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  • Drosophila  (54)
  • Gas chromatography  (52)
  • Springer  (106)
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (65)
  • 1980-1984  (41)
  • 1986  (65)
  • 1983  (41)
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  • 1985-1989  (65)
  • 1980-1984  (41)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of hydrocarbons under presumed prebiotic conditions using high-frequency discharge (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 23 (1986), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Primordial terrestrial atmospheres ; CH4, C2H2, CO2 ; Prebiotic synthesis ; High-frequency discharge ; Hydrocarbons ; Gas chromatography ; Mass Spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various hydrocarbons were synthesized by high-frequency discharge in a primordial terrestrial model atmosphere. The products were extracted by benzene or methanol and analyzed by GC-MS. The mean carbon chain length of the hydrocarbons formed by the discharge through pure CH4 gas was less than 6. Benzene was also obtained. Some isomers were obtained for each of the hydrocarbons containing a given number of carbons. When a small amount of C2H2 was added to the CH4, longer chain compounds were formed, as compared with discharge in CH4 only. However, when the amount of C2H2 was increased, unextractable high molecular weight compounds were produced. The amounts of products decreased as the mixing ratio of CO2 to CH4 increased. No hydrocarbons were detected when the ratio of CO2/CH4 exceeded 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099905
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphisms in the genomic distribution of copia-like elements in related laboratory stocks ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1986), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transposons ; Polymorphism ; Drosophila ; Southern technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic distributions of the copia, 297, 412, mdg 1, and B 104 transposable elements have been compared by the Southern technique among two Oregon R and four Canton SDrosophila laboratory lines that have been maintained separately for defined periods of a few years. The heterogeneity of the autoradiographic patterns suggests that multiple transposition events have occurred during the time of separation. The hypothesis that transposition could be induced by, variations of environmental parameters is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099954
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental organisation of the head in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 359-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Blastoderm fate map ; Head segmentation ; Larval cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryos of Drosophila melanogaster were irradiated in the presumptive head region with a UV-laser microbeam of 20 μm diameter at two developmental stages, the cellular blastoderm and the extended germ band. The ensuing defects were scored in the cuticle pattern of the head of the first-instar larva, which is described in detail in this paper. The defects caused by irradiating germ band embryos when morphologically recognisable lobes appear in the head region were used to establish the segmental origin of various head structures. This information enabled us to translate the spatial distribution of blastoderm defects into a fate map of segment anlagen. The gnathal segments derive from a region of the blastoderm between 60% and 70% egg length (EL) dorsally and 60% and 80% ventrally. The area anterior to the mandibular anlage and posterior to the stomodaeum is occupied by the small anlagen of the intercalary and antennal segments ventrally and dorsally, respectively. The labrum, which originates from a paired anlage dorsally at 90% EL, is separated from the remaining head segments by an area for which we did not observe cuticle defects following blastoderm irradiation, presumably because those cells give rise to the brain. The dorsal and lateral parts of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton appear to be the only cuticle derivatives of the non-segmental acron. These structures derive from a dorso-lateral area just behind the putative brain anlage and may overlap the latter. In addition to the segment anlagen, the regions of the presumptive dorsal pouch, anterior lobe and post-oral epithelium, whose morphogenetic movements during head involution result in the characteristic acephalic appearance of the larva, have been projected onto the blastoderm fate map. The results suggest that initially the head of the Drosophila embryo does not differ substantially from the generalised insect head as judged by comparison of fate map and segmental organisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402870
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pole cells and midgut progenitors ; Cell lineages ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper experiments concerning some aspects of the development of pole cells and midgut progenitors in Drosophila are reported. Cells were labelled by injecting horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) in embryos before pole bud formation and transplanted at different stages into unlabelled embryos, where the transplanted cells developed together with the unlabelled cells of the host. The hosts were then fixed and stained at different ages in order to demonstrate the presence of HRP in the progenies of transplanted cells. The main conlusions of the study are as follows. The gonads are the only organ to the formation of which pole cells normally contribute; those pole cells which do not participate in the formation of the gonads are finally eliminated or degenerate. Since the number of primordial germ cells in the gonads is the same irrespective of the number of pole cells present in the embryo, an (unknown) mechanism must exist regulating the final number of pole cells in each of the gonads. After their formation and before reaching the gonads, pole cells have been found to divide only up to two times. With respect to the midgut progenitors, the cells of both anlagen have been found to be committed to develop into midgut, although they behave as equivalent in that they do not apparently distinguish between the anterior and posterior anlage. Midgut progenitors have been found to divide a maximum of three times and to produce two different types of cells, epithelial cells of the midgut wall and spindle-like cells located internally in the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375889
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominance for enzyme activity inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; enzyme ; sn-glycerol-3-phosphate ; dehydrogenase ; dominance ; trans, regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A regulatory element tightly linked to theGpdh locus inDrosophila melanogaster has been isolated from a natural population. Flies homozygous for second chromosomes bearing the element,H31, have half the GPDH activity of normal homozygotes. Heterozygotes betweenH31 andF orS alleles exhibit dominance in GPDH activity. Heterozygotes betweenH31, F orS andDf(2L) GdhA have half the diploid level. The contribution of theS allele to the activity inS/H31 heterozygotes is more than four times that ofH31. The regulatory element distinguishingH31 is tightly linked to theGpdh + locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952463
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pupation-temperature range in 12Drosophila species from different ecological backgrounds (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 600-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; temperature-effects ; pupation ; mating ; oviposition ; adaptive strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison of pupation-temperature range was made in the laboratory on a temperature gradient (3–38°C) using 12 species ofDrosophila representing four species groups and four different ecological backgrounds (temperate-montane forest:virilis group; desert;repleta group; cosmopolitan:melanogaster group; tropical forest:willistoni group). Within groups, differences are found which usually reflect species' distributions. Comparisons of species' mating-, oviposition- and pupation-temperature ranges reveal that pupation most-often occurs at temperatures beyond those for mating and oviposition. Each species reflects a different combination of temperature effects. Individual species have different temperature-limits for mating, oviposition and pupation. Temperatures permissive for one response are not predictive of limits on other responses. Among species, temperature can affect a particular response differently. Within groups, species differences can be at high and/or low temperatures for any response, and temperature effects among closely related species can manifest themselves in one, or any combination of responses. One cannot predict which responses will be most and least limited, or at which end of the temperature scale a response will be most limited. Among groups,common, but notabsolute temperature ranges generally correspond to the geographic distributions and ecological backgrounds of the species triads. The evaluation of temperature effects on species, based on a single activity, may not be adequate for predicting adaptive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955553
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clonal analysis of the blastoderm anlage of the Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell lineage ; Malpighian tubules ; Compartments ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetically marked maroon-like (mal) clones were induced by mitotic recombination with X-rays at the blastoderm stage in mal/mal + heterozygotes and were analysed in differentiated Malpighian tubules (MT). Marked cells were not confined to single anterior (MA) or posterior (MP) tubules, but were distributed among the four tubules. About 70% of the clones with two or more cells were fragmented, i.e. mal cells were separated by wild-type cells. Since the clones contain, on average, 6 cells and the differentiated MT consist of 484 cells (2 × 136 MA cells, 2 × 106 MP cells), we estimate that there are about 80 cells in the blastoderm anlage which on average pass through two to three mitoses. With increasing radiation doses (254 R, 635 R, 1270 R) a linear increase in clone frequency is observed. The mean sizes and size distributions of clones, however, remain unchanged. Since the increasing radiation dose also results in fewer differentiated Malpighi cells, we assume that regeneration does not occur. Therefore, size distributions of marked clones presumably represent real mitotic patterns in normogenesis. We suggest that essentially three successive mitoses take place, with a decreasing fraction of cells showing mitotic activity. Only a small fraction of cells goes through a fourth or even a fifth mitosis. Marked non-Minute clones induced in Minute heterozygotes are more frequent, but are not larger than non-Minute clones in wild-type background. Therefore, compartment boundaries cannot be recognized by this method. However, frequencies of marked cells found simultaneously in MA and MP pairs or in several single tubules of the same individuals are significantly higher than frequencies of multiple recombination events predicted by the Poisson distribution. From this, we conclude that neither the MA pair nor the MP pair nor single tubules represent compartments of the MT anlage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444038
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell lineage ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila ; Cell marking ; Cell transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A method is presented which allows the study of the progeny of single cells during Drosophila embryogenesis. Cells from various larval anlagen of donor embryos labelled with a lineage tracer are individually transplanted from defined positions into similar, or different, positions in unlabelled hosts. The clones produced by these cells can be seen in whole mounts or in sections of fixed material, when using a histochemical marker (i.e. HRP), and/or in living embryos, when using fluorescent lineage tracers. The characteristics of the clones disclose lineage parameters, such as division patterns, morphogenetic movements and differentiation. The method is especially useful for testing the respective roles of positional information and cell lineage on the commitment of progenitor cells by transplanting these cells into heterotopic positions or into hosts of different genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402872
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental genetics of a P element induced allele of suppressor-of-forked in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 334-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Suppression ; P elements ; Lethality ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we describe a new allele of suppressor of forked, su(f) hd37, referred to as hd37, which was isolated in a hybrid dysgenesis mutation screen and is shown to be P induced by its high frequency of reversion in hybrid dysgenic crosses, and by in situ hybridization. hd37 suppresses forked and fails to complement the forked suppression of known su(f) alleles. However, it complements the recessive lethality of alleles in both of the su(f) lethal complementation groups. We also describe a new phenotypic effect of su(f) alleles, the enhancement of Minute(3)i 55. Recessive lethal alleles enhance the lethal effects of this Minute, but hd37 does not. The temperature sensitive period for forked bristle suppression by hd37 was found to be very narrow, consisting of a short interval (12–18 h) immediately before bristle formation. These results suggest that the several genetic functions associated with this locus may be genetically separable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376066
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The peripheral nervous system of mutants of early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 210-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Peripheral nervous system ; Neurogenesis ; Mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations previously known to affect early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster have been found also to affect the development of the peripheral nervous system. Anti-HRP antibody staining has shown that larval epidermal sensilla of homozygous mutant embryos occur in increased numbers, which depend on the allele considered. This increase is apparently due to the development into sensory organs of cells which in the wild-type would have developed as non-sensory epidermis. Thus, neurogenic genes act whenever developing cells have to decide between neurogenic and epidermogenic fates, both in central and peripheral nervous systems. Different regions of the ectodermal germ layer are distinguished with respect to their neurogenic abilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438953
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal-effect mutations altering the anterior-posterior pattern of the Drosophila embryo (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 302-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect Mutations ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in seven different maternal-effect loci on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster all cause alterations in the anterior-posterior pattern of the embryo. Mutations in torso (tor) and trunk (trk) delete the anterior- and posterior-most structures of the embryo. At the same time they shift cellular fates which are normally found in the subterminal regions of the embryo towards the poles. Mutations in vasa (vas), valois (vls), staufen (stau) and tudor (tud) cause two embryonic defects. For one they result in absence of polar plasm, polar granules and pole cells in all eggs produced by mutant females. Secondly, embryos developing inside such eggs show deletions of abdominal segments. In addition, embryos derived from staufen mothers lack anterior head structures, embryos derived from valois mothers frequently fail to cellularize properly. Mutations in exuperantia (exu) cause deletions of anterior head structures, similar to torso, trunk and staufen. However in exu, these head structures are replaced by an inverted posterior end which comprises posterior midgut, proctodeal region, and often malpighian tubules. The effects of all mutations can be traced back to the beginning stages of gastrulation, indicating that the alterations in cellular fates have probably taken place by that time. Analysis of embryos derived from double mutant mothers suggests that these three phenotypic groups of mutants interfere with three different, independent pathways. All three pathways seem to act additively on the system which specifies anterior-posterior cellular fates within the egg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376063
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extra tarsal joints and abnormal cuticular polarities in various mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 145-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell polarity ; Limb development ; Pattern formation ; Bristle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The legs of flies from 16 different mutant strains ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined for abnormal cuticular polarities and extra joints. The strains were chosen for study because they manifest abnormal cuticular polarities in some parts of the body (10 strains) or because they have missing or defective tarsal joints (6 strains). All but three of the stocks were found to exhibit misorientations of either the bristles, hairs, or “bract-socket vectors” on the legs. The latter term denotes an imaginary vector pointing from a hairlike structure called a “bract” to the bristle socket with which it is associated. On the legs of wild-type flies nearly all such vectors point distally, as do the bristles and hairs. In the mutant flies, the most common vector misorientation is a 180° reversal. When the bract-socket vectors of adjacent bristle sites in the same bristle row point toward one another, the distance between the sites is frequently abnormally large, whereas when the vectors point in opposite directions, the interval is frequently abnormally small. This correlation is interpreted to mean that bristle cells actively repel one another via cytoplasmic extensions that are longer in the direction of the bract-socket vector than in the opposite direction. Repulsive forces of this kind may be responsible for “fine-tuning” the regularity of bristle spacing in wild-type flies. Extra tarsal joints were found in eight of the 16 strains. A ninth strain completely lacking tarsal joints appears in some cases to have an extra tibia-basitarsus joint in its tibia. Whereas the tarsi of wild-type flies contain four joints, the tarsi ofspiny legs mutant flies contain as many as eight joints. In this extreme extra-joint phenotype, four of the joints correspond to the normal wild-type joints, and there is an extra joint in every tarsal segment except the distal-most (fifth) segment. Nearly all such ectopic extra joints have inverted polarity. In other strains the extra tarsal joints are located mainly at the wild-type joint sites, and joints of this sort have wild-type polarity. The alternation of normal and inverted (extra) joints inspiny legs resembles the alternation of normal and inverted (extra) body segment boundaries in the embryonic-lethal mutantpatch, suggesting that tarsal and body segmentation may share a common patterning mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439432
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The sense organs in theDrosophila larva and their relation to the embryonic pattern of sensory neurons (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 222-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sense organs ; Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Peripheral nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various types of sense organs are arranged in a highly reproducible pattern on the thoracic and abdominal segments ofDrosophila embryos and larvae. We describe this pattern and identify the neurons that innervate each sense organ. This identification is confirmed by the analysis of partial deficiencies for the scute region, which delete specifically some of the sense organs and their innervating neurons. Since our description of the sense organs accounts for all the sensory neurons that have been identified in the embryo, we believe that this description is accurate and complete, except in the terminal segment, where some sense organs remain to be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438954
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neural and epidermal cell lineages ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of neural and epidermal cell lineages during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster were studied by transplanting horseradish-peroxidase-(HRP-) labelled ectodermal cells from young gastrula donors into host embryos of similar ages. Heterotopic transplantations permitted us to assess the degree of commitment already attained by the transplanted cells. The resulting cell clones showed normal characteristics of cytodifferentiation and cell number. The results indicate that epidermal progenitors perform a maximum of three mitoses during embryonic development, whereas neuroblasts may perform more than ten mitoses. Clone size distribution is in both cases scattered, suggesting either a rather irregular mitotic pattern or cell death. As indicated by heterotopic transplantations, the neurogenic ectoderm for the ventral nervous system exhibits different neurogenic abilities in its different regions, decreasing from medial to lateral; we discuss the hypothesis that some medially located cells of the young gastrulating embryo could be committed towards the neural fate before segregating from the ectoderm. On the other hand, the cells of the dorsal ectodermal regions at the same stage seem to be indifferent with respect to commitment, for they are able to give rise to central neural lineages following their transplantation in the neurogenic region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375748
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interpretation of some bristle pattern modifications caused by directional selection inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 846-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; bristles ; phenotype ; directional selection ; chaetogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The variations of the dorsocentral and scutellar bristle patterns founded in two bidirectionaly selected lines are discussed in terms of the Richelle and Ghysen model. The phenotype obtained through selection for bristle suppression can be accounted for by a decrease in chaetogen production. Extra bristles can be accounted for by an alteration of the response of the cells to positional information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941549
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast communities from host plants and associated Drosophila in southern arizona: new isolations and analysis of the relative importance of hosts and vectors on comunity composition (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 386-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Yeast ; Drosophila ; Host plants ; Communities ; Vectors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast communities from slime fluxes of three deciduous trees (Prosopis juliflora, Populus fremontii and Quercus emoryi) and the necroses of two cacti (Opuntia phaeacantha and Carnegiea gigantea) were surveyed in the region of Tucson, Arizona. In addition, the yeasts carried by dipterans associated with the fluxes or necroses (Drosophila carbonaria, D. brooksae, D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri, and Aulacigaster leucopeza) were sampled. The results indicate that each host sampled had a distinct community of yeasts associated with it. The dipterans, which can act as vectors of the yeasts, deposited yeasts from other sources in addition to those found on their associated hosts. It is argued that host plant physiology is relatively more important than the activity of the vector in determining yeast community composition. Furthermore, the average number of yeast species per flux or necrosis is not different from the average number of yeast species per fly. It is hypothesized that the vector may affect the number of species per individual flux or not, and that the number is lower than the rot or necrosis could potentially support.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379501
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Genetic and developmental characterization of the aldox-2 locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 683-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldox-2 ; molybdoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aldox-2 locus in Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to affect differentially three molybdoenzymes, aldehyde oxidase, pyridoxal oxidase, and xanthine dehydrogenase. These effects are most obvious at times surrounding the pupal-adult boundary, when the normal organism accumulates large amounts of these enzymes in their active form. This locus has been more precisely mapped genetically to 2–82.9±2.1, with complete concordance between the effects of all recombinant chromosomes on all three enzymes. The cytogenetic location has also been determined to be between 52E and 54E8, with the likelihood that it lies within the region 54B1-54E8. The aldox-2 mutant allele has no visible phenotype and is completely recessive for enzyme effects at all stages tested. Segmental duplication of this region, including the aldox-2 + allele, has no apparent effect on the visible phenotype or the enzymatic activity. The mutant aldox-2 allele has no effect on the developmental expression of two unrelated enzymes, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. The effects of this locus on aldehyde oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and pyridoxal oxidase suggest that this locus may code for a product involved in the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor common to these enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499002
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Aldox n alleles isolated from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 291-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldehyde oxidase ; gene dosage ; Aldox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aldox “null” alleles which were isolated from natural populations in Great Britain and North Carolina were analyzed for complementation. No complementation was observed between any combinations of “null” alleles for aldehyde oxidase (AO) specific activity in late third-instar larvae and newly emerged adults. AO immunologically cross-reacting material (AO-CRM) was quantitated in all homozygous stocks at both developmental stages as well as all allelic combinations in newly emerged adults. When the adult organism contains only Aldox n alleles, the polypeptides are not immunologically recognizable or may be rapidly degraded. Larvae and adults have different abilities to degrade mutationally altered enzymatically inactive AO polypeptide or synthesize them differentially. This is indicated by easily measurable AO-CRM levels in late third-instar larvae of Aldox n homozygotes, while newly emerged adult Aldox n homozygotes have very little, if any, AO-CRM. Newly emerged adult heterozygotes of Aldox n /Aldox + do have increased AO-CRM, indicating that the Aldox n alleles can code for a polypeptide which can be “rescued” if Aldox + gene product is present. Heterozygotes containing an Aldox + allele with a deficiency for the Aldox region produce 74.2% of the AO-CRM found in Aldox + homozygotes. This may indicate the presence of trans-acting factors which serve to activate gene expression in a system in which each gene copy is not maximally expressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502796
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  • 19
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    The effect of temperature on biochemical and molecular properties ofDrosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 873-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; temperature ; adaptation ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gene products of the two major alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-F and ADH-S) have been subjected to kinetic and biochemical analyses over a range of temperatures. Although temperature was found to have a significant effect on both kinetic and biochemical properties ofDrosophila ADH, no significant differential effect was observed between the major ADH allozymes. The results are discussed within the context of the selective maintenance ofAdh polymorphism in natural populations.
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    sn-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and alcohol tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster larvae (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 859-872 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol tolerance ; glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO; EC 1.1.99.5) in the variation of ethanol tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster was assessed in isofemale lines derived from individuals collected at the Chateau Tahbilk Winery and Wandin North Orchard of Victoria, Australia. When fed an undefined medium (semolina-treacle) with 6% ethanol (v/v), larvae of lines with high GPO activities survived better than did larvae of lines with low GPO activities. Although GPO was induced to higher activity levels by dietary ethanol in larvae of all the test lines, GPO activity was greater in lines representing the area outside the wine cellar. This implied that the cellar environment selected against individuals with high levels of GPO. These data do not explain the established difference in tolerance between cellar and outside populations. The GPO activities of lines were not dependent upon the activities of the lipogenic enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; the major ethanol-degrading enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase; or the citric acid cycle enzyme, fumarase. Thus, GPO activity is an important component of the metabolic mechanism of ethanol tolerance in larvae, but the mode of action of GPO has not been defined.
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    Coadaptation ofDrosophila and yeasts in their natural habitat (1986)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1037-1055 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; yeasts ; cactus ; community ecology ; mutualism ; coadaptation ; evolution ; alkaloids ; fatty acids ; sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mutualistic interactions of cactophilicDrosophila and their associated yeasts in the Sonoran Desert are studied as a system which has evolved within the framework of their host cactus stem chemistry. Because theDrosophila-yeast system is saphrophytic, their responses are not thought to directly influence the evolution of the host. Host cactus stem chemistry appears to play an important role in determining where cactophilicDrosophila breed and feed. Several chemicals have been identified as being important. These include sterols and alkaloids of senita as well as fatty acids and sterol diols of agria and organpipe cactus. Cactus chemistry appears to have a limited role in directly determining the distribution of cactus-specific yeasts. Those effects which are known are due to unusual lipids of organpipe cactus and triterpene glycosides of agria and organpipe cactus.Drosophilayeast interactions are viewed as mutualistic and can take the form of (1) benefits to theDrosophila by either direct nutritional gains or by detoxification of harmful chemicals produced during decay of the host stem tissue and (2) benefits to the yeast in the form of increased likelihood of transmission to new habitats. Experiments on yeast-yeast interactions in decaying agria cactus provide evidence that the yeast community is coadapted. This coadaptation among yeasts occurs in two manners: (1) mutualistic increases in growth rates (which are independent of the presence ofDrosophila larvae) and (2) stabilizing competitive interactions when growth reaches carrying capacity. This latter form is dependent on larval activity and results in benefits to the larvae present. In this sense, the coadapted yeast community is probably also coadapted with respect to itsDrosophila vector.
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    Habitat choice byDrosophila pseudoobscura: The roles of genotype and of experience (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 271-279 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; habitat choice ; learning ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Microhabitat preferences ofDrosophila pseudoobscura strains were examined in a Waddington maze, with an emphasis on learning how early environment affected adult habitat choice. The genotypes were roughly those expected in a natural population; the environmental variables included light, temperature, and food. It was found that (1) the different genotypes chose habitats differently; (2) early experience affected subsequent habitat choice; and (3) the effect of early experience was complex, as preference for one niche dimension (temperature) was reinforced by experience with the generally preferred value, preference for another niche dimension (light) was weakened by experience with the generally preferred value, and preference for other niche dimensions (food) was generally unaffected by experience. In this study the contribution to the total chi square was about equal from genotype and from environment. The significance of these findings for studies of dispersal and population structure of natural populations is discussed.
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    Measuring learning in individual flies is not necessary to study the effects of single-gene mutations inDrosophila: A reply to Holliday and Hirsch (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 449-455 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; learning ; memory ; classical conditioning ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Holliday & Hirsch (this issue) now agree that “Quinnet al. (1974) have demonstrated learning [inDrosophila] with group data, and their inability to identify individual differences (IDs) in performance does not invalidate their conclusion that some individuals in the population must have learned.” However, they consider it important, if not necessary, to show that anindividual fly has learned. In response to Holliday and Hirsch, this paper discusses why it is not necessary to measure learning in individual fruit flies before searching for underlying biochemical mechanisms.
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    The effect of dietary ethanol on the composition of lipids of Drosophila melanogaster larvae (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 51-69 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: ethanol ; lipid ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At a moderate concentration (2.5%, v/v) dietary ethanol reduced the chain length of total fatty acids (FA) and increased the desaturation of short-chain FA in Drosophila melanogaster larvae with a functional alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The changes in length in total FA were postulated to be due to the modulation of the termination specificity of fatty acid synthetase. Because the ethanol-stimulated reduction in the length of unsaturated FA was blocked by linoleic acid, it was thought to reflect the properties of FA 9-desaturase. Although the ethanol-stimulated reduction in chain length of unsaturated FA was also observed in ADH-null larvae, ethanol promoted an increase in the length of total FA of the mutant larvae. Thus, the ethanolstimulated change in FA length was ADH dependent but the ethanol effect on FA desaturation was not. Ethanol also stimulated a decrease in the relative amount of phosphatidylcholine and an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine. Because similar ethanol-induced changes have been found in membrane lipids of other animals, ethanol may alter the properties of membranes in larvae. It is proposed that ethanol tolerance in D. melanogaster may be dependent on genes that specify lipids that are resistant to the detrimental effects of ethanol.
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    Relationship between α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and metabolic rate during flight in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: flight metabolism ; Drosophila ; αGPDH ; Kacser-Burns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of wing-beat frequency (WBF) have been used to characterize flight muscle metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster during tethered flight. Progeny of crosses between 17 X-chromosome substitution lines and three null-activity stocks have been studied in order to determine the effect on flight metabolism of sharply reduced activity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH). It was found that flies with an approximate 50% reduction in αGPDH activity have a metabolic rate that is, in most cases, indistinguishable from that of wild-type flies and, in the most extreme cases, reduced by only 4%. These results demonstrate that αGpdh is not a “major gene” for flight metabolism, in the quantitative genetic sense of the term. These results are in agreement with the Kacser and Burns (1973, 1979, 1981) theory of flux, which postulates that the activity of an enzyme embedded in a multienzyme pathway can sometimes vary from wild-type to very low levels (perhaps 5–10% wild type) with no significant effect on flux through the total pathway.
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    Deletion polymorphism in a Drosophila melanogaster heat shock gene (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 204 (1986), S. 266-272 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Heat shock ; Polymorphism ; Transcript mapping ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have continued the transcriptional analysis of the region of cytological locus 67B that contains the four small heat shock genes and other genes. Transcription from one of the heat shock genes in the region, hsp 26, takes place during high temperature treatment and at certain developmental stages, without heat shock, in several tissues, such as imaginal discs and adult ovaries. Observations of unexpected products after nuclease protection experiments periments provided the first indication of what genomic blot experiments showed to be small deletions. The alleles containing the deletion are expressed at the same level as the wild type allele. The deletion shortens the protein product, implying that it is in the coding region. Furthermore, flies homozygous for one of the deletion alleles are viable.
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    Sequence analysis of a yolk protein secretion mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 557-560 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Secretion mutant ; Sequence analysis ; Yolk protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The female-sterile mutants fs(1) 1163 of Drosophila melanogaster described by Gans et al. (1975) has been characterised as a yolk protein 1 (YP1) secretion mutant (Bownes and Hames 1978b; Bownes and Hodson 1980). We have cloned and sequenced the YP1 gene from this strain, and the strain in which the mutant was induced. One amino acid substitution was found in the predicted polypeptide sequence, an isoleucine to asparagine change at position 92. The sequence of the leader peptide was identical to previously published YP1 sequences. The possible effects of the amino acid change were investigated by computer analysis, which suggests there is no major alteration of secondary structure, but that a hydrophobic region in YP1 is lost in the mutant. This may affect higher order structure.
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    Determination of cyanogen and cyanogen chloride using gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 161-164 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Flame ionisation detection ; Cyanogen ; Cyanogen chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The response of a flame ionisation detector (FID) to cyanogen ((CN)2) and cyanogen chloride (CNCI) has been studied. The lower limits of detection for (CN)2 and CNCl were 6×10−12 moles and 2×10−11 moles respectively. In a comparative study a thermal conductivity detector gave as its lower limit of detection for both (CN)2 and CNCl 4×10−11 moles. Both detectors showed excellent linearity over the range 0 to 10 micromoles. The ratio of the gradients of the FID calibrations (CN)2/CNCI were found to be approximately two suggesting the response depended on the cyanide group. The response and stability of the FID was investigated as a function of air and hydrogen flow-rates. The response increased with increasing air flow-rate for both (CN)2 and CNCI up to 300cm3min−1, thereafter no significant increase was observed. On raising the hydrogen flow from 10 to 25cm3min−1 only a slight increase in the sensitivity of the FID towards both (CN)2 and CNCI was observed. At higher flow rates the response for (CN)2 increased markedly whereas at the same flow rates the response for CNCI increased only slightly.
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    Studies of adsorption and solution of acetylacetonates of Cr(III), Co(III) and Al(III) by gas chromatography (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 214-218 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Behaviour of metal acetylacetonates ; Adsorption isotherms ; Heat of solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Specific retention volumes, adsorption isotherms, molar heats of solution and changes of the entropy were determined from chromatographic data, which was obtained by the gas chromatographic separation of metal acetylacetonates. The retention data for Cr(III), Co(III) and Al(III) acetylacetonates were measured at different temperatures and different flow rates. From the retention data other values associated with adsorption and solution phenomena were calculated.
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    Immobilized stationary phase on the basis of polyethylene glycol cross-linked with pluriisocyanates of the Desmodur type (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 454-460 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Immobilized stationary phase ; Carbowax-type stationary phase ; Cross-linked polyurethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The preparation of an immobilized stationary phase based on Carbowax 20M is described. The stationary phase cross-linking was carried out with Desmodur N 75 or Desmodur L 75, pluriisocyanates. The properties of the prepared stationary phases are compared.
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    Some improvements in the determination of volatile nitrosamines by fused silica capillary-GC in combination with a thermal energy analyzer (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Volatile nitrosamines ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Linear indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Fused silica capillary columns of different diameters and polarities are linked to a thermal energy analyzer and a flame ionisation detector for comparison. Extra column effects are discussed. Unsymmetrical homologue nitrosamines are applied in order to assign the volatile nitrosamines most often to be determined by their linear indices rather than by their overall retention times.
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    The use of carbon monoxide and water gas as the flame-forming agent in the thermionic detector (1986)
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    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 95-98 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Thermionic detector ; Flame-forming agents ; CO2 and water gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of carbon monoxide were suggested as the flame-forming agent in the thermionic detector (TID). The main characteristics of this detector were studied. It was shown that the optimum flow rate of carbon monoxide is 40 ml/min at an air flow rate of 400–550 ml/min. The response increases twice with the positive potential on the collector. Molar responses of TID were compared with those obtained when using carbon monoxide and hydrogen. For instance, for phosphorus containing compounds they are approximately the same (∼102), while for nitrogen containing compounds in the case of carbon monoxide, there is a 2–5 fold increase in the response. The linear dynamic range for methaphose and azobenzene is 103.
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    Investigation of the interaction of olefin-bonded transition metal complexes by gas chromatography. II. Phosphine complexes of Cu(II) (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 147-152 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Metal complexes ; Chemically bonded phase ; Specific interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Packings consisting of chemically bonded diphenylphosphine complexes with CuCl2 and CuBr2 were synthesized and their retention parameters determined. The packings investigated are capable of specific interactions with electron-donating compounds and are characterized by particularly high selectivity in relation to cis and trans isomers allowing their complete separation.
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    Mixed micropacked columns designed for selective separation of fermentation products (1986)
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    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 358-362 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked columns ; Quantitation ; Fermentation products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new method is proposed for the analysis by gas chromatography of volatile compounds found in alcoholic and acetic fermentation samples. The method represents a suitable choice for the accurate and precise determination of 19 compounds (including Methanol) by direct injection onto a single column. Chromatograms of synthetic mixtures as well as actual samples show the capabilities of the micropacked column used.
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    Estimation of C2−C5 hydrocarbons in air by pre-concentration on silica gel at dry ice temperature (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 183-186 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; C2−C5 hydrocarbons ; Pre-Concentration on silica gel ; Sorption efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A short stainless steel column packed with silica gel is cooled to −78°C and atmospheric hydrocarbons are preconcentrated from 3 I of air on it. Desorption to the analytical column is by heating for 10 min to 200°C. Analysis is by GC on OPN-Poracil C at 27°C. The sorption efficiencies were nearly 100% for most of the light hydrocarbons.
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    Variation in sexual behavior and negative assortative mating inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 307-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: assortative mating ; sexual selection ; inbreeding ; polymorphism ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that negative assortative mating occurs as a mechanism limiting inbreeding between genetically related individuals ofDrosophila melanogaster was tested. In order to avoid bias linked to using inbred lines, experiments made use of the F1 hybrid progeny between lines rendered homozygous on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3. No negative assortative mating was found, but significant additive variation was observed between lines for orientation, vibration, copulation latencies, and copulation duration. There was no consistency of results, either among parameters or between sexes from the same line. It is therefore unlikely that the variations observed are due merely to quantitative differences in “vigor”. Since all lines originated from the same wild population, these differences are a possible estimate of natural variation in sexual behavior.
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    The influence of light on pupation height inDrosophila (1986)
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    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 407-413 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; pupation height ; larval behavior ; light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of pupation height in light and dark was made using 12 species ofDrosophila, representing four species groups and four different ecological backgrounds (temperate-montane forest,virilis group desert,replate group; cosmopolitanmelanogaster group; tropical forest,willistoni group). Light condition has a significant effect on pupation height in only two of the species. In the light,D. montana stays close to the food surface, whileD. melanogaster pupates higher in light than in dark. Light-dependent patterns of pupation response do not correspond to those previously reported for the light-dependent mating response. Considerable interspecific variation exists for pupation height in each species triad, some of which could provide a basis for larval niche separation. Patterns of species differences in the desertrepleta triad are the same in light and in darkness.
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    Identification and comparisons of the yolk polypeptides and the genes which code for them in D. melanogaster sibling species (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 204 (1986), S. 302-309 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Yolk polypeptides ; Yolk protein genes ; Evolution ; In situ hybridisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yolk proteins stored in Drosophila, oocytes for utilisation during embryogenesis are an ideal system for studying the regulation of gene expression during development. The 3 major polypeptides found in yolk in D. melanogaster are synthesised in the fat body and ovarian follicle cells and selectively accumulated by the oocyte during vitellogenesis. In order to understand more about their regulation and the mechanism of uptake, studies on other species are necessary. Three yolk polypeptides have previously been identified in the D. melanogaster sibling species (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. mauritiana, D. erecta, D. teissieri, D. orena and D. yakuba). In D. melanogaster three genes located on the X chromosome are known to code for these yolk polypeptides. in this study genomic Southern transfers and in situ hybridisation experiments were carried out on the sibling species. Using the three cloned yolk protein genes from D. melanogaster, homologous sequences could be detected in the sibling species. It is suggested that three yolk protein genes occur in each of these species, all being located on the X chromosome, and that two of the genes are very closely linked in these same species. Yolk protein gene-homologous DNA sequences have also been identified in two more distantly related species D. funebris and D. virilis.
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    Autonomy of the wingless mutation in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 483-486 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; wingless ; Autonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary T(Y;2) translocations were used to cytologically localise the wingless locus of Drosophila melanogaster. We found that an existing T(Y;2), which is an insertion of a segment of 2L into the Y chromosome, has wg + within this insert. This Y chromosome was used to generate an attached XY chromosome containing wg +. The mutation claret-nondisjunctional (ca nd) was used to induce the loss of this XY chromosome and thus generate gynandromorphs with wg 1/wg 1 male tissue and wg +/wg 1/wg 1 female tissue. Analysis of these gynanders demonstrated that a genotypically wingless mutant hemithorax is usually also phenotypically mutant in these half body mosaics; thus wg 1 is discautonomous. This observation is of interest as it is known that wg is not cell autonomous.
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    Correlation between a female sterile mutation and a set of follicle cell proteins in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 213-216 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Follicle cell ; Protein ; Female sterile ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to correlate the synthesis of a previously described set of follicel cell (Fc) proteins with a known mutation that affects female fertility, three female sterile mutations, fs(1)384, fs(1)508 and fs(1)1501, mapping in the same region as the Fc locus (7C1-9), were analysed with respect to Fc synthesis. The fs(1)508 strain displayed a normal Fc protein pattern, while in fs(1)384 no Fc protein synthesis could be detected. The fs(1)1501 pattern of Fc polypeptide synthesis was totally different from that of any previously analysed strain, displaying a set of proteins that were much larger than the standard Fc variant form. Two of the female sterile mutations, fs(1)384 and fs(1)1501, were combined in rans with two wild-type strains displaying two different electrophoretic variant forms of the Fc proteins. The combinations were then analysed for Fc protein synthesis, using the fact that females heterozygous for two of the Fc variant forms display both parental forms. The results indicate that the fs(1)384 mutation is directly involved in the synthesis of the Fc proteins, as the trans heterozygotes only synthesize the Fc form derived from the wild-type parent. We also suggest that the large proteins synthesized by the fs(1)1501 mutant are a defective Fc variant form. The nature of the two mutations is also discussed.
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    Gas chromatographic analysis of free fatty acids and glycerides of milk fat using tetramethylammonium hydroxide as catalyste (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 37-40 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preparation of methyl esters ; Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Tetramethylammonium hydroxide in methanol has been proposed as a catalyst for preparing methyl esters of both free fatty acids and glycerides of fats. Nevertheless, procedures normally recognized as suitable can be inadequate when the fat under study contains noticeable amounts of low relative molecular mass esters. The method using tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been examined and modified in order to analyze milk fats by capillary GC. The pyrolysis methylation of free fatty acids in capillary injectors has been also studied. The modified method was satisfactory for both neutral and acid milk fats.
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    Selectivity tuning of serially connected open-tubular (capillary) columns in gas chromatography. Part I: Fundamental relationships (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 561-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Multi-chromatography ; Selectivity tuning ; Column combination ; Theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The evolution of the use of mixed phases or serial column combinations is outlined, leading to systems with fixed-length columns to be used in selectivity tuning (“multi-chromatography”). The difference between multi-chromatography and multi-dimensional gas chromatography is outlined. After discussing the system used in subsequent work, the fundamental relationships of multi-chromatography are detailed. Among the basic relationships the additivity of retention data, the relationship between the individual and composite capacity factors and the relative retentivity serving as the fundamental parameter of a multi-chromatography system are discussed. The relative retentivity is derived as a function of gas holdup times, pressures, and average velocities or flow rates. Finally, the relationships between individual vs. composite relative retention, efficiency, and resolution values are deduced.
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    Porous polymers coated with stationary phases. Contribution of the support to retention behaviour in gas chromatography. Chromosorb 102 coated with ethofat 60/25, squalane and fractonitril VI. Calculation of the experimental partition constants (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 83-90 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Coated porous polymers ; Partition coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Following previous work on the solute-stationary phase-adsorbent interaction phenomena associated with the use of Chromosorb 101 support in gas chromatography, the retention of different polarity compounds on columns of Ethofat, squalane and Fractonitril VI on Chromosorb 102 has been studied. The experimental partition coefficients in these three liquid phases have been compared with those ones obtained earlier on Chromosorb 101 and Chromosorb P. The values have been related to the geometry of the support surface and the different coating of the liquid phases by scanning electron microscopy.
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    Gas chromatographic retention indices for alkenes on OV-101 and squalane capillary columns (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 149-151 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention indices ; Comparison of data ; Alkenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic retention indices for 47 C5 to C8 alkenes on OV-101 dimethylsilicone at 50 and 70 °C were determined within a standard deviation of 0.3i.u. Data obtained on OV-101 are compared with those measured on squalane. The comparison of the retention index and dl/dT values from both columns is presented as linear regression equations with correlation coefficients greater than 0.98.
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    Direct alkylation of carboxylic in aqueous samples (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 157-160 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Alkylation ; Carboxylic acids ; Urine analysis ; Micelles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Carboxylic acids can be converted to their methyl esters in an aqueous sample which contains no organic solvent. The reaction appears to be assisted by the presence of a quaternary ammonium salt surfactant. The procedure is best described as a pseudo-organic phase, or micelle-like, reaction. The important experimental variables have been optimized by Simplex procedures. The reaction proceeds in 80–100% yield, for common carboxylic acids, at room temperature in less than one hour. This reaction is superior to existing two-phase extractive alkylation procedures.
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    Gas chromatographic determination of adsorption terms on Chromosorb 102 coated with squalane and Fractonitril VI. Study of adsorption phenomena using porous polymers coated with liquid phases (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 169-174 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Coated porous polymers ; Adsorption phenomena ; Surface areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of Chromosorb 101 and Chromosorb 102 supports coated with Ethofat 60/25, squalane and Fractonitril VI is compared. The adsorption constants of different solutes of varying polarity on these packings were calculated as well the surface areas for Chromosorb 102. The validity of the proposed equation used for correcting the specific surface areas of Chromosorb 102 for the molar volumes of each solute and the solubility parameters of the compounds, adsorbent and liquid phases is shown.
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    Ethylene oxide pollution evaluation part I: Sampling with active charcoal tubes (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 201-204 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ethylene oxide ; Active charcoal tubes ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Air sampling of ethylene oxide on active charcoal tubes followed by GC analysis is a frequently proposed method. This paper studies just to what extent it can be used, defining its limitations (concentration range, influence of ambient temperature and relative humidity), which are seldom taken seriously into account. This method proves inadequate to determine low pollution levels, i.e. around 2 mg m−3.
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    Sampling in capillary gas chromatography: A comparison between the split and the PTV-split procedures (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 333-336 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Split sampling ; PTV-sampling ; Discrimination ; Quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Parallel studies on split-sampling and PTV-sampling procedures have been made to highlight the difficulties in quantitative analysis for capillary columns. Parameters such as total sample amount, carrier gas and packing material used for the injector glass insert were studied. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of optimizing all experimental parameters which give rise to discrimination effects during injection.
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    Analysis of free carbohydrates in milk using micropacked columns (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 538-540 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropacked column ; Milk ; Carbohydrate quantification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method using a micropacked column is described for the analysis of lactose, galactose, lactulose and epilactose in processed milks. The method is evaluated for precision and accuracy using phenyl-β-glucoside as an internal standard. Recoveries near 100% were found for lactulose concentrations higher than 0.1 mgml−1, showing coefficients of variation from 5.9 to 9.4%.
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    The influence of the pre-treatment of glass capillary columns on the properties of N-octadecanol films used as a stationary phase (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 241-244 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary columns ; Pre-treatment of column surface ; n-Octadecanol films
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The properties of n-octadecanol films on bare surface of glass capillary columns, leached with hydrochloric acid, HMDS treated and covered with BaCO3 have been investigated. Using the “inverse” gas chromatography method it was found that the structure of the n-octadecanol film distinctly depends on the glass surface preparation. The influence of the properties of the treated glass surface was particularly strong on the structure and properties of the n-octadecanol monolayer directly adjacent to the column wall.
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    Gas chromatographic analysis of C1−C22 carboxylic acids esterified in aqueous solutions as n-propyl esters (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 329-332 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Esterification in aqueous solution ; n-propyl esters of C1−C22 fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary C1−C22 carboxylic acids have been esterified in aqueous solution with n-propanol. Gas chromatographic analyses have been performed from a single chromatogram. It has been proven that esterification in the concentration range of [H2O]/[n-PrOH]=0.022–8.45 can be utilized for the quantitative determination of these carboxylic acids. The presence of water does not interfere in the range of [H2O]/[n-PrOH]=0.22–1.27. In the cases of [H2O]/[n-PrOH]〉1.27, anhydrous sodium sulfate has been used for binding the water, in an amount of [Na2SO4 anh.]/[H2O]〉0.7.
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    Investigation of capillary micro-packed columns composed of two segments packed with a sorbent of different particle size (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 117-122 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused-silica capillary micro-packed columns ; Serial columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For the first time gas chromatographic characteristics of fused-silica capillary micro-packed columns consisting of two segments (i.e., serial columns) and packed with two different particle size fractions of the same sorbent have been investigated. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) and the specific separation number vs. carrier gas velocity dependence has been studied. The expediency of empolying serial columns in which the segment containing the finer sorbent fraction is located near the column outlet has been theoretically and practically expalined. Serial columns with such an arrangement of the two segments show a better performance from the view point of efficiency and mass transfer coefficient.
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    Selectivity tuning of serially connected open-tubular (capillary) columns in gas chromatography. Part II. Implementation (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 669-680 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Multi-chromatography ; Selectivity tuning ; Column combination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary As a follow-up to our previous publication (see ref. [1]) dealing with the experimental system and the fundamental relationships of multi-chromatography („polarity tuning”), the present paper deals with the operation, characteristics and performance of the experimental set-up, and presents experimental verification on the validity of the basic relationships. The possibilities of influencing and adjusting the range in which the capacity factor is changed by the proper selection of column parameters are outlined and the observed changes in the retention index demonstrated. Ways to optimize the relative retentivity to achieve the best possible resolution of multi-component mixtures is illustrated. Finally, the possibility of combining temperature-programmed operation with selectivity tuning in a multi-chromatography system is demonstrated.
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    Gas chromatography of low molecular weight halocarbons on macroporous silica modified by a thin liquid phase film (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 681-686 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Macroporous silica ; Silica-adsorbent modification ; Low boiling halocarbons ; Analysis of water pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of the silica adsorbent Silochrom C-80 modified by a thin liquid stationary phase film is proposed for the gas chromatographic analysis of low molecular weight halocarbons. Such modified adsorbents are characterized by good retention of the volatile halocarbons and high selectivity with respect to halocarbons. The thermodynamic sorption characteristics of alkanes, chloroalkanes and chloromethanes on Silochrom modified by three liquid phases (Apiezon L, methylsilicone and polyethylene glycol 20M) and on Chromaton N with thick films of the same phases were studied. The heats of sorption (−ΔH) and free sorption energy changes (−ΔF) of these substances and the increments −Δ(ΔH) and −Δ(ΔF) per chlorine atom in the chloralkane molecule compared with n-alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms were determined. The “chlorine” retention indices of low molecular weight volatile halocarbons on three sorbents were determined to identify them in aqueous solutions using the electron-capture detector. The analysis of drinking water by this technique is demonstrated.
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    Unified retention index of hydrocarbons separated on dimethylsilicone OV-101 (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 697-700 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Methyl silicones ; Unified retention index ; Hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic retention indices of 51 hydrocarbons were determined on OV-101 dimethylsilicone between 40 and 70°C. From the measured data the unified retention indices were calculated.
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    Relationship between thermodynamic characteristics and capacity ratios under LPTGC conditions (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 91-94 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Linear temperature programming ; Thermodynamic chracteristics ; Calculation of k PT ′ for LPTGC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple method has been elaborated to calculate capacity ratios under programmed-temperature conditions (k PT ′ ) from the thermodynamic characteristics determined for the given column under isothermal conditions and the parameters of programmed-temperature operations.
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    Gas chromatographic method for the analysis of nitrochlorobenzene isomers (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 110-112 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Nitrochlorobenzene isomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An efficient, reproducible and rapid gas chromatographic method for the analysis of nitrochlorobenzenes has been described in this paper. The method uses FFAP as stationary phase and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene as internal standard. The total analysis time of the method is less than 15 minutes with a coefficient of variation ranging from 0.41% to 1.19% for different levels of three isomers.
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    Ethylene oxide pollution evaluation Part II: Sampling on HBr-treated charcoal tubes (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 269-273 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Ethylene oxide ; HBr-treated charcoal tubes ; Pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Air sampling of ethylene oxide on HBr-treated charcoal tubes followed by capillary GC analysis of the 2-bromoethanol produced allows pollution control evaluation for concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20 mgm−3. The adequacy of the method is assessed taking into account ambient temperature and relative humidity.
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    Cryofocusing in the combination of gas chromatography with equilibrium headspace sampling (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 305-311 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace analysis ; Capillary columns ; Trace analysis ; Cryogenic trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary When headspace gas chromatography utilizing capillary columns is used for trace analysis, sample enrichment is often needed. This involves splitless sample injection of fairly large gas volumes and relatively long sampling times. As a result of this, the band of the sample vapor may be too large causing peak distortion and poor resolution. This problem can be easily overcome by the use of cryogenic trapping. While this can be accomplished by cooling the whole column to subambient temperature during sample introduction, a more convenient way is to utilize part of the first coil of the capillary column as a cryogenic trap. The paper discusses the theoretical background and instrumentation of cryogenic trapping and demonstrates the possibilities through a number of examples.
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    A new method to determine reid vapour pressure for stabilized crude oils by gas chromatography (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 63-64 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reid vapour pressure ; Stabilized crude oils ; C2−C5 hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new rapid method has been developed to determine Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) for stabilized crude oils by gas chromatography. The quantity of light hydrocarbons dissolved in crude oil was measured directly by gas chromatographic analysis, while the RVP value was computed utilizing a new correlation with this quantity at constant temperature. A variety of crude oils were investigated and the results revealed the accuracy of this method.
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    Chromatographic resolution on mixed stationary phases; the choice of the optimum composition (1986)
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    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 278-282 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mixed phases ; Chlorinated C1−C3 hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method to establish the optimum composition of mixed stationary phases used in GC is given for the case when only the retention times on the individual phases are known. The method has been empirically tested for the resolution of chlorinated C1−C3 hydrocarbons.
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    Rapid quantitative analysis of morphine in blood by flash-heater methylation and gas chromatography with a nitrogen-specific detector (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 303-306 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Nitrogen-selective detector ; Flash methylation ; Morphine ; Blood analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simplified gas chromatographic method for the rapid determination of morphinn in rat and human blood is described. After single extraction, morphine was reconstituded in trimethylanilinium hydroxide and introduced directly into a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen specific flame ionization detector. Limits of detection were 0.5μg/ml for either water or blood solutions. Analytical recoveries of morphine, added to either water or blood were 88±6 and 90±3% $$(\bar x \pm SD)$$ , respectively, when compared with morphine dissolved in methanol. The between-run coefficients of variation were 5.0 and 5.4% for water and blood, respectively, over the range of 0.5–32.2μg/ml, whereas the within-run coefficients of variation at 1μg/ml were 8.1 and 7.9%, respectively. The application of the method to an in vivo animal experiment is demonstrated.
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    Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of perhalogenated compounds using a flame lonization detector (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 288-290 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Flame ionisation detector ; Perhalogenated compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In the determination of several perhalogenated compounds after gas chromatographic separation on an Apiezon L column, using a flame ionization detector, all the compounds tested gave linear area-mass plots although the coefficients observed do not lead to extrapolations which would permit quantitation of perhalogenated compounds for which no standard is available. Of the compounds tested, dibromodichloromethane, tetrachloroethene and tetrabromoethene gave good linear correlations of area ratio-mass ratio (using n-decane as the internal standard). Bromotrichloromethane and tetrabromomethane gave continuously curving area ratio-mass ratio plots which were very reproducible and could be used for graphical interpolation.
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    Extrapolation and interpolation of gas chromatographic retention times (1986)
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    Chromatographia 21 (1986), S. 397-401 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention time extrapolation ; Retention time interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An empirical method of extrapolating and interpolating gas chromatographic retention times obtained at three equally spaced isothermal temperatures is described. The accuracy of the method was evaluated from retention time data obtained using packed glass columns. A procedure for constructing retention time tables for homologous series and the derivation of an equation for calculating retention times as a function of temperature is also presented.
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    Gas chromatographic separation of C6 epoxides on OV-101 glass capillary column; Pre-calculation of the retention index (1986)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 22 (1986), S. 271-274 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index calculation ; Epoxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of C6 epoxides on a glass capillary column coated with OV-101 dimethylsilicone liquid phase was investigated. Retention indices were determined at four temperatures between 60 and 90°C. Linear regression equations permit the pre-calculation of the retention indices and the dI/dT values of the C6 epoxides from their properties.
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    Sex pheromone of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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    The role of the peripodial membrane in the morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 164-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Imaginal disc ; Morphogenesis ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The early morphogenesis of the eye-antennal disc ofDrosophila in response to 20-hydroxy ecdysone involves the curling of the eye anlagen dorsally over the antenna. During this process, the area of the peripodial membrane is substantially reduced. The peripodial membrane is taut at this stage, and if it is cut the curling of the disc cannot continue, and the eye anlagen returns to its original position within one minute of the operation. In contrast, cutting the columnar epithelium between the eye and antennal anlagen does not disrupt curling, but actually facilitates it. During curling, the cells of the peripodial membrane appear healthy, and exhibit basal extensions. We suggest that the curling of the eye is mediated by the conversion of cuboidal peripodial membrane cells into pseudostratified columnar epithelium at the edges of the peripodial membrane. Subsequently, cells of the peripodial membrane secrete first a pupal cuticle, and then an imaginal cuticle.
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    The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Female genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the evaginating female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was examined at different stages of metamorphosis. The observations show that the internal genital organs are derived from the anterior half of the disc and that their morphogenesis is mainly a protrusion of the different primordial areas of the disc epithelium. The external genital and anal derivatives originate from the posterior half of the disc, which undergoes complex rearrangements during metamorphosis. The disc opens along the posterior margin and the dorsal and ventral epithelia evert and thereby completely reverse their anteroposterior orientation. Dramatic elongation has been observed during the formation of the seminal receptacle. The cells of the repressed male genital primordium do not form any recognizable structures and are assumed to be eliminated during metamorphosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00848660
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    The effect of 5-azacytidine and cytidine analogs onDrosophila melanogaster cells in culture (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Teratogens ; Drosophila ; 5-Azacytidine ; Methylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of cytidine and cytidine analogs were studied inDrosophila embryonic cell cultures and two wild-type established cell lines, Oregon-R and Schneider line 2. Primary embryonic cultures have been shown to be an excellent system for the study of embryonic development; a number of cell types undergo normal differentiation in vitro. Treatment of these cultures with putative teratogens resulted in an inhibition of muscle and/or neuron differentiation in our study. Treatment of these cells with cytidine and seven other analogs had no effect on neuron and muscle differentiation. The compound 5-azacytidine, when added to primary cell cultures, inhibited normal differentiation at subtoxic doses while inducing the production of three proteins that comigrate with the heat-shock proteins, hsp 23, 22a and 22b. 5-Azacytidine did not stimulate differentiation in Oregon-R or SchneiderDrosophila cell lines. The in vitro blockage of differentiation by 5-azacytidine suggests that it may act as a teratogen.
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    The evagination of the genital imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 280-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Evagination ; Morphogenesis ; Metamorphosis ; Intersexual genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Morphogenetic movements of the intersexual genital disc of thedoublesex-dominant mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster were followed during metamorphosis. Intersexual genital discs contain well developed genital primordia of both sexes as well as an anal primordium, and all of these primordia evaginate simultaneously. The female genital primordium is deflected to the ventral side by the male genital primordium which is located anterior to it. Subsequently the anterior parts of the two genital primordia project their internal appendages in parallel in the anterior direction. The morphogenetic movements closely resemble those of the corresponding parts of normal males and females. The disc opens at the stalk along the posterior edge and the two genital primordia completely evert their posterior parts. These areas undergo complex rearrangements whereby the anlage for the male genital arch as well as that for the 8th tergite evert and move around the lateral side of the disc. They both fuse dorsally after enclosing the anal tube. The formation of the characteristic abnormalities of the intersexual genitalia seems not to result simply from spatial problems of the simultaneous evagination of the genital anlagen but rather to be a direct result of the ambiguous genetic signalling in the intersexual cells of these primordia.
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    Cell lineage restrictions in the genital disc ofDrosophila revealed byMinute gynandromorphs (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Gynandromorphs ; Genital disc ; Compartments ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genital imaginal disc ofDrosophila differentiates the terminalia, i.e. the genitalia and analia, of both sexes. It represents a composite anlage, containing a female genital primordium, a male genital primordium and an anal primordium. In normal males and females, only one of the two genital primordia differentiates; the other is developmentally repressed. Therefore, cell-lineage relationships between the male and female genital primordia can only be studied in sexual mosaics which differentiate female and male cells. We producedMinute (M)‖non-Minute(M+) gynandromorphs and selected those with sexually mosaic terminalia for a cell-lineage analysis. In these mosaics, either the male (XO) or female (XX) cells wereM + and thus had a growth advantage. The differential growth rates served as a tool to detect clonal restrictions. In control gynandromorphs (M +‖M +), the amount of female genitalia differentiated was largely independent of the amount of male genitalia present. In contrast, male and female anal structures, as a rule, added up to one full set. The same was true for the experimentalM‖M + gynandromorphs, but the contribution ofXX andXO cells to mosaic terminalia changed drastically due toM + cells competing successfully against the more slowly growingM cells. Specific subsamples ofM‖M + gynandromorphs showed thatM cells in a non-mosaic primordium are shielded from cell competition taking place in the neighbouring mosaic primordium. We conclude that the three primordia of the genital disc represent developmental compartments. In the genital primordia, even developmentally repressedM + cells compete successfully against developmentally activeM cells.
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    Development of imaginal discs from lethal hybrids betweenDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila mauritiana (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 48-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Hybrid lethality ; Imaginal discs ; Interspecific transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Females ofDrosophila melanogaster, crossed with males ofDrosophila mauritiana, produce only female offspring. The male hybrid larvae grow very slowly, fail to pupate and die after prolonged larval life. Imaginal discs from these male hybrids transplanted into Drosophila melanogaster larvae can give rise to adult structures with normal patterns. Differentiation of hybrid imaginal disc tissue is improved by short term culture in non-hybrid larvae prior to metamorphosis, suggesting that the hybrid larval haemolymph is inadequate to sustain normal imaginal disc growth. This may represent the physiological basis of the reproductive isolating mechanism separating the twoDrosophila species
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    Three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Fate map ; Repressed primordium ; Sex determination ; Genital disc ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The female genital disc ofDrosophila melanogaster was cut into distinct fragments, and the prospective fates of the fragments were determined by putting them through metamorphosis in host larvae. The dorsal epithelium contains the anlagen for the anal plates and parovaria, as well as the repressed male genital primordium. The ventral epithelium gives rise to all of the female genital structures except for the parovaria. The results were compared with published fate maps and observations made in experiments with sex-transforming mutations. This allowed us to establish a detailed three-dimensional fate map of the female genital disc, which shows a well-developed female genital primordium in the ventral epithelium, a repressed male genital primordium in the anterior part of the dorsal epithelium and an anal primordium in the posterior region of the dorsal disc epithelium.
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    Cell degeneration and elimination in the imaginal wing disc, caused by the mutationsvestigial andUltravestigial ofDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell degeneration ; Imaginal disc ; Basal lamina ; Blood cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutationsvestigial (vg; recessive) andUltravestigial (vg U; dominant) ofDrosophila melanogaster give rise to identical mutant adult phenotypes in which much of the cases this results from cell death in the presumptive wing margin of the wing disc in the third larval instar, but the process of cell degeneration is quite different in the two mutants. Invg cell death occurs continuously throughout the third larval instar, while invg U it occurs only in the early third instar. Cells fragment and some of the fragments condense, becoming electron dense (“apoptosis”). Both condensed and ultrastructurally normal cell fragments are extruded to the basal side of thevg disc epithelium. They accumulate under the basal lamina in the wing pouch area until they are phagocytosed by blood cells entering the wing pouch during the six hours following pupariation. Fragments are not extruded from thevg U epithelium but are apparently phagocytosed by neighboring epithelial cells. The basal lamina undergoes mophological changes following pupariation and is phagocytosed by blood cells in both wild-type andvestigial, but investigial the degenerated cell fragments are also engulfed by the same blood cells.
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    Topological specificity of phenotype expression of neurogenic mutations inDrosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenic mutations ; Topological specificity ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Neurogenic mutations have been found to cause the neuralization of certain regions of the ectoderm and yet to permit normal development of the remaining embryonic cells. Thus, it seems that the activity of the wild-type alleles of these genes is dispensable in a considerable fraction of the embryo during wild-type development. This effect might be a consequence of the cells' position within the embryo; alternatively, it might be independent of the position but be due rather to the genetic activity experienced by the cells previous to their commitment. The results described in this paper indicate that genes controlling patterning along the embryonic dorso-ventral perimeter (dorsal and Toll) are epistatic to genes controlling neurogenesis, their activity deciding which ectodermal cells are susceptible to neurogenesis. Using alleles with low expressivity, evidence was obtained showing that the tracheal placodes define the boundary of the territory which has neurogenic abilities at thoracic and abdominal levels.
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    On the phenotype and development of mutants of early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 62-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Early neurogenesis ; Neurogenic mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system (CNS) ofDrosophila develops from precursor cells called neuroblasts. Neuroblasts segregate in early embryogenesis from an apparantly undifferentiated ectoderm and move into the embryo, whereas most of the remaining ectodermal cells continue development as epidermal cell precursors. Segregation of neuroblasts occurs within a region called the neurogenic field. We are interested in understanding how the genome ofDrosophila controls the parcelling of the ectoderm into epidermal and neural territories. We describe here mutations belonging to seven complementation groups which effect an abnormal neurogenesis. The phenotypes produced by these mutations are similar. Essential features of these phenotypes are a conspicuous hypertrophy of the CNS accompanied by epidermal defects; the remaining organs and tissues of the mutants are apparently unaffected. The study of mutant phenotype development strongly suggests this phenotype to be due to misrouting into the neural pathway of development of ectodermal cells which in the wildtype would have given rise to epidermal cells, i.e. to an initial enlargement of the neurogenic region at the expense of the epidermogenic region. These observations indicate that the seven genetic loci revealed by the mutations described in this study contribute to control the neurogenic field. The present results suggest that in wildtype development neurogenic genes are supressed within all derivatives of the mesoderm and endoderm and some derivatives of the ectoderm, and conditionally expressed in the remaining ectoderm. The organisation of the neurogenic field in the wildtype is discussed.
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    Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: Developmental aspects (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
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    Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: Developmental aspects (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; lactate dehydrogenase ; isozymic pattern ; development ; isozymic conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially purified lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from third-instar larvae displays two bands (one major and one minor) on polyacrylamide gels. Analogous preparations from pupae and adults exhibit three LDH-staining bands (one major and two minor) in a similar pattern. The migration of the major band is similar for larvae, pupae, and adults, while the two minor LDH bands of pupae and adults migrate more slowly than the minor larval band. It has been shown that larval LDH incubated with β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits two additional minor bands with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of the minor bands of both pupae and adults. The intensity of the minor larval LDH band (exhibited also by untreated preparations) is drastically reduced. This fact indicates that the life-cycle stage-dependent LDH isozymic distribution is possibly due to a posttranslational effect(s). Highly purified LDH from larvae, pupae, or adults, obtained by an affinity chromatography procedure, displays just one dispersed band, located in the area between the band 5 and the band 6 exhibited by crude extract preparations. These data, in combination with the lack of difference in catalytic properties among enzymes from larvae, pupae, and adults, suggest that LDH synthesis is controlled by the same single structural gene at all developmental stages.
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    Alcohol dehydrogenase thermostability variants in Drosophila melanogaster: Comparison of activity ratios and enzyme levels (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 1071-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; enzyme polymorphisms, activity ratios
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Representatives of five allozymic classes of Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase have been compared with respect to their activity levels on two alcohol substrates, quantities of ADH protein, and stability in crude extracts. Within each allozymic class, strains from widely diverse geographic locations differ in their enzyme activity levels but are identical for a measure known as “activity ratio,” which is obtained by dividing the average activity reading on isopropanol by that obtained with ethanol. They are also similar in the rate at which ADH activity declines in crude extracts held at 25°C. For several of the fast-resistant and fast-moderate strains, differences in ADH activity are associated with differences in the amount of enzyme present. The catalytic efficiencies of the fast-resistant forms are considerably lower than those of the fast-moderate allozymes. The origin and persistence of the rare but ubiquitous fast-resistant allozyme is discussed.
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    Genetic localization and sequential electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 703-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; polymorphism ; sequential electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were undertaken to investigate two critical aspects of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. The first investigation unequivocally maps the genetic site of the G6PD locus to the X chromosome. The second study subjects a set of isochromosomal lines to sequential electrophoresis in an attempt to uncover common molecular heterogeneity within the global polymorphism, assuming that this variation may have gone undetected under conventional electrophoretic conditions. The genetic site was mapped following the segregation of the two common electrophoretic alleles, a so-called null allele, and two rare electrophoretic variants. From the pooled results, the Zw locus mapped to 62.9 on the X chromosome relative to the flanking markers car (at 62.5) and sw (at 64.7). A set of 126 iso-X chromosomal lines of diverse geographic origin was subjected to sequential electrophoresis under three different acrylamide conditions in addition to the conventional starch electrophoretic system. No additional variation beyond the common diallele polymorphism was seen.
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    Pupation site selection inDrosophila simulans (1983)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: pupation site ; pupation height ; artificial selection ; Drosophila ; density-dependent behavior ; genotype-environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Selection for increased pupation height was carried out for 17 generations in two lines ofDrosophila simulans derived from a genetically heterogeneous base population. The realized heritability for mean pupation height in each line, calculated over the 17 generations, did not differ significantly from zero. Both selected lines tended to pupate away from the center of the culture medium to a greater extent than the control in the latter generations of the experiment but not in earlier generations. Pupation height may have been refractory to artificial selection because of an adaptation of this species to pupate on the larval food source. In a subsequent experiment, each line was tested at three larval densities in an apparatus different from the one used for selection. Each successively higher density showed a corresponding increase in pupation height. Both selected lines had higher mean pupation heights than the control line. The differences between lines became more pronounced as the larval density increased.
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    The effect of alcohol stress on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels in Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 365-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; NAD+ levels ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies carried out in mammalian systems indicated that an organism's NAD+/NADH balance is carefully regulated but can be destabilized by dietary stresses. Since Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) uses NAD+ to remove a hydrogen from ethanol in the first step of alcohol catabolism, it is possible that under alcohol stress conditions the in vivo NAD+ levels in Drosophila may decrease. In this study genetically homozygous flies were stressed with maximally sublethal concentrations of ethanol (10%) for periods of up to 24 hr. The results indicate that NAD+ levels do in fact drop by at least 20% in response to ethanol stress. Evidence is presented that suggests that this decrease is the direct result of ADH-mediated catabolism.
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    Effects of disruptive selection on genetic variance (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Disruptive selection ; Linkage disequilibrium ; Genetic variance ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical predictions of changes in variance with disruptive selection have used models of infinitely many genes so the increase in variance was necessarily due to linkage disequilibrium. With small numbers of loci, the disequilibrium is shown still to comprise the major part of the changes in variance. In a replicated experiment with Drosophila melanogaster, disruptive selection was practised for three generations, and this was followed by 5 or 7 generations of random mating. The heritability, as estimated from regression of progeny on parent, rose from 37% to 68% on selection, and subsequently declined to 45% on random mating. Changes of variance can be interpreted invoking the build up of linkage disequilibrium during selection followed by its breakdown upon relaxation. The results agree well with those obtained from Monte Carlo simulation.
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    Latitudinal variation in octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase allele frequencies in Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Enzyme polymorphisms ; Latitudinal clines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) and acid phosphatase (Acph) loci of Drosophila melanogaster are each polymorphic for two electrophoretically detectable alleles. The frequencies of the Odh and Acph alleles have been analysed in populations sampled from up to a 40 ° latitudinal range in each of Australasia, North America and Europe/Asia. Odh S frequency is found to be significantly negatively associated with distance from the equator in all three zones. The relationship of Acph S frequency to distance from the equator is significant and negative in Australasia but neither significant nor consistent in sign in North America and Europe/Asia.
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    Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography of phenols (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods in the analysis of phenols are reviewed. Among the great number of phenolic compounds analyzed, alkylphenols, chlorophenols, dihydroxy- and trihydroxybenzenes and biphenols are chiefly considered. The advantages and drawbacks of the methods are discussed, quoting the most important work. Relationships between the structural characteristics of phenols, the stationary phase structure, the mobile phase composition and the retention data are treated. Typical examples of the conditions for GC and HPLC analysis are summarized in tables. The literature comprises over 270 references, most of them recent.
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    Relationship between the average molecular polarizabilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their retention indices determined on various stationary phases (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 300-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Average molecular polarizability ; Retention index ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Kováts retention indices of 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined on SE-30, OV-101, SE-52, OV-7 and OV-17 stationary phases. A significant correlation has been found between the retention indices and the average molecular polarizabilities of the analyzed substances. Equations were derived for the direct determination of the average molecular polarizabilities from the retention index values. The influence of the temperature on this relationship is also indicated.
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    Gas chromatographic analysis of C1–C20 carboxylic acids esterified in aqueous solutions as isobutyl esters (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Esterification in aqueous solution ; iso butyl esters of C1–C20 fatty acids ; Gas chromatography ; Fatty acid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary C1–C20 carboxylic acids have been esterified in aqueous solutions with i-butanol. Gas chromatographic analyses have been performed from a single chromatogram. It has been established that esterification in the concentration range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–10.3 can be utilized for the quantitative determination of these carboxylic acids. The presence of water does not interfere in the range of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]=0.01–1.03. In the cases of [H2O]/[i-BuOH]〉1.03, anhydrous sodium sulfate has been used for binding the water, in an amount of [Na2SO4]anh./[H2O]≥0.2.
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    An altered electroretinogram transient associated with an unusual jump response in a mutant ofDrosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 3 (1983), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: electroretinogram ; visual mutants ; visual sensitization ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Mutations at thestoned locus ofDrosophila melanogaster produce a reversible temperature-sensitive debilitation. At permissive temperatures they also exhibit an unusual jump response to a light-off stimulus. 2. An increase in the amplitude of the off-transient of the electroretinogram (ERG) is associated with this abnormal jump. Both the jump response and the increased amplitude of the off-transient are shown to be dependent on the duration of the light pulse prior to the light-off stimulus. 3. Instoned flies which are light adapted, the jump response, as measured by recording from the indirect flight muscles, is seen to habituate with increasing light-off frequency. This habituation corresponds to the decrease in the amplitude of the off-transient that also occurs with high-frequency stimulation. 4. Another visual mutanttan, removes the off and on-transients of the ERG. 5. The combining of thestoned mutation withtan in thetan, stoned double mutant results in the loss of the jump behavior as well as the partial restoration of the off-transient to an otherwisetan-like ERG. The relationship between the increase in the amplitude of the off-transient instoned flies and the eliciting of the jump response is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735278
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    The regulation of phosphorylation of a specific protein in synaptosomal fractions fromDrosophila heads: The effects of light and two visual mutants (1983)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 3 (1983), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: cyclic adenosine monophosphate ; calmodulin ; phosphorylation ; visual mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Protein IV from synaptosomal fractions ofDrosophila heads is phosphorylatedin vitro by an endogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. Thein vivo phosphorylation of this protein is affected by light. 2. Two visual mutants,tan andstoned, exhibit altered levels ofin vivo phosphorylation of protein IV. Thetan strain shows depressedin vivo levels of phosphorylation of protein IV, whereasstoned shows an increase in thein vivo level of phosphorylation of this same protein. 3. Protein D is phosphorylatedin vitro by an endogenous Ca2+/calmodulindependent protein kinase and has a molecular weight identical to that of protein IV. Thestoned mutant strain shows an increase in thein vivo level of phosphorylation of protein D. 4. The data presented here suggest that the phosphorylation of protein IV, and perhaps D, may play a role in the early processing of visual information in the fly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00735277
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  • 90
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    Activities of the nuclear envelope in the salivary glands of Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 497-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Larval salivary glands ; Nuclear “oval bodies” ; Annulate lamellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological data are presented concerning the single-membrane-bound vesicles (“oval bodies”) associated with the nuclear envelopes of larval salivary gland cells of Drosophila. Data are also presented concerning the existence of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae in these same cells. The mode of formation of these structures, as well as the relationships between them and with other cytoplasmic organelles are described. The possible functional significance of these phenomena is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211471
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    Ultrastructure of the compound eye and first optic neuropile of the photoreceptor mutant ora JK84 of Drosophila (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 305-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze fracture ; HVEM ; Retina ; Optic neuropile ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental mutant of Drosophila (ora JK84) is characterized by nonfunctional photoreceptor cells (R1–6), while the R7/R8 cells are normal. A fundamental question is: Does the near absence of photosensitive membranes inhibit development of the Rl-6 axons and their synapses at the other end of the cell? The retina and first optic neuropile (lamina ganglionaris) were examined with freeze-fracture technique and high voltage electron microscopy. R1–6 have reduced rhabdomere caps; rhabdomeric microvilli have about 50% of the normal diameter and 20% of the normal length. Affected cells exhibit prominent vacuoles which appear to communicate with some highly convoluted microvillar membranes. Almost no P-face particles (putative rhodopsin molecules) are present in the R1–6 rhabdomeres, and particle densities are lower in R7 than previously reported. Near the rhabdomere caps, microvilli of R1–6 are fairly normal, but at more proximal levels they are greatly diminished in length and changed in orientation, while at still more proximal levels they are lost. R1–6, R7, and R8 axons from each ommatidium are bundled into normal pseudocartridges beneath the basement membrane. No abnormalities are found in the lamina ganglionaris, and all synaptic associations as well as the presumed “virgin” synapses (of R1–6) appear normal. No glial anomalies are present, and R7/R8 axons project through the lamina in the usual fashion. These fine structural findings are correlated with known electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral correlates of both sets of photoreceptors (R1–6, and R7/R8).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238298
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    Multiple preparative chromatography. II. Dual-step system (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preparative scale chromatography ; Capacity ; Dual-step separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The capacity of dual-step preparative chromatographic separation systems is considered. It is shown that dualstep separation makes it possible to enhance the capacity of preparative installations as compared with single- and dual-stage purification of the compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265106
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    Simple method for the rapid analysis of natural gas by gas chromatography (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 44-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Natural gas analysis ; Poropak N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple gas chromatographic method is described for the rapid analysis of natural gas using thermal conductivity detectors and programmed-temperature operation of a single Poropak N column. The method permits the determination of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons containing one to seven carbon atoms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02265109
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    Open tubular columns prepared with very thick liquid phase film I. Theoretical basis (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 553-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; Immobilized liquid phases ; Thick-film columns ; Diffusion coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the liquid phase film thickness in open-tubular (capillary) columns on the individual resistance-to-mass-transfer terms and on the overall column efficiency is examined from the theoretical point of view. Methods for the calculation of the diffusion coefficients are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261919
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    Open tubular columns prepared with very thick liquid phase film II. Investigations on column efficiency (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 560-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Open-tubular (capillary) columns ; Immobilized liquid phases ; Thick-film columns ; GC-FTIR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a column prepared with an immobilized (chemically bonded) methylsilicone phase having a film thickness of 5μm is investigated in detail. Due to their high sample capacity, such columns are particularly useful when directly coupling gas chromatography with spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thick-film columns can even be used with thermal conductivity detectors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261920
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    The retention index system applied to alkylbenzenes and monosubstituted derivatives (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 600-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Alkyl benzenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The additivity concept in the retention index system of Kovats has been examined for a series ofn-alkylbenzenes and theiro- andp-monosubstituted nitro-, amino-, and chloro-derivatives. Anomalous behaviour is exhibited by the first three members of the series on both polar and non-polar stationary phases. For addition of a methylene group ton-propylbenzene or ap-substituted derivative, it is found that the retention increment, Δl CH2, approaches 100 units. However, the strong inductive effect of the group in the ortho position and the steric effects apparent in ano-substituted alkylbenzene lead to large variations of retention increment upon addition of-CH2-to the alkyl chain. A study ofn-alkylbenzene retention on Apiezon L and Carbowax 20M over a wide range of temperatures has verified the linearity of the retention increment with temperature and has revealed that this gradient increases with increasing carbon side-chain length for the first few members of the series, thereafter becoming constant. Functional retention increments, Δlx, for substitution of nitro-, amino- and chloro-groups into the benzene ring are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261943
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    Gas-liquid chromatographic resolution of free dichlorophenol isomers on new stationary liquid phases (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 691-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Dichlorophenol isomers ; Sodium benzenesulfonate ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is difficult to separate all the dichlorophenol isomers as free phenols by gas-liquid chromatography. However they were effectively separated on 4,4′-dimethoxyazoxybenzene (liquid crystal), and all the isomers were separated appreciably well on sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate and dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259322
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    A single-column gas chromatographic method for the analysis of gasolines containing oxygenated compounds (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Oxygenates ; Fused-silica capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method of analysing gasolines that contain oxygenates has been developed. The method uses a single fusedsilica capillary column and gives quantitative data for the oxygenates and the hydrocarbons in one analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259341
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    Evaluation of the enrichment factor in gas chromatographic preconcentration of impurities (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Trace analysis ; GC-concentration ; Enrichment factor ; Theoretical evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Based on gas chromatographic retention data obtained on a given adsorbent and at a given trap efficiency at different temperatures new equations are proposed for the evaluation of the enrichment factor. These equations are suitable under various preconcentration conditions such as: equilibrium saturation, complete trapping and permissible losses. Compared to known expressions for the evaluation of the enrichment factor the equations suggested consider the band broadening of the impurity in a trap causing a loss of the substance at the adsorption stage and dilution of the sample during desorption when the desorbed impurities are directed into the gas chromatographic column without intermediate freezing out in an graphic column without intermediate freezing out in an empty tube. The new equations may be used to select the optimum preconcentration conditions providing the necessary sensitivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259343
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    Adsorption properties of thermally pretreated magnesium oxide and magnesium carbonate (1983)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 17 (1983), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Thermal treatment of MgO and MgCO3 ; Adsorption properties ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The changes in the chromatographic properties of MgO and MgCO3 due to thermal treatment was investigated. The experimental results show that thermally treated MgO and MgCO3 can be used as stationary phase for the gas-adsorption chromatography of hydrocarbon mixtures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290555
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