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  • 1
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    Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-04
    Description: One of the most pervasive themes in ecology is that biological diversity stabilizes ecosystem processes and the services they provide to society, a concept that has become a common argument for biodiversity conservation. Species-rich communities are thought to produce more temporally stable ecosystem services because of the complementary or independent dynamics among species that perform similar ecosystem functions. Such variance dampening within communities is referred to as a portfolio effect and is analogous to the effects of asset diversity on the stability of financial portfolios. In ecology, these arguments have focused on the effects of species diversity on ecosystem stability but have not considered the importance of biologically relevant diversity within individual species. Current rates of population extirpation are probably at least three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates, so there is a pressing need to clarify how population and life history diversity affect the performance of individual species in providing important ecosystem services. Here we use five decades of data from Oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to provide the first quantification of portfolio effects that derive from population and life history diversity in an important and heavily exploited species. Variability in annual Bristol Bay salmon returns is 2.2 times lower than it would be if the system consisted of a single homogenous population rather than the several hundred discrete populations it currently consists of. Furthermore, if it were a single homogeneous population, such increased variability would lead to ten times more frequent fisheries closures. Portfolio effects are also evident in watershed food webs, where they stabilize and extend predator access to salmon resources. Our results demonstrate the critical importance of maintaining population diversity for stabilizing ecosystem services and securing the economies and livelihoods that depend on them. The reliability of ecosystem services will erode faster than indicated by species loss alone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schindler, Daniel E -- Hilborn, Ray -- Chasco, Brandon -- Boatright, Christopher P -- Quinn, Thomas P -- Rogers, Lauren A -- Webster, Michael S -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 3;465(7298):609-12. doi: 10.1038/nature09060.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA. deschind@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fisheries/economics ; Food Chain ; Geography ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Rivers ; Salmon/*classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20 (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-22
    Description: Since the discovery of the first extrasolar giant planets around Sun-like stars, evolving observational capabilities have brought us closer to the detection of true Earth analogues. The size of an exoplanet can be determined when it periodically passes in front of (transits) its parent star, causing a decrease in starlight proportional to its radius. The smallest exoplanet hitherto discovered has a radius 1.42 times that of the Earth's radius (R( plus sign in circle)), and hence has 2.9 times its volume. Here we report the discovery of two planets, one Earth-sized (1.03R( plus sign in circle)) and the other smaller than the Earth (0.87R( plus sign in circle)), orbiting the star Kepler-20, which is already known to host three other, larger, transiting planets. The gravitational pull of the new planets on the parent star is too small to measure with current instrumentation. We apply a statistical method to show that the likelihood of the planetary interpretation of the transit signals is more than three orders of magnitude larger than that of the alternative hypothesis that the signals result from an eclipsing binary star. Theoretical considerations imply that these planets are rocky, with a composition of iron and silicate. The outer planet could have developed a thick water vapour atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fressin, Francois -- Torres, Guillermo -- Rowe, Jason F -- Charbonneau, David -- Rogers, Leslie A -- Ballard, Sarah -- Batalha, Natalie M -- Borucki, William J -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Ciardi, David R -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Dressing, Courtney D -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Henze, Christopher E -- Holman, Matthew J -- Howard, Andrew -- Howell, Steve B -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Quinn, Samuel N -- Ragozzine, Darin -- Sasselov, Dimitar D -- Seager, Sara -- Barclay, Thomas -- Mullally, Fergal -- Seader, Shawn E -- Still, Martin -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Thompson, Susan E -- Uddin, Kamal -- England -- Nature. 2011 Dec 20;482(7384):195-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10780.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ffressin@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22186831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    The same frequency of planets inside and outside open clusters of stars (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-28
    Description: Most stars and their planets form in open clusters. Over 95 per cent of such clusters have stellar densities too low (less than a hundred stars per cubic parsec) to withstand internal and external dynamical stresses and fall apart within a few hundred million years. Older open clusters have survived by virtue of being richer and denser in stars (1,000 to 10,000 per cubic parsec) when they formed. Such clusters represent a stellar environment very different from the birthplace of the Sun and other planet-hosting field stars. So far more than 800 planets have been found around Sun-like stars in the field. The field planets are usually the size of Neptune or smaller. In contrast, only four planets have been found orbiting stars in open clusters, all with masses similar to or greater than that of Jupiter. Here we report observations of the transits of two Sun-like stars by planets smaller than Neptune in the billion-year-old open cluster NGC6811. This demonstrates that small planets can form and survive in a dense cluster environment, and implies that the frequency and properties of planets in open clusters are consistent with those of planets around field stars in the Galaxy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meibom, Soren -- Torres, Guillermo -- Fressin, Francois -- Latham, David W -- Rowe, Jason F -- Ciardi, David R -- Bryson, Steven T -- Rogers, Leslie A -- Henze, Christopher E -- Janes, Kenneth -- Barnes, Sydney A -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Isaacson, Howard -- Fischer, Debra A -- Howell, Steve B -- Horch, Elliott P -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Schuler, Simon C -- Crepp, Justin -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):55-8. doi: 10.1038/nature12279. Epub 2013 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. smeibom@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    A coherent signature of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition to remote watersheds of the Northern Hemisphere (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-17
    Description: Humans have more than doubled the amount of reactive nitrogen (Nr) added to the biosphere, yet most of what is known about its accumulation and ecological effects is derived from studies of heavily populated regions. Nitrogen (N) stable isotope ratios ((15)N:(14)N) in dated sediments from 25 remote Northern Hemisphere lakes show a coherent signal of an isotopically distinct source of N to ecosystems beginning in 1895 +/- 10 years (+/-1 standard deviation). Initial shifts in N isotope composition recorded in lake sediments coincide with anthropogenic CO(2) emissions but accelerate with widespread industrial Nr production during the past half century. Although current atmospheric Nr deposition rates in remote regions are relatively low, anthropogenic N has probably influenced watershed N budgets across the Northern Hemisphere for over a century.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holtgrieve, Gordon W -- Schindler, Daniel E -- Hobbs, William O -- Leavitt, Peter R -- Ward, Eric J -- Bunting, Lynda -- Chen, Guangjie -- Finney, Bruce P -- Gregory-Eaves, Irene -- Holmgren, Sofia -- Lisac, Mark J -- Lisi, Peter J -- Nydick, Koren -- Rogers, Lauren A -- Saros, Jasmine E -- Selbie, Daniel T -- Shapley, Mark D -- Walsh, Patrick B -- Wolfe, Alexander P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 16;334(6062):1545-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1212267.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. gholt@uw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Kepler-36: a pair of planets with neighboring orbits and dissimilar densities (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: In the solar system, the planets' compositions vary with orbital distance, with rocky planets in close orbits and lower-density gas giants in wider orbits. The detection of close-in giant planets around other stars was the first clue that this pattern is not universal and that planets' orbits can change substantially after their formation. Here, we report another violation of the orbit-composition pattern: two planets orbiting the same star with orbital distances differing by only 10% and densities differing by a factor of 8. One planet is likely a rocky "super-Earth," whereas the other is more akin to Neptune. These planets are 20 times more closely spaced and have a larger density contrast than any adjacent pair of planets in the solar system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, Joshua A -- Agol, Eric -- Chaplin, William J -- Basu, Sarbani -- Bedding, Timothy R -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Deck, Katherine M -- Elsworth, Yvonne -- Fabrycky, Daniel C -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Hale, Steven J -- Handberg, Rasmus -- Hekker, Saskia -- Holman, Matthew J -- Huber, Daniel -- Karoff, Christopher -- Kawaler, Steven D -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Lopez, Eric D -- Lund, Mikkel N -- Lundkvist, Mia -- Metcalfe, Travis S -- Miglio, Andrea -- Rogers, Leslie A -- Stello, Dennis -- Borucki, William J -- Bryson, Steve -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Cochran, William D -- Geary, John C -- Gilliland, Ronald L -- Haas, Michael R -- Hall, Jennifer -- Howard, Andrew W -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Klaus, Todd -- Koch, David G -- Latham, David W -- MacQueen, Phillip J -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Steffen, Jason H -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 3;337(6094):556-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1223269. Epub 2012 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jacarter@cfa.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous Fermentation in the Production of Lactic Acid (1931)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 23 (1931), S. 532-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50257a016
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN MALE HOMOSEXUALS IN LONDON (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 437 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb37185.x
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  • 8
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    Concordance in Isonymy and Pedigree Measures of Inbreeding: The Effects of Sample Composition (1987)
    Baltimore : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Human Biology. 59:5 (1987:Oct.) 753 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-7143
    Topics: Biology
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:5243-1987-059-05-000002
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  • 9
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    How the Door Opened: The Peopling of the New World (1992)
    Baltimore : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Human Biology. 64:3 (1992:June) 281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-7143
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Articles: Special Issue on the Biological Anthropology of New World Populations
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:5243-1992-064-03-000002
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to defining a multidisciplinary field of science: The case of cardiovascular biology (1993)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new and objective method for tackling the problem of defining a multidisciplinary research area for bibliometric analysis. The test field was cardiovascular biology. A three stage process was adopted in setting a boundary around this research field: 1. Appropriate sections of a hierarchical subject classification scheme, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), were developed into a “MeSH filter” through which papers indexed in MEDLINE were screened. 2. A panel of cardiovascular experts reviewed the core set of classification terms, identifying irrelevant and missing areas, facilitating the development of a more sophisticated “filter”. 3. The definition was validated using publication lists from research departments with a known interest in cardiovascular research. This iterative process resulted in a definition of the field which captured basic and clinical research papers from the international biomedical research community and which was recognisable to experts in the field of cardiovascular research. Importantly, the field boundary also excluded publications which were not relevant to cardiovascular research. The process of involving experts in shaping the field definition also yielded two intangible, but key benefits: (a) it lent credibility to subsequent analyses, the results of which were to be presented to policy-makers in cardiovascular biology, and (b) it served to shape consensus among the cardiovascular experts on the full range of scientific disciplines that are relevant to their field. Analysis of international publishing in cardiovascular research revealed that whilst the UK and US dominate in total numbers of papers, the relative emphasis on cardiovascular research in these countries (as a proportion ofall biomedical publishing) is actually quite low, and declining. Japan and Germany in contrast appear to give greater emphasis to cardiovascular research in their national portfolios of biomedical science, and between 1988–1991 Japan established a marked increase in activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02016285
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