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  • Articles  (1,884)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (1,884)
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  • Molecular Sequence Data  (497)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,884)
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  • Articles  (1,884)
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  • 1
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    An antigen produced by splicing of noncontiguous peptides in the reverse order (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: CD8-positive T lymphocytes recognize peptides that are usually derived from the degradation of cellular proteins and are presented by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Here we describe a human minor histocompatibility antigen created by a polymorphism in the SP110 nuclear phosphoprotein gene. The antigenic peptide comprises two noncontiguous SP110 peptide segments spliced together in reverse order to that in which they occur in the predicted SP110 protein. The antigenic peptide could be produced in vitro by incubation of precursor peptides with highly purified 20S proteasomes. Cutting and splicing probably occur within the proteasome by transpeptidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, Edus H -- Vigneron, Nathalie J -- Gavin, Marc A -- Coulie, Pierre G -- Stroobant, Vincent -- Dalet, Alexandre -- Tykodi, Scott S -- Xuereb, Suzanne M -- Mito, Jeffrey K -- Riddell, Stanley R -- Van den Eynde, Benoit J -- CA106512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA18029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA018029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1444-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigen Presentation ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Electroporation ; HLA-A Antigens/immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; *Protein Splicing ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Bioethics. Researchers attack newspaper probe of trials (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1714.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics ; Conflict of Interest ; Consultants ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Newspapers as Topic ; Research Design ; Research Personnel/*ethics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Ecology. Adding biofuels to the invasive species fire? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raghu, S -- Anderson, R C -- Daehler, C C -- Davis, A S -- Wiedenmann, R N -- Simberloff, D -- Mack, R N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1742.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. raghu@uiuc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; *Environment ; Herbicides ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Poaceae/growth & development ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Sustainability. Resolving mismatches in U.S. ocean governance (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crowder, L B -- Osherenko, G -- Young, O R -- Airame, S -- Norse, E A -- Baron, N -- Day, J C -- Douvere, F -- Ehler, C N -- Halpern, B S -- Langdon, S J -- McLeod, K L -- Ogden, J C -- Peach, R E -- Rosenberg, A A -- Wilson, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Marine Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. lcrowder@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Government Regulation ; *Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Election 2006. Environmentalists see a greener Congress (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Environment ; *Federal Government ; Politics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Scientific conferences. U.S. caps number of AIDS researchers at Toronto meeting (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; *Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Internationality ; Ontario ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Biomedical research policy. NIH lends a hand to postdocs seeking to become independent researchers (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):593.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Personnel/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    In search of biosecurity (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Relman, David A -- Choffnes, Eileen -- Lemon, Stanley M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1835.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16574824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Bioterrorism/*prevention & control ; *Government Regulation ; *Information Dissemination/legislation & jurisprudence ; International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Regulatory science. More details sought in assessing health risks (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Environmental Health/standards ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; *Health Status Indicators ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Agriculture. A kinder, gentler Jeremy Rifkin endorses biotech, or does he? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1586-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; *Breeding ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; History, 21st Century ; Patents as Topic ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Abortive initiation and productive initiation by RNA polymerase involve DNA scrunching (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: Using single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation, we show that abortive initiation involves DNA "scrunching"--in which RNA polymerase (RNAP) remains stationary and unwinds and pulls downstream DNA into itself--and that scrunching requires RNA synthesis and depends on RNA length. We show further that promoter escape involves scrunching, and that scrunching occurs in most or all instances of promoter escape. Our results support the existence of an obligatory stressed intermediate, with approximately one turn of additional DNA unwinding, in escape and are consistent with the proposal that stress in this intermediate provides the driving force to break RNAP-promoter and RNAP-initiation-factor interactions in escape.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754787/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754787/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Revyakin, Andrey -- Liu, Chenyu -- Ebright, Richard H -- Strick, Terence R -- GM41376/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041376/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041376-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041376-16/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041376-17/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041376-18/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1139-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; DNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA/biosynthesis ; Transcription Initiation Site/physiology ; Transcription, Genetic/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    U.S. science policy. Cancer institute director tapped for FDA (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1692.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 21st Century ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; Neoplasms ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Retrospective. R. Bruce Merrifield (1921-2006) (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lerner, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):57.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. rlerner@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Nobel Prize ; Peptides/chemical synthesis ; Proteins/chemical synthesis ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Funding basic agricultural research (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Danforth, William H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):223.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Financing, Government ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Environmental regulation. New particulate rules are anything but fine, say scientists (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Air Pollutants ; Government Regulation ; *Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Particle Size ; *Public Health ; *Threshold Limit Values ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*standards
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Two Dobzhansky-Muller genes interact to cause hybrid lethality in Drosophila (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: The Dobzhansky-Muller model proposes that hybrid incompatibilities are caused by the interaction between genes that have functionally diverged in the respective hybridizing species. Here, we show that Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr) has functionally diverged in Drosophila simulans and interacts with Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), which has functionally diverged in D. melanogaster, to cause lethality in F1 hybrid males. LHR localizes to heterochromatic regions of the genome and has diverged extensively in sequence between these species in a manner consistent with positive selection. Rapidly evolving heterochromatic DNA sequences may be driving the evolution of this incompatibility gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brideau, Nicholas J -- Flores, Heather A -- Wang, Jun -- Maheshwari, Shamoni -- Wang, Xu -- Barbash, Daniel A -- R01 GM074737-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1292-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Speciation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Selection, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    Aquaculture in offshore zones (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goudey, Clifford A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1875-6; author reply 1875-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185585" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries/legislation & jurisprudence ; Oceans and Seas ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Structure and mechanism of the lantibiotic cyclase involved in nisin biosynthesis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes that are installed by a single enzyme, NisC. Reported here are the in vitro reconstitution of the cyclization process and the x-ray crystal structure of the NisC enzyme. The structure reveals similarities in fold and substrate activation with mammalian farnesyl transferases, suggesting that human homologs of NisC posttranslationally modify a cysteine of a protein substrate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Bo -- Yu, John Paul J -- Brunzelle, Joseph S -- Moll, Gert N -- van der Donk, Wilfred A -- Nair, Satish K -- GM58822/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM079038/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1464-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527981" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Carbon-Sulfur Lyases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Farnesyltranstransferase/chemistry ; Humans ; Lactococcus lactis/*enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nisin/*biosynthesis/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    Rice domestication by reducing shattering (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Crop domestication frequently began with the selection of plants that did not naturally shed ripe fruits or seeds. The reduction in grain shattering that led to cereal domestication involved genetic loci of large effect. The molecular basis of this key domestication transition, however, remains unknown. Here we show that human selection of an amino acid substitution in the predicted DNA binding domain encoded by a gene of previously unknown function was primarily responsible for the reduction of grain shattering in rice domestication. The substitution undermined the gene function necessary for the normal development of an abscission layer that controls the separation of a grain from the pedicel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Changbao -- Zhou, Ailing -- Sang, Tao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1936-9. Epub 2006 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Mapping ; Computational Biology ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics/growth & development ; Flowers/growth & development ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Plant ; Genotype ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oryza/cytology/*genetics/growth & development ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics ; Transformation, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus nucleoprotein-RNA complex (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: Vesicular stomatitis virus is a negative-stranded RNA virus. Its nucleoprotein (N) binds the viral genomic RNA and is involved in multiple functions including transcription, replication, and assembly. We have determined a 2.9 angstrom structure of a complex containing 10 molecules of the N protein and 90 bases of RNA. The RNA is tightly sequestered in a cavity at the interface between two lobes of the N protein. This serves to protect the RNA in the absence of polynucleotide synthesis. For the RNA to be accessed, some conformational change in the N protein should be necessary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Green, Todd J -- Zhang, Xin -- Wertz, Gail W -- Luo, Ming -- AI050066/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-28/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-29/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-30/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI012464-31/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37AI012464/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):357-60. Epub 2006 Jun 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleocapsid Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Viral/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins/*chemistry ; Sequence Alignment ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ammonia channel couples glutaminase with transamidase reactions in GatCAB (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: The formation of glutaminyl transfer RNA (Gln-tRNA(Gln)) differs among the three domains of life. Most bacteria employ an indirect pathway to produce Gln-tRNA(Gln) by a heterotrimeric glutamine amidotransferase CAB (GatCAB) that acts on the misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln). Here, we describe a series of crystal structures of intact GatCAB from Staphylococcus aureus in the apo form and in the complexes with glutamine, asparagine, Mn2+, and adenosine triphosphate analog. Two identified catalytic centers for the glutaminase and transamidase reactions are markedly distant but connected by a hydrophilic ammonia channel 30 A in length. Further, we show that the first U-A base pair in the acceptor stem and the D loop of tRNA(Gln) serve as identity elements essential for discrimination by GatCAB and propose a complete model for the overall concerted reactions to synthesize Gln-tRNA(Gln).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakamura, Akiyoshi -- Yao, Min -- Chimnaronk, Sarin -- Sakai, Naoki -- Tanaka, Isao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1954-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Advanced Life Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Aminoacyltransferases/metabolism ; Ammonia/*metabolism ; Apoenzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Asparagine/metabolism ; Base Pairing ; Catalytic Domain ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glutaminase/metabolism ; Glutamine/*chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Gln/*chemistry/metabolism ; Staphylococcus aureus/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Preventing HIV/AIDS in adolescents (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Counseling ; Female ; Financial Support ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior ; *United Nations/economics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    Human hair growth deficiency is linked to a genetic defect in the phospholipase gene LIPH (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: The molecular mechanisms controlling human hair growth and scalp hair loss are poorly understood. By screening about 350,000 individuals in two populations from the Volga-Ural region of Russia, we identified a gene mutation in families who show an inherited form of hair loss and a hair growth defect. Affected individuals were homozygous for a deletion in the LIPH gene on chromosome 3q27, caused by short interspersed nuclear element-retrotransposon-mediated recombination. The LIPH gene is expressed in hair follicles and encodes a phospholipase called lipase H (alternatively known as membrane-associated phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1alpha), an enzyme that regulates the production of bioactive lipids. These results suggest that lipase H participates in hair growth and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kazantseva, Anastasiya -- Goltsov, Andrey -- Zinchenko, Rena -- Grigorenko, Anastasia P -- Abrukova, Anna V -- Moliaka, Yuri K -- Kirillov, Alexander G -- Guo, Zhiru -- Lyle, Stephen -- Ginter, Evgeny K -- Rogaev, Evgeny I -- K08-AR02179/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):982-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alu Elements ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; Hair/*growth & development ; Hair Follicle/enzymology ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Hypotrichosis/*genetics ; Lipase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lod Score ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements ; Russia ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Support for the NIH public access policy (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rogawski, Michael A -- Suber, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1572.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Information Dissemination ; *Libraries, Digital ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Peer Review, Research ; Publishing ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mouse genetics. NIH knocks out key mouse house (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1863.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Intellectual Property ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Organizations, Nonprofit/economics ; Stem Cells ; Texas ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Difficulties for foreign scientists in coming to the United States (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Elia, Christopher F -- Bradley, Gaylen -- Schmitt, Roland -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):169.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Science ; *Security Measures ; Students ; Travel ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 27
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    Back to the people (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):733.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Politics ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States ; Vehicle Emissions/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    Mission creep in the IRB world (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gunsalus, C K -- Bruner, Edward M -- Burbules, Nicholas C -- Dash, Leon -- Finkin, Matthew -- Goldberg, Joseph P -- Greenough, William T -- Miller, Gregory A -- Pratt, Michael G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1441.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ethics Committees, Research ; Forms and Records Control/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Government Regulation ; Human Experimentation/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards ; Humans ; Patient Advocacy/legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Records as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    News on women's health (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):273.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Drug Costs ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd ; *Mass Vaccination ; Papillomaviridae/*immunology ; Papillomavirus Infections/*prevention & control ; Religion ; United States ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/*prevention & control/virology ; *Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cuts in Homeland Security research (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Busta, Francis -- Clarke, Neville -- Goldman, Lynn R -- Haas, Charles -- Kelen, Gabor -- Lafree, Gary -- Rose, Joan -- von Winterfeldt, Detlof -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1571.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Disasters ; Disease Outbreaks ; Financing, Government ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Security Measures ; Terrorism ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A welcome new look (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1573.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Foreign Professional Personnel/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; International Cooperation/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Personnel/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Technology Transfer ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 32
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    Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: Microbial pathogens that normally inhabit our environment can adapt to thrive inside mammalian hosts. There are six dimorphic fungi that cause disease worldwide, which switch from nonpathogenic molds in soil to pathogenic yeast after spores are inhaled and exposed to elevated temperature. Mechanisms that regulate this switch remain obscure. We show that a hybrid histidine kinase senses host signals and triggers the transition from mold to yeast. The kinase also regulates cell-wall integrity, sporulation, and expression of virulence genes in vivo. This global regulator shapes how dimorphic fungal pathogens adapt to the mammalian host, which has broad implications for treating and preventing systemic fungal disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemecek, Julie C -- Wuthrich, Marcel -- Klein, Bruce S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):583-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastomyces/cytology/enzymology/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Blastomycosis/microbiology ; Coccidioides/enzymology/genetics/pathogenicity ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Histoplasma/enzymology/genetics/pathogenicity ; Histoplasmosis/microbiology ; Lung Diseases, Fungal/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Open Reading Frames ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; RNA Interference ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; Temperature ; Virulence/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Mouse genetics. A mouse for every gene (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1862-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Databases, Factual ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financial Support ; Gene Targeting ; *Genes ; Genetic Techniques ; International Cooperation ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patents as Topic ; Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Chinese gene therapy. Splicing out the West? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Jerry -- Xin, Hao -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124300" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; Genes, p53 ; *Genetic Therapy/standards ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*therapy ; Oncolytic Virotherapy ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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    Nick Cozzarelli (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Editorial Policies ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)/*history ; Periodicals as Topic/*history ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Salary survey (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines/economics ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; *Research Personnel/economics ; *Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary history of Salmonella typhi (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: For microbial pathogens, phylogeographic differentiation seems to be relatively common. However, the neutral population structure of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi reflects the continued existence of ubiquitous haplotypes over millennia. In contrast, clinical use of fluoroquinolones has yielded at least 15 independent gyrA mutations within a decade and stimulated clonal expansion of haplotype H58 in Asia and Africa. Yet, antibiotic-sensitive strains and haplotypes other than H58 still persist despite selection for antibiotic resistance. Neutral evolution in Typhi appears to reflect the asymptomatic carrier state, and adaptive evolution depends on the rapid transmission of phenotypic changes through acute infections.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652035/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2652035/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roumagnac, Philippe -- Weill, Francois-Xavier -- Dolecek, Christiane -- Baker, Stephen -- Brisse, Sylvain -- Chinh, Nguyen Tran -- Le, Thi Anh Hong -- Acosta, Camilo J -- Farrar, Jeremy -- Dougan, Gordon -- Achtman, Mark -- 076962/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1301-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Infektionsbiologie, Department of Molecular Biology, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Africa ; Alleles ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Asia ; *Biological Evolution ; Carrier State/*microbiology ; DNA Gyrase/genetics ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Salmonella typhi/drug effects/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Typhoid Fever/drug therapy/*microbiology
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    Tequila, a neurotrypsin ortholog, regulates long-term memory formation in Drosophila (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: Mutations in the human neurotrypsin gene are associated with autosomal recessive mental retardation. To further understand the pathophysiological consequences of the lack of this serine protease, we studied Tequila (Teq), the Drosophila neurotrypsin ortholog, using associative memory as a behavioral readout. We found that teq inactivation resulted in a long-term memory (LTM)-specific defect. After LTM conditioning of wild-type flies, teq expression transiently increased in the mushroom bodies. Moreover, specific inhibition of teq expression in adult mushroom bodies resulted in a reversible LTM defect. Hence, the Teq pathway is essential for information processing in Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Didelot, Gerard -- Molinari, Florence -- Tchenio, Paul -- Comas, Daniel -- Milhiet, Elodie -- Munnich, Arnold -- Colleaux, Laurence -- Preat, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genes et Dynamique des Systemes de Memoire, UMR CNRS 7637, Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 10 Rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Conditioning, Classical ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Learning ; *Memory ; Mifepristone/pharmacology ; Models, Animal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mushroom Bodies/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Mutation ; Odors ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Animal activism and intimidation of scientists (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowan, Andrew N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):923-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106947" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Humans ; *Research Personnel ; *Societies ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: Our knowledge of Neanderthals is based on a limited number of remains and artifacts from which we must make inferences about their biology, behavior, and relationship to ourselves. Here, we describe the characterization of these extinct hominids from a new perspective, based on the development of a Neanderthal metagenomic library and its high-throughput sequencing and analysis. Several lines of evidence indicate that the 65,250 base pairs of hominid sequence so far identified in the library are of Neanderthal origin, the strongest being the ascertainment of sequence identities between Neanderthal and chimpanzee at sites where the human genomic sequence is different. These results enabled us to calculate the human-Neanderthal divergence time based on multiple randomly distributed autosomal loci. Our analyses suggest that on average the Neanderthal genomic sequence we obtained and the reference human genome sequence share a most recent common ancestor approximately 706,000 years ago, and that the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations split approximately 370,000 years ago, before the emergence of anatomically modern humans. Our finding that the Neanderthal and human genomes are at least 99.5% identical led us to develop and successfully implement a targeted method for recovering specific ancient DNA sequences from metagenomic libraries. This initial analysis of the Neanderthal genome advances our understanding of the evolutionary relationship of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis and signifies the dawn of Neanderthal genomics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Noonan, James P -- Coop, Graham -- Kudaravalli, Sridhar -- Smith, Doug -- Krause, Johannes -- Alessi, Joe -- Chen, Feng -- Platt, Darren -- Paabo, Svante -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- Rubin, Edward M -- 1-F32-GM074367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL066681/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772-1/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1113-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Nucleus ; DNA/*genetics/isolation & purification ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; *Fossils ; Gene Pool ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomic Library ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Time
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    Engineering cooperativity in biomotor-protein assemblies (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: A biosynthetic approach was developed to control and probe cooperativity in multiunit biomotor assemblies by linking molecular motors to artificial protein scaffolds. This approach provides precise control over spatial and elastic coupling between motors. Cooperative interactions between monomeric kinesin-1 motors attached to protein scaffolds enhance hydrolysis activity and microtubule gliding velocity. However, these interactions are not influenced by changes in the elastic properties of the scaffold, distinguishing multimotor transport from that powered by unorganized monomeric motors. These results highlight the role of supramolecular architecture in determining mechanisms of collective transport.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diehl, Michael R -- Zhang, Kechun -- Lee, Heun Jin -- Tirrell, David A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. diehl@rice.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Elasticity ; Elastin/chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Kinesin/chemistry ; Microtubules/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Science education. A strategy that works: hook 'em while they're young (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, Jerry -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):166.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Organizations, Nonprofit ; Science/*education ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    FDA centennial (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Drug Approval ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Legislation, Drug ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration/economics/history/organization & ; administration
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    Increase in foreign grad students (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yeh, Robert M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Education, Graduate ; *Emigration and Immigration ; *Employment ; Humans ; *Internationality ; United States
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    Collaborative programs. Genome Consortium for Active Teaching (GCAT) (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, A Malcolm -- Eckdahl, Todd T -- Fowlks, Edison -- Heyer, Laurie J -- Mays Hoopes, Laura L -- Ledbetter, Mary Lee -- Rosenwald, Anne G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1103-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA. macampbell@davidson.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Faculty ; Genomics/*education ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*education ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Software ; *Teaching ; Teaching Materials ; United States ; *Universities
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    Science and government. Enhanced: in defense of NCCAM (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Straus, Stephen E -- Chesney, Margaret A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):303-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; *Biomedical Research ; Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; *Complementary Therapies/standards/utilization ; Dietary Supplements/standards ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; Peer Review, Research ; Politics ; Public Policy ; Quality Control ; Research Design ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The high cost of coming to America (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teich, Al -- White, Wendy D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):657.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; *Foreign Professional Personnel ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *Security Measures ; *Students ; Travel ; United States
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    A bacterial protein enhances the release and efficacy of liposomal cancer drugs (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: Clostridium novyi-NT is an anaerobic bacterium that can infect hypoxic regions within experimental tumors. Because C. novyi-NT lyses red blood cells, we hypothesized that its membrane-disrupting properties could be exploited to enhance the release of liposome-encapsulated drugs within tumors. Here, we show that treatment of mice bearing large, established tumors with C. novyi-NT plus a single dose of liposomal doxorubicin often led to eradication of the tumors. The bacterial factor responsible for the enhanced drug release was identified as a previously unrecognized protein termed liposomase. This protein could potentially be incorporated into diverse experimental approaches for the specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheong, Ian -- Huang, Xin -- Bettegowda, Chetan -- Diaz, Luis A Jr -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Zhou, Shibin -- Vogelstein, Bert -- CA062924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1308-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Camptothecin/administration & dosage/analogs & ; derivatives/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cloning, Molecular ; Clostridium/*chemistry/genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; Doxorubicin/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Drug Carriers ; Humans ; Lipase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Liposomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Large-scale sequence analysis of avian influenza isolates (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: The spread of H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from China to Europe has raised global concern about their potential to infect humans and cause a pandemic. In spite of their substantial threat to human health, remarkably little AIV whole-genome information is available. We report here a preliminary analysis of the first large-scale sequencing of AIVs, including 2196 AIV genes and 169 complete genomes. We combine this new information with public AIV data to identify new gene alleles, persistent genotypes, compensatory mutations, and a potential virulence determinant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Obenauer, John C -- Denson, Jackie -- Mehta, Perdeep K -- Su, Xiaoping -- Mukatira, Suraj -- Finkelstein, David B -- Xu, Xiequn -- Wang, Jinhua -- Ma, Jing -- Fan, Yiping -- Rakestraw, Karen M -- Webster, Robert G -- Hoffmann, Erich -- Krauss, Scott -- Zheng, Jie -- Zhang, Ziwei -- Naeve, Clayton W -- AI95357/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA 21765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM069916/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1576-80. Epub 2006 Jan 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/virology ; Computational Biology ; *Genes, Viral ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza A virus/chemistry/*genetics/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza, Human/virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Reassortant Viruses/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Virulence Factors/*chemistry/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Declines in funding of NIH R01 research grants (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandel, H George -- Vesell, Elliot S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1387-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Research Support as Topic/*statistics & numerical data ; United States
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    Molecular phylogeny and evolution of morphology in the social amoebas (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: The social amoebas (Dictyostelia) display conditional multicellularity in a wide variety of forms. Despite widespread interest in Dictyostelium discoideum as a model system, almost no molecular data exist from the rest of the group. We constructed the first molecular phylogeny of the Dictyostelia with parallel small subunit ribosomal RNA and a-tubulin data sets, and we found that dictyostelid taxonomy requires complete revision. A mapping of characters onto the phylogeny shows that the dominant trend in dictyostelid evolution is increased size and cell type specialization of fruiting structures, with some complex morphologies evolving several times independently. Thus, the latter may be controlled by only a few genes, making their underlying mechanisms relatively easy to unravel.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2173941/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2173941/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schaap, Pauline -- Winckler, Thomas -- Nelson, Michaela -- Alvarez-Curto, Elisa -- Elgie, Barrie -- Hagiwara, Hiromitsu -- Cavender, James -- Milano-Curto, Alicia -- Rozen, Daniel E -- Dingermann, Theodor -- Mutzel, Rupert -- Baldauf, Sandra L -- 057137/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 076618/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/D013453/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- COD16760/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):661-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD15EH Dundee, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Dictyosteliida/*classification/*cytology/genetics/growth & development ; Dictyostelium/classification/cytology/genetics/growth & development ; Genes, Protozoan ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Spores, Protozoan/cytology ; Tubulin/genetics
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    Exploiting the reversibility of natural product glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: Glycosyltransferases (GTs), an essential class of ubiquitous enzymes, are generally perceived as unidirectional catalysts. In contrast, we report that four glycosyltransferases from two distinct natural product biosynthetic pathways-calicheamicin and vancomycin-readily catalyze reversible reactions, allowing sugars and aglycons to be exchanged with ease. As proof of the broader applicability of these new reactions, more than 70 differentially glycosylated calicheamicin and vancomycin variants are reported. This study suggests the reversibility of GT-catalyzed reactions may be general and useful for generating exotic nucleotide sugars, establishing in vitro GT activity in complex systems, and enhancing natural product diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Changsheng -- Griffith, Byron R -- Fu, Qiang -- Albermann, Christoph -- Fu, Xun -- Lee, In-Kyoung -- Li, Lingjun -- Thorson, Jon S -- AI52218/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA84374/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM70637/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U19 CA113297/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1291-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, National Cooperative Drug Discovery Group Program, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946071" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aminoglycosides/biosynthesis/chemistry/*metabolism ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Catalysis ; Enediynes ; Glucosyltransferases/*metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Glycosyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; Micromonospora/enzymology/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars/metabolism ; Pentoses/metabolism ; Thymine Nucleotides/metabolism ; Vancomycin/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism
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    Cost-benefit analysis of the RFA (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dovichi, Norman J -- Soper, Steven A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1682.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/organization & administration ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Salary survey. U.S. life scientists report rising salaries and high job satisfaction (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):842-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines/economics ; Career Mobility ; Data Collection ; *Faculty ; Humans ; Industry ; *Job Satisfaction ; Mentors ; *Research Personnel/economics ; *Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; United States ; Universities
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    Structural basis for double-stranded RNA processing by Dicer (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: The specialized ribonuclease Dicer initiates RNA interference by cleaving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) substrates into small fragments about 25 nucleotides in length. In the crystal structure of an intact Dicer enzyme, the PAZ domain, a module that binds the end of dsRNA, is separated from the two catalytic ribonuclease III (RNase III) domains by a flat, positively charged surface. The 65 angstrom distance between the PAZ and RNase III domains matches the length spanned by 25 base pairs of RNA. Thus, Dicer itself is a molecular ruler that recognizes dsRNA and cleaves a specified distance from the helical end.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macrae, Ian J -- Zhou, Kaihong -- Li, Fei -- Repic, Adrian -- Brooks, Angela N -- Cande, W Zacheus -- Adams, Paul D -- Doudna, Jennifer A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):195-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Giardia lamblia/enzymology ; Humans ; Lanthanoid Series Elements/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*metabolism ; RNA, Protozoan/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Ribonuclease III/*chemistry/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/genetics ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Structure of tracheal cytotoxin in complex with a heterodimeric pattern-recognition receptor (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a naturally occurring fragment of Gram-negative peptidoglycan, is a potent elicitor of innate immune responses in Drosophila. It induces the heterodimerization of its recognition receptors, the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) LCa and LCx, which activates the immune deficiency pathway. The crystal structure at 2.1 angstrom resolution of TCT in complex with the ectodomains of PGRP-LCa and PGRP-LCx shows that TCT is bound to and presented by the LCx ectodomain for recognition by the LCa ectodomain; the latter lacks a canonical peptidoglycan-docking groove conserved in other PGRPs. The interface, revealed in atomic detail, between TCT and the receptor complex highlights the importance of the anhydro-containing disaccharide in bridging the two ectodomains together and the critical role of diaminopimelic acid as the specificity determinant for PGRP interaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, Chung-I -- Chelliah, Yogarany -- Borek, Dominika -- Mengin-Lecreulx, Dominique -- Deisenhofer, Johann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1761-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9050, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytotoxins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptidoglycan/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Genetics. Seeing a 'plot,' deCODE sues to block a DNA research center (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/legislation & jurisprudence ; Child ; Child Welfare ; Databases, Nucleic Acid/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Genetic Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Genetics, Medical ; Hospitals, Pediatric/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Iceland ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Arms control. Little progress at bioweapons talks (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1673.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170268" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Warfare/*prevention & control ; Developing Countries ; European Union ; *International Cooperation ; Technology Transfer ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Peer review and new investigators (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taffe, Michael A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):775.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Peer Review, Research/standards ; *Research Personnel ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Research and development. Where is the new science in corporate R&D? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thursby, Jerry -- Thursby, Marie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1547-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. marie.thursby@mgt.gatech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Developed Countries/statistics & numerical data ; *Developing Countries/statistics & numerical data ; Europe ; India ; *Industry/statistics & numerical data ; Marketing ; Patents as Topic ; Regression Analysis ; *Research ; Research Personnel/statistics & numerical data ; United States ; Universities
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    Avian influenza. Donors draw plans to disburse $2 billion war chest for bird flu (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- Yidong, Gong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):456-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Developing Countries/*economics ; Disease Outbreaks/*economics/prevention & control ; European Union ; *Financial Support ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/economics ; *Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds/*economics/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Influenza, Human/drug therapy/*economics/epidemiology/prevention & control ; International Cooperation ; United Nations ; United States ; Vaccination/veterinary
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    The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: The Xist noncoding RNA is the key initiator of the process of X chromosome inactivation in eutherian mammals, but its precise function and origin remain unknown. Although Xist is well conserved among eutherians, until now, no homolog has been identified in other mammals. We show here that Xist evolved, at least partly, from a protein-coding gene and that the loss of protein-coding function of the proto-Xist coincides with the four flanking protein genes becoming pseudogenes. This event occurred after the divergence between eutherians and marsupials, which suggests that mechanisms of dosage compensation have evolved independently in both lineages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duret, Laurent -- Chureau, Corinne -- Samain, Sylvie -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Avner, Philip -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1653-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR 5558), CNRS and Universite Lyon 1, 16 rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. duret@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle/genetics ; Chickens/genetics ; Dogs/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mice/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Opossums/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Pseudogenes ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Vertebrates/*genetics ; X Chromosome Inactivation ; Xenopus/genetics
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    Science and law. When patents threaten science (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andrews, Lori -- Paradise, Jordan -- Holbrook, Timothy -- Bochneak, Danielle -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1395-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Science, Law, and Technology, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Chicago, IL 60661, USA. landrews@kentlaw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Mathematics ; *Nature ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Public Policy ; *Science ; United States
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    Escherichia coli induces DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: Transient infection of eukaryotic cells with commensal and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli of phylogenetic group B2 blocks mitosis and induces megalocytosis. This trait is linked to a widely spread genomic island that encodes giant modular nonribosomal peptide and polyketide synthases. Contact with E. coli expressing this gene cluster causes DNA double-strand breaks and activation of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest and eventually to cell death. Discovery of hybrid peptide-polyketide genotoxins in E. coli will change our view on pathogenesis and commensalism and open new biotechnological applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nougayrede, Jean-Philippe -- Homburg, Stefan -- Taieb, Frederic -- Boury, Michele -- Brzuszkiewicz, Elzbieta -- Gottschalk, Gerhard -- Buchrieser, Carmen -- Hacker, Jorg -- Dobrindt, Ulrich -- Oswald, Eric -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):848-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INRA, UMR1225, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31076, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/chemistry ; Cytotoxins/*metabolism ; DNA/analysis ; *DNA Damage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; G2 Phase ; *Genomic Islands ; HeLa Cells ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Mutagens/*metabolism ; Peptides/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Polyketide Synthases/genetics ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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    Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: This paper summarizes evidence on the effects of early environments on child, adolescent, and adult achievement. Life cycle skill formation is a dynamic process in which early inputs strongly affect the productivity of later inputs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heckman, James J -- R01HD043411/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1900-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jjh@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Adolescent ; Child ; *Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; *Early Intervention (Education)/economics ; *Education/economics ; Family ; Humans ; Income ; Infant ; Intelligence ; Public Policy ; United States ; *Vulnerable Populations
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    Stem cell research. Senate prepares to vote at last on a trio of stem cell bills (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):26-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Harvesting our meadows for biofuel? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, Michael W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1745-6; author reply 1745-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; Ethanol ; *Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Politics and the life cycle (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: The study of politics and the life cycle began with a rather single-minded focus on childhood and the family-on the idea, as Tocqueville famously put it, that the entire person could be "seen in the cradle of the child." Politics does begin in childhood, and parents do influence their offspring, but change takes place over the entire span of life. I take up the early emergence of partisanship and essentialism, the formation of generations, politically consequential transitions in adulthood, and the rising of politics and its final decline.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kinder, Donald R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1905-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA. drkinder@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; Child ; *Culture ; Family ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Middle Aged ; Parents ; *Politics ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genome of Rice Cluster I archaea--the key methane producers in the rice rhizosphere (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: Rice fields are a global source of the greenhouse gas methane, which is produced by methanogenic archaea, and by methanogens of Rice Cluster I (RC-I) in particular. RC-I methanogens are not yet available in pure culture, and the mechanistic reasons for their prevalence in rice fields are unknown. We reconstructed a complete RC-I genome (3.18 megabases) using a metagenomic approach. Sequence analysis demonstrated an aerotolerant, H2/CO2-dependent lifestyle and enzymatic capacities for carbohydrate metabolism and assimilatory sulfate reduction, hitherto unknown among methanogens. These capacities and a unique set of antioxidant enzymes and DNA repair mechanisms as well as oxygen-insensitive enzymes provide RC-I with a selective advantage over other methanogens in its habitats, thereby explaining the prevalence of RC-I methanogens in the rice rhizosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Erkel, Christoph -- Kube, Michael -- Reinhardt, Richard -- Liesack, Werner -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):370-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857943" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acids/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; DNA Repair ; Euryarchaeota/classification/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; *Genome, Archaeal ; Genomics ; Glycolysis ; Methane/*biosynthesis ; Methanomicrobiales/classification/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Methanosarcinales/classification/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oryza/*microbiology ; Oxidative Stress ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Soil Microbiology ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Sulfur/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Intellectual property. Groups challenge key stem cell patents (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Line ; Embryo Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; Foundations/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Public health. Progress toward rotavirus vaccines (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parashar, Umesh D -- Glass, Roger I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):851-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. uap2@cdc.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Child ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Diarrhea/prevention & control/virology ; Drug Approval ; Drug Costs ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Infant ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control ; *Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/economics ; United States ; *Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage/adverse effects/economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Crystal structure of a divalent metal ion transporter CorA at 2.9 angstrom resolution (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: CorA family members are ubiquitously distributed transporters of divalent metal cations and are considered to be the primary Mg2+ transporter of Bacteria and Archaea. We have determined a 2.9 angstrom resolution structure of CorA from Thermotoga maritima that reveals a pentameric cone-shaped protein. Two potential regulatory metal binding sites are found in the N-terminal domain that bind both Mg2+ and Co2+. The structure of CorA supports an efflux system involving dehydration and rehydration of divalent metal ions potentially mediated by a ring of conserved aspartate residues at the cytoplasmic entrance and a carbonyl funnel at the periplasmic side of the pore.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eshaghi, Said -- Niegowski, Damian -- Kohl, Andreas -- Martinez Molina, Daniel -- Lesley, Scott A -- Nordlund, Par -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):354-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biophysics, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Said.Eshaghi@ki.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cation Transport Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Chlorides/analysis/metabolism ; Cobalt/chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Magnesium/chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Alignment ; Thermotoga maritima/*chemistry ; Water/chemistry
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    Genome sequence diversity and clues to the evolution of variola (smallpox) virus (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: Comparative genomics of 45 epidemiologically varied variola virus isolates from the past 30 years of the smallpox era indicate low sequence diversity, suggesting that there is probably little difference in the isolates' functional gene content. Phylogenetic clustering inferred three clades coincident with their geographical origin and case-fatality rate; the latter implicated putative proteins that mediate viral virulence differences. Analysis of the viral linear DNA genome suggests that its evolution involved direct descent and DNA end-region recombination events. Knowing the sequences will help understand the viral proteome and improve diagnostic test precision, therapeutics, and systems for their assessment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Esposito, Joseph J -- Sammons, Scott A -- Frace, A Michael -- Osborne, John D -- Olsen-Rasmussen, Melissa -- Zhang, Ming -- Govil, Dhwani -- Damon, Inger K -- Kline, Richard -- Laker, Miriam -- Li, Yu -- Smith, Geoffrey L -- Meyer, Hermann -- Leduc, James W -- Wohlhueter, Robert M -- G0501257/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):807-12. Epub 2006 Jul 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. jesposito@cdc.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA, Viral/*genetics ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Deletion ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Viral ; Genomics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Proteome/analysis/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Smallpox/epidemiology/mortality/*virology ; Variola virus/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Virulence/genetics
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    Aneuploidy and isochromosome formation in drug-resistant Candida albicans (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: Resistance to the limited number of available antifungal drugs is a serious problem in the treatment of Candida albicans. We found that aneuploidy in general and a specific segmental aneuploidy, consisting of an isochromosome composed of the two left arms of chromosome 5, were associated with azole resistance. The isochromosome forms around a single centromere flanked by an inverted repeat and was found as an independent chromosome or fused at the telomere to a full-length homolog of chromosome 5. Increases and decreases in drug resistance were strongly associated with gain and loss of this isochromosome, which bears genes expressing the enzyme in the ergosterol pathway targeted by azole drugs, efflux pumps, and a transcription factor that positively regulates a subset of efflux pump genes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717021/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717021/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Selmecki, Anna -- Forche, Anja -- Berman, Judith -- DE10641-S/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI062427/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AIO62427/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):367-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aneuploidy ; Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology ; Azoles/pharmacology ; Candida albicans/*drug effects/*genetics/growth & development ; Centromere/ultrastructure ; Chromosomes, Fungal ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Fungal/*genetics ; Ergosterol/biosynthesis ; Fluconazole/*pharmacology ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Fungal ; *Isochromosomes ; Karyotyping ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Trisomy
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    Evolution. Darwin's place on campus is secure--but not supreme (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):769-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Culture ; Curriculum ; Earth (Planet) ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Humans ; *Religion and Science ; *Students ; Teaching ; United States ; *Universities
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    Bruce Lahn profile. Brain man makes waves with claims of recent human evolution (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1871-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; *Brain/anatomy & histology/physiology ; China ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics ; *Cognition ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Intelligence/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; United States
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    Making U.S. graduate education more diverse (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barrera, Cecilio R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cultural Diversity ; *Education, Graduate ; *Faculty ; Humans ; *Minority Groups ; Science/*education ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
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    Research conduct. Lessons of the stem cell scandal (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cho, Mildred K -- McGee, Glenn -- Magnus, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):614-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, Department of Pediatrics; Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. micho@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/ethics/*standards ; Authorship ; Biomedical Research/*ethics/*standards ; Cell Line ; *Ethics, Research ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Oocyte Donation/adverse effects ; Research Personnel/*ethics/standards ; Research Support as Topic ; Scientific Misconduct ; Stem Cells ; United States
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    Climate science. U.S. Supreme Court gets arguments for EPA to regulate CO2 (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1375.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Massachusetts ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Anaphase inactivation of the spindle checkpoint (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: The spindle checkpoint delays cell cycle progression until microtubules attach each pair of sister chromosomes to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle. Following sister chromatid separation, however, the checkpoint ignores chromosomes whose kinetochores are attached to only one spindle pole, a state that activates the checkpoint prior to metaphase. We demonstrate that, in budding yeast, mutual inhibition between the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and Mps1, an essential component of the checkpoint, leads to sustained inactivation of the spindle checkpoint. Mps1 protein abundance decreases in anaphase, and Mps1 is a target of the APC. Furthermore, expression of Mps1 in anaphase, or repression of the APC in anaphase, reactivates the spindle checkpoint. This APC-Mps1 feedback circuit allows cells to irreversibly inactivate the checkpoint during anaphase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palframan, William J -- Meehl, Janet B -- Jaspersen, Sue L -- Winey, Mark -- Murray, Andrew W -- GM43987/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM51312/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM043987/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):680-4. Epub 2006 Jul 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anaphase/*physiology ; Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Cdc20 Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Fungal/physiology ; Feedback, Physiological ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Kinetochores/physiology ; Mad2 Proteins ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Securin ; Spindle Apparatus/*physiology ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/*metabolism
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    Nitrogen fixation at 92 degrees C by a hydrothermal vent archaeon (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: A methanogenic archaeon isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vent fluid was found to reduce N(2) to NH(3) at up to 92 degrees C, which is 28 degrees C higher than the current upper temperature limit of biological nitrogen fixation. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene of the hyperthermophilic nitrogen fixer, designated FS406-22, was 99% similar to that of non-nitrogen fixing Methanocaldococcus jannaschii DSM 2661. At its optimal growth temperature of 90 degrees C, FS406-22 incorporated (15)N(2) and expressed nifH messenger RNA. This increase in the temperature limit of nitrogen fixation could reveal a broader range of conditions for life in the subseafloor biosphere and other nitrogen-limited ecosystems than previously estimated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehta, Mausmi P -- Baross, John A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1783-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. mausmi@alum.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Archaea/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Archaeal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, rRNA ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Hot Temperature ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; *Nitrogen Fixation/genetics ; Nitrogenase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Operon ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Seawater/*microbiology ; Volcanic Eruptions
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    Structures of the CCR5 N terminus and of a tyrosine-sulfated antibody with HIV-1 gp120 and CD4 (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-29
    Description: The CCR5 co-receptor binds to the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein and facilitates HIV-1 entry into cells. Its N terminus is tyrosine-sulfated, as are many antibodies that react with the co-receptor binding site on gp120. We applied nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallographic techniques to analyze the structure of the CCR5 N terminus and that of the tyrosine-sulfated antibody 412d in complex with gp120 and CD4. The conformations of tyrosine-sulfated regions of CCR5 (alpha-helix) and 412d (extended loop) are surprisingly different. Nonetheless, a critical sulfotyrosine on CCR5 and on 412d induces similar structural rearrangements in gp120. These results now provide a framework for understanding HIV-1 interactions with the CCR5 N terminus during viral entry and define a conserved site on gp120, whose recognition of sulfotyrosine engenders posttranslational mimicry by the immune system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278242/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278242/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Chih-Chin -- Lam, Son N -- Acharya, Priyamvada -- Tang, Min -- Xiang, Shi-Hua -- Hussan, Syed Shahzad-Ul -- Stanfield, Robyn L -- Robinson, James -- Sodroski, Joseph -- Wilson, Ian A -- Wyatt, Richard -- Bewley, Carole A -- Kwong, Peter D -- P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI067854/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI067854-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Z99 AI999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 28;317(5846):1930-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, CD4/*chemistry/immunology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; HIV Antibodies/*chemistry/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; HIV-1/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Mimicry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Receptors, CCR5/*chemistry/metabolism ; Sulfates/metabolism ; Tyrosine/metabolism ; Virus Internalization
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    Phil Baran profile. Chemical high-flyer's strategy: take away the safety net (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-03-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Mar 30;315(5820):1785-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Products/*chemical synthesis ; Chemistry, Organic/history/methods ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; United States
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    The FERONIA receptor-like kinase mediates male-female interactions during pollen tube reception (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-08-04
    Description: In flowering plants, signaling between the male pollen tube and the synergid cells of the female gametophyte is required for fertilization. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant feronia (fer), fertilization is impaired; the pollen tube fails to arrest and thus continues to grow inside the female gametophyte. FER encodes a synergid-expressed, plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinase. We found that the FER protein accumulates asymmetrically in the synergid membrane at the filiform apparatus. Interspecific crosses using pollen from Arabidopsis lyrata and Cardamine flexuosa on A. thaliana stigmas resulted in a fer-like phenotype that correlates with sequence divergence in the extracellular domain of FER. Our findings show that the female control of pollen tube reception is based on a FER-dependent signaling pathway, which may play a role in reproductive isolation barriers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Escobar-Restrepo, Juan-Miguel -- Huck, Norbert -- Kessler, Sharon -- Gagliardini, Valeria -- Gheyselinck, Jacqueline -- Yang, Wei-Cai -- Grossniklaus, Ueli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 3;317(5838):656-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Plant Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673660" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/enzymology/genetics/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Brassicaceae/genetics/physiology ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Flowers/cytology/enzymology/*physiology ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Plant ; Germination ; Ligands ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Plant Epidermis/enzymology ; Pollen Tube/growth & development/*physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Reproduction ; Seeds/growth & development ; Signal Transduction ; Species Specificity
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    U.S. nanotechnology. Health and safety research slated for sizable gains (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-02-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Feb 16;315(5814):926.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17303726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Environment ; Financing, Government ; *Nanotechnology ; *Research Support as Topic ; Safety ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Marketing drugs too early in testing (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Begg, Colin B -- Brawley, Otis -- Califf, Robert M -- Demets, David L -- Ellenberg, Susan S -- Kaplan, Richard S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614197" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic ; Drug Approval/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; *Legislation, Drug ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Public health. Clinical trials results databases: unanswered questions (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisher, Celia B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):180-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Ethics Education, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA. fisher@fordham.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research ; *Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Databases, Factual/legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) ; Peer Review, Research ; Public Policy ; Registries ; Treatment Outcome ; United States
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    Science in Zimbabwe. Researchers struggle to adapt to economic, political turmoil (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):684-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478696" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research/economics ; Emigration and Immigration ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic ; International Cooperation ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Politics ; *Research/economics ; *Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; Zimbabwe
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    Recognition of histone H3 lysine-4 methylation by the double tudor domain of JMJD2A (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: Biological responses to histone methylation critically depend on the faithful readout and transduction of the methyl-lysine signal by "effector" proteins, yet our understanding of methyl-lysine recognition has so far been limited to the study of histone binding by chromodomain and WD40-repeat proteins. The double tudor domain of JMJD2A, a Jmjc domain-containing histone demethylase, binds methylated histone H3-K4 and H4-K20. We found that the double tudor domain has an interdigitated structure, and the unusual fold is required for its ability to bind methylated histone tails. The cocrystal structure of the JMJD2A double tudor domain with a trimethylated H3-K4 peptide reveals that the trimethyl-K4 is bound in a cage of three aromatic residues, two of which are from the tudor-2 motif, whereas the binding specificity is determined by side-chain interactions involving amino acids from the tudor-1 motif. Our study provides mechanistic insights into recognition of methylated histone tails by tudor domains and reveals the structural intricacy of methyl-lysine recognition by two closely spaced effector domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Ying -- Fang, Jia -- Bedford, Mark T -- Zhang, Yi -- Xu, Rui-Ming -- DK62248/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM 63718/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM68804/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):748-51. Epub 2006 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉W. M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Histones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases ; Lysine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Static Electricity ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    2007 U.S. budget. NIH trims award size as spending crunch looms (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1862.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Support as Topic/*economics ; United States ; United States Government Agencies
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    Asymmetry in the structure of the ABC transporter-binding protein complex BtuCD-BtuF (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-08-04
    Description: BtuCD is an adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that translocates vitamin B12 from the periplasmic binding protein BtuF into the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. The 2.6 angstrom crystal structure of a complex BtuCD-F reveals substantial conformational changes as compared with the previously reported structures of BtuCD and BtuF. The lobes of BtuF are spread apart, and B12 is displaced from the binding pocket. The transmembrane BtuC subunits reveal two distinct conformations, and the translocation pathway is closed to both sides of the membrane. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of spin-labeled cysteine mutants reconstituted in proteoliposomes are consistent with the conformation of BtuCD-F that was observed in the crystal structure. A comparison with BtuCD and the homologous HI1470/71 protein suggests that the structure of BtuCD-F may reflect a posttranslocation intermediate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hvorup, Rikki N -- Goetz, Birke A -- Niederer, Martina -- Hollenstein, Kaspar -- Perozo, Eduardo -- Locher, Kaspar P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 7;317(5843):1387-90. Epub 2007 Aug 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, HPK D14.3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Escherichia coli ; Escherichia coli Proteins/*chemistry ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Periplasmic Binding Proteins/*chemistry ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
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    U.S. research spending. Congress endorses bigger NIH budget, Director's Fund (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1667.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence ; Federal Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/organization & administration ; United States
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    Aquaculture in offshore zones (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-12-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flint, R Warren -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1875-6; author reply 1875-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17190011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquaculture/legislation & jurisprudence ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries/legislation & jurisprudence ; Oceans and Seas ; United States
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    BKCa-Cav channel complexes mediate rapid and localized Ca2+-activated K+ signaling (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: Large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channels (BKCa) are dually activated by membrane depolarization and elevation of cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+). Under normal cellular conditions, BKCa channel activation requires Ca2+ concentrations that typically occur in close proximity to Ca2+ sources. We show that BKCa channels affinity-purified from rat brain are assembled into macromolecular complexes with the voltage-gated calcium channels Cav1.2 (L-type), Cav2.1 (P/Q-type), and Cav2.2 (N-type). Heterologously expressed BKCa-Cav complexes reconstitute a functional "Ca2+ nanodomain" where Ca2+ influx through the Cav channel activates BKCa in the physiological voltage range with submillisecond kinetics. Complex formation with distinct Cav channels enables BKCa-mediated membrane hyperpolarization that controls neuronal firing pattern and release of hormones and transmitters in the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berkefeld, Henrike -- Sailer, Claudia A -- Bildl, Wolfgang -- Rohde, Volker -- Thumfart, Jorg-Oliver -- Eble, Silke -- Klugbauer, Norbert -- Reisinger, Ellen -- Bischofberger, Josef -- Oliver, Dominik -- Knaus, Hans-Gunther -- Schulte, Uwe -- Fakler, Bernd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):615-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Physiology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 7, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels, L-Type/drug effects/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels, N-Type/drug effects/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Chromaffin Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/drug effects/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Rats ; *Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Xenopus
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    Protrudin induces neurite formation by directional membrane trafficking (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: Guanosine triphosphatases of the Rab family are key regulators of membrane trafficking, with Rab11 playing a specific role in membrane recycling. We identified a mammalian protein, protrudin, that promoted neurite formation through interaction with the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound form of Rab11. Phosphorylation of protrudin by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in response to nerve growth factor promoted protrudin association with Rab11-GDP. Down-regulation of protrudin by RNA interference induced membrane extension in all directions and inhibited neurite formation. Thus, protrudin regulates Rab11-dependent membrane recycling to promote the directional membrane trafficking required for neurite formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shirane, Michiko -- Nakayama, Keiichi I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):818-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082457" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology/physiology ; Neurites/*physiology ; PC12 Cells ; Phosphorylation ; RNA Interference ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins ; rab GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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    U.S. research spending. Scientists feel the pain as 2007 budget outlook grows dark (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1666-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/economics ; *Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies
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    Jim Hanken profile. An outsider moves in (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):755.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Developmental Biology/history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Museums ; United States ; Universities ; Zoology/history
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    Genetic testing oversight (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hudson, Kathy L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (U.S.) ; Genetic Testing/*standards ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Laboratories/*standards ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Election 2006. Science awaits impact of Democratic sweep in Congress (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1060.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/economics ; Federal Government ; *Financing, Government ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    From the genome to the proteome: uncovering peptides in the Apis brain (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: Neuropeptides, critical brain peptides that modulate animal behavior by affecting the activity of almost every neuronal circuit, are inherently difficult to predict directly from a nascent genome sequence because of extensive posttranslational processing. The combination of bioinformatics and proteomics allows unprecedented neuropeptide discovery from an unannotated genome. Within the Apis mellifera genome, we have inferred more than 200 neuropeptides and have confirmed the sequences of 100 peptides. This study lays the groundwork for future molecular studies of Apis neuropeptides with the identification of 36 genes, 33 of which were previously unreported.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hummon, Amanda B -- Richmond, Timothy A -- Verleyen, Peter -- Baggerman, Geert -- Huybrechts, Jurgen -- Ewing, Michael A -- Vierstraete, Evy -- Rodriguez-Zas, Sandra L -- Schoofs, Liliane -- Robinson, Gene E -- Sweedler, Jonathan V -- DC006395/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- GM068946/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS31609/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 DA01830/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P30 DA018310/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068946/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS031609/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):647-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bees/*chemistry/*genetics ; Brain Chemistry ; Codon ; Computational Biology ; *Genes, Insect ; Genome, Insect ; Insect Proteins/*chemistry/*genetics ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuropeptides/*chemistry/*genetics ; Protein Precursors/chemistry/genetics ; Proteome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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