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  • 1
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    Rapid evolution of reproductive isolation in the wild: evidence from introduced salmon (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: Colonization of new environments should promote rapid speciation as a by-product of adaptation to divergent selective regimes. Although this process of ecological speciation is known to have occurred over millennia or centuries, nothing is known about how quickly reproductive isolation actually evolves when new environments are first colonized. Using DNA microsatellites, population-specific natural tags, and phenotypic variation, we tested for reproductive isolation between two adjacent salmon populations of a common ancestry that colonized divergent reproductive environments (a river and a lake beach). We found evidence for the evolution of reproductive isolation after fewer than 13 generations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hendry, A P -- Wenburg, J K -- Bentzen, P -- Volk, E C -- Quinn, T P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):516-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-5810, USA. ahendry@bio.umass.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Phenotype ; *Reproduction ; Salmon/genetics/*physiology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Washington
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Population diversity and the portfolio effect in an exploited species (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-04
    Description: One of the most pervasive themes in ecology is that biological diversity stabilizes ecosystem processes and the services they provide to society, a concept that has become a common argument for biodiversity conservation. Species-rich communities are thought to produce more temporally stable ecosystem services because of the complementary or independent dynamics among species that perform similar ecosystem functions. Such variance dampening within communities is referred to as a portfolio effect and is analogous to the effects of asset diversity on the stability of financial portfolios. In ecology, these arguments have focused on the effects of species diversity on ecosystem stability but have not considered the importance of biologically relevant diversity within individual species. Current rates of population extirpation are probably at least three orders of magnitude higher than species extinction rates, so there is a pressing need to clarify how population and life history diversity affect the performance of individual species in providing important ecosystem services. Here we use five decades of data from Oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon) in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to provide the first quantification of portfolio effects that derive from population and life history diversity in an important and heavily exploited species. Variability in annual Bristol Bay salmon returns is 2.2 times lower than it would be if the system consisted of a single homogenous population rather than the several hundred discrete populations it currently consists of. Furthermore, if it were a single homogeneous population, such increased variability would lead to ten times more frequent fisheries closures. Portfolio effects are also evident in watershed food webs, where they stabilize and extend predator access to salmon resources. Our results demonstrate the critical importance of maintaining population diversity for stabilizing ecosystem services and securing the economies and livelihoods that depend on them. The reliability of ecosystem services will erode faster than indicated by species loss alone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schindler, Daniel E -- Hilborn, Ray -- Chasco, Brandon -- Boatright, Christopher P -- Quinn, Thomas P -- Rogers, Lauren A -- Webster, Michael S -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 3;465(7298):609-12. doi: 10.1038/nature09060.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA. deschind@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Extinction, Biological ; *Fisheries/economics ; Food Chain ; Geography ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Probability ; Rivers ; Salmon/*classification/*physiology ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Divergence in juvenile growth and life history in two recently colonized and partially isolated chinook salmon populations (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 57 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In 47 families of New Zealand chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha derived from two populations, differing in mean spawning date by 11–17 days and in juvenile life history, neither mean ovum weight nor mean time to hatch differed between the two populations, but substantial differences in mean family weight were apparent from 6 months after fertilization. Differences in growth rates from 12 to 24 months were relatively small, suggesting that most of the divergence in size and growth occurred during the first 6 months of life. There were differences in mean weight for families spawned 11–17 days apart, the approximate interval by which peak spawning date differs between the two populations, but these did not persist beyond 7 months. Differences between the two populations are consistent with their natural life history. The slower growing population experiences cooler temperatures during stream residence and is dominated by fish which spend a year in fresh water before seaward migration, whereas the faster growing population normally experiences warmer temperatures and migrates to sea in the first year of life. These results provide further evidence of life history evolution in partially isolated chinook salmon populations within 90 years (c. 30 generations) of becoming established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02203.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of senescence and density on the aggression of adult female sockeye salmon (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 52 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Aggression of individual female sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in Hansen Creek, Alaska, was unrelated to body size or density but it decreased over the last 7 days of life from an average of 8·89–1·47 counts 15 min−1. In addition, as females neared death they tended to use less violent forms of aggression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00974.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal variation in dissolved oxygen in natural egg pockets of chum salmon, in Kennedy Creek, Washington (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 48 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) on incubating salmonid embryos have been studied extensively in the laboratory but there is little information on levels experienced by salmon embryos in complex natural channels. We monitored 33 natural egg pockets of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, from shortly after spawning until emergence, and found that DO levels varied considerably among and within egg pockets over time. Egg pocket DO levels varied from 2–10 mg l−1 at the time of spawning and generally declined during incubation but the declines did not occur in all pockets and were not always steady. Much of the variability may be attributed to local channel topography. Pool tailouts had the highest and least variable DO levels whereas levels in lateral bars were generally lower and more variable. Levels in glides and riffles tended to be intermediate between those in pool tailouts and lateral bars. In spite of the variation in DO levels and habitats used by chum salmon, DO levels were not correlated with egg pocket sediment composition (per cent of the sample〈1.0 or 4.0 mm diameter) or with the egg pocket's depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01424.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lacustrine growth of juvenile pink salmon and a comparison with sympatric sockeye salmon (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 66 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The growth rates of naturally sympatric juvenile pink Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and sockeye Oncorhynchus nerka salmon were compared in a common lacustrine environment in south-west Alsaka, an unusual opportunity given the normal disparity in freshwater residence time of these two species. Fork length (LF) frequency distributions of juvenile pink salmon caught in the lake during the summer in 1991 and 1999–2003 indicated a growth rate of 0·54 mm day−1, 54% greater than the estimated growth rate of juvenile sockeye salmon sampled from 1958 to 2003 (0·35 mm day−1). Examination of daily growth rings on otoliths indicated that pink salmon in Lake Aleknagik grew an average of 1·34 mm day−1 in 2003 but sockeye salmon grew only 0·63 mm day−1(average specific growth rates were 3·0 and 1·8% day−1, respectively). Pink salmon increased from c. 32 mm LF and 0·2 g at emergence to 78 mm LF and 3·0 g within 3–4 weeks. After experiencing these rapid growth rates, the pink salmon appeared to leave the lake by late July in most years. The diets of pink and sockeye salmon in the littoral zone of the lake were very similar; 〉80% of the stomach contents consisted of adult and pupal insects and the remainder was zooplankton. This high degree of diet overlap suggested that the observed differences in growth rate were not attributable to variation in prey composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00713.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrimination of family-specific odours by juvenile coho salmon: roles of learning and odour concentration (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 58 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Free-swimming coho salmon fry Oncorhynchus kisutch of some families showed preference (relative to the behaviour of naïve sibs) for the odours of similarly aged non-sibs to whom they had been exposed during the post-hatch (alevin) stage and the early free-swimming (fry) stage, but not the embryo (egg) stage, indicating that odour-learning had occurred during the later developmental periods. Recognition (i.e. preference) of sib- pecific odours was evident after a month, and in one case 5 months, of separation from those odours. Thus, young salmon incubating in their gravel nests in streams appear to have the capacity to learn the chemical characteristics of conspecifics and retain this memory for at least several months without reinforcement. However, in addition to the general attractiveness of sibs and familiar non-sibs over unfamiliar non-sibs, some non-sibs were consistently more attractive than others. Preference between two different non-sib odours could be reversed by changing their relative concentrations, indicating that relative attractiveness is a function of both familiarity and odour concentration. Therefore, although juvenile coho salmon learn, remember, and are subsequently attracted by sib-specific odours in early life, familiar odours are not always preferred over unfamiliar conspecific odours. Preference in dyadic assays is therefore an insensitive measure of recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00502.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the outcome of territorial contests between hatchery and naturally reared coho salmon parr in the laboratory (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In aquarium experiments using coho salmon as a model species, prior residents dominated intruders of the same size but intruders with a 6% length advantage were equally matched against prior residents. Prior winning experience (distinct from individual recognition) also strongly influenced competitive success and overcame a prior residence effect. Coho salmon reared in a hatchery dominated size-matched fish from the same parental population reared in a stream. Hatchery-reared salmon also dominated naturally spawned salmon, even when the wild salmon were prior residents. Thus the combined effects of greater size and rearing experience of hatchery-produced salmon were sufficient to overcome a wild salmon's advantage of prior residence. Efforts to rehabilitate salmonid populations must consider such behavioural interactions if displacement of wild fish is to be prevented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00243.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the recognition of population-specific odours by juvenile coho salmon (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 50 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from the Quinsam, Big Qualicum and Puntledge Rivers, British Columbia, Canada, discriminated between the chemical emanations of similarly aged salmon from their own and another population. However, common rearing during the embryonic, larval and early free-swimming stages rendered families more attractive to each other than they were otherwise. Preference among populations was also influenced by quantity of odour produced by the fish. Some fish, notably the Quinsam River population, appeared to produce greater quantities of attractants than other fish. Finally, the salmon also preferred water conditioned by faeces of members of their own population over blank water and, in one of two experiments, over water conditioned by faeces of non-population members, suggesting that at least some of the odourants mediating intraspecific discriminations are present in faeces. These results confirm earlier studies demonstrating that salmonid populations differ in odours distinguishable by conspecifics but indicate that experiments investigating this phenomenon must be designed carefully to avoid bias owing to differences other than population-specific traits. The role of population recognition in the lives of salmonids is unclear; it might be a manifestation of more general imprinting for homing, of sibling recognition, or it might play a role in mate choice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01629.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological changes in senescing adult male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum) (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 41 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mature male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum) were measured, tagged and released into a gravel holding pond adjacent to the spawning site, then remeasured when dead for possible changes in shape or size. Body length, depth, snout length and caudal peduncle thickness decreased at the end of life, 1–2 weeks later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb02733.x
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