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  • Articles  (301)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (301)
  • Molecular Sequence Data  (104)
  • *Research  (95)
  • Financing, Government  (71)
  • Protein Conformation
  • 2000-2004  (301)
  • 1985-1989
  • 2001  (301)
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  • Articles  (301)
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  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press  (301)
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  • 2000-2004  (301)
  • 1985-1989
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  • 1
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    Neuroscience meeting draws crowds, gripes, loyalty (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Preparing for their 30th conference, neuroscientists contemplate how the field--and the annual meeting--has grown. With the Society for Neuroscience meeting routinely packing in about 25,000 people, some neuroscientists complain about long lines and related inconveniences. But others say that the best reason to go to the meeting is precisely because it's so huge and integrates the ever-growing number of subdisciplines in the field.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):698-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; *Neurosciences ; *Research ; *Societies, Scientific/organization & administration ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Laboratory animals. Researchers pained by effort to define distress precisely (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: The U.S. Department of Agriculture requested comments earlier this year to help it decide whether to adopt a formal definition of "distress" as part of its responsibilities under the Animal Welfare Act. But the 2600 pieces of advice it received during a 4-month period that ended earlier this month suggest that its job won't be easy. The comments highlight a deep split between animal activists, who see the potential new regulations as a step toward eliminating all painful procedures, and most researchers, who say that the present system is working well and that no major changes are needed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1474-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; *Government Regulation ; Pain/veterinary ; *Research ; Stress, Physiological/*veterinary ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Science policy. Clinton's science legacy: ending on a high note (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Once perceived to be at best ambivalent about science policy, President Bill Clinton is now credited with steering the U.S. government's $80-billion-plus R&D enterprise through one of its most perilous and productive decades. Along the way, supporters say, Clinton and his science-savvy vice president, Al Gore, have won respect from researchers. Although the reviews are not uniformly good, even critics agree that Clinton's term is ending on a much higher note for science than what many initially expected from the former Arkansas governor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2234-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Government Agencies/economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Politics ; *Public Policy ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Unfolding pathways of individual bacteriorhodopsins (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Atomic force microscopy and single-molecule force spectroscopy were combined to image and manipulate purple membrane patches from Halobacterium salinarum. Individual bacteriorhodopsin molecules were first localized and then extracted from the membrane; the remaining vacancies were imaged again. Anchoring forces between 100 and 200 piconewtons for the different helices were found. Upon extraction, the helices were found to unfold. The force spectra revealed the individuality of the unfolding pathways. Helices G and F as well as helices E and D always unfolded pairwise, whereas helices B and C occasionally unfolded one after the other. Experiments with cleaved loops revealed the origin of the individuality: stabilization of helix B by neighboring helices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oesterhelt, F -- Oesterhelt, D -- Pfeiffer, M -- Engel, A -- Gaub, H E -- Muller, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):143-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CeNS and Lehrstuhl fur angewandte Physik, Ludwig Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry/genetics ; Cysteine/chemistry ; Halobacterium salinarum/*chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Purple Membrane/*chemistry ; Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Inadvertently crossing the germ line (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parens, E -- Juengst, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Cytoplasm/*transplantation ; *DNA, Mitochondrial ; Female ; Financing, Government ; *Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genetic Research ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *Ovum ; Public Policy ; *Reproductive Techniques ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Active disruption of an RNA-protein interaction by a DExH/D RNA helicase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-01-06
    Description: All aspects of cellular RNA metabolism and the replication of many viruses require DExH/D proteins that manipulate RNA in a manner that requires nucleoside triphosphates. Although DExH/D proteins have been shown to unwind purified RNA duplexes, most RNA molecules in the cellular environment are complexed with proteins. It has therefore been speculated that DExH/D proteins may also affect RNA-protein interactions. We demonstrate that the DExH protein NPH-II from vaccinia virus can displace the protein U1A from RNA in an active adenosine triphosphate-dependent fashion. NPH-II increases the rate of U1A dissociation by more than three orders of magnitude while retaining helicase processivity. This indicates that DExH/D proteins can effectively catalyze protein displacement from RNA and thereby participate in the structural reorganization of ribonucleoprotein assemblies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jankowsky, E -- Gross, C H -- Shuman, S -- Pyle, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 5;291(5501):121-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141562" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions/metabolism ; Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleoside-Triphosphatase ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; RNA/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA Helicases/chemistry/*metabolism ; *RNA-Binding Proteins ; Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear/*metabolism
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  • 7
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    Structural basis of transcription: RNA polymerase II at 2.8 angstrom resolution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-21
    Description: Structures of a 10-subunit yeast RNA polymerase II have been derived from two crystal forms at 2.8 and 3.1 angstrom resolution. Comparison of the structures reveals a division of the polymerase into four mobile modules, including a clamp, shown previously to swing over the active center. In the 2.8 angstrom structure, the clamp is in an open state, allowing entry of straight promoter DNA for the initiation of transcription. Three loops extending from the clamp may play roles in RNA unwinding and DNA rewinding during transcription. A 2.8 angstrom difference Fourier map reveals two metal ions at the active site, one persistently bound and the other possibly exchangeable during RNA synthesis. The results also provide evidence for RNA exit in the vicinity of the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain, coupling synthesis to RNA processing by enzymes bound to this domain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cramer, P -- Bushnell, D A -- Kornberg, R D -- GM49985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1863-76. Epub 2001 Apr 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5126, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/metabolism ; Fourier Analysis ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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  • 8
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    Impact of polymer tether length on multiple ligand-receptor bond formation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-21
    Description: The promoters of cell adhesion are ligands, which are often attached to flexible tethers that bind to surface receptors on adjacent cells. Using a combination of Monte Carlo simulations, diffusion reaction theory, and direct experiments (surface force measurements) of the biotin-streptavidin system, we have quantified polymer chain dynamics and the kinetics and spatial range of tethered ligand-receptor binding. The results show that the efficiency of strong binding does not depend solely on the molecular architecture or binding energy of the receptor-ligand pair, nor on the equilibrium configuration of the polymer tether, but rather on its "rare" extended conformations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jeppesen, C -- Wong, J Y -- Kuhl, T L -- Israelachvili, J N -- Mullah, N -- Zalipsky, S -- Marques, C M -- GM-17876/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-47334/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):465-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Chemistry, Physical ; Diffusion ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Mathematics ; Monte Carlo Method ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Streptavidin/*chemistry/metabolism ; Surface Properties ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    Interaction of the response regulator ARR4 with phytochrome B in modulating red light signaling (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: The Arabidopsis thaliana response regulator 4, expressed in response to phytochrome B action, specifically interacts with the extreme amino-terminus of the photoreceptor. The response regulator 4 stabilizes the active Pfr form of phytochrome B in yeast and in planta, thus elevates the level of the active photoreceptor in vivo. Accordingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the response regulator 4 display hypersensitivity to red light but not to light of other wavelengths. We propose that the response regulator 4 acts as an output element of a two-component system that modulates red light signaling on the level of the phytochrome B photoreceptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sweere, U -- Eichenberg, K -- Lohrmann, J -- Mira-Rodado, V -- Baurle, I -- Kudla, J -- Nagy, F -- Schafer, E -- Harter, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1108-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Biologie II / Botanik, Universitat Freiburg, Schanzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Darkness ; Genes, Plant ; *Light ; Phenotype ; Phosphorylation ; *Photoreceptor Cells ; Phytochrome/chemistry/*metabolism ; Phytochrome B ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Conformation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; Yeasts/genetics/metabolism
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  • 10
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    Translating the histone code (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: Chromatin, the physiological template of all eukaryotic genetic information, is subject to a diverse array of posttranslational modifications that largely impinge on histone amino termini, thereby regulating access to the underlying DNA. Distinct histone amino-terminal modifications can generate synergistic or antagonistic interaction affinities for chromatin-associated proteins, which in turn dictate dynamic transitions between transcriptionally active or transcriptionally silent chromatin states. The combinatorial nature of histone amino-terminal modifications thus reveals a "histone code" that considerably extends the information potential of the genetic code. We propose that this epigenetic marking system represents a fundamental regulatory mechanism that has an impact on most, if not all, chromatin-templated processes, with far-reaching consequences for cell fate decisions and both normal and pathological development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jenuwein, T -- Allis, C D -- GM53512/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1074-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) at the Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. jenuwein@nt.imp.univie.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Chromatin/chemistry/metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Gene Silencing ; Genomic Imprinting ; Histones/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Methylation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation
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  • 11
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    A transcriptional switch mediated by cofactor methylation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: We describe a molecular switch based on the controlled methylation of nucleosome and the transcriptional cofactors, the CREB-binding proteins (CBP)/p300. The CBP/p300 methylation site is localized to an arginine residue that is essential for stabilizing the structure of the KIX domain, which mediates CREB recruitment. Methylation of KIX by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) blocks CREB activation by disabling the interaction between KIX and the kinase inducible domain (KID) of CREB. Thus, CARM1 functions as a corepressor in cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway via its methyltransferase activity while acting as a coactivator for nuclear hormones. These results provide strong in vivo and in vitro evidence that histone methylation plays a key role in hormone-induced gene activation and define cofactor methylation as a new regulatory mechanism in hormone signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, W -- Chen, H -- Du, K -- Asahara, H -- Tini, M -- Emerson, B M -- Montminy, M -- Evans, R M -- 9R01DK57978/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2507-11. Epub 2001 Nov 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Expression Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Davis Cancer Center/Basic Science, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyltransferases/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Dimerization ; E1A-Associated p300 Protein ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histones/metabolism ; Methylation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; PC12 Cells ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Somatostatin/genetics ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Tretinoin/metabolism/pharmacology
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  • 12
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    Regulation of differentiation to the infective stage of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major by tetrahydrobiopterin (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: A critical step in the infectious cycle of Leishmania is the differentiation of parasites within the sand fly vector to the highly infective metacyclic promastigote stage. Here, we establish tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) levels as an important factor controlling the extent of metacyclogenesis. H4B levels decline substantially during normal development, and genetic or nutritional manipulations showed that low H4B caused elevated metacyclogenesis. Mutants lacking pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) had low levels of H4B, remained infectious to mice, and induced larger cutaneous lesions (hypervirulence). Thus, the control of pteridine metabolism has relevance to the mechanism of Leishmania differentiation and the limitation of virulence during evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cunningham, M L -- Titus, R G -- Turco, S J -- Beverley, S M -- AI21903/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI31078/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):285-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biopterin/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Folic Acid/metabolism ; Genes, Protozoan ; Glycosphingolipids/analysis ; Leishmania major/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/*parasitology ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; *Protozoan Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Virulence
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  • 13
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    Biomedicine. The NASA-NCI collaboration on biomolecular sensors (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldin, D S -- Dahl, C A -- Olsen, K L -- Ostrach, L H -- Klausner, R D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):443-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Washington, DC 20546, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomarkers ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Miniaturization ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Neoplasms/diagnosis/prevention & control/therapy ; *Research ; *Space Flight ; Spacecraft ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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  • 14
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    Toward automated synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-28
    Description: The discovery of previously unknown functions associated with carbohydrates and the study of their structure-function relations are of current interest in carbohydrate chemistry and biology. Progress in this area is, however, hampered by the lack of convenient and effective tools for the synthesis and analysis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Development of automated synthesis of such materials is necessary to facilitate research in this field. This review describes recent advances in carbohydrate synthesis, with particular focus on developments that have potential application to the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, and glycoproteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sears, P -- Wong, C H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2344-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11269314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Automation ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; DNA, Recombinant ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Glycopeptides/biosynthesis/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Glycoproteins/*biosynthesis/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism ; Glycosylation ; Glycosyltransferases/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligosaccharides/*biosynthesis/*chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Protein Splicing ; Software
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    Pot1, the putative telomere end-binding protein in fission yeast and humans (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-12
    Description: Telomere proteins from ciliated protozoa bind to the single-stranded G-rich DNA extensions at the ends of macronuclear chromosomes. We have now identified homologous proteins in fission yeast and in humans. These Pot1 (protection of telomeres) proteins each bind the G-rich strand of their own telomeric repeat sequence, consistent with a direct role in protecting chromosome ends. Deletion of the fission yeast pot1+ gene has an immediate effect on chromosome stability, causing rapid loss of telomeric DNA and chromosome circularization. It now appears that the protein that caps the ends of chromosomes is widely dispersed throughout the eukaryotic kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baumann, P -- Cech, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1171-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chromosome Segregation/genetics ; Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Ovary/metabolism ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Substrate Specificity ; Telomere/genetics/*metabolism ; *Telomere-Binding Proteins
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    Ribosome structure. The ribosome in action (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dahlberg, A E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):868-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. albert_dahlberg@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11341282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anticodon ; Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; Codon ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomes/chemistry/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; Thermus thermophilus/genetics/metabolism/ultrastructure
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  • 17
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    Stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation by hepatitis delta antigen (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: Transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is negatively regulated by the human factors DRB-sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF) and negative elongation factor (NELF). A 66-kilodalton subunit of NELF (NELF-A) shows limited sequence similarity to hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), the viral protein required for replication of hepatitis delta virus (HDV). The host RNAPII has been implicated in HDV replication, but the detailed mechanism and the role of HDAg in this process are not understood. We show that HDAg binds RNAPII directly and stimulates transcription by displacing NELF and promoting RNAPII elongation. These results suggest that HDAg may regulate RNAPII elongation during both cellular messenger RNA synthesis and HDV RNA replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yamaguchi, Y -- Filipovska, J -- Yano, K -- Furuya, A -- Inukai, N -- Narita, T -- Wada, T -- Sugimoto, S -- Konarska, M M -- Handa, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):124-7. Epub 2001 May 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Frontier Collaborative Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Consensus Sequence/genetics ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Hepatitis Antigens/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Hepatitis Delta Virus/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Hepatitis delta Antigens ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Binding ; Protein Subunits ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Templates, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Virus Replication
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    Clinical research. Company plans to bank human DNA profiles (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Confidentiality ; *Dna ; Databases, Factual ; Ethics, Medical ; *Genetic Research ; *Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Internet ; *Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; Private Sector ; *Research ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Frontiers of aging (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Humans ; *Internet ; *Publishing ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic
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    Virology. The origin and control of pandemic influenza (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laver, G -- Garman, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1776-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian National University, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Chickens/*virology ; Drug Industry/methods ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Guanidines ; HN Protein/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*enzymology/genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Influenza Vaccines/biosynthesis/economics/immunology ; Influenza, Human/diagnosis/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation/genetics ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Pyrans ; RNA, Viral/analysis/genetics ; Reassortant Viruses/enzymology/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity ; Sialic Acids/therapeutic use ; Zanamivir
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  • 21
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    Genome sequence of the plant pathogen and biotechnology agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen capable of transferring a defined segment of DNA to a host plant, generating a gall tumor. Replacing the transferred tumor-inducing genes with exogenous DNA allows the introduction of any desired gene into the plant. Thus, A. tumefaciens has been critical for the development of modern plant genetics and agricultural biotechnology. Here we describe the genome of A. tumefaciens strain C58, which has an unusual structure consisting of one circular and one linear chromosome. We discuss genome architecture and evolution and additional genes potentially involved in virulence and metabolic parasitism of host plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goodner, B -- Hinkle, G -- Gattung, S -- Miller, N -- Blanchard, M -- Qurollo, B -- Goldman, B S -- Cao, Y -- Askenazi, M -- Halling, C -- Mullin, L -- Houmiel, K -- Gordon, J -- Vaudin, M -- Iartchouk, O -- Epp, A -- Liu, F -- Wollam, C -- Allinger, M -- Doughty, D -- Scott, C -- Lappas, C -- Markelz, B -- Flanagan, C -- Crowell, C -- Gurson, J -- Lomo, C -- Sear, C -- Strub, G -- Cielo, C -- Slater, S -- R15 GM61690-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2323-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Hiram College, Hiram, OH 44234, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens/classification/*genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA Replication ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Plant Tumors/microbiology ; Plants/microbiology ; Plasmids ; Replicon ; Rhizobiaceae/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction ; Sinorhizobium meliloti/genetics ; Synteny ; Telomere ; Virulence/genetics
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    Clinical resistance to STI-571 cancer therapy caused by BCR-ABL gene mutation or amplification (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Clinical studies with the Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI-571 in chronic myeloid leukemia demonstrate that many patients with advanced stage disease respond initially but then relapse. Through biochemical and molecular analysis of clinical material, we find that drug resistance is associated with the reactivation of BCR-ABL signal transduction in all cases examined. In six of nine patients, resistance was associated with a single amino acid substitution in a threonine residue of the Abl kinase domain known to form a critical hydrogen bond with the drug. This substitution of threonine with isoleucine was sufficient to confer STI-571 resistance in a reconstitution experiment. In three patients, resistance was associated with progressive BCR-ABL gene amplification. These studies provide evidence that genetically complex cancers retain dependence on an initial oncogenic event and suggest a strategy for identifying inhibitors of STI-571 resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gorre, M E -- Mohammed, M -- Ellwood, K -- Hsu, N -- Paquette, R -- Rao, P N -- Sawyers, C L -- GM07185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):876-80. Epub 2001 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Base Sequence ; Benzamides ; Blast Crisis/genetics ; Cell Line ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/*metabolism ; Gene Amplification ; *Genes, abl ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/*drug therapy/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Philadelphia Chromosome ; Phosphorylation ; Piperazines/metabolism/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Point Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-crk ; Pyrimidines/metabolism/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Recurrence ; Signal Transduction
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  • 23
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    Formation of neurofibrillary tangles in P301l tau transgenic mice induced by Abeta 42 fibrils (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: beta-Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the defining neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, but their pathophysiological relation is unclear. Injection of beta-amyloid Abeta42 fibrils into the brains of P301L mutant tau transgenic mice caused fivefold increases in the numbers of NFTs in cell bodies within the amygdala from where neurons project to the injection sites. Gallyas silver impregnation identified NFTs that contained tau phosphorylated at serine 212/threonine 214 and serine 422. NFTs were composed of twisted filaments and occurred in 6-month-old mice as early as 18 days after Abeta42 injections. Our data support the hypothesis that Abeta42 fibrils can accelerate NFT formation in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gotz, J -- Chen, F -- van Dorpe, J -- Nitsch, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1491-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, August Forel Strasse 1, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland. goetz@bli.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/*pathology ; Amygdala/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*pathology ; Epitopes ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Mutation ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/*metabolism/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Plaque, Amyloid/*metabolism/pathology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms ; Sex Characteristics ; tau Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
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    Human evolution. Zoo's new primate exhibit to double as research lab (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1247.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; *Animals, Zoo ; Cognition ; Female ; Germany ; Humans ; Male ; *Primates ; *Research
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  • 25
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    A p53 amino-terminal nuclear export signal inhibited by DNA damage-induced phosphorylation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: The p53 protein is present in low amounts in normally growing cells and is activated in response to physiological insults. MDM2 regulates p53 either through inhibiting p53's transactivating function in the nucleus or by targeting p53 degradation in the cytoplasm. We identified a previously unknown nuclear export signal (NES) in the amino terminus of p53, spanning residues 11 to 27 and containing two serine residues phosphorylated after DNA damage, which was required for p53 nuclear export in colloboration with the carboxyl-terminal NES. Serine-15-phosphorylated p53 induced by ultraviolet irradiation was not exported. Thus, DNA damage-induced phosphorylation may achieve optimal p53 activation by inhibiting both MDM2 binding to, and the nuclear export of, p53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Y -- Xiong, Y -- CA65572/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K01 CA087580/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1910-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitins/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 26
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    X-ray crystallography. Transcription enzyme structure solved (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):411-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Weight ; Protein Conformation ; RNA/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Yeasts/*enzymology
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    Drug pricing. NIH report knocks tax on blockbusters (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Drug Costs ; Drug Design ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Patents as Topic ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/*economics ; Research Support as Topic ; *Taxes ; United States
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  • 28
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    Regulation of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana by cyclophilin 40 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: During its development, a plant shoot progresses from a juvenile to an adult phase of vegetative growth and from a reproductively incompetent to a reproductively competent state. In Arabidopsis, loss-of-function mutations in SQUINT (SQN) reduced the number of juvenile leaves and had subtle effects on inflorescence morphology but had no effect on flowering time or on reproductive competence. SQN encodes the Arabidopsis homolog of cyclophilin 40 (CyP40), a protein found in association with the Hsp90 chaperone complex in yeast, mammals, and plants. Thus, in Arabidopsis, CyP40 is specifically required for the vegetative but not the reproductive maturation of the shoot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berardini, T Z -- Bollman, K -- Sun, H -- Poethig, R S -- R01-GM1893-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2405-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Science Institute, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA. spoethig@sas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Cyclophilins ; Exons ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Plant Shoots/growth & development/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sequence Alignment ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    RGS-PX1, a GAP for GalphaS and sorting nexin in vesicular trafficking (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) control cellular functions by transducing signals from the outside to the inside of cells. Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are key modulators of the amplitude and duration of G protein-mediated signaling through their ability to serve as guanosine triphosphatase-activating proteins (GAPs). We have identified RGS-PX1, a Galpha(s)-specific GAP. The RGS domain of RGS-PX1 specifically interacted with Galpha(s), accelerated its GTP hydrolysis, and attenuated Galpha(s)-mediated signaling. RGS-PX1 also contains a Phox (PX) domain that resembles those in sorting nexin (SNX) proteins. Expression of RGS-PX1 delayed lysosomal degradation of the EGF receptor. Because of its bifunctional role as both a GAP and a SNX, RGS-PX1 may link heterotrimeric G protein signaling and vesicular trafficking.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zheng, B -- Ma, Y C -- Ostrom, R S -- Lavoie, C -- Gill, G N -- Insel, P A -- Huang, X Y -- Farquhar, M G -- AG14563/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- CA58689/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK17780/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM56904/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL53773/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL63885/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1939-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Endosomes/chemistry/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Mapping ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; RGS Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction ; Sorting Nexins ; Substrate Specificity ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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    Bt toxin resistance from loss of a putative carbohydrate-modifying enzyme (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: The development of resistance is the main threat to the long-term use of toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in transgenic plants. Here we report the cloning of a Bt toxin resistance gene, Caenorhabditis elegans bre-5, which encodes a putative beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase. Lack of bre-5 in the intestine led to resistance to the Bt toxin Cry5B. Wild-type but not bre-5 mutant animals were found to uptake toxin into their gut cells, consistent with bre-5 mutants lacking toxin-binding sites on their apical gut. bre-5 mutants displayed resistance to Cry14A, a Bt toxin lethal to both nematodes and insects; this indicates that resistance by loss of carbohydrate modification is relevant to multiple Bt toxins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffitts, J S -- Whitacre, J L -- Stevens, D E -- Aroian, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):860-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/*toxicity ; *Bacterial Toxins ; Biological Transport ; Caenorhabditis elegans/enzymology/*genetics/metabolism ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Digestive System/enzymology/metabolism ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Drug Resistance/genetics ; Endocytosis ; Endotoxins/metabolism/*toxicity ; Feeding Behavior ; Galactosyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Helminth ; Hemolysin Proteins ; *Insect Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosaicism ; Mutation ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Transformation, Genetic
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    Structural biology. Actin' up (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De La Cruz, E M -- Pollard, T D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):616-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474090" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Depolymerizing Factors ; Actins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Diphosphate/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry/metabolism ; Biopolymers/chemistry/metabolism ; *Contractile Proteins ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Hydrolysis ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Profilins ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; Rhodamines/metabolism ; Thymosin/metabolism
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    Essays on science and society. Morals and primordials (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guenin, L M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1659-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387460" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Catholicism ; *Embryo Research ; *Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Morals ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Philosophy ; Public Policy ; Religion and Science ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: Toxoplasma gondii is a common human pathogen causing serious, even fatal, disease in the developing fetus and in immunocompromised patients. Despite its ability to reproduce sexually and its broad geographic and host range, Toxoplasma has a clonal population structure comprised principally of three lines. We have analyzed 15 polymorphic loci in the archetypal type I, II, and III strains and found that polymorphism was limited to, at most, two rather than three allelic classes and no polymorphism was detected between alleles in strains of a given type. Multilocus analysis of 10 nonarchetypal isolates likewise clustered the vast majority of alleles into the same two distinct ancestries. These data strongly suggest that the currently predominant genotypes exist as a pandemic outbreak from a genetic mixing of two discrete ancestral lines. To determine if such mixing could lead to the extreme virulence observed for some strains, we examined the F(1) progeny of a cross between a type II and III strain, both of which are relatively avirulent in mice. Among the progeny were recombinants that were at least 3 logs more virulent than either parent. Thus, sexual recombination, by combining polymorphisms in two distinct and competing clonal lines, can be a powerful force driving the natural evolution of virulence in this highly successful pathogen.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grigg, M E -- Bonnefoy, S -- Hehl, A B -- Suzuki, Y -- Boothroyd, J C -- AI04717/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI21423/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI41014/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):161-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Crosses, Genetic ; Genes, Protozoan ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Humans ; Introns ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Toxoplasma/classification/*genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; Toxoplasmosis/*parasitology ; Toxoplasmosis, Animal/*parasitology ; Virulence/genetics
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    Smithsonian Institution. Turmoil behind the exhibits (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 13;293(5528):194-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11452094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Financing, Government ; *Museums ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; United States
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  • 35
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    Binding of GGA2 to the lysosomal enzyme sorting motif of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: The GGAs are a multidomain protein family implicated in protein trafficking between the Golgi and endosomes. Here, the VHS domain of GGA2 was shown to bind to the acidic cluster-dileucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Receptors with mutations in this motif were defective in lysosomal enzyme sorting. The hinge domain of GGA2 bound clathrin, suggesting that GGA2 could be a link between cargo molecules and clathrin-coated vesicle assembly. Thus, GGA2 binding to the CI-MPR is important for lysosomal enzyme targeting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Y -- Doray, B -- Poussu, A -- Lehto, V P -- Kornfeld, S -- R01 CA-08759/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1716-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387476" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cations ; Clathrin/metabolism ; Dipeptides/chemistry/metabolism ; L Cells (Cell Line) ; Lysosomes/*enzymology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Protein Transport ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, IGF Type 2/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Solubility ; Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism ; Transport Vesicles/metabolism ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; trans-Golgi Network/metabolism
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    Space station science. Congress orders halt to planned NASA cuts (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):408.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11463885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines ; Budgets ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; International Cooperation ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Spacecraft/*economics ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/*economics
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    Divining a forest's future from its past (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):626.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide ; Disasters ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies ; Massachusetts ; Research Support as Topic ; Time Factors ; *Trees
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    Smithsonian Institution. Plan to close zoo lab draws fire (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):183-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305292" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics ; Animals ; *Animals, Zoo ; Budgets ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Financing, Government ; *Museums ; Research ; United States
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    BAFF-R, a newly identified TNF receptor that specifically interacts with BAFF (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: B cell homeostasis has been shown to critically depend on BAFF, the B cell activation factor from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Although BAFF is already known to bind two receptors, BCMA and TACI, we have identified a third receptor for BAFF that we have termed BAFF-R. BAFF-R binding appears to be highly specific for BAFF, suggesting a unique role for this ligand-receptor interaction. Consistent with this, the BAFF-R locus is disrupted in A/WySnJ mice, which display a B cell phenotype qualitatively similar to that of the BAFF-deficient mice. Thus, BAFF-R appears to be the principal receptor for BAFF-mediated mature B cell survival.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, J S -- Bixler, S A -- Qian, F -- Vora, K -- Scott, M L -- Cachero, T G -- Hession, C -- Schneider, P -- Sizing, I D -- Mullen, C -- Strauch, K -- Zafari, M -- Benjamin, C D -- Tschopp, J -- Browning, J L -- Ambrose, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2108-11. Epub 2001 Aug 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biogen, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA., The Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Cell Activating Factor ; B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor ; B-Cell Maturation Antigen ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 ; Cloning, Molecular ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred A ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA, Messenger/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism
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    Regulation of Wnt signaling and embryo patterning by an extracellular sulfatase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: The developmental signaling functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are dependent on their sulfation states. Here, we report the identification of QSulf1, the avian ortholog of an evolutionarily conserved protein family related to heparan-specific N-acetyl glucosamine sulfatases. QSulf1 expression is induced by Sonic hedgehog in myogenic somite progenitors in quail embryos and is required for the activation of MyoD, a Wnt-induced regulator of muscle specification. QSulf1 is localized on the cell surface and regulates heparan-dependent Wnt signaling in C2C12 myogenic progenitor cells through a mechanism that requires its catalytic activity, providing evidence that QSulf1 regulates Wnt signaling through desulfation of cell surface HSPGs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dhoot, G K -- Gustafsson, M K -- Ai, X -- Sun, W -- Standiford, D M -- Emerson , C P Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1663-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 OTU, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Body Patterning ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Coculture Techniques ; Cricetinae ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/*metabolism ; Heparin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Mutation ; MyoD Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Quail/*embryology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; *Signal Transduction ; Somites/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*metabolism ; Sulfatases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Wnt Proteins ; *Zebrafish Proteins
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    University-industry partnership (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Z W -- Scott, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):553.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; Conflict of Interest ; Drug Industry ; *Industry ; Private Sector ; *Research ; Technology Transfer ; *Universities
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    Gene families from the Arabidopsis thaliana pollen coat proteome (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-30
    Description: The pollen extracellular matrix contains proteins mediating species specificity and components needed for efficient pollination. We identified all proteins 〉10 kilodaltons in the Arabidopsis pollen coating and showed that most of the corresponding genes reside in two genomic clusters. One cluster encodes six lipases, whereas the other contains six lipid-binding oleosin genes, including GRP17, a gene that promotes efficient pollination. Individual oleosins exhibit extensive divergence between ecotypes, but the entire cluster remains intact. Analysis of the syntenic region in Brassica oleracea revealed even greater divergence, but a similar clustering of the genes. Such allelic flexibility may promote speciation in plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayfield, J A -- Fiebig, A -- Johnstone, S E -- Preuss, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2482-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/chemistry/*genetics ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Brassica/chemistry/genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; Genome, Plant ; Lipase/*chemistry/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Multigene Family ; Phosphotransferases/chemistry/genetics ; Plant Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; Pollen/*chemistry ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteome ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment
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    Research collaborations. NASA lab offers land to lure research partners (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2073.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11256397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; Exobiology ; Facility Design and Construction ; *Industry ; Information Science ; *Laboratories ; *Research ; Technology ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; *Universities
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    Substitution of the thioredoxin system for glutathione reductase in Drosophila melanogaster (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: The disulfide reducing enzymes glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase are highly conserved among bacteria, fungi, worms, and mammals. These proteins maintain intracellular redox homeostasis to protect the organism from oxidative damage. Here we demonstrate the absence of glutathione reductase in Drosophila melanogaster, identify a new type of thioredoxin reductase, and provide evidence that a thioredoxin system supports GSSG reduction. Our data suggest that antioxidant defense in Drosophila, and probably in related insects, differs fundamentally from that in other organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kanzok, S M -- Fechner, A -- Bauer, H -- Ulschmid, J K -- Muller, H M -- Botella-Munoz, J -- Schneuwly, S -- Schirmer, R -- Becker, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):643-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center of Biochemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Drosophila melanogaster/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; Glutathione/*metabolism ; Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NADP/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Substrate Specificity ; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Environment and development. Sustainability science (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kates, R W -- Clark, W C -- Corell, R -- Hall, J M -- Jaeger, C C -- Lowe, I -- McCarthy, J J -- Schellnhuber, H J -- Bolin, B -- Dickson, N M -- Faucheux, S -- Gallopin, G C -- Grubler, A -- Huntley, B -- Jager, J -- Jodha, N S -- Kasperson, R E -- Mabogunje, A -- Matson, P -- Mooney, H -- Moore, B 3rd -- O'Riordan, T -- Svedlin, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):641-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330321" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Developing Countries ; Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Politics ; *Research ; *Social Conditions
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bmf: a proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex, activated by anoikis (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: Bcl-2 family members bearing only the BH3 domain are essential inducers of apoptosis. We identified a BH3-only protein, Bmf, and show that its BH3 domain is required both for binding to prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins and for triggering apoptosis. In healthy cells, Bmf is sequestered to myosin V motors by association with dynein light chain 2. Certain damage signals, such as loss of cell attachment (anoikis), unleash Bmf, allowing it to translocate and bind prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. Thus, at least two mammalian BH3-only proteins, Bmf and Bim, function to sense intracellular damage by their localization to distinct cytoskeletal structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Puthalakath, H -- Villunger, A -- O'Reilly, L A -- Beaumont, J G -- Coultas, L -- Cheney, R E -- Huang, D C -- Strasser, A -- CA 80188/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R29 DC003299/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050 VIC, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Anoikis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Dyneins ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein ; *Myosin Type V ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Transfection ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Geneticists' views on embryonic stem cells (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rabino, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1433-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11526938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Data Collection ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; *Research ; Societies, Scientific ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Requirement of CHROMOMETHYLASE3 for maintenance of CpXpG methylation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-12
    Description: Epigenetic silenced alleles of the Arabidopsis SUPERMAN locus (the clark kent alleles) are associated with dense hypermethylation at noncanonical cytosines (CpXpG and asymmetric sites, where X = A, T, C, or G). A genetic screen for suppressors of a hypermethylated clark kent mutant identified nine loss-of-function alleles of CHROMOMETHYLASE3 (CMT3), a novel cytosine methyltransferase homolog. These cmt3 mutants display a wild-type morphology but exhibit decreased CpXpG methylation of the SUP gene and of other sequences throughout the genome. They also show reactivated expression of endogenous retrotransposon sequences. These results show that a non-CpG DNA methyltransferase is responsible for maintaining epigenetic gene silencing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindroth, A M -- Cao, X -- Jackson, J P -- Zilberman, D -- McCallum, C M -- Henikoff, S -- Jacobsen, S E -- GM07104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM07185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM29009/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM60398/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):2077-80. Epub 2001 May 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/*genetics/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Base Sequence ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; CpG Islands ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cytosine/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA-Cytosine Methylases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Dinucleoside Phosphates/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Oligonucleotides/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Retroelements ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
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    A ribonucleotide reductase homolog of cytomegalovirus and endothelial cell tropism (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Human cytomegalovirus infects vascular tissues and has been associated with atherogenesis and coronary restenosis. Although established laboratory strains of human cytomegalovirus have lost the ability to grow on vascular endothelial cells, laboratory strains of murine cytomegalovirus retain this ability. With the use of a forward-genetic procedure involving random transposon mutagenesis and rapid phenotypic screening, we identified a murine cytomegalovirus gene governing endothelial cell tropism. This gene, M45, shares sequence homology to ribonucleotide reductase genes. Endothelial cells infected with M45-mutant viruses rapidly undergo apoptosis, suggesting that a viral strategy to evade destruction by cellular apoptosis is indispensable for viral growth in endothelial cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brune, W -- Menard, C -- Heesemann, J -- Koszinowski, U H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):303-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. wbrune@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11209080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/*virology ; Fibroblasts/virology ; Frameshift Mutation ; Gene Library ; *Genes, Viral ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muromegalovirus/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Open Reading Frames ; Phenotype ; Ribonucleotide Reductases/*genetics/physiology ; *Viral Proteins ; Virus Replication
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    Stem cell policy. An embryonic alternative (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1822.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animal Experimentation ; Animals ; *Bioethics ; Cell Line ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; *Macaca mulatta ; *Research ; *Stem Cells
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    Houston flood. Research toll is heavy in time and money (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sincell, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academic Medical Centers/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Disasters/economics ; *Research ; Texas
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    AIDS research. HIV inhibitor blocks virus from cell (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):229.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines ; Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry/*metabolism ; Antigens, CD4/metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism/virology ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Drug Design ; HIV/*metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Membrane Fusion ; *Peptides ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Breakthrough of the year. Peering into 2002 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2444.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biochemical Phenomena ; Biochemistry ; Computer Simulation ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron ; Optics and Photonics ; Proteins/physiology ; Proteome ; *Research ; *Science ; Stem Cells
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    Structural basis for selective recognition of oligosaccharides by DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-12
    Description: Dendritic cell specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 (ICAM-3) grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), a C-type lectin present on the surface of dendritic cells, mediates the initial interaction of dendritic cells with T cells by binding to ICAM-3. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR, a related receptor found on the endothelium of liver sinusoids, placental capillaries, and lymph nodes, bind to oligosaccharides that are present on the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an interaction that strongly promotes viral infection of T cells. Crystal structures of carbohydrate-recognition domains of DC-SIGN and of DC-SIGNR bound to oligosaccharide, in combination with binding studies, reveal that these receptors selectively recognize endogenous high-mannose oligosaccharides and may represent a new avenue for developing HIV prophylactics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feinberg, H -- Mitchell, D A -- Drickamer, K -- Weis, W I -- GM50565/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2163-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylglucosamine/chemistry/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Collectins ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lectins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Lectins, C-Type ; Ligands ; Mannose/chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligosaccharides/chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Chemistry. Nota bene: know thine enemy (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1298.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Antigens, Bacterial ; *Bacillus anthracis ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Endocytosis ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Macrophages/metabolism/microbiology ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Phagocytosis ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Peptide/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Crystal structure of an initiation factor bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-03
    Description: Initiation of translation at the correct position on messenger RNA is essential for accurate protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, this process requires three initiation factors: IF1, IF2, and IF3. Here we report the crystal structure of a complex of IF1 and the 30S ribosomal subunit. Binding of IF1 occludes the ribosomal A site and flips out the functionally important bases A1492 and A1493 from helix 44 of 16S RNA, burying them in pockets in IF1. The binding of IF1 causes long-range changes in the conformation of H44 and leads to movement of the domains of 30S with respect to each other. The structure explains how localized changes at the ribosomal A site lead to global alterations in the conformation of the 30S subunit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, A P -- Clemons, W M Jr -- Brodersen, D E -- Morgan-Warren, R J -- Hartsch, T -- Wimberly, B T -- Ramakrishnan, V -- GM 44973/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):498-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11228145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1/*chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/metabolism ; Ribosomal Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Thermus thermophilus/*chemistry
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    U.S. Congress. Would cloning ban affect stem cells? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 10;293(5532):1025.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; Politics ; *Research ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    gamma -Secretase cleavage and nuclear localization of ErbB-4 receptor tyrosine kinase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: ErbB-4 is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. After binding of its ligand heregulin (HRG) or activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the ErbB-4 ectodomain is cleaved by a metalloprotease. We now report a subsequent cleavage by gamma-secretase that releases the ErbB-4 intracellular domain from the membrane and facilitates its translocation to the nucleus. gamma-Secretase cleavage was prevented by chemical inhibitors or a dominant negative presenilin. Inhibition of gamma-secretase also prevented growth inhibition by HRG. gamma-Secretase cleavage of ErbB-4 may represent another mechanism for receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ni, C Y -- Murphy, M P -- Golde, T E -- Carpenter, G -- CA24071/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA68485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK20593/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- NS39072/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2179-81. Epub 2001 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases ; COS Cells ; Carbamates/pharmacology ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dipeptides/pharmacology ; Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neuregulin-1/pharmacology ; Presenilin-1 ; Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptor, ErbB-4 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Structure of a Bag/Hsc70 complex: convergent functional evolution of Hsp70 nucleotide exchange factors (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-27
    Description: Bag (Bcl2-associated athanogene) domains occur in a class of cofactors of the eukaryotic chaperone 70-kilodalton heat shock protein (Hsp70) family. Binding of the Bag domain to the Hsp70 adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) domain promotes adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent release of substrate from Hsp70 in vitro. In a 1.9 angstrom crystal structure of a complex with the ATPase of the 70-kilodalton heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70), the Bag domain forms a three-helix bundle, inducing a conformational switch in the ATPase that is incompatible with nucleotide binding. The same switch is observed in the bacterial Hsp70 homolog DnaK upon binding of the structurally unrelated nucleotide exchange factor GrpE. Thus, functional convergence has allowed proteins with different architectures to trigger a conserved conformational shift in Hsp70 that leads to nucleotide exchange.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sondermann, H -- Scheufler, C -- Schneider, C -- Hohfeld, J -- Hartl, F U -- Moarefi, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 23;291(5508):1553-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11222862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Cattle ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Evolution, Molecular ; HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Transcription Factors
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    Structural biology. A marvellous machine for making messages (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klug, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1844-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397933" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; RNA Polymerase II/*chemistry/*metabolism ; RNA, Fungal/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; Transcription Factors/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Breakthrough of the year. The year of living dangerously (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2443.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax ; Bioterrorism ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Publishing ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Terrorism ; United States
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    Physiology. A one-domain voltage-gated sodium channel in bacteria (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Catterall, W A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2306-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. wcatt@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacillus/*chemistry/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/chemistry/metabolism ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Transport ; Membrane Potentials ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sodium/*metabolism ; Sodium Channel Blockers ; Sodium Channels/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Static Electricity
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    Hepatitis C virus IRES RNA-induced changes in the conformation of the 40s ribosomal subunit (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: Initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes requires recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the messenger RNA (mRNA). In most cases, this depends on recognition of a modified nucleotide cap on the 5' end of the mRNA. However, an alternate pathway uses a structured RNA element in the 5' untranslated region of the messenger or viral RNA called an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy map of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) IRES bound to the 40S ribosomal subunit at about 20 A resolution. IRES binding induces a pronounced conformational change in the 40S subunit and closes the mRNA binding cleft, suggesting a mechanism for IRES-mediated positioning of mRNA in the ribosomal decoding center.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spahn, C M -- Kieft, J S -- Grassucci, R A -- Penczek, P A -- Zhou, K -- Doudna, J A -- Frank, J -- GM60635/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM29169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1959-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Health Research Inc. at the, Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11239155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5' Untranslated Regions/chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Hepacivirus/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/chemistry/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/chemistry/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Ribosomes/*chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure
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    UDP-glucose dehydrogenase required for cardiac valve formation in zebrafish (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: Cardiac valve formation is a complex process that involves cell signaling events between the myocardial and endocardial layers of the heart across an elaborate extracellular matrix. These signals lead to marked morphogenetic movements and transdifferentiation of the endocardial cells at chamber boundaries. Here we identify the genetic defect in zebrafish jekyll mutants, which are deficient in the initiation of heart valve formation. The jekyll mutation disrupts a homolog of Drosophila Sugarless, a uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase required for heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid production. The atrioventricular border cells do not differentiate from their neighbors in jekyll mutants, suggesting that Jekyll is required in a cell signaling event that establishes a boundary between the atrium and ventricle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walsh, E C -- Stainier, D Y -- HL54737/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1670-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antisense Elements (Genetics) ; Body Patterning ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics ; Endocardium/embryology/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism ; Heart/*embryology ; Heart Valves/cytology/*embryology/enzymology/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Myocardium/cytology/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Signal Transduction ; Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Zebrafish/*embryology/genetics
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    Science policy. Peer-review critic gets NIH 'rejects' (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1255-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government ; Internet ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Peer Review, Research ; Privacy ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Human embryo research: lessons from history (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walters, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; *Embryo Research ; *Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financing, Government ; *Government Regulation ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Internationality ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Public Policy ; Research ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Crystal structure of the free radical intermediate of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: In anaerobic organisms, the decarboxylation of pyruvate, a crucial component of intermediary metabolism, is catalyzed by the metalloenzyme pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) resulting in the generation of low potential electrons and the subsequent acetylation of coenzyme A (CoA). PFOR is the only enzyme for which a stable acetyl thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-based free radical reaction intermediate has been identified. The 1.87 A-resolution structure of the radical form of PFOR from Desulfovibrio africanus shows that, despite currently accepted ideas, the thiazole ring of the ThDP cofactor is markedly bent, indicating a drastic reduction of its aromaticity. In addition, the bond connecting the acetyl group to ThDP is unusually long, probably of the one-electron type already described for several cation radicals but not yet found in a biological system. Taken together, our data, along with evidence from the literature, suggest that acetyl-CoA synthesis by PFOR proceeds via a condensation mechanism involving acetyl (PFOR-based) and thiyl (CoA-based) radicals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chabriere, E -- Vernede, X -- Guigliarelli, B -- Charon, M H -- Hatchikian, E C -- Fontecilla-Camps, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2559-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Cristallographie et Cristallogenese des Proteines, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Universite Joseph Fourier, CNRS, 41, rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Binding Sites ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Coenzymes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Desulfovibrio/*enzymology ; Dimerization ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; *Free Radicals/chemistry/metabolism ; Ketone Oxidoreductases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Pyruvate Synthase ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism ; Thiamine Pyrophosphate/*chemistry/metabolism
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    On the dynamic origins of allosteric activation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wand, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1395.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA. wand@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calmodulin/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Motion ; Mutation ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Thermodynamics ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription Factors
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    National astronomical observatories in China (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ai, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 13;293(5528):214.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11452977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; China ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Publishing ; *Research ; *Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic
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    Skinny hedgehog, an acyltransferase required for palmitoylation and activity of the hedgehog signal (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: One of the most dominant influences in the patterning of multicellular embryos is exerted by the Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted signaling proteins. Here, we identify a segment polarity gene in Drosophila melanogaster, skinny hedgehog (ski), and show that its product is required in Hh-expressing cells for production of appropriate signaling activity in embryos and in the imaginal precursors of adult tissues. The ski gene encodes an apparent acyltransferase, and we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that Hh proteins from ski mutant cells retain carboxyl-terminal cholesterol modification but lack amino-terminal palmitate modification. Our results suggest that ski encodes an enzyme that acts within the secretory pathway to catalyze amino-terminal palmitoylation of Hh, and further demonstrate that this lipid modification is required for the embryonic and larval patterning activities of the Hh signal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chamoun, Z -- Mann, R K -- Nellen, D -- von Kessler, D P -- Bellotto, M -- Beachy, P A -- Basler, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2080-4. Epub 2001 Aug 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Molekularbiologie and Zoologisches Institut, Universitat Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Acyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Body Patterning ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Insect ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Palmitic Acid/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Signal Transduction ; Transgenes
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    Methylation of histone H4 at arginine 3 facilitating transcriptional activation by nuclear hormone receptor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: Acetylation of core histone tails plays a fundamental role in transcription regulation. In addition to acetylation, other posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and methylation, occur in core histone tails. Here, we report the purification, molecular identification, and functional characterization of a histone H4-specific methyltransferase PRMT1, a protein arginine methyltransferase. PRMT1 specifically methylates arginine 3 (Arg 3) of H4 in vitro and in vivo. Methylation of Arg 3 by PRMT1 facilitates subsequent acetylation of H4 tails by p300. However, acetylation of H4 inhibits its methylation by PRMT1. Most important, a mutation in the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-binding site of PRMT1 substantially crippled its nuclear receptor coactivator activity. Our finding reveals Arg 3 of H4 as a novel methylation site by PRMT1 and indicates that Arg 3 methylation plays an important role in transcriptional regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, H -- Huang, Z Q -- Xia, L -- Feng, Q -- Erdjument-Bromage, H -- Strahl, B D -- Briggs, S D -- Allis, C D -- Wong, J -- Tempst, P -- Zhang, Y -- GM63067-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA08748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):853-7. Epub 2001 May 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arginine/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Histones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oocytes ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases ; Receptors, Androgen/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; S-Adenosylmethionine/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Xenopus
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    Agricultural research. Tornado rips apart Maryland center (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):284-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Disasters ; Maryland ; *Plants ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; *Research ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture
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    Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious medical problem and presents a major challenge to the treatment of disease and the development of novel therapeutics. ABC transporters that are associated with multidrug resistance (MDR-ABC transporters) translocate hydrophobic drugs and lipids from the inner to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. To better elucidate the structural basis for the "flip-flop" mechanism of substrate movement across the lipid bilayer, we have determined the structure of the lipid flippase MsbA from Escherichia coli by x-ray crystallography to a resolution of 4.5 angstroms. MsbA is organized as a homodimer with each subunit containing six transmembrane alpha-helices and a nucleotide-binding domain. The asymmetric distribution of charged residues lining a central chamber suggests a general mechanism for the translocation of substrate by MsbA and other MDR-ABC transporters. The structure of MsbA can serve as a model for the MDR-ABC transporters that confer multidrug resistance to cancer cells and infectious microorganisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, G -- Roth, C B -- GM61905-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1793-800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, MB-9, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. gchang@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Biological Transport ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; *Drug Resistance, Microbial ; *Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Lipid A/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sequence Alignment ; Static Electricity ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Bioinformatics. Petition seeks public sharing of code (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11588225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Computational Biology ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patents as Topic ; Research Support as Topic ; *Software ; Technology Transfer ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Proposed research budget a starting point (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rogers, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):437.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies/*economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Common and contrasting themes of plant and animal diseases (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: Recent studies in bacterial pathogenesis reveal common and contrasting mechanisms of pathogen virulence and host resistance in plant and animal diseases. This review presents recent developments in the study of plant and animal pathogenesis, with respect to bacterial colonization and the delivery of effector proteins to the host. Furthermore, host defense responses in both plants and animals are discussed in relation to mechanisms of pathogen recognition and defense signaling. Future studies will greatly add to our understanding of the molecular events defining host-pathogen interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Staskawicz, B J -- Mudgett, M B -- Dangl, J L -- Galan, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2285-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. stask@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; Bacterial Infections/immunology/microbiology ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genes, Plant ; Immunity, Innate ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Diseases/*microbiology ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Plants/genetics/metabolism/*microbiology ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 77
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    Defining distress (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alley, K E -- Cassady, J M -- Fields, H -- Glaser, R -- Goodridge, A -- Hoffsis, G F -- Moser, B D -- Sanfilippo, F -- Yonushonis, W P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2316-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11269299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Care Committees ; *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; *Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Public Policy ; *Research ; Stress, Physiological/*veterinary ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    British science: a toast to teatime (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finn, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11550702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Great Britain ; *Publishing ; *Research ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Japan. Summit seeks boost for life sciences (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):763-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679642" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines ; *Biotechnology ; Financing, Government ; Japan ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    Phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination of cyclin E by the SCFFbw7 ubiquitin ligase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: Cyclin E binds and activates the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk2 and catalyzes the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. The amount of cyclin E protein present in the cell is tightly controlled by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Here we identify the ubiquitin ligase responsible for cyclin E ubiquitination as SCFFbw7 and demonstrate that it is functionally conserved in yeast, flies, and mammals. Fbw7 associates specifically with phosphorylated cyclin E, and SCFFbw7 catalyzes cyclin E ubiquitination in vitro. Depletion of Fbw7 leads to accumulation and stabilization of cyclin E in vivo in human and Drosophila melanogaster cells. Multiple F-box proteins contribute to cyclin E stability in yeast, suggesting an overlap in SCF E3 ligase specificity that allows combinatorial control of cyclin E degradation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koepp, D M -- Schaefer, L K -- Ye, X -- Keyomarsi, K -- Chu, C -- Harper, J W -- Elledge, S J -- R01 AG011085/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):173-7. Epub 2001 Aug 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; *Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cyclin E/*metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster ; *F-Box Proteins ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Synthases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism
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    Ventroptin: a BMP-4 antagonist expressed in a double-gradient pattern in the retina (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-07-07
    Description: In the visual system, the establishment of the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes in the retina and tectum during development is important for topographic retinotectal projection. We identified chick Ventroptin, an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4), which is mainly expressed in the ventral retina, not only with a ventral high-dorsal low gradient but also with a nasal high-temporal low gradient at later stages. Misexpression of Ventroptin altered expression patterns of several topographic genes in the retina and projection of the retinal axons to the tectum along both axes. Thus, the topographic retinotectal projection appears to be specified by the double-gradient molecule Ventroptin along the two axes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sakuta, H -- Suzuki, R -- Takahashi, H -- Kato, A -- Shintani, T -- Iemura Si -- Yamamoto, T S -- Ueno, N -- Noda, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 6;293(5527):111-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441185" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Chick Embryo ; Cloning, Molecular ; Electroporation ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology/metabolism ; Eye Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Library ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Mice ; Microinjections ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Morphogenesis ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Binding ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Retina/*embryology/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Surface Plasmon Resonance ; Xenopus Proteins ; Xenopus laevis/embryology/metabolism
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    Protein design of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) membrane fusion is promoted by the formation of a trimer-of-hairpins structure that brings the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the gp41 envelope glycoprotein ectodomain into close proximity. Peptides derived from the carboxyl-terminal region (called C-peptides) potently inhibit HIV-1 entry by binding to the gp41 amino-terminal region. To test the converse of this inhibitory strategy, we designed a small protein, denoted 5-Helix, that binds the C-peptide region of gp41. The 5-Helix protein displays potent (nanomolar) inhibitory activity against diverse HIV-1 variants and may serve as the basis for a new class of antiviral agents. The inhibitory activity of 5-Helix also suggests a strategy for generating an HIV-1 neutralizing antibody response that targets the carboxyl-terminal region of the gp41 ectodomain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Root, M J -- Kay, M S -- Kim, P S -- P01 GM56552/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 2;291(5505):884-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. kimadmin@wi.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry/immunology/metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; *Drug Design ; Giant Cells/drug effects ; HIV Antibodies/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/chemistry/*metabolism ; HIV-1/*drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion/*drug effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; *Peptides ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Counterterrorism. U.S. science agencies begin to lend a hand (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):761-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioterrorism ; *Government Agencies ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; *Terrorism ; United States
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    Germany. A former capital stakes its future on science (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1827-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Germany ; *Research ; *Universities
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The numbers. NIH stays the course in choosing how to spend its growing budget (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):1993.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/organization & administration ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Antibody catalysis of the oxidation of water (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: Recently we reported that antibodies can generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*). We now show that this process is catalytic, and we identify the electron source for a quasi-unlimited generation of H2O2. Antibodies produce up to 500 mole equivalents of H2O2 from 1O2*, without a reduction in rate, and we have excluded metals or Cl- as the electron source. On the basis of isotope incorporation experiments and kinetic data, we propose that antibodies use H2O as an electron source, facilitating its addition to 1O2* to form H2O3 as the first intermediate in a reaction cascade that eventually leads to H2O2. X-ray crystallographic studies with xenon point to putative conserved oxygen binding sites within the antibody fold where this chemistry could be initiated. Our findings suggest a protective function of immunoglobulins against 1O2* and raise the question of whether the need to detoxify 1O2* has played a decisive role in the evolution of the immunoglobulin fold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wentworth , P Jr -- Jones, L H -- Wentworth, A D -- Zhu, X -- Larsen, N A -- Wilson, I A -- Xu, X -- Goddard , W A 3rd -- Janda, K D -- Eschenmoser, A -- Lerner, R A -- CA27489/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM43858/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD 36385/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1806-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Catalytic/chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Conserved Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidants/chemistry/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Singlet Oxygen ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptophan/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Water/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Xenon/metabolism
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    Space research. ESA embraces astrobiology (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gavaghan, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1626-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes ; Europe ; European Union ; *Exobiology ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Space Flight
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  • 88
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    TRP-PLIK, a bifunctional protein with kinase and ion channel activities (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: We cloned and characterized a protein kinase and ion channel, TRP-PLIK. As part of the long transient receptor potential channel subfamily implicated in control of cell division, it is a protein that is both an ion channel and a protein kinase. TRP-PLIK phosphorylated itself, displayed a wide tissue distribution, and, when expressed in CHO-K1 cells, constituted a nonselective, calcium-permeant, 105-picosiemen, steeply outwardly rectifying conductance. The zinc finger containing alpha-kinase domain was functional. Inactivation of the kinase activity by site-directed mutagenesis and the channel's dependence on intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) demonstrated that the channel's kinase activity is essential for channel function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Runnels, L W -- Yue, L -- Clapham, D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1043-7. Epub 2001 Jan 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 1309 Enders Building, 320 Longwood Avenue, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Cations/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; DNA, Complementary ; Electric Conductivity ; Humans ; Ion Channels/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; TRPM Cation Channels ; Transfection ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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    Egyptian science. A biotech gambit in the desert (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frank, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 25;292(5521):1478.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; Egypt ; Financing, Government ; Genetic Engineering ; Laboratories ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Universities
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  • 90
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    Lobbying. Tools of the trade (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):833.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11341267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Lobbying ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Societies, Scientific ; United States
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  • 91
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    Newest member of the NIH family (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chien, S -- Maynard, C D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1701-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11249810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Engineering ; *Diagnostic Imaging ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislation & jurisprudence/*organization & ; administration ; *Research ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Scientific whaling (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aron, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Japan ; *Research ; *Whales
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lobbying. Perfecting the art of the science deal (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):830-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11341265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Budgets ; *Lobbying ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Societies, Scientific ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structure. An anthropomorphic integrin (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Humphries, M J -- Mould, A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):316-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. martin.humphries@man.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Ligands ; Metals/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Subunits ; Receptors, Vitronectin/*chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structure of an extracellular gp130 cytokine receptor signaling complex (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: The activation of gp130, a shared signal-transducing receptor for a family of cytokines, is initiated by recognition of ligand followed by oligomerization into a higher order signaling complex. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a functional homolog of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) that activates human gp130. In the 2.4 angstrom crystal structure of the extracellular signaling assembly between viral IL-6 and human gp130, two complexes are cross-linked into a tetramer through direct interactions between the immunoglobulin domain of gp130 and site III of viral IL-6, which is necessary for receptor activation. Unlike human IL-6 (which uses many hydrophilic residues), the viral cytokine largely uses hydrophobic amino acids to contact gp130, which enhances the complementarity of the viral IL-6-gp130 binding interfaces. The cross-reactivity of gp130 is apparently due to a chemical plasticity evident in the amphipathic gp130 cytokine-binding sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chow , D -- He , X -- Snow, A L -- Rose-John, S -- Garcia, K C -- R01-AI-48540-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2150-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild D319, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytokine Receptor gp130 ; Epitopes ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Interleukin-6/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Mimicry ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Signal Transduction ; Viral Proteins/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A combined experimental and computational strategy to define protein interaction networks for peptide recognition modules (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: Peptide recognition modules mediate many protein-protein interactions critical for the assembly of macromolecular complexes. Complete genome sequences have revealed thousands of these domains, requiring improved methods for identifying their physiologically relevant binding partners. We have developed a strategy combining computational prediction of interactions from phage-display ligand consensus sequences with large-scale two-hybrid physical interaction tests. Application to yeast SH3 domains generated a phage-display network containing 394 interactions among 206 proteins and a two-hybrid network containing 233 interactions among 145 proteins. Graph theoretic analysis identified 59 highly likely interactions common to both networks. Las17 (Bee1), a member of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASP) family of actin-assembly proteins, showed multiple SH3 interactions, many of which were confirmed in vivo by coimmunoprecipitation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tong, Amy Hin Yan -- Drees, Becky -- Nardelli, Giuliano -- Bader, Gary D -- Brannetti, Barbara -- Castagnoli, Luisa -- Evangelista, Marie -- Ferracuti, Silvia -- Nelson, Bryce -- Paoluzi, Serena -- Quondam, Michele -- Zucconi, Adriana -- Hogue, Christopher W V -- Fields, Stanley -- Boone, Charles -- Cesareni, Gianni -- P41 RR11823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):321-4. Epub 2001 Dec 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding Sites ; *Computational Biology ; Consensus Sequence ; *Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Databases, Genetic ; Databases, Protein ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Ligands ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Library ; Peptides/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; *Proteome ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Software ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein ; src Homology Domains
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genome sequencing. Talks of public-private deal end in acrimony (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 10;287(5459):1723-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Databases, Factual ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Dissent and Disputes ; Federal Government ; Financing, Government ; Genome, Human ; Group Processes ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patents as Topic ; *Private Sector ; *Public Sector ; Publishing ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Eastern Europe. Adriatic nations team up to explore spreading marine mystery (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Scientists hope that unlocking the mystery of a slimy biomass that sometimes despoils the sparkling blue-green waters of the Adriatic Sea will push open the door to greater international scientific collaboration in the troubled region. The biomass's once-rare appearances have become increasingly frequent in the last decade, making it perhaps the most visible sign of environmental stress in the northern Adriatic. But its growing notoriety may have a silver lining: a major international program to study pollution and other environmental trends in the Adriatic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):694.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe, Eastern ; *International Cooperation ; Italy ; *Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/physiology ; *Research ; *Water Pollution
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mad cow disease. New recruits for French prion research (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Casassus, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1671.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11186383" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Budgets ; Cattle ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome ; Disease Models, Animal ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform/epidemiology ; Financing, Government ; France/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Prion Diseases ; *Prions ; *Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stem cells branch out. Introduction: special section on stem cell research and ethics (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hines, Pamela J -- Purnell, Beverly A -- Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1417.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11645196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Embryo Research ; *Fetal Research ; Humans ; *Research ; Risk ; Risk Assessment ; *Stem Cells
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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