay eggs onErythrina since members of the Menispermaceae are abundant. However in the insular Pacific region, where most islands have few or no species of Menispermaceae, the introduced fruit piercing moth utilizesErythrina as an alternate larval host, and either depletes, endangers or causes the possible extinction of Menispermaceae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259435
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oviposition stimulants and deterrents control acceptance ofAlliaria petiolata byPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): oviposition ; stimulants ; deterrents ; glucosinolates ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Alliaria petiolata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Differential acceptance of garlic mustard,Alliaria petiolata byPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea is explained by their differential sensitivities to oviposition stimulants and deterrents in the plant. Fractions containing the stimulants and deterrents were isolated by solvent partitioning between water and n-butanol and by open-column chromatography followed by HPLC.P. napi oleracea showed no preference when offered a choice ofA. petiolata or cabbage, but was strongly stimulated to oviposit by post-butanol water extracts ofA. petiolata. The most abundant glucosinolate in this extract was identified as sinigrin, which could explain the high degree of stimulatory activity.P. rapae preferred cabbage plants overA. petiolata, and the relatively low stimulatory activity was also associated with the glucosinolate-containing aqueous extract. However, this species was strongly stimulated by a fraction that contained small amounts of glucotropaeolin along with unknown compounds. Deterrents to both species were found in the butanol extract fromA. petiolata, andP. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to these deterrents. Some HPLC fractions from the BuOH extract were strongly deterrent toP. napi oleracea, but were inactive toP. rapae. The ecological significance of these behavioral differences between the twoPieris species is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259436
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sequestration of plant secondary compounds by butterflies and moths (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): sequestration ; defence substances ; toxic substances ; pheromones ; host selection ; aristolochic acids ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; grayanotoxins ; cyanoglycosides ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A number of aposematic butterfly and moth species sequester toxic substances from their host plants. Some of these insects can detect the toxic compounds during food assessment. Some pipevine swallowtails use aristolochic acids among the host finding cues during oviposition and larval feeding and accumulate the toxins in the body tissues throughout all life stages. Likewise, a danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, which sequesters high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the body, lays eggs in response to the specific alkaloid components contained in the apocynad host. Insect species sharing the same poisonous host plants may differ in the degree of sequestration of toxins. Two closely ralated aposematic geometrid moth species,Arichanna gaschkevitchii andA. melanaria, sequester a series of highly toxic diterpenoids (grayanotoxins) in different degrees, while a cryptic geometrid species,Biston robstus, does not sequester the toxins, illustrating the diversity in adaptation mechanisms even within the same subfamily. By contrast, a number of lepidopteran species store the same compounds though feeding upon taxonomically diverse plant species. A bitter cyanoglycoside, sarmentosin, was characterised from several moth species in the Geometridae, Zygaenidae and Yponomeutidae, and from the apollo butterflies,Parnassius spp. (Papilionidae), although each species feeds on different groups of plants. Interspecific similarities and differences in life history and ecology are discussed in relation to variable characteristics of sequestration of plant compounds among these lepidopteran insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240597
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Milkweeds, monarch butterflies and the ecological significance of cardenolides (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 101-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; chemical defence induction ; latex ; parasitism ; predation ; sequestration ; Insecta ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; Asclepiadaceae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The contribution of Miriam Rothschild to the “monarch cardenolide story” is reviewed in the light of the 1914 challenge by the evolutionary biologist, E.B. Poulton for North American chemists to explain the chemical basis of unpalatability in monarch butterflies and their milkweed host plants. This challenge had lain unaccepted for nearly 50 years until Miriam Rothschild took up the gauntlet and showed with the help of many able colleagues that monarchs are aposematically coloured because they sequester toxic cardenolides from milkweed host plants for use as a defence against predators. By virtue of Dr Rothschild's inspiration and industry, and subsequently that of Lincoln Brower and his colleagues, this tritrophic interaction has become a familiar paradigm for the evolution of chemical defences and warning colouration. We now know that the cardenolide contents of different milkweeds vary quantitatively, qualitatively and spatially, both within and among species and we are starting to appreciate the implications of such variation. However, as Dr Rothschild has pointed out in her publications, cardenolides have sometimes blinded us to reality and it is curious how little evidence there is for a defensive function to cardenolides in plants — especially against adapted specialists such as the monarch. Thus the review will conclude with a discussion of the significance of temporal variation and induction of cardenolide production in plants, the “lethal plant defence paradox” and an emphasis on the dynamics of the cardenolide-mediated interaction between milkweeds and monarch larvae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240595
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids between plants and insects: A new chapter of an old story (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): biochemistry of plants ; sequestration by insects ; transformation by insects ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; alkaloidN-oxides ; Asteraceae ; Senecio ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Tyria ; Creatonotos
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Among alkaloids the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a unique role in the interactions between plants and adapted insects. InSenecio spp. (Asteraceae) PAs are synthesized in the roots as alkaloidN-oxides which are specifically translocated into shootsvia the phloem-path and channeled to the preferred sites of storage (e.g. inflorescences) where they are stored in the cell vacuoles. In differentSenecio spp. senecionineN-oxide is produced as the common product of biosynthesis, which subsequentlyvia a number of simple but specific reactions is transformed into typical speciesspecific PA-patterns. Insects from diverse taxa sequester PAs for their own defense. Lepidopterans (e.g. arctiids such asTyria jacobaeae andCreatonotos transiens) may hydrolyze plant acquired ester-PAs and convert the resulting necine base into insect-specific PAs by esterification with an acid of their own metabolism. Adapted arctiids and the grasshopperZonocerus take up PAs in the state of the tertiary amine.N-Oxides are reduced in the guts prior to uptake. In the bodies the tertiary PAs are rapidlyN-oxidized by a specific mixed-function oxigenase and are maintained in theN-oxide state. The importance of the reversible interconversion of the nontoxicN-oxide (pro-toxine) into the toxic tertiary alkaloid is discussed as the specific feature of PAs in plant-insect interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240598
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inhibition of glycosidases by Lepidoptera; roles in the insects and leads to novel compounds? (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): inhibition ; indigestibility ; defence ; alkaloid ; glycosidases ; Lepidoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Glycosidase inhibitors are widespread in plants and can be sequestered by Lepidoptera, for which they can presumably serve as defences by making the insects indigestible to a range of potential predators. As a result of this study of eight British species of moth and butterfly it was found that glycosidase inhibitors in the insects could then be detected in the larval food plants which were not previously known to contain them; however, some were only detectable in the plants after concentration. In some cases the inhibition of specific glycosidases by Lepidoptera was detected even though the insects had not apparently acquired them from their food plants. Inhibition ofβ-N-acetylglucosaminidase was observed in most of the adult Lepidoptera analysed but further work is required to identify the inhibitors, though they are likely to be nitrogen-containing compounds. Weak anti-HIV activity was also observed in the glycosidase-inhibiting fractions ofAcherontia atropos and the plantUrtica dioica.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240601
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predatorCamponotus floridanus (Formicidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): predation ; plant-insect interactions ; tritrophic level interactions ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Junonia coenia ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus floridanus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We investigated the role of the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator,Camponotus floridanus. Four laboratory colonies of this ant were offered buckeye caterpillars (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) raised on diets with and without catalpol. The same colonies were offered sugar-water solutions containing varying concentrations of catalpol, in both no-choice and choice tests. Regardless of diet, buckeye caterpillars appeared to be morphologically protected from predation by the ants, possibly because of their large spines or tough cuticle. However, buckeyes raised on diets with catalpol had high concentrations of catalpol in their hemolymph; extracts of this high-catalpol hemolymph proved to be an effective deterrent to the ants. When starved ants were not given the choice of food items, they were more likely to consume sucrose solutions that contained 5 mg catalpol/ml or 10 mg catalpol/ml than they were to consume solutions with 20 mg catalpol/ml. When they were given a choice of sugar solution or a sugar solution containing catalpol, the ants avoided solutions with catalpol at any of these concentrations. Ant colony responses to catalpol in sucrose solutions varied considerably over time and among colonies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259968
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative electrophysiological analysis of plant odor perception in females of threePapilio species (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 26-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): chemoreception ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; electroantennogram ; combined GC-EAG ; evolutionary adaptation ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Papilio polyxenes ; Papilio machaon hippocrates ; Papilio troilus ; Apiaceae ; Daucus carota ; Pastinaca sativa ; Asteraceae ; Artemisia dracunculus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Antennae of femalePapilio butterflies perceive many volatile plant constituents with widely differing, constituent-specific sensitivities. We compared the responses of threePapilio species to volatiles from host and non-host plants to assess species-specificity and the degree of evolutionary conservatism in olfactory responses. Since previous studies had demonstrated that the polar constituents in odor fromDaucus carota stimulate oviposition behavior inPapilio polyxenes, we collected headspace volatiles fromD. carota, Pastinaca sativa (both Apiaceae) andArtemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) and separated the polar fraction of these volatiles by gas chromatography. GC-coupled electroantennograms (GC-EAG) were recorded from the speciesPapilio polyxenes, P. machaon hippocrates andP. troilus. In addition, the responses of the three species to five compounds known as generally occurring constituents of plant odor were recorded. The relative sensitivities for these compounds were nearly identical in all threePapilio species. The response spectra to the separated plant volatiles also showed considerable similarities among the species. From the limited set of GC peaks evoking a response in one of the species, 64% (D. carota), 44% (P. sativa) and 29% (A. dracunculus) also evoked a response in both of the other species. The responses of the two closely related Apiaceae feeders (P. polyxenes, P. m. hippocrates) to volatiles fromD. carota were more similar to each other than was either to the response ofP. troilus, which feeds on Lauraceae. However, this was not true for the responses to volatiles fromP. sativa. The least congruence among the three species was found in the responses to volatiles fromA. dracunculus, a non-host for all of them. The differences and similarities found in the response profiles of the threePapilio species are discussed with respect to evolutionary adaptation to host odor versus evolutionary conservatism in adaptation of olfactory receptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259970
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of magnesium deficiency on strength, mass, and composition of rat femur (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 44-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Stress ; Elasticity ; Mechanical properties ; Calcium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Magnesium (Mg) participates in the normal formation and remodeling of bone. However, little is known about effects of Mg status on the biomechanical function of bone. We examined gross morphometry and composition as well as biomechanical properties of the femurs of male rats fed diets adequate or deficient in Mg. Comparison of deficient animals and controls yielded a number of differences (all significant at P〈0.05). Mg-depleted animals exhibited slow growth, inefficient food utilization, and greatly reduced concentrations of Mg in both serum and femur ash. Compared with controls, femurs from depleted animals were shorter, but wet weights, diameters, and midfemoral cross-sectional areas showed no differences. Bone length was reduced to a greater degree than could be accounted for by differences in body weights between the groups. Bones of Mg-deficient rats contained less dry matter and less ash (which contained more Ca/g) than those of controls, along with a higher percentage of moisture. Significantly reduced bone strength in depleted animals was evident from the lighter loads supported at the elastic limit (yield point) and at fracture and from decreased stresses accompanying those loads. Modulus of elasticity, however, was not affected by Mg depletion. Different yield and breaking loads were related to different body weights of groups, but stresses were reduced for deficient bones even after adjusting for body size. Our data establish abnormal biomechanical behavior of cortical bone in Mg-deficient animals and emphasize the importance of measuring such functional properties of bone in the assessment of responses to altered metabolic conditions under experimental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316289
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calcium currents in osteoblastic cells: Dependence upon cellular growth stage (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 128-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Osteoblast ; Plasma membrane ; Calcium ; Ion channel ; Cell proliferation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Patch clamp physiological techniques were used to characterize the voltage-activated calcium currents (VACC) expressed in the plasma membrane of osteoblastic cells as a function of time in culture and proliferative state of the cell. Osteoblast-enriched preparations were isolated by collagenase digestions of newborn rat calvaria and cultured under different conditions which affected cell proliferation (i.e., low serum in the media to arrest proliferation). VACC were isolated by replacing the intracellular potassium with cesium, and adding 1 μM tetrodotoxin to the bath. Under conditions that favored cell proliferation, low cell density, and media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), a transient calcium current was not expressed until day 3 in culture. There was a statistically significant relationship between the precentage of cells expressing this current and the time in culture. The magnitude of the current significantly increased as days in culture increased. Under the same conditions, the sustained VACC was detected after 7 or 8 days in culture. However, arresting cell proliferation after 2 days in culture by reducing the FCS concentration to 0.01% induced the expression of the sustained VACC the next day. The data suggest that the expression of VACC in the plasma membrane of rat calvarial osteoblasts depends on the time in culture and the state of proliferation of the cells. These results should prove to be valuable in studying the functional significance of VACC in osteoblastic cells and their regulation by various bone regulatory agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297188
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) increases the renal excretion of calcium in the conscious dog (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Islet amyloid polypeptide ; Amylin ; Calcium ; Urine ; Parathyroid hormone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a member of the calcitonin/CGRP family and has been isolated from the β-cell of pancreatic islets. Recent evidence suggests that this peptide may be involved in calcium metabolism in that its administration resulted in lowering of serum calcium levels. To determine the mechanism of IAPP-induced hypocalcemia, the peptide was infused at 50 pmol/min/kg for 90 minutes in conscious male mongrel dogs. Infusion of the peptide resulted in a modest decline in the total serum calcium concentration (10.4±0.2 to 9.4±0.2 mg/dl; P〈0.05) and a concomitant increase in urinary calcium excretion (3.6±0.6 to 6.9±2.0 mg/dl; P〈0.01). Based on an extracellular volume of 7 liter in a 28 kg dog, the total decrement in calcium due to IAPP was 41.3±2.4 mg, whereas the total increase in urinary calcium was 3.2±0.7 mg. There were no detectable changes in calcitonin. We conclude that IAPP lowers serum calcium and increases the renal excretion of calcium independently of calcitonin. However, the calciuria can only account for a small component of the hypocalcemic effect and therefore, an additional calcium lowering effect of IAPP exits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310405
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nocturnal rise in markers of bone resorption is not abolished by bedtime calcium or calcitonin (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Pyridinolines ; Type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide ; Osteoporosis ; Calcium ; Calcitonin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract As assessed by urine pyridinium cross-links, bone resorption increases at night. This has been ascribed to either the nocturnal rise of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) or immobilization. ICTP is the carboxyterminal telopeptide region of type I collagen in bone, cross-linked via pyridinium cross-links and liberated during the degradation of type I collagen. To study whether the nocturnal rise in bone resorption is seen also in serum type I collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP) and whether this rise is abolished by bedtime calcium or calcitonin, nine healthy postmenopausal women participated in three 24 hour sessions. At 2200 hours, either 1 g of oral calcium or 200 IU of intranasal calcitonin or no treatment (control session) were given. The participants were recumbent from 2200 hours to 0600 hours. Like urinary pyridinolines, serum ICTP showed a clearcut nocturnal rise during the control session, increasing from 3.7±0.3 μg/liter (mean±SE) at 2000 hours to 4.9±0.4 μg/liter at 0600 hours (P〈0.001). Administration of calcium did not affect either serum ICTP or urinary pyridinolines, although it decreased serum intact PTH by 18% (P〈0.001) as assessed by areas under curve (AUC) after 2200 hours. Serum ICTP and urinary pyridinolines remained unchanged also after administration of calcitonin which increased the AUC for serum intact PTH by 9% (P〈0.05). In conclusion, serum ICTP follows a circadian rhythm in healthy postmenopausal women. The nocturnal rise in markers of bone resorption is not due to PTH, and its dependency on the function of osteoclasts is open to question.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299313
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chicken soup revisited: Calcium content of soup increases with duration of cooking (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 486-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Duration of cooking ; Soup
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Because low dietary calcium intake may accelerate bone loss, patients often are advised to increase their dietary intake of calcium. However, some patients may be unable to tolerate good calcium sources such as dairy products. We postulated that the calcium content of soups and stews could be increased by prolonged cooking with a beef bone. Three experiments were done to prove this theory: (1) a bone soup made with a beef bone and distilled water, cooked for 24 hours; (2) a bone-vegetable soup cooked the same way; and (3) a vegetable soup made the same way but without the bone. It was concluded that prolonged cooking of a bone in soup increases the calcium content of the soup when cooked at an acidic, but not at a neutral pH.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334329
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks bone resorption induced by interleukin-1β but not interleukin-1α (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 12-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): IL-1α ; IL-1β ; IL-1 receptor antagonist ; Bone ; Calcium ; Parathyroid hormone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Both interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are powerful stimulators of bone resorption in vivo and in vitro. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) binds to many interleukin-1 receptors. It does not activate the receptor and effectively blocks the action of IL-1α and IL-1β. In this study, human recombinant IL-1ra, at 100-fold excess, was found to block bone resorption in cultured mouse calvaria due to IL-1β but not IL-1α. These observations may be explained by differential affinities of receptors for IL-1α, IL-1β and rhIL-1ra on target bone cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310162
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Combined magnetic fields increased net calcium flux in bone cells (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 376-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Electromagnetic ; Bone ; Calcium ; Osteoblast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Low energy electromagnetic fields (EMF) exhibit a large number of biological effects. A major issue to be determined is “What is the lowest threshold of detection in which cells can respond to an EMF?” In these studies we demonstrate that a low-amplitude combined magnetic field (CMF) which induces a maximum potential gradient of 10-5 V/m is capable of increasing net calcium flux in human osteoblast-like cells. The increase in net calcium flux was frequency dependent, with a peak in the 15.3–16.3 Hz range with an apparent bandwidth of approximately 1 Hz. A model that characterizes the thermal noise limit indicates that nonspherical cell shape, resonant type dynamics, and signal averaging may all play a role in the transduction of lowamplitude EMF effects in biological systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299318
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth hormone administration potentiates the effect of treadmill exercise on long bone formation but not on the vertebrae in middle-aged rats (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 38-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Osteoporosis ; Bone remodeling ; Physical activity ; Aging ; Calcium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract To determine whether growth hormone administration would potentiate bone response to the stimulation of exercise, 80 female rats aged 14 months were divided into control (CON), ovine growth hormone administration (0.5 mg/kg daily) (GH), treadmill exercise (17 m/minute, 60 minutes daily) (EX), and GH+EX groups for 9 and 16 weeks. Static and dynamic histomorphometry were measured on the tibial shaft and (L-5) vertebral cortical bone. The periosteal and endocortical bone formation rate of the tibial shaft were higher in both EX and GH+EX than in the CON group in the 9-week study. There is a synergistic interaction between the two interventions in both cortical surfaces. After 16 weeks of study, the cortical bone area and periosteal bone formation rate were higher only in the EX than in the CON group. In the L-5 vertebra, the labeled surface on the periosteum was higher in the EX and the bone formation rate on the endocortical surface was higher in the GH than in the CON group. However, there was a negative interaction when the two interventions were combined. We conclude that a low-dose of growth hormone administration could initially potentiate long bone response to exercise. However, from the present study, long-term treatment with low-dose growth hormone administration does not enhance the increase in bone mass from exercise.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316288
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intact serum parathyroid hormone levels increase during running exercise in well-trained men (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 256-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Lactate ; Acidosis ; Treadmill ; Bone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of exercise on the serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Serum PTH and plasma lactate were measured in 15 well-trained men, 9 long-distance runners and 6 fire-fighters, during two running exercises. Test one consisted of 40-minute treadmill running with a stepwise increased load and test two consisted of 50-minute treadmill running with a constant velocity. When the load was step-wise increased, the PTH concentrations increased moderately at the slower running paces but reached a final value that was about 50% higher than the starting value. This rise occurred despite a concomitant increase of total serum calcium from 2.38±0.06 to 2.49±0.05 mmol/liter (P〈0.01). During the constant running exercise, the long-distance runners, but not the fire-fighters, displayed a significant increase in PTH concentrations although the rise in total serum calcium was similar in both groups. There was a weak correlation between the changes in PTH and lactate in both exercises. The findings demonstrate that both high and low intensity exercise enhance release of PTH in long-distance runners through a mechanism that does not involve serum calcium. This relationship might be of importance for bone mass in men performing long-distance training.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295947
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Calcification of the human thoracic aorta during aging (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 268-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Aging ; Aorta ; Calcium ; Elastin ; Arteriosclerosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The rate of calcification within the human thoracic aorta from completion of body growth to advanced old age was examined. Fifty-eight aortae, obtained at necropsy, were dissected into four layers: the complete intima and the separated media, which was subdivided into three tissue samples of equal thickness, defined as the media-inner,-middle, and-outer layers. The sampling sites selected for analysis were from regions of the aortic surface that were free of atherosclerotic plaques. The calcium content within each tissue layer of the aorta was determined. Arterial wall thickness and the cholesterol content of the four layers were also measured. Intimal calcification increased progressively during aging: from 1.6 μg Ca/mg tissue at 20 years of age to 5.2 μg Ca/mg tissue by 90 years of age. When intima calcium concentration was expressed by tissue volume (w/v), no significant change during aging was found. Medical calcification, as w/v and by w/w, increased throughout aging. Calcium accumulation was most marked in the middle, elastin-rich layer of the media, increasing from 1.4 μg Ca/mg tissue at 20 years of age to 49.50 μg Ca/mg tissue by 90 years of age. Calcium levels also increased in the other media layers, but at a slower rate then that found within the middle media.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295949
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regulation of electrical coupling between Arabidopsis root hairs (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 193 (1994), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Arabidopsis (root hairs) ; Calcium ; Electrical coupling of cells (pH, voltage) ; Inositol trisphosphate ; Plasmodesma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Voltage clamp was used to measure the voltage dependence of cell-to-cell coupling via plasmodesmata between higher-plant cells (root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.). In addition, ionophoresis was used to introduce a variety of ions [Ca2+, inositol-trisphosphate, Li+, K+, Mg2+, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′, N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), H+, and OH−] to examine whether they regulate cell-to-cell coupling. Electrical coupling showed high variability in this single cell type at the same developmental stage; the coupling ratio ranged from near 0% to about 90% with a mean value of 32%. It was voltage independent for intracellular voltage gradients (transplasmodesmatal) of -163 to 212 mV. While Ca2+ closes the plasmodesmatal connections (at concentrations higher than those causing cessation of cytoplasmic streaming), inositol-trisphosphate and lithium are without effect. Apparently, inositol-trisphosphate may not cause increased cytosolic Ca2+ in root hairs. Alkalinization by OH ionophoresis caused a modest decline in cell-to-cell coupling, as did acidification by H+ ionophoresis (to an extent causing the cell to become flacid). Increases in cytosolic K+, Mg2+, and the calcium chelator BAPTA by ionophoresis had no effect on cell-to-cell coupling. The regulation (and lack thereof) reported here for plant plasmodesmata is quite similar to that of gap junctions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191608
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation and characterization of a calmodulin-like protein from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 6720 (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 161 (1994), S. 352-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; binding protein ; Calmodulin ; Nostoc sp. PCC 6720
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A 21-kDa novel polypeptide which possesses characteristics normally considered to be diagnostic of the calmodulin present in eukaryotic cells was isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 6720. The major technique employed in the isolation of the polypeptide was ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column. The 21-kDa polypeptide was shown: to activate pea NAD kinase in vitro, in a Ca2+ requiring reaction; to react with polyclonal antibodies raised against spinach calmodulin, but not with those raised against bovine brain calmodulin; and to exhibit a Ca2+ dependent shift in migration during SDS-PAGE.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303592
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolution of behavioral responses to sex pheromone in mutant laboratory colonies ofTrichoplusia ni (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; evolution ; sexual selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from two colonies in which all females express an abnormal sex pheromone production phenotype were evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel for upwind flight responses to the normal and abnormal sex pheromones. The abnormal sex pheromone blend consisted of 20 times as much (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and 30-fold less (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate compared to the normal pheromone blend. Initially, these males exhibited poor behavioral responses to the abnormal sex pheromone and maximum responses to the normal pheromone blend, indicating that there was no linkage between signal production and response. After 49 generations of laboratory rearing, males from the mutant colonies maintained good responses to the normal pheromone and increased their behavioral response to the abnormal sex pheromone to the same levels as for the normal pheromone. Over the same period, normal males maintained their preference for the normal pheromone. These results indicated that evolution had occurred in mutant colonies in favor of greater male responsiveness to the abnormal sex pheromone, resulting in the broadening of the response spectrum to pheromone blend ratios. This evolution presumably resulted from a mating advantage to those males that did not discriminate against mutant-type females in the mutant colonies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02064433
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oviposition stimulants inBarbarea vulgaris forPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea: isolation, identification and differential activity (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 423-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Barbarea vulgaris ; oviposition ; stimulants ; glucosinolates ; glucobarbarin ; glucobrassicin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The closely related butterflies,Pieris rapae andP. napi oleracea, readily laid eggs onBarbarea vulgaris in greenhouse cages. When offered a choice between cabbage andB. vulgaris, P. rapae showed no preference, butP. napi oleracea preferredB. vulgaris. Bioassays of extracts ofB. vulgaris foliage revealed the presence of oviposition deterrent(s) in l-butanol extracts as well as stimulants in the postbutanol water extracts. However, the deterrent effect was apparently outweighed by the strong stimulatory effect in the whole plants. The postbutanol water extract was preferred over an equivalent cabbage extract by both species, but more significantly in the case ofP. napi oleracea. The stimulants were isolated by open column chromatography and HPLC, and the activity was associated with three glucosinolates.P. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to the natural concentration of compounds1 and3, whereas both species were strongly stimulated to oviposit by natural concentrations of compound2. Compounds1 and2 were identified as (2R)-glucobarbarin and (2S)-glucobarbarin, respectively, and3 was identified as glucobrassicin, on the basis of their UV, mass, and NMR spectra. When the pure compounds were tested at the same concentrations applied to bean plants, the (2R)-glucobarbarin at 0.2 mg/plant was preferred over a standard cabbage extract by both butterfly species. However, at a dose of 0.02 mg/plant,P. rapae preferred the cabbage extract whereasP. napi oleracea still preferred the (2R)-glucobarbarin. No such difference in response of the two species to the same two concentrations of (2S)-glucobarbarin was obtained. The results indicate a distinct difference in sensitivity of these butterflies to the epimers of glucobarbarin, and the differences in behavioral responses of the two butterfly species depend to a large extent on the concentration of stimulant present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02064448
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cardenolides as oviposition deterrents to twoPieris species: Structure-activity relationships (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1039-1051 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; oviposition ; deterrents ; cardenolides
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea to 18 cardenolides were compared under the same conditions. Effects of different concentrations of selected cardenolides were also tested. Most of the compounds were deterrent to oviposition by both insects, but to significantly different degrees.P. rapae were strongly deterred by K-strophanthoside, K-strophanthin-β, cymarin, convallatoxin, oleandrin, erysimoside, erychroside, and gitoxigenin. The most deterrent compounds forP. napi oleracea were erychroside, cymarin, erysimoside, convallatoxin, and K-strophanthoside. Strophanthidin-based glycosides were more deterrent than digitoxigenin-based ones, and the number and type of sugar substitutions can have profound effects on activity. Both similarities and contrasts were found in responses ofP. rapae andP. napi oleracea to these cardenolides. Cymarin was equally deterrent to bothPieris species at all concentrations tested. However, when compared withP. rapae, P. napi oleracea was less sensitive to most of the cardenolides.P. napi oleracea was insensitive to K-strophanthin-β and oleandrin at 0.5 × 10−4 M, which were highly deterrent toP. rapae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059740
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiffermüller) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1063-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Oxime ether ; NMR data ; pheromone mimics ; ESG studies ; structure-response relationships ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum Schiff. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiff.) were synthesized by the acidolytic opening of cyclic enol ethers withO-alkyl hydroxylamine hydrochlorides. The compounds varying in chain lengths and in the position of the C=N double bond were studied by electrophysiological single sensillum recordings (electrosen-sillography: ESG). The ESG data indicate in general reduced receptor interaction of all analogs investigated in comparison with natural pheromone components of the turnip moth. The data also show that the grade of decrease of receptor interaction depends on specific structural changes within the molecule. The results demonstrate high complementary pheromone-receptor relationships, predominantly depending on the position of the unsaturated group in the chain, whereas analogs with other structural changes are still recognized as a pheromone-like compound by the receptor.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059743
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Absorption and release of pheromone ofEpiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by apple leaves (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1825-1841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; electroantennogram ; pheromone ; dispenser ; apple ; mating ; disruption ; atmospheric concentration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The absorption and release of the pheromone ofEpiphyas postvititana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae),E 11–14: OAc andE,E 9, 11–14: OAc (95:5) by apple leaves was studied using electroantennograms (EAG) and sticky traps baited with pheromone-treated leaves. Leaves exposed to an airstream containing pheromone reached a constant level of pheromone release within 3 min. Release occurred over a period greater than 24 hr, following removal of leaves from the pheromone-saturated environment. Pheromone-treated leaves were effective as lures in sticky traps for at least three nights, although the average catch per night decrease logarithmically with time. In the field, pheromone was detected by EAG on leaves harvested from up to 25 cm away from a central point source of pheromone. The shape of a surface representing equal pheromone re-release from leaves around a central point source was defined by interpolation from a three-dimensional transect. Leaves harvested from 5 cm under the dispensers showed the highest pheromone release rate. Leaves downwind of the dispensers also had higher release of pheromone. In a treated orchard, significantly higher EAG measurements were recorded in the rows of trees that contained dispensers, compared to grass interrows or untreated trees. The implications of foliar pheromone adsorption and release on atmospheric concentrations and insect behavior require further investigation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066225
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal: Major sex pheromone component of the eastern blackheaded budworm,Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Acleris variana ; sex pheromone ; (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienal (E11,13–14:Ald) is the major sex pheromone component of the eastern blackheaded budworm (EBB),Acleris variana (Fern.). The compound was identified in female pheromone gland extracts by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), coupled GC-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode, and retention index calculations of candidate pheromone components.E11,13–14:Ald alone as trap bait was very attractive to male EBB. Addition of the corresponding diene alcohol or acetate or both did not enhance attraction. (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienal in binary combination with (E)-11,13–14:Ald neither enhanced nor reduced trap catches. Increasing the amounts of pheromone from 0.01 to 10 µg increased trap catches, but increase of pheromone quantity above 100 µg proportionately reduced attraction. Stabilization of slowly polymerizingE11,13–14:Ald and development of a sustained, adequate release rate is required for pheromone-based monitoring of EBB populations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065986
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spatial distribution of solutes, K, Na, Ca and their deposition rates in the growth zone of primary cotton roots: Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 194 (1994), S. 34-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Gossypium (root, solutes) ; Root ; Salinity ; Stress ; Solute ; Deposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala SJ-2) seedlings were grown in modified Hoagland nutrient solution with or without 150 mM NaCl and supplemental 10 mM CaCl2. The spatial distribution of bulk-tissue osmotic potential (ΨS) and total osmotica, K, Na and Ca contents were determined in the growth zone of the primary root. This information was combined with the growth-velocity data from an earlier study (Zhong and Läuchli 1993) to estimate net deposition rates of osmoticum, water, K, Na and Ca by using the continuity equation. The ΨS was essentially uniform along the growth region for all treatments and considerably lowered by 150 mM NaCl in the medium. Total osmotica deposition was well synchronized with growth and deposition rates were enhanced by 150 mM NaCl. Osmoregulation in the treatments with 150 mM NaCl was indicated by an apparent solute accumulation which appeared to be due to the enhancement of osmoticum deposition rates. The presence of 150 mM NaCl greatly reduced the deposition rates of K and Ca throughout the growth zone; 10 mM Ca mitigated this effect only on K deposition in the apical 2.5-mm region. The deposition rate of Na was increased greatly by 150 mM NaCl; the increase was reduced by 10 mM Ca. At 150 mM NaCl, selectivity of K versus Na of the root was enhanced greatly in the apical 2mm region by the presence of 10 mM Ca; this mitigating effect by Ca declined rapidly with distance from the root tip. We conclude that one possible mechanism by which supplemental Ca alleviates the inhibitory effects of NaCl on cotton root growth is by maintaining plasma-membrane selectivity of K over Na.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201032
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Triton channels are sensitive to divalent cations and protons (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 141 (1994), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Phospholipid bilayers ; Triton X-100 ; Ion channels ; Calcium ; Zinc ; Protons
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Addition of Triton X-100 to planar bilayers composed of dioleoyl phosphatidyl choline, diphytanoyl phosphatidyl choline or mono-oleoyl glycerol induces single channel-like events when electrical conductivity across the bilayer is measured. Addition of divalent cations or protons causes channels to disappear; single channel conductance of remaining channels is not significantly altered; addition of EDTA or alkali (respectively) reverses the effect. It is concluded that sensitivity to divalent cations and protons need not be dependent on specific channel proteins or pore-forming toxins, but may be a feature of any aqueous pore across a lipid milieu.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232876
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A novel Cl− conductance in cultured chick cardiac myocytes: Role of intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 141 (1994), S. 59-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Chloride conductance ; cAMP ; Calcium ; Ion Channel ; Cardiac Myocytes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Cl− conductance in cultured embryonic chick cardiac myocytes was characterized using whole-cell patch clamp techniques. Following elimination of cation currents in Na+and K+-free internal and external solutions, the basal whole-cell current was predominantly a Cl− current. Cl−-sensitive current (I Cl) was defined as the difference between the whole-cell currents recorded in normal and low [Cl−] o when measured in the same cell. The whole-cell current in the absence or presence of 10 μm cAMP was time independent, displayed outward rectification with the pipette [Cl−] 〈 40 mm, and was not saturated with a physiological Cl− gradient. The Cl− current was also activated by 1 μm forskolin and inhibited by 0.3 mm anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC). Forskolin was less effective than cAMP (internal dialysis) in activating the Cl− current. The cAMP- or forskolin-activated and basal Cl− current were reasonably fit by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. The calculated P Cl in the presence of cAMP was increased by fiveto sixfold over the basal level. In the presence of 5 mm EGTA to decrease free [Ca2+] i , the whole-cell current could not be stimulated by cAMP, forskolin or IBMX (0.1 mm). These data suggest that cultured chick cardiac myocytes have a low basal Cl− conductance, which, as in some mammalian cardiac ventricular myocytes, can be activated by cAMP. However, this study shows that the activation process requires physiological free [Ca2+] i . This study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL-17670, HL-27105 and HL-07107) for M.L. and by Institutional funds of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences for S.L.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232874
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modeling degranulation with liposomes: Effect of lipid composition on membrane fusion (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 141 (1994), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Liposomes ; Membrane fusion ; Phosphatidic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Degranulation involves the regulated fusion of granule membrane with plasma membrane. To study the role of lipid composition in degranulation, large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of increasing complexity in lipid compositions were constructed and tested for Ca2+-mediated lipid and contents mixing. Lipid-mixing rates of LUVs composed of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) were strongly decreased by the addition of either phosphatidylcholine (PC) or sphingomyelin (SM), while phosphatidylinositol (PI) had little effect. “Complex” LUVs of PC∶PE∶SM∶PI∶PS (24∶27∶20∶16∶13, designed to emulate neutrophil plasma membranes) also showed very low rates of both lipid mixing and contents mixing. The addition of cholesterol significantly lowered the Ca2+ threshold for contents mixing and increased the maximum rates of both lipid and contents mixing in a dose-dependent manner. Membrane remodeling, which occurs in neutrophil plasma membranes upon stimulation, was simulated by incorporating low levels of phosphatidic acid (PA) or a diacylglycerol (DAG) into complex LUVs containing 50% cholesterol. The addition of PA both lowered the Ca2+ threshold and increased the rate of contents mixing in a dose-dependent manner, while the DAG had no significant effect. The interaction of dissimilar LUVs was also examined. Contents-mixing rates of LUVs of two different cholesterol contents were intermediate between the rates observed for the LUVs of identical composition. Thus, cholesterol needed to be present in only one fusing partner to enhance fusion. However, for PA to stimulate fusion, it had to be present in both sets of LUVs. These results suggest that the rate of degranulation may be increased by a rise in the cholesterol level of either the inner face of the plasma membrane or the outer face of the granule membrane. Further, the production of PA can promote fusion, and hence degranulation, whereas the subsequent conversion of PA to DAG may reverse this promotional effect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238247
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Veratridine triggers exocytosis in Paramecium cells by activating somatic Ca channels (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 142 (1994), S. 229-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Exocytosis ; Membrane fusion ; Paramecium tetraurelia ; Veratridine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Paramecium tetraurelia wild-type (7S) cells respond to 2.5 mm veratridine by immediate trichocyst exocytosis, provided [Ca2+] o (extracellular Ca2+ concentration) is between about 10−4 to 10−3 m as in the culture medium. Exocytosis was analyzed by light scattering, light and electron microscopy following quenched-flow/ freeze-fracture analysis. Defined time-dependent stages occurred, i.e., from focal (10 nm) membrane fusion to resealing, all within 1 sec. Veratridine triggers exocytosis also with deciliated 7S cells and with pawn mutants (without functional ciliary Ca channels). Both chelation of Ca2+ o or increasing [Ca2+] o to 10−2 m inhibit exocytotic membrane fusion. Veratridine does not release Ca2+ from isolated storage compartments and it is inefficient when microinjected. Substitution of Na+ o for N-methylglucamine does not inhibit the trigger effect of veratridine which also cannot be mimicked by aconitine or batrachotoxin. We conclude that, in Paramecium cells, veratridine activates Ca channels (sensitive to high [Ca2+] o ) in the somatic, i.e., nonciliary cell membrane and that a Ca2+ influx triggers exocytotic membrane fusion. The type of Ca channels involved remains to be established.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234945
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of the anionic sites in the cell wall of apple fruit after calcium treatment (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 178 (1994), S. 156-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Cationic gold ; Cell wall ; Fruit ; Pectin ; Ripening
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The ripening and softening of fleshy fruits involves biochemical changes in the cell wall. These changes reduce cell wall strength and lead to cell separation and the formation of intercellular spaces. Calcium, a constituent of the cell wall, plays an important role in interacting with pectic acid polymers to form cross-bridges that influence cell wall strength. In the present study, cationic colloidal gold was used for light and electron microscopic examinations to determine whether the frequency and distribution of anionic binding sites in the walls of parenchyma cells in the apple were influenced by calcium, which was pressure infiltrated into mature fruits. Controls were designed to determine the specificity of this method for in muro labelling of the anionic sites on the pectin polymers. The results indicate that two areas of the cell wall were transformed by the calcium treatment: the primary cell walls on either side of the middle lamella and the middle lamella intersects that delineate the intercellular spaces. The data suggest that calcium ions reduce fruit softening by strengthening the cell walls, thereby preventing cell separation that results in formation of intercellular spaces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545965
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polyanion-mediated mineralization — assembly and reorganization of acidic polysaccharides in the Golgi system of a coccolithophorid alga during mineral deposition (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 177 (1994), S. 108-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Algae ; Calcium ; Coccolithophorids ; Golgi ; Mineralization ; Polyanions ; Polysaccharides
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Immunolocalization of two highly acidic polysaccharides (PS-1 and PS-2) in a calcifying algaPleurochrysis carterae is described throughout the mineralization process, from before crystal nucleation through the cessation of crystal growth. This unicellular coccolithophorid alga is a useful model for mineralization because it produces calcified scales known as coccoliths in homogeneous cell culture. PS-1 and PS-2 were localized in the crystal coats of mature coccoliths and in electron dense Golgi particles. The polyanions are synthesized in medial Golgi cisternae and co-aggregate with calcium ions into discrete 25 nm particles. Particle-laden vesicles bud from cisternal margins and fuse with a coccolith-forming saccule containing an organic oval-shaped scale which forms the base of the future coccolith. The particles are localized on the base before the onset of mineral deposition and are present in the coccolith saccule throughout the period of crystal (CaCO3) nucleation and growth. During the final phase of coccolith formation, the particles disappear, and the mature crystals acquire an amorphous coat containing PS-1 and PS-2 polysaccharides which remain with the mineral phase after the coccoliths are extruded from the cell. Postulated mechanisms of polyanion-mediated mineralization are reviewed and their relevance to the calcification of coccoliths is addressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01378985
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacological changes associated with cardiac ischaemia (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 16 (1994), S. 34-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Chronotropic response ; Inotropic response ; Ischemia ; Receptors, adrenergic ; Receptors, muscarinic ; Signal transduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870939
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Some factors controlling carotene destruction by chloroplasts in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 45 (1994), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Schlagwort(e): Carotene ; Chloroplasts ; Leaf protein ; Alum ; Calcium ; Citrate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Loss of β carotene from moist leaf protein stored with a preservative, is closely simulated by the destruction of β carotene by acetone extracted chloroplasts (stroma) suspended in acetone containing 30% water. During this exposure, stroma lose destructive ability, but it is restored by mercaptoacetate and other reducing agents. Stroma can therefore be used repeatedly. This catalytic process is activated by removing intrinsic inhibitors, predominantly calcium, by extraction at pHs less than 4, or by alum. The objective is to find inhibitors which would be acceptable in a food. That restricts choice. Citrate, tartarate and phosphate are among the more attractive possibilities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091227
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect ofin vitro fluoride ion treatment on the ultrasonic properties of cortical bone (1994)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 22 (1994), S. 404-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Bone ; Ultrasound ; Interfacial bonding ; Anisotropy ; Fluoride
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanical properties of composites are influenced, in part, by the volume fraction, orientation, constituent mechanical properties, and interfacial bonding. Cortical bone tissue represents a short-fibered biological composite where the hydroxyapatite phase is embedded in an organic matrix composed of type I collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. Destructive mechanical testing has revealed that fluoride ion treatment significantly lowers theZ-axis tensile and compressive properties of cortical bone through a constituent interfacial debonding mechanism. The present ultrasonic data indicates that fluoride ion treatment significantly alters the longitudinal velocity in theZ-axis as well as the circumferential and radial axes of cortical bone. This suggests that the distribution of constituents and interfacial bonding amongst them may contribute to the anisotropic nature of bone tissue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02368247
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pheromone differences between sibling taxaDiachrysia chrysitis (linnaeus, 1758) andD. tutti (Kostrowicki, 1961) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 91-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Diachrysia chrysitis ; Diachrysia tutti ; pheromones ; sibling taxa ; electroantennographic responses ; biosynthesis ; cross-attraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The noctuid sibling taxaDiachrysia chrysitis s. str. andD. tutti, of yet uncertain taxonomic status, have previously been shown to possess differences in morphology and to be attracted to different mixtures of the two presumed pheromone components (Z)-5-decenyl acetate and (Z)-7-decenyl acetate. TypicalD. tutti males (clearly broken forewing marking) are known to respond to a 2: 100 mixture of the two isomers, whereasD. chrysitis males (unbroken marking) are attracted to a 100: 10 mixture. We investigated female pheromone production and male electroantennographic (EAG) response inDiachrysia families raised in the laboratory from field-collected gravid females. Extracts of individual females from typicalD. tutti andD. chrysitis families were subjected to gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionization and electroantennographic detection. All females produced mixtures of Z5- and Z7-10:OAc, but femaleD. chrysitis produced predominantly Z5-10:OAc and the antennae of their brothers responded more strongly to the Z5 peak than to the Z7-10:OAc peak, whereas the opposite was true forD. tutti families. The pheromone components were shown to be biosynthesized from hexadecanoic and tetradecanoic acid, respectively by Z11-desaturation followed by chain shortening, reduction, and acetylation. The EAG responses of males trapped with the typicalD. tutti andD. chrysitis blends, as well as with an intermediate blend, were investigated. Males trapped with theD. tutti mixture almost exclusively had a clearly broken wing marking and showed strongest EAG response to Z7-10:OAc. The intermediate blend and theD. chrysitis mixture gave more mixed catches, but with a prevalence of males with an unbroken (or almost unbroken) wing marking and with a higher mean response to Z5-10:OAc. Some males with typicalD. tutti EAG responses were attracted in the field to theD. chrysitis pheromone. In the flight tunnel someD. chrysitis males were attracted also to theD. tutti mixture. This indicates that cross attraction may take place between the two taxa under natural conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065993
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Codling moth (Cydia pomonella): Disruptants of sex pheromonal communication (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; communication disruption ; mating disruption ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In a small section of an apple orchard, six traps were placed each in control and test areas and baited with live virgin female codling moths. Gray elastomer septa were used to dispense communication disruptants around the traps. Dyed male codling moths were released in control and test areas, and the numbers of males captured in control and test traps were compared. In 1991, linear regression curves of percent communication disruption versus logarithm of dose were obtained for three compositions: (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, codlemone (1); codlemone + dodecan-1-ol + tetradecan-1-ol (2); and an equilibrium mixture of the four isomers of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (30, (61%EE, 14%ZE, 20%EZ, and 5%ZZ). All three regressions gaver 2 values greater than 0.90. At the 95% confidence limits, slopes and intercepts of compositions 1 and 2 were equivalent, and different from that of composition 3, which produced the greatest percentages of disruption at all doses. In 1992, five treatments were compared at a single dose: 1, 3, none (4), (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (5), (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (6). Compositions 5 and 6 gave the greatest and similar percentages of disruption and were different from codlemone (1) and 4 (95% confidence), but not from composition 3. Communication disruption produced by composition 3 was greater than (codlemone), which was greater than 4.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065999
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electrophysiological and field activity of halogenated analogs of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, the main pheromone component, in codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 489-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; sex pheromone ; halogenated analogs ; isosteric replacements ; EAG ; single sensillum recording ; field trapping ; structure-activity relationship ; codlemone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Pest monitoring and control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella L., have been developed using the main pheromone component of this species, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol (codlemone). However, the activity of codlemone is not satisfactory for pest control by mating disruption. Thus, we have synthesized halogenated analogs of codlemone to see if they could be used as new agents for pest control of the codling moth. Their biological activity was measured by electrophysiological techniques. In EAG screening, codlemone was the most active compound. F(10,11)-codlemone [(E,E)-10,11-difluoro-8,10-dodecadienol] and Cl-codlemone [(E,E)-11-chloro-8,10-undecadienol] elicited significant EAG responses, F(10,11)-codlemone triggering responses not significantly different from responses to codlemone. EAG cross-adaptation experiments and single sensillum recordings revealed that these compounds were detected by the same receptor neuron type as codlemone. No competitive inhibition with codlemone was observed from nonactive compounds. In field trapping, F(10,11)-codlemone and Cl-codlemone were more attractive to male codling moths than codlemone itself. Possible explanations of this activity are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059592
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stratospheric ozone depletion and plantinsect interactions: Effects of UVB radiation on foliage quality ofCitrus jambhiri forTrichoplusia ni (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 525-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Citrus jambhiri ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; bergapten ; furanocoumarins ; phototoxins ; plant-herbivore interactions ; psoralen ; ultraviolet-B radiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Projected decreases in stratospheric ozone may result in increases in shortwave ultraviolet (UVB) irradiation at the earth's surface. Furanocoumarins, phototoxic compounds found inCitrus jambhiri foliage, increase in concentration when these plants are grown under enhanced UVB. Survivorship schedules ofTrichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars reared on plants in the presence and absence of enhanced UVB regimes differ significantly; larvae develop more slowly in early life when reared on plants exposed to increased UVB. This same developmental pattern is observed whenT. ni larvae are reared on artificial diets amended with ecologically appropriate amounts of furanocoumarins. Thus, anthropogenically derived changes in stratospheric ozone and concomitant changes in UV light quality at the earth's surface may influence ecological interactions between insects and their host plants by altering secondary metabolism and hence foliage quality for herbivores.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059595
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxidative responses in soybean foliage to herbivory by bean leaf beetle and three-cornered alfalfa hopper (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 639-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Soybean ; lipoxygenase ; peroxidase ; polyphenol oxidase ; trypsin inhibitor ; ascorbate oxidase ; oxidative stress ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; corn earworm ; Cerotoma trifurcata ; bean leaf beetle ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Spissistilus festinus ; three-cornered alfalfa hopper ; Homoptera ; Membracidae ; induced resistance ; interspecific competition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Variation in induced responses in soybean is shown to be dependent, in part, upon herbivore species. Herbivory by the phloem-feeding three-cornered alfalfa hopper caused increases in the activities of several oxidative enzymes including lipoxygenases, peroxidases, ascorbate oxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Bean leaf beetle defoliation caused increased lipoxygenase activity, but had little effect upon peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase, or trypsin inhibitor levels in either field or greenhouse studies. In one field experiment, prior herbivory by the bean leaf beetle subsequently reduced the suitability of foliage to the corn earwormHelicoverpa zea. The contribution of these findings to emerging theories of insect-plant interactions is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059604
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Female sex pheromone components of jasmine mothPalpita unionalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 745-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; (E)-11-hexadecenal ; (E)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate ; Palpita unionalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Pyrustinae ; Anisodes sp. ; Geometridae ; jasmine moth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract (E)-11-Hexadecenal and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate were found in abdomen tip extracts from females of the jasmine mothPalpita unionalis (Hübn). The identification was based on capillary GC analyses, mass spectrometry, and laboratory and field tests. In laboratory bioassays, both components elicited a low level of upwind flight by males. The two components when tested separately in the field were inactive, but the blend of the two components at a ratio of (3:7) was highly attractive to males. Traps baited with 1 mg of the two-component blend were competitive to traps baited with five virgin females. The addition of Z isomers components reduced male capture.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059610
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to different pheromone blends in north America and The Netherlands (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 625-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Spilonota ocellana ; eye-spotted bud moth ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller), to different ratios of synthetic sex pheromone components, (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH), were compared in four North American locations and in one location in The Netherlands. In British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Michigan, and The Netherlands, a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captured significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone or binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH. In Ontario, where population sizes were low compared to the other four locations, trends in trap catches were similar, and there was no indication that maleS. ocellana responded differently to the tested pheromone blends. A 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH should be most effective in pheromone-based control programs ofS. ocellana in North America and in The Netherlands. Our results confirm earlier studies that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captures significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone. However, our finding that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH is significantly more attractive than binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH differs from previous findings in Germany and Switzerland.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059602
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of olfactory cues used in host-plant finding by diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1407-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Brassica ; host plant attraction ; EAG ; bioassay ; host plant location ; plant volatiles ; mustard oils ; isothiocyanates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Olfactory attraction of female diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) to odors of intact and homogenized host plants, as well as individual compounds characteristic of host plants, were investigated by behavioral and electrophysiological methods. Moths were attracted to odors ofBrassica juncea andB. napus seedlings in a Y-tube bioassay. Solvent fractions of homogenizedB. juncea leaves were attractive to moths whether or not isothiocyanates (IC) were present. Moths were attracted in Y-tube bioassays and to field traps baited with individual ICs. Volatiles fromB. juncea andB. napus elicited an electroantennogram (EAG) response and were attractive in the Y-tube bioassay. Allyl IC was shown to be the attractive component in homogenized plant volatiles but was found to be virtually absent from intact plant volatiles. Gas chromatographic fractionation of intact plant volatiles revealed a terpene-containing fraction to be most attractive to the moths. We were unable to isolate individual attractive compounds from this fraction. Our results suggest that certain elements of this fraction, possibly in combination, are important olfactory cues for host-plant finding by the diamondback moth with mustard oils playing an important and possibly synergistic role, particularly when plants are damaged.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059870
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Squash leaf glandular trichome volatiles: Identification and influence on behavior of female pickleworm moth [Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll.)] (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2099-2109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cucurbitaceae ; Cucurbita pepo ; Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Diaphania ; oviposition ; nitidalis ; pickleworm moth ; egg laying ; visitations ; stimulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Fourteen volatile compounds occurring in leaf trichomes of yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Early Prolific Straightneck) were identified. These compounds accounted for 83.5% of the volatile matrix. Ubiquitous constituents of the epidermis (myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids,n-tricosane, andn-pentacosane) accounted for 73.7%; these compounds were not bioassayed. The volatileso-,m-, andp-xylene, toluene, 2-heptanone, (R)-(+)- and (S)-(−)-limonene, and germacrene D were tested for their influence on attraction and oviposition by the pickleworm moth (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll.). No single compound, except germacrene D, was attractive. (R)-(+)-Limonene and 2-heptanone were weakly repellent. Mixtures of the highly volatile fractions were as attractive as volatiles emanating from whole, intact leaves. Oviposition levels on treated artificial sites corresponded with levels of visitation. Oviposition was significantly stimulated by “whole-leaf” volatiles, and (S)-(−)-limonene caused a slight but significant reduction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066246
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Attacus atlas caterpillars (Lep., Saturniidae) spray an irritant secretion from defensive glands (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2127-2138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Attacus atlas ; biogenic amines ; chemical defense ; defensive glands of caterpillars ; histamine ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The ability ofAttacus atlas caterpillars to spray a defensive secretion seems to be due to the fine structure of the integumental glands that produce it. The giant gland cells are fixed to stable cuticular rings surrounding the gland openings and tightly closed by cuticular lids. Probably by increasing hemolymph pressure, the lids are blasted off and the secretion spouts out. The fluid contains several aromatics, biogenic amines (e.g., acetylcholine, histamine), glycerol, and trehalose and exhibits tyrosinase activity. Deterrent effects of caterpillar secretion and hemolymph on predatory ants could be shown. Presumably the spraying process serves to apply the secretion to sensitive sites of vertebrate target organisms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066249
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Induction of parasitoid attracting synomone in brussels sprouts plants by feeding ofPieris brassicae larvae: Role of mechanical damage and herbivore elicitor (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2229-2247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; cabbage ; Brussels sprouts ; behavior ; tritrophic interactions ; green-leaf volatiles ; herbivore-induced synomones ; elicitor ; caterpillar regurgitant ; Brassica oleracea ; Pieris brassicae ; Cotesia glomerata ; parasitoid ; wasp
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Induction of plant defense in response to herbivory includes the emission of synomones that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. We investigated whether mechanical damage to Brussels sprouts leaves (Brassica oleracea var.gemmifera) is sufficient to obtain attraction of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata or whether feeding byPieris brassicae caterpillars elicits the release of synomones not produced by mechanically damaged leaves. The response of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata to different types of simulated herbivory was observed. Flight-chamber dual-choice tests showed that mechanically damaged cabbage leaves were less attractive than herbivore-damaged leaves and mechanically damaged leaves treated with larval regurgitant. Chemical analysis of the headspace of undamaged, artificially damaged, caterpillar-infested, and caterpillar regurgitant-treated leaves showed that the plant responds to damage with an increased release of volatiles. Greenleaf volatiles and several terpenoids are the major components of cabbage leaf headspace. Terpenoids are emitted in analogous amounts in all treatments, including undamaged leaves. On the other hand, if the plant is infested by caterpillars or if caterpillar regurgitant is applied to damaged leaves, the emission of green-leaf volatiles is highly enhanced. Our data are in contrast with the induction of more specific synomones in other plant species, such as Lima bean and corn.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033199
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from Swedish soils: insect toxicity and production of B. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Coleoptera ; Diptera ; Lepidoptera ; thuringiensin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract At moderate concentration, 23 of 40 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from Sweden were toxic to Trichoplusia ni and five were toxic to Aedes aegypti. Five of the strains were toxic to Diabrotica undecimpunctata at high concentration, two were toxic to Heliothis virescens at low concentration and five produced thuringiensin (formerly called β-exotoxin). No strain was toxic towards the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua at low concentration. Twenty-three of the strains produced a B. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144461
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Different feeding and gustatory responses to ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone by larvae of the silkworm,Bombyx mori (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombiridae ; silkworm ; larvae ; ecdysone ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; feeding behavior ; electrophysiology ; sensilla response ; chemoreceptors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The feeding and gustatory responses to ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone were investigated in the silkworm,Bombyx mori. 20-Hydroxyecdysone reduced feeding response strongly in fourth- and fifth-instar larvae, whereas ecdysone had no effect on feeding response. 20-Hydroxyecdysone stimulated the R receptor, the receptor to feeding deterrents, to a great degree. By contrast, ecdysone was much less effective for stimulating the R receptor. These results indicate that ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone have different effects on feeding response due to different interactions with mouthpart chemoreceptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065995
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Induced resistance in soybean toHelicoverpa zea: Role of plant protein quality (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 183-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Induced resistance ; protein quality ; Helicoverpa zea ; soybean ; Glycine max ; protease inhibitor ; lipoxygenase ; Lepidoptera ; noctuidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Resistance in soybean toHelicoverpa zea is comprised of both constitutive and inducible factors. In this study, we investigated the induction of resistance byH. zea in both greenhouse and field studies. In a greenhouse experiment, fourth-instarH. zea growth rates were reduced by 39% after 24 hr feeding and by 27% after 48 hr when larvae fed on previously wounded V3 foliage (cv. Forrest) compared with undamaged foliage. In a field study, the weight gain by larvae was more than 52% greater when larvae fed for 72 hr on undamaged R2/R3 soybean plants (cv. Braxton) compared to those that fed on previously wounded plants. A significant component of the induced resistance is due to a decline in the nutritional quality of foliar protein following foliar damage byH. zea. Foliar protein was extracted from damaged and undamaged foliage and incorporated into artificial diets. Larval growth was reduced 26% after four days and 49% after seven days on diets containing protein from damaged plants compared to larvae feeding on foliar protein from undamaged plants. Chemical analyses of protein quality also indicated a decline in quality in damaged plants compared to unwounded plants. Increases in lipoxygenase activity (53%), lipid peroxidation products (20%), and trypsin inhibitor content (34%) were observed in protein from wounded plants. Moreover, a 5.9% loss in free amines and 19% loss in total thiols occurred in protein from wounded plants. Larval feeding causes a significant increase in foliar lipoxygenase activity that varied among genotypes. Lipoxygenase isozymes were measured at pH 5.5, pH 7.0, and pH 8.5 in V3 stage plants of Forrest, Hark, D75-1069, and PI 417061 genotypes. Lipoxygenase activity in each genotype was significantly increased after 72 hr of larval feeding at each pH level tested, with the exception of lipoxygenase isozymes at pH 5.5 in genotype PI 417061. Larval feeding on R2/R3 stage plants (field-grown cv. Braxton) for six days also increased foliar lipoxygenase activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066000
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone components of the spring hemlock looper,Lambdina athasaria (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2501-2511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Lambdina athasaria ; Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria ; Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; 7,11-dimethylheptadecane ; 7-methylheptadecane ; 5,11-dimethylheptadecane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Two methylated hydrocarbons, 7-methylheptadecane (7) and 7,11-dimethylheptadecane (7,11), are female sex pheromone components of the spring hemlock looper (SHL),Lambdina athasaria (Walker). Compounds extracted from female pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode. In field trapping experiments, (7) and (7,11) by themselves were behaviorally inactive, but in combination attracted numerous male moths. (5,11)-Dimethylheptadecane (5,11) was detected in female SHL pheromone gland extracts, but did not enhance attraction to the binary blend of (7) and (7,11). The sex pheromone of SHL is related to that of congeneric eastern hemlock looper (EHL),Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.) [(5,11) and 2,5-dimethylheptadecane (2,5)] and western hemlock looper (WHL),L.f. lugubrosa (Hulst) [(5,11), (2,5) and (7)]. Specificity of the pheromonal blend, spatial separation of coseasonal EHL and WHL, and temporal separation of sympatric EHL and SHL contribute to reproductive isolation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036187
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sex pheromone of cranberry fruitworm,Acrobasis vaccinii riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3269-3279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cranberry fruitworm ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Acrobasis vaccinii ; sex pheromone ; (E,Z)-8,10-pentadecadien-l-ol acetate ; (E)-9-pentadecen-l-ol acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The following compounds and (approximate ratios) were identified in sex pheromone gland extracts of femaleAcrobasis vaccinii Riley by comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometric traces with those of synthetic standards: (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, (Z,Z), and (E,E)-8, 10-pentadecadien-l-ol acetates (100:1:2:12), a dodecen-l-ol acetate (8), (Z)-8-, (Z)-9-, and (E)-9-pentadecen-l-ol acetates (3:23:4), two heptadecen-l-ol acetates (4:4), tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, and heptadecyl acetates (3:15:10:8), dodecan-l-ol (6), tetradecan-l-ol (5), and hexadecan-l-ol (23). The amount of (E,Z)-8, 10-pentadecadien-l-ol acetate (E8,Z10–15:Ac) in the extract was about 0.5 ng/female. Electroantennographic analysis of gas chromatographic fractions of female sex pheromone gland extract showed that the fraction containingE8,Z10–15:Ac elicited the greatest response. Alone,E8,Z10–15:Ac failed to elicit upwind flight of males in flight-tunnel tests, and traps baited with it did not catch males in field experiments. WhenE8,Z10–15:Ac was combined with (E)-9-pentadecen-l-ol acetate (100:4), male upwind flight response in flight-tunnel tests was equivalent to those obtained with extract of female sex pheromone glands (synthetic, 62%; natural, 51%), but the percent of males flying upwind that contacted the source was lower (synthetic, 47%; natural, 88%). The lower percent of source contact elicited by the synthetic pheromone could be a result of the difference in isomer ratios of 8,10–15:Ac in the natural and synthetic pheromone or could indicate that the synthetic pheromone is incomplete. Traps baited with the 100:4 combination caught large numbers of males in field experiments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033725
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Role of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) carbohydrates in resistance to budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 395-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Douglas fir ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; galactose ; terpenes ; sugars ; carbohydrates ; resistance ; western spruce budworm ; mortality ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The current year's growth of Douglas fir contains galactose, unusual in that this carbohydrate makes up 78.7% of the total carbohydrate fraction. An agar diet study was undertaken to determine the effects of galactose, other carbohydrates, and terpenes on western spruce budworm larval mortality, growth rate, and adult biomas production. All concentrations of the carbohydrates and terpenes tested, as well as other mineral elements not tested, were typical of the current year's foliage of Douglas fir. In experiment I, the diet containing 5.61% total carbohydrate did not significantly affect larval mortality when compared to the control diet. However, diets containing 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrate concentrations significantly increased larval mortality 64% and 96.1%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in experiment I, terpenes alone (78.9% morality) and terpenes in combination with 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrates significantly increased larval mortality (97.2% and 100%, respectively) when compared to mortality on the control diet (44%). To determine which carbohydrate was causing the adverse effect, 6% glucose, 6% fructose, and 6% galactose were placed individually and in combination with terpenes in diets in experiment II. The 6% galactose diet significantly increased larval mortality and reduced growth rate when compared to the control, glucose, and fructose diets. Glucose resulted in 16% less larval mortality, significantly enhanced female larval growth rate and pupal weight, but did not affect male larval growth rate and pupal weight, when compared to the control. Fructose resulted in a significant decrease in larval mortality and a general trend of enhanced female and male larval growth rate and pupal weight. Larval mortality on terpenes alone was not significantly different from the control, but terpenes with 6% galactose increased larval mortality and decreased female and male growth rate and pupal weight significantly when compared to glucose-terpene and fructose-terpene diets. No significant interactions were found between carbohydrates and terpenes in either experiment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02064446
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Field tests of syntheticManduca sexta sex pheromone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 579-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Aldehydes ; formulation ; 10,12-hexadecadienal ; 10,12,14-hexadecatrienal ; moth ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; tobacco hornworm ; trapping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In field experiments traps were baited with live females or with a two-, four-, or eight-component blend of the 16-carbon aldehydes previously identified as components of the sex pheromone emitted by femaleManduca sexta moths. The blends were formulated on rubber septa. Traps baited with a blend of all eight aldehydes captured moreM. sexta males than any other treatment. Septa loaded with 600 μg of the eight-component blend were attractive to males for about seven days in the field. Septa loaded with the eight-component blend and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C for a year released the conjugated diene and triene aldehydes at the same rate as freshly prepared septa and were equally attractive in the field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059599
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mating disruption of pea mothCydia nigricana F. (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by a repellent blend of sex pheromone and attraction inhibitors (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 871-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; attraction inhibitor ; behavioral antagonist ; mating disruption ; air permeation ; field EAG ; Cydia nigricana ; Tortricidae ; Lepidoptera ; pea moth ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Synthetic sex pheromone of the pea mothCydia nigricana, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E8,E10–12: Ac), was applied in polyethylene dispensers at a rate of 30 g/ha and 600 dispensers/ha in a 0.6-ha pea field. The release rate ofE8,E10–12: Ac was 140 mg/ha/day after six days, and 82 mg/ha/day after 20 days. Aerial concentrations ofE8,E10–12: Ac, as measured by a portable EAG apparatus, ranged from 2 ± 2 to 7 ± 3 ng/m3. The antennal signal was high and rather constant within pea canopy, but was lower and fluctuated strongly above canopy. Initially, 〉99% isomerically pureE8,E10–12: Ac was released, and male moths were attracted to dispensers. After nine days, isomeric blend composition had equilibrated to approx. 92%E8,E10–12: Ac and 8% of the inhibitory isomersE,Z-,Z,E-, andZ8,Z10–12: Ac. Males were then repelled from the pheromone-permeated field. Traps baited with 100 µgE8,E10–12: Ac caught 258 ± 133C. nigricana males/trap in the control, but no males at all in the disruption field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059584
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of cnicin, a sesquiterpene lactone ofCentaurea maculosa (Asteraceae), on specialist and generalist insect herbivores (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 929-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Centaurea maculosa ; sesquiterpene lactone ; cnicin ; host-plant selection ; oviposition behavior ; antifeedant ; attractant ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Agapeta zoegana ; Stenodes straminea ; Pterolonche inspersa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Cochylidae ; Pterolonchidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The sesquiterpene lactone cnicin was extracted fromCentaurea maculosa andCentaurea vallesiaca. We examined its effects on the ovipositional response and larval development of generalist and specialist insect herbivores associated withC. maculosa. For the oviposition trials, three plant species (C. maculosa, Achillea millefolium, andCichorium intybus), half of which were sprayed with 3% of cnicin, were exposed to the specialist mothsStenodes straminea, Agapeta zoegana, andPterolonche inspersa in field cages. All three species significantly preferredC. maculosa to other plants andP. inspersa significantly preferred cnicin-sprayed plants to untreated plants for oviposition. Tested over all species, cnicin significantly increased the number of eggs laid on a given plant. A larval diet test examined the toxicity of cnicin for larvae of the generalist noctuid mothSpodoptera littoralis. Cnicin concentrations of 3% and 6% were lethal and 1% and 0.5% seriously inhibited growth and development. The larvae of theC. maculosa specialistStenodes straminea survived at 6% cnicin, but none of the pupae hatched.Agapeta zoegana was able to survive at 1% and 3% cnicin. Both specialists had difficulties with the artificial diet, but weight increase and survival was not further reduced when cnicin was present compared with on the control diet. In conclusion, cnicin influenced host recognition by the specialist species, and larvae of the generalist did not survive on natural levels of cnicin. Growth and survival of the specialist were not influenced by cnicin but were considerably hampered on artificial diet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059588
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relative activities of glucosinolates as oviposition stimulants forPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1025-1037 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; oviposition ; stimulants ; glucosinolates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The relative activities of 10 glucosinolates in stimulating oviposition byP. rapae andP. napi oleracea were compared under the same conditions. When tested at the same concentration, the structurally different glucosinolates stimulated both butterfly species to widely varying degrees. In most cases,P. rapae was more sensitive to aromatic and indole glucosinolates than to aliphatic representatives. This species responded even less to alkyl thio and sulfinyl glucosinolates. However,P. napi oleracea responded strongly to these aliphatic and sulfur-containing members of the group, and the relative activities of aromatic and aliphatic glucosinolates did not show a clear pattern for this species.P. napi oleracea was much more sensitive to low concentrations of sinigrin than wasP. rapae. The threshold concentration for response ofP. napi oleracea to sinigrin was 10−8 M, which was 100 times lower than forP. rapae, butP. rapae was more sensitive thanP. napi oleracea to changes in glucosinolate concentrations. For bothPieris species, an optimal concentration was reached, above which the response remained constant or tended to decrease.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059739
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plant-natural enemy association in the tritrophic system,Cotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassiceae (cruciferae): I. Sources of infochemicals (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1725-1734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Pieris rapae ; Brassica oleracea ; Plutella xylostella ; Phaselus vulgaris ; Geranium molle ; tritrophic interactions ; infochemicals ; volatiles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The role of airborne infochemicals in host selection by the parasitoidCotesia rubecula (Marshal) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was examined in a wind tunnel. To elucidate the role of volatile chemicals in attractingC. rubecula to cabbage infested by the host [Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)], the potential sources of volatiles related toP. rapae infestation on cabbage were tested individually. The responses of females to nonhost plant species, bean and geranium, as well as to frass of a nonhost lepidopteran were also examined.C. rubecula was attracted to cabbage previously infested byP. rapae and to frass and regurgitate ofP. rapae. No attraction was observed to larvae ofP. rapae alone. Females were also attracted to mechanically damaged cabbage, cabbage previously infested byPlutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (a nonhost lepidopteran herbivore), and cabbage previously infested by snails (a nonhost, noninsect herbivore). Intact cabbage, bean, and geranium plants elicited no attraction. A low frequency of attraction was observed to mechanically damaged bean and geranium. Attraction was also observed to frass ofP. xylostella. Volatiles from cabbage related to damage, and volatiles from frass and regurgitate of the host seem to play an important role in guidingC. rubecula to plants infested by its host.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059894
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plant-natural enemy association in the tritrophic systemCotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassicaceae (cruciferae): II. Preference ofC. rubecula for landing and searching (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1735-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Pieris rapae ; Plutella xylostella ; Helix aspera ; Brassica oleracea ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; tritrophic interactions ; synomones ; infochemicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The responses of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula to differently damaged cabbages were recorded during a series of choice tests. To determine if flyingC. rubecula can discriminate differences in the blend of volatiles emitted by cabbages damaged by different causes and how plant volatiles released from a distant source affect the searching behavior ofC. rubecula once searching on a plant, wasps were presented with a choice of plants located one behind the other and separated by a distance of 15 cm. The sources of damage were: cabbage damaged by the host (Pieris rapae), by a nonhost lepidopteran herbivore (Plutella xylostella), by a nonhost, noninsect herbivore (snail), and by mechanical means. The results showed that the site of first landing and the time spent searching on the leaves was influenced by the type of damage inflicted on plants. Wasps preferred to land on cabbages damaged by host and nonhost species of Lepidoptera over those damaged by snails and mechanical means. No preference was observed for first landing between cabbages damaged by the two species of Lepidoptera or between cabbages damaged by snails and mechanical means. Cabbage damaged byP. rapae was searched most intensively, followed by cabbage damaged byP. xylostella, cabbage damaged by snails, and cabbage damaged by mechanical means.C. rubecula differentiates between the volatile blends emitted by differently damaged cabbages, and it is attracted to volatiles related to recent lepidopteran damage. Wasps searched longer on freshly damaged than on leaves with older damage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059895
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical composition of North American bee propolis and biological activity towards larvae of greater wax moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1783-1791 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Galleria mellonella ; Apis mellifera ; Pyralidae ; Apidae ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; greater wax moth ; honeybee ; propolis ; plant resins ; phenolics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Bee propolis is a sticky amalgamation of plant resins collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and used in the hive for filling cracks and repairing combs. Propolis contains a diversity of compounds of plant origin, and is reported to have medicinal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic properties. We examined the physical and chemical composition of North American samples of bee propolis from several sites in North America and tested for bioactivity against larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.), a common apiary pest. The amount of methanol-extractable resin in samples from Ohio and Georgia ranged from 24% to 79% by weight. Propolis collected from hives in Ohio was more chemically diverse (over 30 compounds detected by paper chromatography) than material from south Georgia (fewer than 10 major compounds) and contained a lower proportion of methanol-insoluble beeswax. The paper chromatographic surveys revealed little variation in the chemical profile of specific hives over a six-month period and no differences between propolis from adjacent hives. Four flavonoids were identified from propolis collected in Ohio: kaempferol, galangin, 3,3′-dimethoxyquercetin and 3-methoxykaempferol. When mixed into artificial diet, fractionated propolis reduced larval growth of the greater wax moth, but not dramatically. An array of phenolics reported from propolis (caffeic acid, chrysin, ferulic acid, galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were bioassayed individually for effects on larvae, but none reduced larval growth at the concentrations tested, suggesting that wax moths are tolerant of some phenolics in their diet.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059899
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plant-natural enemy association in tritrophic system,Cotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassicaceae (Cruciferae). III: Collection and identification of plant and frass volatiles (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1955-1967 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Plutella xylostella ; Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Brassica oleracea capitata ; infochemicals ; plant volatiles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract To elucidate the identity of the volatile compounds that could be involved in the searching behavior of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the volatiles released by cabbage and frass of Lepidoptera feeding on cabbage were collected and analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The volatiles emitted by intact cabbage were α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole,n-hexyl acetate,cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, and dimethyl trisulfide. Mechanical damage on an intact plant induced the release of two more compounds,trans-2-hexenal and 1-methoxy-3-methylene-2-pentanone. Current feeding by larvae ofPieris rapae L. (Pieridae) induced the plant to release all the compounds released after mechanical damage and additionally 4-methyl-3-pentenal and allyl isothiocyanate. Current feeding by larvae ofPlutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) induced the plant to release all the compounds present after mechanical damage and additionally allyl isothiocyanate. The volatiles emitted after feeding by the lepidopterans had ceased were the same as those emitted by cabbage damaged by mechanical means. The blend of volatiles emitted by frass was comprised of plant chemicals, mainly sulfur compounds. Frass ofP. rapae emitted allyl isothiocyanate, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl propyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide,S-methyl methane thiosulfinate, 4-methyl-3-pentenal,trans-2-hexenal, and 2,3-dihydro-4-methyl furan. Frass ofP. xylostella emitted only dimethyl trisulfide andS-methyl methane thiosulfinate. The blend of volatiles emitted by frass is herbivore-species specific.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066236
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tannin sensitivity in larvae ofMalacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera): Roles of the peritrophic envelope and midgut oxidation (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1985-2001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; Malacosoma disstria ; Orgyia leucostigma ; larva ; tannin ; tannic acid ; peritrophic membrane ; oxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Final-instarMalacosoma disstria fed artificial diets containing tannic acid develop lethal pupal deformities. We examined some of the factors potentially underlying tannin sensitivity in this species, including the permeability of the peritrophic envelope to tannic acid and the chemical fate of tannic acid in the gut. Tannic acid does not penetrate the peritrophic envelope ofM. disstria, demonstrating that the containment of tannic acid within the endoperitrophic space is not sufficient to protect an insect herbivore from the adverse effects of ingested tannins. Ingested tannic acid undergoes extensive chemical modification in the midgut. Only 19–21 % of the high molecular weight components of the tannic acid ingested was recovered in the frass. Of two possible chemical fates of ingested tannic acid, oxidation is the predominant chemical transformation, whereas little hydrolysis occurs. Measurements of gut redox parameters showed that conditions in the midgut favor the oxidation of phenols. However, similar conditions occur in the midguts ofOrgyia leucostigma, in which no oxidation occurs. Therefore, oxidizing gut redox conditions do not necessarily lead to polyphenol oxidation in lepidopteran larvae. We conclude that the sensitivity ofM. disstria to ingested tannins is a consequence of their oxidation in the midgut.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066238
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis, isolation and insecticidal activity of linear furanocoumarins and other coumarin derivatives fromPeucedanum (Apiaceae: Apioideae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2035-2054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Apiaceae ; Peucedanum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera littoralis ; HPLC ; preparative isolation ; furocoumarins ; furanocoumarins ; pyranocoumarins ; growth inhibition ; dietary utilization ; plant chemical diversity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Peucedanum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.,P. austriacum (Jacq.) Koch,P. coriaceum Reichenb.,P. longifolium Waldst. & Kit,P. officinale L.,P. oreoselinum (L.) Moench,P. ostruthium L., andP. palustre (L.) Moench accumulate different structural types of coumarins including simple coumarins, linear furanocoumarins, linear dihydropyranocoumarins, angular dihydrofuranocoumarins and angular dihydropyranocoumarins. Linear furanocoumarins, known for various biological activities, include some well-known antifeedants, such as bergapten, isopimpinellin, and xanthotoxin. The aim of this investigation was to screen the diverse coumarins fromPeucedanum for insecticidal activity. LC was used to analyze and isolate coumarins for the bioassays. A growth inhibition bioassay with 17 derivatives, comprising all structural types fromPeucedanum, carried out withSpodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as test organism, indicated the majority of the linear furanocoumarins and the angular dihydrofuranocoumarin athamantin as active compounds. Oxygenation of the prenyl residue of linear furanocoumarins decreased activity. Further formation of an ester with angelic acid even resulted in complete inactivity. Five active linear furanocoumarins, bergapten, isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin, isoimperatorin, and imperatorin, and two linear furanocoumarins with a substituted furan ring, peucedanin and 8-methoxypeucedanin, were compared in a dietary utilization bioassay. Relative growth rate (RGR) and relative consumption rate (RCR) divided the tested coumarins in three groups of similar activity. Isopimpinellin and peucedanin slightly decreased RGR and RCR of the treated larvae, and xanthotoxin, isoimperatorin, and 8-methoxypeucedanin heavily decreased RGR and RCR. Bergapten and imperatorin differed by the lowest RGR values and rather high RCR values. The effects caused by these two coumarins indicate specific postingestive toxicity. The results obtained in this study add to the reputation of coumarins to be an effective chemical defense, postulating that chemical diversity is a necessary trait for well-defended plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066241
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Proximity of release points of pheromone components as a factor confusing males of the spotted stem borer,Chilo partellus, approaching the trap (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2065-2075 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; female sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; multicomponent pheromones ; signal integrity ; dispensing technique ; trap efficiency ; proximity effect
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of proximity of the release points of the two pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol of the spotted stem borer,Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on behavior of the males and on trapping efficiency was investigated. Separating the dispensers of the two components in the trap by a mere 3 cm resulted in a threefold decrease in trap performance, compared to very close release of the components. The result is attributed to possible distortion of the pheromone signal, resulting in confused behavior ofC. partellus males in the vicinity of the trap. The ethological and practical implications of the phenomenon are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066243
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sequestration of host-plant-derived flavonoids by lycaenid butterflyPolyommatus icarus (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2523-2538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Polyommatus icarus ; Lepidoptera ; Lycaenidae ; Coronilla varia ; Medicago sativa ; Fabaceae ; flavonoids ; sequestration ; plant-insect interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae of the lycaenid butterflyPolyommatus icarus were reared on inflorescences ofCoronilla varia andMedicago sativa, which are rich in flavonoids. Twelve different flavonoids (five compounds from the former and nine from the latter), including aglycones andO-glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin were isolated and identified by spectroscopic means. NMR and MS data for the new acylated glycoside kaempferol 3-O-6″-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside are reported. Comparative HPLC analysis of the respective host plants and of larvae, pupae, and imagines ofP. icarus indicated selective uptake and accumulation of kaempferol vs. quercetin and myricetin derivatives. The latter were excreted largely unchanged through the feces. Irrespective of the larval host plant kaempferol 3-O-glucoside was found as the major flavonoid in larvae, pupae, and imagines ofP. icarus, accounting for approximately 83–92% of all soluble flavonoids in adult butterflies. Within the imagines, approximately 80% of all flavonoids are stored in the wings (especially in the orange submarginal lunules), whereas the remaining 20% reside in the bodies. Feeding experiments with artificial diet demonstrated that the insects are able to form kaempferol 3-O-glucoside by glucosylation of dietary kaempferol. Possible functions of the sequestered flavonoids, especially for mate recognition ofP. icarus, are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036189
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in pheromone titer of oblique-banded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana, virgin females as a function of time of day, age, and temperature (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 45-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pheromone titer, (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z-11-tetradecenol ; age ; time of day ; constant and fluctuating temperature ; Choristoneura rosaceana ; oblique-banded leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Under a 16:8 hr light-dark photoperiod and 20†C constant temperature, the titers of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:Ac), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:Ac) and (Z)-11-tetradecenol (Z11–14:OH) produced by different-agedChoristoneura rosaceana virgin females varied significantly during the scotophase, with the maximum titer occurring before the onset of calling in day-0 and day-3 females, while in day-5 females the titer remained constant throughout the calling period. There was a significant decrease in the titer of all pheromone components with age, explaining the lesser attractiveness of day-5 females relative to day-0 and day-3 females observed in the field. Under a cold thermocycle simulating condition during the second flight period in the fall, the titers of all pheromone components did not vary with time of day. There was a significant decrease in the amount ofZ11–14:Ac with age but no changes occurred in the minor components. Furthermore, for any given age tested, the amount of each component produced during the period of maximal calling activity remained relatively similar at the two temperature regimes. However, as with the expression of calling behavior, pheromone production was initiated earlier at cooler than at warmer temperatures. At both temperature regimes, female age and time of day influenced the ratio of each pheromone component. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that by calling earlier, less attractive older females may increase their probability of mating.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065990
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of temperature on biosynthesis of sex pheromone components in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2733-2741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sex pheromone ; pheromone components ratio ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; rearing temperature ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Rearing temperature modified the sex pheromone component ratio in the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella. This phenomenon seemed to be induced with ambient temperature by differences in timing and speed of biosynthesis between two pheromone components. (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-Tridecatrienyl acetate (triene) was mainly synthesized during the pupal period, while most of (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate (diene) was synthesized during a short period just after emergence. Therefore, the ratio of triene in a newly emerging adult was relatively high at all temperatures although the amount of triene was relatively low at 35°C. On the other hand, the synthetic rate of accumulation of diene was clearly modified by ambient temperature. Biosynthesis of diene at 15°C was very low in the first two days and high in the third day. Consequently, a titer of the diene component at 15°C became approximately equivalent to that at 25°C one day later.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036204
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stereochemical inversion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids byMechanitis polymnia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae): Specificity and evolutionary significance (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2883-2899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Ithomiinae ; Mechanitis polymnia ; stereochemical inversion ; epimerization ; evolution of PA acquisition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), acquired by adults or larvae of Danainae and Ithomiinae butterflies and Arctiidae moths from plants, protect these lepidopterans against predators and are biosynthetic precursors of male sex pheromones. The investigation of PAs in many species of wild-caught adults of Ithomiinae showed lycopsamine (1) [(7R)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′S)-OH] as the main alkaloid. In incorporation experiments, PA-free (freshly emerged) adults of the ithomiineMechanitis polymnia were fed seven PAs: lycopsamine and four of its known natural stereoisomers—indicine (2) [(7R)-OH, (2′R)-OH, (3′S)-OH], intermedine (3) [(7R)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′R)-OH], rinderine (4) [(7S)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′R)-OH], and echinatine (5) [(7S)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′S)-OH], and two PAs without the 7-OH: supinine (6) [(2′S)-OH, (3′R)-OH] and amabiline (7) [(2′S)-OH, (3′S)-OH]. Males epimerized PAs 3, 4, and 5 mainly to lycopsamine (1). Females fed these same three PAs changed a smaller proportion to lycopsamine; their lesser capacity to modify PAs corresponds to their normal acquisition of already transformed PAs from males during mating rather than through visits of adults to plant sources of PAs. The alkaloids1 and2, both 7R and 3′S, were incorporated without or with minimum change by males and females. Feeding experiments with6 and7 (males only) showed an inversion at the 3′ center of6 and no change in7. The inversion from 7S to 7R (probably via oxyreduction) may be closely related to the evolution of acquisition of PAs by butterflies and moths. Two hypotheses are discussed: (1) The ancestral butterflies are probably adapted to tolerate, assimilate, and use (7R)-PAs (most common in plants; all widespread 1,2-unsaturated macrocyclic PA diesters show this configuration). The development of (7R)-PA receptors in the butterflies could lead to a specialization on this configuration in two ways: to help find PA plants and to utilize these components in sexual chemical communication. A later appearance of (7S)-PAs in plants could have selected an enzymatic system for the inversion of this chiral center in order to continue producing (7R)-PA-derived pheromones. (2) The inversion would be due to the evolution of a enzyme system specialized in the transport of (7R)-PAs to the integument; the failure of this system to carry (7S)-PAs led to an enzymatic system to invert them to transportable (7R)-PAs. In this case, the 7R configuration is an effect and not a cause of (7R)-PA-derived pheromones. In both hypotheses, the partial inversion of the 3′-asymmetric center, when the butterfly was fed intermedine (3), rinderine (4), and supinine (6), could be fortuitous due to the conformation of the molecule and/or the enzymatic system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098396
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of host plant,Gossypium hirsutum L., on sexual attraction of cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2959-2974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; attractants ; host finding ; (S)-(+)-linalool
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Unmated female or male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), were attracted more often in a flight tunnel to a cage with moths of the opposite sex and a bouquet of cotton foliage. Increased sexual attractiveness of females with plants may be a result of stimulation of pheromone release in response to plant odor, since more males were attracted when odor of cotton foliage was passed over females than when odor of females was passed over cotton foliage before venting into the flight tunnel. Increased sexual attractiveness of males with plants is due in part to host odor enhancement of female attraction to male pheromone, since more females were attracted to synthetic male pheromone (a blend of enantiomers of linalool and isomers of cresol) and a cotton leaf extract than were attracted to male pheromone alone. A short synthesis procedure was developed for (S)-(+)-linalool, the major component of the male sex pheromone, isolated from hair pencils, used in these tests.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098402
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Moth responses to selectively fluorinated sex pheromone analogs (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2705-2719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-14-fluoro-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-14,14,14,-trifluoro-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone analogs ; fluorinated analogs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Partially fluorinated analogs of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) female sex pheromone, 11-tetradecenyl acetate (97:3Z:E), having mono- and trifluorsubstitutions at the terminal carbon of the pheromone chain, mimicked the biological activity of the pheromone, while analogs with fluorine at either side of the double bond and a pentafluoro analog were essentially inactive. Comparison of the pheromonal activity of these analogs with the previously reported activity of similarly fluorinated pheromones in five other species of moths revealed an unpredictable relationship between fluorine substitution pattern and pheromone-mimicking activity. Fluorine substitution patterns that rendered pheromonal analogs biologically inactive in the European corn borer had no detrimental influence upon pheromonal activity in other species and the converse was also true. This is evidence that the relative importance of electronic qualities of sites within a pheromone molecule differ from species to species. Furthermore, it indicates that the biochemical components (pheromone receptor proteins, binding proteins, and enzymes) that make up moth olfactory chemosensory systems must also vary structurally from species to species, despite the fact that they are involved in olfactory sensing of compounds having very similar chemical structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036202
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chiral esters: Sex pheromone of the bagworm,Oiketicus kirbyi (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3083-3096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Psychidae ; Oiketicus kirbyi ; bagworm ; sex pheromone ; pheromone chirality ; 1-methylbutyl octanoate ; 1-methylbutyl non-anoate ; 1-methylbutyl decanoate ; 1-methylbutyl dodecanoate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of pheromone extract of female bagworms,Oiketicus kirbyi (Guilding), revealed five EAD-active compounds. Retention index calculations, GC-mass spectrometry in both full-scan and selected-ion monitoring modes and GC-EAD analyses of authentic standards identified the compounds as 1-methylbutyl octanoate (MBO), 1-methylbutyl nonanoate (MBN), 1-methylbutyl decanoate (MBD), 1-methylpentyl decanoate (MPD), and 1-methylbutyl dodecanoate (MBDD). Of these five chiral esters, MBD was most abundant in extracts and elicited the strongest antennal response. In field experiments in Costa Rica, (R)-MBD attractedO. kirbyi males, whereas (S)-MBD in combination with (R)-MBD inhibited response.R but notS enantiomers of MBO, MBN, and MBDD strongly synergized attraction to (R)-MBD. (S)-MBO and (S)-MBDD were inactive, whereas (S)-MBN was inhibitory. (R)-, (S)- and racemic MPD were inactive. Blends of (R)-MBD in ternary combination with either (R)-MBO and (R)-MBN or (R)-MBN and (R)-MBDD were as attractive as the five-ester blend. Five- and four-ester blends were equally attractive, suggesting redundancy of pheromone components for attraction of males. The multiple sex pheromone component blend of chiral esters inO. kirbyi may have evolved to maintain species-specific communication in bagworm communities of tropical Americas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033712
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potential role of lipoxygenases in defense against insect herbivory (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 651-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; lipoxygenase ; lipid peroxidation ; resistance ; herbivory ; soybean ; tomato ; cotton ; oxidative stress ; induced defense
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The potential role of the plant enzyme lipoxygenase in host resistance against the corn earwormHelicoverpa zea was examined. Lipoxygenase is present in most of the common host plants ofH. zea, with highest activity in the leguminous hosts such as soybean and redbean. Treatment of dietary proteins with linoleic acid and lipoxygenase significantly reduced the nutritive quality of soybean protein and soy foliar protein. Larval growth was reduced from 24 to 63% depending upon treatment. Feeding byH. zea on soybean plants caused damage-induced increases in foliar lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation products. Larvae feeding on previously wounded plant tissue demonstrated decreased growth rates compared to larvae feeding on unwounded tissue. Midgut epithelium from larvae feeding on wounded tissues showed evidence of oxidative damage as indicated by significant increases in lipid peroxidation products and losses in free primary amines. The potential role of oxidative and nutritional stress as a plant defensive response to herbivory is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059605
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nature and role of sexual pheromones emitted by males ofAcrolepiopsis assectella (LEP.) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1571-1581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Male sex pheromone ; n-alkanes ; leek moth ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; hair-pencils ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; gas chromatography-FT-IR ; female arrestant ; acceptance posture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Seven compounds that do not exist in the extracts from legs of males have been isolated in the hair-pencil extracts of maleAcrolepiopsis assectella. By combining techniques of GC-MS and GC-FT-IR, six of these compounds have been identified. They are sixn-alkanes: hexadecane (C16), heptadecane (C17), octadecane (C18), nonadecane (C19), eicosane (C20), and heneicosane (C21). Twelven-alkanes of the homologous series, from the C14–C25 compounds were presented to virgin females, mated females, and males. At the end of the scotophase, four of then-alkanes (C16, C17, C19, C21) present in the hair-pencil extract induced the virgin females to adopt the acceptance posture after having induced the virgin females to remain stationary. The two othern-alkanes (C18 and C20) present in the extract have less effect on the females similar to then-alkanes not present in the males. The blends tested do not seem to indicate any synergy between the most active compounds. The threen-alkanes with an odd number of carbons and the C16 compound would thus be the principle components of the male pheromone ofA. assectella. As well as their role of female aphrodisiac, they tend to make males and fertilized females flee.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059881
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential toxicity of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and related naphthoquinones to saturniid moths (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1631-1641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): 1,4-Naphthoquinone ; allelochemical toxicity ; detoxification ; plant-insect interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; Actias luna ; Callosamia promethea ; juglone ; plumbagin ; menadione ; lawsone ; quinones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The preferred hosts of the saturniid mothActias luna include members of the Juglandaceae, whose foliage contain the toxin juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). The performance ofActias luna andCallosamia promethea was compared when fourth-instar larvae of each were fed birch foliage, a mutually acceptable food plant, or birth supplemented with 0.05% (w/w) juglone.A. luna fed juglone exhibited no changes in developmental time or mortality compared to a diet without juglone. In contrast, juglone-supplemented diets, when fed toC. promethea, caused negative growth rate, and a 3.6-fold decrease in consumption rate. The performance ofA. luna also was compared on birch and walnut; larvae developed and grew more rapidly on an all-walnut vs. an all-birch diet. To examine the effect of 1,4-naphthoquinone structure onA. luna survival, first instars were fed on birch supplemented with varying concentrations of juglone (J), menadione (M), plumbagin (P), or lawsone (L). In diets supplemented at 0.05% (w/w), none of the compounds produced effects significantly different from controls. In diets supplemented at 0.5% (w/w), the treatments produced significant toxic effects in the order P〉M=L〉J for mortality, and P〉L〉M=J for increased developmental time. Late-instarA. luna are clearly resistant to juglone compared toC. promethea, and early-instarA. luna are resistant to several related 1,4-naphthoquinones. These results suggest a chemical basis for host choice among saturniids. In addition, the luna-walnut system may be a valuable model for studying quinone detoxication.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059885
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plant response to eggs vs. Host marking pheromone as factors inhibiting oviposition byPieris brassicae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1657-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae ; Host Marking Pheromone ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; induction ; oviposition deterrency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Pieris brassicae L. butterflies secrete miriamides onto their eggs. These avenanthramide alkaloids are strong oviposition deterrents when sprayed onto a cabbage leaf. However, these compounds could not be detected in cabbage leaves from which egg batches had been removed two days after deposition and that still showed oviposition deterrency. It was concluded that the miriamides were not directly responsible for the avoidance by females of occupied leaves while searching for an oviposition site. Evidence was obtained that cabbage leaves themselves produce oviposition deterrents in response to egg batches. Fractions containing potent oviposition deterrents could be isolated from surface extracts of leaves from which previously laid egg batches had been removed. The term host marking pheromone that was used previously is not applicable in this case.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059887
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Role of calcium in the inhibition of nitrogenase activity by Methylparathion and Benthiocarb in the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; cyanobacterium ; herbicide ; nitrogenase ; insecticide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Methylparathion and Benthiocarb inhibition of N2 fixation in the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum was reversed by Ca2+ at 1 mm but not at 0.1 mm. The concentration of intracellular Ca2+ was relatively high in the presence of these pesticides when 1 mm Ca2+ was also present, indicating that intracellular Ca2+ may participate in protecting nitrogenase activity against Methylparathion and Benthiocarb.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414869
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