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  • 1
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    A super-Earth transiting a nearby low-mass star (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-18
    Description: A decade ago, the detection of the first transiting extrasolar planet provided a direct constraint on its composition and opened the door to spectroscopic investigations of extrasolar planetary atmospheres. Because such characterization studies are feasible only for transiting systems that are both nearby and for which the planet-to-star radius ratio is relatively large, nearby small stars have been surveyed intensively. Doppler studies and microlensing have uncovered a population of planets with minimum masses of 1.9-10 times the Earth's mass (M[symbol:see text]), called super-Earths. The first constraint on the bulk composition of this novel class of planets was afforded by CoRoT-7b (refs 8, 9), but the distance and size of its star preclude atmospheric studies in the foreseeable future. Here we report observations of the transiting planet GJ 1214b, which has a mass of 6.55M[symbol:see text]), and a radius 2.68 times Earth's radius (R[symbol:see text]), indicating that it is intermediate in stature between Earth and the ice giants of the Solar System. We find that the planetary mass and radius are consistent with a composition of primarily water enshrouded by a hydrogen-helium envelope that is only 0.05% of the mass of the planet. The atmosphere is probably escaping hydrodynamically, indicating that it has undergone significant evolution during its history. The star is small and only 13 parsecs away, so the planetary atmosphere is amenable to study with current observatories.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Charbonneau, David -- Berta, Zachory K -- Irwin, Jonathan -- Burke, Christopher J -- Nutzman, Philip -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Lovis, Christophe -- Bonfils, Xavier -- Latham, David W -- Udry, Stephane -- Murray-Clay, Ruth A -- Holman, Matthew J -- Falco, Emilio E -- Winn, Joshua N -- Queloz, Didier -- Pepe, Francesco -- Mayor, Michel -- Delfosse, Xavier -- Forveille, Thierry -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 17;462(7275):891-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08679.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. dcharbonneau@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20016595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Kepler-16: a transiting circumbinary planet (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-17
    Description: We report the detection of a planet whose orbit surrounds a pair of low-mass stars. Data from the Kepler spacecraft reveal transits of the planet across both stars, in addition to the mutual eclipses of the stars, giving precise constraints on the absolute dimensions of all three bodies. The planet is comparable to Saturn in mass and size and is on a nearly circular 229-day orbit around its two parent stars. The eclipsing stars are 20 and 69% as massive as the Sun and have an eccentric 41-day orbit. The motions of all three bodies are confined to within 0.5 degrees of a single plane, suggesting that the planet formed within a circumbinary disk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doyle, Laurance R -- Carter, Joshua A -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Slawson, Robert W -- Howell, Steve B -- Winn, Joshua N -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Prsa, Andrej -- Welsh, William F -- Quinn, Samuel N -- Latham, David -- Torres, Guillermo -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Shporer, Avi -- Ford, Eric B -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Rucker, Michael -- Batalha, Natalie -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Borucki, William J -- Koch, David -- Middour, Christopher K -- Hall, Jennifer R -- McCauliff, Sean -- Fanelli, Michael N -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Holman, Matthew J -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Still, Martin -- Stefanik, Robert P -- Brown, Warren R -- Esquerdo, Gilbert A -- Tang, Sumin -- Furesz, Gabor -- Geary, John C -- Berlind, Perry -- Calkins, Michael L -- Short, Donald R -- Steffen, Jason H -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Dunham, Edward W -- Cochran, William D -- Boss, Alan -- Haas, Michael R -- Buzasi, Derek -- Fischer, Debra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 16;333(6049):1602-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1210923.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA. ldoyle@seti.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    The detection and characterization of a nontransiting planet by transit timing variations (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: The Kepler mission is monitoring the brightness of ~150,000 stars, searching for evidence of planetary transits. As part of the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) project, we report a planetary system with two confirmed planets and one candidate planet discovered with the publicly available data for KOI-872. Planet b transits the host star with a period P(b) = 33.6 days and exhibits large transit timing variations indicative of a perturber. Dynamical modeling uniquely detects an outer nontransiting planet c near the 5:3 resonance (P(c) = 57.0 days) with a mass 0.37 times that of Jupiter. Transits of a third planetary candidate are also found: a 1.7-Earth radius super-Earth with a 6.8-day period. Our analysis indicates a system with nearly coplanar and circular orbits, reminiscent of the orderly arrangement within the solar system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nesvorny, David -- Kipping, David M -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Bakos, Gaspar A -- Hartman, Joel -- Schmitt, Allan R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 1;336(6085):1133-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1221141. Epub 2012 May 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA. davidn@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Kepler-47: a transiting circumbinary multiplanet system (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-31
    Description: We report the detection of Kepler-47, a system consisting of two planets orbiting around an eclipsing pair of stars. The inner and outer planets have radii 3.0 and 4.6 times that of Earth, respectively. The binary star consists of a Sun-like star and a companion roughly one-third its size, orbiting each other every 7.45 days. With an orbital period of 49.5 days, 18 transits of the inner planet have been observed, allowing a detailed characterization of its orbit and those of the stars. The outer planet's orbital period is 303.2 days, and although the planet is not Earth-like, it resides within the classical "habitable zone," where liquid water could exist on an Earth-like planet. With its two known planets, Kepler-47 establishes that close binary stars can host complete planetary systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orosz, Jerome A -- Welsh, William F -- Carter, Joshua A -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Cochran, William D -- Endl, Michael -- Ford, Eric B -- Haghighipour, Nader -- MacQueen, Phillip J -- Mazeh, Tsevi -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Short, Donald R -- Torres, Guillermo -- Agol, Eric -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Doyle, Laurance R -- Isaacson, Howard -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Shporer, Avi -- Windmiller, Gur -- Barclay, Thomas -- Boss, Alan P -- Clarke, Bruce D -- Fortney, Jonathan -- Geary, John C -- Holman, Matthew J -- Huber, Daniel -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Kinemuchi, Karen -- Kruse, Ethan -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Still, Martin -- Tenenbaum, Peter -- Uddin, Kamal -- Winn, Joshua N -- Koch, David G -- Borucki, William J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Sep 21;337(6101):1511-4. Epub 2012 Aug 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astronomy Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA. orosz@sciences.sdsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22933522" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Stellar spin-orbit misalignment in a multiplanet system (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: Stars hosting hot Jupiters are often observed to have high obliquities, whereas stars with multiple coplanar planets have been seen to have low obliquities. This has been interpreted as evidence that hot-Jupiter formation is linked to dynamical disruption, as opposed to planet migration through a protoplanetary disk. We used asteroseismology to measure a large obliquity for Kepler-56, a red giant star hosting two transiting coplanar planets. These observations show that spin-orbit misalignments are not confined to hot-Jupiter systems. Misalignments in a broader class of systems had been predicted as a consequence of torques from wide-orbiting companions, and indeed radial velocity measurements revealed a third companion in a wide orbit in the Kepler-56 system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, Daniel -- Carter, Joshua A -- Barbieri, Mauro -- Miglio, Andrea -- Deck, Katherine M -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Montet, Benjamin T -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Chaplin, William J -- Hekker, Saskia -- Montalban, Josefina -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Campante, Tiago L -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Elsworth, Yvonne P -- Stello, Dennis -- Arentoft, Torben -- Ford, Eric B -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Howard, Andrew W -- Isaacson, Howard -- Johnson, John Asher -- Karoff, Christoffer -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Latham, David W -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Silva Aguirre, Victor -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):331-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1242066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, MS 244-30, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Kepler-62: a five-planet system with planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth radii in the habitable zone (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-20
    Description: We present the detection of five planets--Kepler-62b, c, d, e, and f--of size 1.31, 0.54, 1.95, 1.61 and 1.41 Earth radii (R plus sign in circle), orbiting a K2V star at periods of 5.7, 12.4, 18.2, 122.4, and 267.3 days, respectively. The outermost planets, Kepler-62e and -62f, are super-Earth-size (1.25 R plus sign in circle 〈 planet radius 〈/= 2.0 R plus sign in circle) planets in the habitable zone of their host star, respectively receiving 1.2 +/- 0.2 times and 0.41 +/- 0.05 times the solar flux at Earth's orbit. Theoretical models of Kepler-62e and -62f for a stellar age of ~7 billion years suggest that both planets could be solid, either with a rocky composition or composed of mostly solid water in their bulk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borucki, William J -- Agol, Eric -- Fressin, Francois -- Kaltenegger, Lisa -- Rowe, Jason -- Isaacson, Howard -- Fischer, Debra -- Batalha, Natalie -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Fabrycky, Daniel -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Barclay, Thomas -- Bastien, Fabienne -- Boss, Alan -- Brugamyer, Erik -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Burke, Chris -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Carter, Josh -- Charbonneau, David -- Crepp, Justin R -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Ciardi, David -- Cochran, William D -- DeVore, Edna -- Doyle, Laurance -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Endl, Michael -- Everett, Mark E -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gould, Alan -- Haas, Michael -- Henze, Christopher -- Howard, Andrew W -- Howell, Steve B -- Huber, Daniel -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Kolbl, Rea -- Kolodziejczak, Jeffery -- Latham, David W -- Lee, Brian L -- Lopez, Eric -- Mullally, Fergal -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Prsa, Andrej -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Seader, Shawn -- Shporer, Avi -- Steffen, Jason H -- Still, Martin -- Tenenbaum, Peter -- Thompson, Susan E -- Torres, Guillermo -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Welsh, William F -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):587-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1234702. Epub 2013 Apr 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. william.j.borucki@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Models, Theoretical ; *Planets ; Stars, Celestial ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20 (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-22
    Description: Since the discovery of the first extrasolar giant planets around Sun-like stars, evolving observational capabilities have brought us closer to the detection of true Earth analogues. The size of an exoplanet can be determined when it periodically passes in front of (transits) its parent star, causing a decrease in starlight proportional to its radius. The smallest exoplanet hitherto discovered has a radius 1.42 times that of the Earth's radius (R( plus sign in circle)), and hence has 2.9 times its volume. Here we report the discovery of two planets, one Earth-sized (1.03R( plus sign in circle)) and the other smaller than the Earth (0.87R( plus sign in circle)), orbiting the star Kepler-20, which is already known to host three other, larger, transiting planets. The gravitational pull of the new planets on the parent star is too small to measure with current instrumentation. We apply a statistical method to show that the likelihood of the planetary interpretation of the transit signals is more than three orders of magnitude larger than that of the alternative hypothesis that the signals result from an eclipsing binary star. Theoretical considerations imply that these planets are rocky, with a composition of iron and silicate. The outer planet could have developed a thick water vapour atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fressin, Francois -- Torres, Guillermo -- Rowe, Jason F -- Charbonneau, David -- Rogers, Leslie A -- Ballard, Sarah -- Batalha, Natalie M -- Borucki, William J -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Ciardi, David R -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Dressing, Courtney D -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Henze, Christopher E -- Holman, Matthew J -- Howard, Andrew -- Howell, Steve B -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Quinn, Samuel N -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Sasselov, Dimitar D -- Seager, Sara -- Barclay, Thomas -- Mullally, Fergal -- Seader, Shawn E -- Still, Martin -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Thompson, Susan E -- Uddin, Kamal -- England -- Nature. 2011 Dec 20;482(7384):195-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10780.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ffressin@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    An abundance of small exoplanets around stars with a wide range of metallicities (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: The abundance of heavy elements (metallicity) in the photospheres of stars similar to the Sun provides a 'fossil' record of the chemical composition of the initial protoplanetary disk. Metal-rich stars are much more likely to harbour gas giant planets, supporting the model that planets form by accumulation of dust and ice particles. Recent ground-based surveys suggest that this correlation is weakened for Neptunian-sized planets. However, how the relationship between size and metallicity extends into the regime of terrestrial-sized exoplanets is unknown. Here we report spectroscopic metallicities of the host stars of 226 small exoplanet candidates discovered by NASA's Kepler mission, including objects that are comparable in size to the terrestrial planets in the Solar System. We find that planets with radii less than four Earth radii form around host stars with a wide range of metallicities (but on average a metallicity close to that of the Sun), whereas large planets preferentially form around stars with higher metallicities. This observation suggests that terrestrial planets may be widespread in the disk of the Galaxy, with no special requirement of enhanced metallicity for their formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buchhave, Lars A -- Latham, David W -- Johansen, Anders -- Bizzarro, Martin -- Torres, Guillermo -- Rowe, Jason F -- Batalha, Natalie M -- Borucki, William J -- Brugamyer, Erik -- Caldwell, Caroline -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Ciardi, David R -- Cochran, William D -- Endl, Michael -- Esquerdo, Gilbert A -- Ford, Eric B -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Hansen, Terese -- Isaacson, Howard -- Laird, John B -- Lucas, Philip W -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Morse, Jon A -- Robertson, Paul -- Shporer, Avi -- Stefanik, Robert P -- Still, Martin -- Quinn, Samuel N -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jun 13;486(7403):375-7. doi: 10.1038/nature11121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. buchhave@astro.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: Since the discovery of the first exoplanets, it has been known that other planetary systems can look quite unlike our own. Until fairly recently, we have been able to probe only the upper range of the planet size distribution, and, since last year, to detect planets that are the size of Earth or somewhat smaller. Hitherto, no planets have been found that are smaller than those we see in the Solar System. Here we report a planet significantly smaller than Mercury. This tiny planet is the innermost of three that orbit the Sun-like host star, which we have designated Kepler-37. Owing to its extremely small size, similar to that of the Moon, and highly irradiated surface, the planet, Kepler-37b, is probably rocky with no atmosphere or water, similar to Mercury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barclay, Thomas -- Rowe, Jason F -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Huber, Daniel -- Fressin, Francois -- Howell, Steve B -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Chaplin, William J -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Lopez, Eric D -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Mullally, Fergal -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Torres, Guillermo -- Adams, Elisabeth R -- Agol, Eric -- Barrado, David -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Charbonneau, David -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Ciardi, David -- Cochran, William D -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Elsworth, Yvonne -- Everett, Mark -- Fischer, Debra A -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Geary, John C -- Haas, Michael R -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Hekker, Saskia -- Henze, Christopher E -- Horch, Elliott -- Howard, Andrew W -- Hunter, Roger C -- Isaacson, Howard -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Karoff, Christoffer -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Klaus, Todd C -- Latham, David W -- Li, Jie -- Lillo-Box, Jorge -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Miglio, Andrea -- Morris, Robert L -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Stello, Dennis -- Smith, Jeffrey C -- Still, Martin -- Thompson, Susan E -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 28;494(7438):452-4. doi: 10.1038/nature11914. Epub 2013 Feb 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA. thomas.barclay@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-13
    Description: Most Sun-like stars in the Galaxy reside in gravitationally bound pairs of stars (binaries). Although long anticipated, the existence of a 'circumbinary planet' orbiting such a pair of normal stars was not definitively established until the discovery of the planet transiting (that is, passing in front of) Kepler-16. Questions remained, however, about the prevalence of circumbinary planets and their range of orbital and physical properties. Here we report two additional transiting circumbinary planets: Kepler-34 (AB)b and Kepler-35 (AB)b, referred to here as Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b, respectively. Each is a low-density gas-giant planet on an orbit closely aligned with that of its parent stars. Kepler-34 b orbits two Sun-like stars every 289 days, whereas Kepler-35 b orbits a pair of smaller stars (89% and 81% of the Sun's mass) every 131 days. The planets experience large multi-periodic variations in incident stellar radiation arising from the orbital motion of the stars. The observed rate of circumbinary planets in our sample implies that more than approximately 1% of close binary stars have giant planets in nearly coplanar orbits, yielding a Galactic population of at least several million.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Welsh, William F -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Carter, Joshua A -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Prsa, Andrej -- Quinn, Samuel N -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Short, Donald R -- Torres, Guillermo -- Winn, Joshua N -- Doyle, Laurance R -- Barclay, Thomas -- Batalha, Natalie -- Bloemen, Steven -- Brugamyer, Erik -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Caldwell, Caroline -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Ciardi, David R -- Cochran, William D -- Endl, Michael -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Hall, Jennifer R -- Holman, Matthew J -- Howard, Andrew W -- Howell, Steve B -- Isaacson, Howard -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Klaus, Todd C -- Latham, David W -- Li, Jie -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Mazeh, Tsevi -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Robertson, Paul -- Shporer, Avi -- Steffen, Jason H -- Windmiller, Gur -- Koch, David G -- Borucki, William J -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 11;481(7382):475-9. doi: 10.1038/nature10768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astronomy Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA. wfw@sciences.sdsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment/chemistry ; *Planets ; Space Flight ; Spacecraft ; Stars, Celestial
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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