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  • Elsevier  (5,804,701)
  • Springer  (3,531,817)
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  • 101
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    Benchmarking a new 2.5D shallow water model for lava flows (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Lava flows associated with effusive volcanic eruptions require accurate modelling in order to forecast potential paths of destruction. This study presents a new depth-averaged model that overcomes the classical shallow water hypothesis by incorporating several enhancements, allowing for a more precise representation of the flow dynamics and behaviour: (i) a parabolic profile which captures the vertical variations in velocity within the flow; (ii) a non-constant vertical profile for temperature, enabling a more realistic representation of thermal gradients within the flowing lava; (iii) a viscoplastic temperature-dependent viscosity model to account for the non-Newtonian behaviour of lava; (iv) a transport equation for temperature accounting for the thermal heat exchanges with the environment and the soil. The first two modifications allow us to describe, under reasonable assumptions, the vertical structure of the flow, and for this reason, we put our model in the class of 2.5D models. To assess the performance of our modified model, comprehensive benchmark tests are conducted using both laboratory experiments and real-world lava flow data related to the 2014–2015 Pico do Fogo, Cape Verde, effusive eruption. The benchmarking analysis demonstrates that this model accurately reproduces, with short execution times, essential flow features such as flow front advancement and cooling processes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107935
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Lava flows ; numerical model ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 102
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    Surveying volcanic crises exercises: From open-question questionnaires to a prototype checklist (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Volcanic crisis exercises are usually run to test response capabilities, communication protocols, and decision-making procedures by agencies with responsibilities to cope with scenarios of volcanic unrest with inherent uncertainty, such as volcano observatories and/or civil protection authorities. During the last decades, the use of questionnaires has been increased to evaluate people’s knowledge on volcanic hazards and their perception of risk, to better understand their preparedness to respond to emergency measures plans. In this paper, we present a study carried out within the European Network of Observatories and Research Infrastructures for Volcanology project (EUROVOLC) focused on extracting information on the experience gained during volcanic-crisis exercises by the project’s participants and beyond. An open-ended question questionnaire was firstly distributed for a survey within the project community. Through the results obtained, we developed a user-friendly online multi-choice questionnaire that was submitted to the volcanological communities within and outside EUROVOLC. Analyzing the answers to the online questionnaire, we extracted a prototype checklist for guiding the design of such exercises in the future. Our results confirm this type of survey as a very useful tool for gathering information on participants’ experience and knowledge, able to understand which data and information may be useful when designing exercises for scientists, emergency managers and decision makers. In particular, the main lessons learnt regard the need i) to increase training activities involving people exposed to volcanic hazards and media, ii) to improve external communication tools (between players and public/media), equipment and protocols and iii) to better define decision-makers’ needs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107850
    Description: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 103
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    Integrated Access to Multidisciplinary Data Through Semantically Interoperable Services in a Metadata-Driven Platform for Solid Earth Science (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: The ability to use data produced by different sources (social networks, governments, weather sensors etc.) is widely recognized as a key to capitalize the value of data. In the scientific field, such usage may incredibly boost the innovation and foster new discoveries. However, one of the main hurdles is currently represented by the difficulties in achieving the required interoperability to provide integrated access to multi-disciplinary data. The current work presents a metadata-driven approach that uses in a combined way metadata, semantics, and services as key components for providing integrated access to heterogeneous data sources. The integration occurs within a central data integration system, which is driven by a rich metadata catalogue and that can present the data provided by the different data sources in a harmonised way to the end user, by means of RESTful APIs. A real application demonstrating metadata-driven semantic and service interoperability for achieving homogeneous access to multi-disciplinary heterogeneous data sources is illustrated in the case of EPOS, a Research Infrastructure for Solid Earth Science. The advantages in terms of ease of maintenance, of flexibility in plugging different standard without perturbating communities’ long-lasting technical practices, and of ability to track provenance are discussed. Future work for providing open-source implementation of a system built following the proposed approach is also envisaged.
    Description: Published
    Description: 235–247
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 104
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    SHAPEness: A SHACL-Driven Metadata Editor (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: The Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL) has been recently introduced as a W3C recommendation to define constraints for validating RDF graphs. In this paper a novel SHACL-driven multi-view editor is presented: SHAPEness. It empowers users by offering them a rich interface for assessing and improving the quality of metadata represented as RDF graphs. SHAPEness has been developed and tested in the framework of the European Plate Observing System (EPOS). In this context, the SHAPEness features have proven to be a valuable solution to easily create and maintain valid graphs according to the EPOS data model. The SHACL-driven approach underpinning SHAPEness, makes this tool suitable for a broad range of domains, or use cases, which structure their knowledge by means of SHACL constraints.
    Description: Published
    Description: 274–288
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 105
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    Flow front mobility of rock avalanches as a function of flow volume, grain size, channel width, basal friction and flow scale (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: The ability to predict the mobility of rock avalanches is necessary when designing strategies to mitigate the risks they pose. A popular mobility indicator of the flow front is the Heim’s apparent friction coefficient muH. In the field, muH shows a decrease in value as flow volume V increases. But this correlation has been a mystery as to whether it is due to a causal relationship between V and mobility since: (1) field data of muH do not collapse onto a single curve because typically widely scattered and (2) laboratory experiments have shown an opposite volume effect on the center of mass mobility of miniature flows. My numerical simulations confirm for the first time the existence of a functional relationship of scaling parameters where muH decreases as V increases in unsteady and nonuniform 3D flows. Data scatter is caused by muH that is affected by numerous other variables besides V. The interplay of these variables produces different granular regimes with opposite volume effects. In particular, muH decreases as V increases in the regime characterized by a relatively rough subsurface. The relationship holds for large-scale flows that, like rock avalanches, consist of a very large number of fine clasts traveling in wide channels. In these dense flows, flow front mobility increases as flow volume increases, as channel width increases, as grain size decreases, as basal friction decreases and as flow scale increases. Larger-scale flows are more mobile because they have larger Froude number values.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pyroclastic Flows ; Rock Avalanches ; Flow Front ; Mobility
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    Quaternary slip-rates probabilistic estimation for the Northern Apennines frontal thrust in the Po Plain (Northern Italy) by integrating surface and subsurface data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: The Northern Apennines thrust front in the Po basin exhibits active blind thrusts and associated anticlines, with some anticline crests either emerging or shallowly buried beneath late Pleistocene continental deposits. This study focuses on the outcropping San Colombano Structure and its buried neighbouring Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structure, representing thrust-controlled anticlines in the central part of the Po basin. We reconstruct the Pleistocene evolution of these anticlines by integrating previously published surface geological maps and subsurface geological constraints from geophysical data and boreholes. We performed a trishear inversion of the deformation observed after the decompaction of the sediments. We used the solutions of the trishear inversion to compute the probabilistic distribution of slip rates over distinct time intervals. Our findings align with previous estimations of long-term slip rates in the Po Plain during the Quaternary, revealing rates of approximately 0.63 mm/yr and 0.53 mm/yr over the past 2.4 Myr for the San Colombano and Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structures, respectively. The analysis of stratigraphic markers unveils a general decrease in faults activity during the Pleistocene, with slip rates around 0.2–0.3 mm/yr in the last 0.3 Myr, along with a diverse evolution of the thrust faults governing the two anticlines. Specifically, the activity rates of the San Colombano Structure supersede that of the Casalpusterlengo-Zorlesco Structure during the Middle to Late Pleistocene, implying an out-of-sequence propagation of the San Colombano ramp-anticline in the Late Pleistocene along an oblique right-lateral transfer zone. Incorporating a probabilistic approach in slip rates calculation provides a more comprehensive handling of uncertainties. This attribute is pivotal in seismic hazard assessment analyses and understanding complex fault systems' tectonic evolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230227
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: San Colombano thrust ; Quaternary tectonics ; Slip rates ; Trishear inversion ; Sediment compaction ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 107
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    FicD genes in invertebrates: A tale of transposons, pathogenic and integrated viruses (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Gene, Elsevier, 893, pp. 147895-147895, ISSN: 0378-1119
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: Many gene families are shared across the tree of life between distantly related species because of horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). However, the frequency of HGTs varies strongly between gene families and biotic realms suggesting differential selection pressures and functional bias. One gene family with a wide distribution are FIC-domain containing enzymes (FicDs). FicDs catalyze AMPylation, a post-translational protein modification consisting in the addition of adenosine monophosphate to accessible residues of target proteins. Beside the well-known conservation of FicDs in deuterostomes, we report the presence of a conserved FicD gene ortholog in a large number of protostomes and microbial eukaryotes. We also reported additional FicD gene copies in the genomes of some rotifers, parasitic worms and bivalves. A few dsDNA viruses of these invertebrates, including White spot syndrome virus, Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus, Ostreid herpesvirus-1 and the beetle nudivirus, carry copies of FicDs, with phylogenetic analysis suggesting a common origin of these FicD copies and the duplicated FicDs of their invertebrate hosts. HGTs and gene duplications possibly mediated by endogenous viruses or genetic mobile elements seem to have contributed to the transfer of AMPylation ability from bacteria and eukaryotes to pathogenic viruses, where this pathway could have been hijacked to promote viral infection.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 108
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    Anisotropic gradients in Iran: Quasi-Love waves illuminate the deep structure and deformation style of the Zagros, Alborz, and Kopet Dagh (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: We investigate the presence of the quasi-Love wave (qL) at 51 seismic stations of a temporary seismic network across the western Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. We quantify the intensity of the qL observations from the April 12, 2014 Solomon Islands earthquake by calculating the peak-to-peak amplitude ratios of the qL and Love waves, and compare them with predicted qL intensities from previous shear-wave splitting results. We determine the polarity, timing, and period-dependence of the qL observations within the period range of 50–100 s. Our analysis reveals that the qL observations at stations in the Zagros and Alborz mountain belts exhibit opposite characteristics. In contrast to the Alborz stations, the intensity of qL observations at the Zagros stations exhibits relatively negligible dependence on the period, while their receiver-scatterer distances are considerably period dependent. We approximately locate the anisotropic gradients that generate the qL waves. Our results suggest that a lithospheric gap is responsible for the shallow and abrupt variation in the belt-parallel trend of fast-axis orientations in the westernmost part of the Zagros. Additionally, the period/depth dependence of the anisotropic gradients along the boundary between the central Zagros and central Iran provides insight into the variation in the downward dip of the Arabian lithosphere. The anisotropic gradient located to the north of the Doruneh fault in eastern Iran indicates its role as a major shear zone and lithospheric boundary. Finally, we observe that the spatial distribution of the anisotropic gradient in northeastern Iran matches the higher strain rate areas in the Kopet Dagh Mountains, suggesting coupling between the lithospheric mantle and crust in that region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101989
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 109
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    The NE-SW Sibari fault zone: A seismic hazard source in Ionian Northern Calabria (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: A multidisciplinary approach including archaeological, geophysical, and geological/geomorphological surveys provided pieces of evidence that allowed us to identify the Sibari fault zone (SFZ) in Northern Calabria (Italy). The SFZ runs in a ~ NE-SW direction for a length of ~18 km from the Ionian coastline to Terranova da Sibari and has an oblique normal-dextral kinematics. The envelope of the SFZ is derived from several direct and indirect evidence resulting in subparallel and locally en-echelon fault traces over a maximum 500 m-wide band, running at different elevations across hills and flat lands. The SFZ was active since at least the Middle-Upper Pleistocene, producing faulting of alluvial deposits, marine terraces, drainage incisions, and the archaeological structures of Sybaris. Given the fault length and assuming a seismogenic behavior, the SFZ is a primary earthquake source possibly producing moderate to large earthquakes (M ≥ 6). We calculated the average slip rates along the SFZ based on the ages and on the accumulated displacements of offset streams and marine terraces. The estimates are of 0.05–0.18 mm/yr and 0.41–0.70 mm/yr for vertical and dextral slip, respectively. Based on both the measured (min. 30 cm) and the expected value (av. 40 cm) of lateral slip per event, we infer an average recurrence for surface faulting events on the SFZ of about 700–1000 yrs. The most recent surface faulting earthquake occurred on the fault is dated 1300–1100 yrs. ago, highlighting that the elapsed time approaches the estimated average recurrence. Considering these findings, the newly recognized SFZ should be included among the faults that contain a potential seismic hazard in this poorly known portion of the Ionian sector of northern Calabria.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230214
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active faults of Italy ; Seismic hazard ; Offset streams ; Displaced marine terraces ; Sybaris archaeological site ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
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    Neanderthal bones collected by hyena at Grotta Guattari, central Italy, 66–65 ka: U/Th chronology and paleoenvironmental setting (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: After eight decades since its discovery in 1939, new investigations have been undertaken at Grotta Guattari (Latium, central Italy), a coastal cave by the Tyrrhenian Sea coast and one of the iconic sites of the Italian prehistory, as it yielded an almost complete skull and other remains of Neanderthals. The new excavations of the innermost and untouched cave deposits resulted in an outstanding amount of mammal bones, 40 out of which attributable to Neanderthal, including new large portions of cranial remains. Preliminary taphonomic hints and the collected stratigraphic evidence strongly indicate that the impressive accumulation of the large mammal bones was the work of spotted hyena, in a period in which human frequentation was really sporadic or even completely absent. The new acquired U/Th chronology of Grotta Guattari speleothems provided new constraints for reconstructing the sedimentary and paleoenvironmental history of the archaeological successions and human remains. The accumulation of terrestrial sediments started at ~112 ka, immediately after the end of the Last Interglacial sea-level highstand (~116 ka). However, the hyena frequentation, and thus the bone accumulations, occurred several thousands of years after and lasted for a very short time interval, precisely between slightly before 66 ka and 65 ka. The cave became abandoned by hyena after ~65 ka and before ~59 ka, because of the cave obstruction and/or the altered environmental conditions related to the Heinrich Event 6 (~64 e60 ka). The regional paleoclimatic records indicate severe conditions during the short interval of the hyena frequentation. In contrast, though providing evidence of open and arid environments, the faunal assemblage and the pollen from Grotta Guattari reveal that the local conditions were less severe, likely because of the mitigating effect of the Tyrrhenian Sea. In the framework of the Italian findings, Grotta Guattari results the richest and better chronologically constrained site of Neanderthal remains, posing it as one of the rare sites of the European prehistory that allows putting into the context an extraordinary large sample of the population of Neanderthals, and of other large mammals, in a very narrow and precisely dated temporal interval of the early Pleniglacial
    Description: Published
    Description: 108132
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 111
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    A mid-Holocene stalagmite multiproxy record from southern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) linked to the Siberian High patterns (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: A multiproxy record from a stalagmite collected from Torgashinskaya Cave (Southern Siberia, Russia) and growing between ca. 6 and 3.8 ka shows evidence for regional climatic changes occurring at ca. 5 ka. Interpretation of stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ13C) and fluorescence data (intensity and wavelength of the emitted fluorescence) suggests that the interval between ca. 5 and 4.2 ka was generally warmer and drier than the interval between ca. 6 and 5 ka. The observed bipartitioning of the climate, attributable to the so-called ‘middlelate Holocene transition’, has a striking similarity to changes in K+ and Na+ concentration of Greenland ice cores (taken as indicators of the strength of the Siberian High and Icelandic Low, respectively), in the abundance of hematite-stained grains in subpolar North Atlantic sediments and, to lesser extent, in the summer Asian monsoon intensity deduced by δ18O from Chinese speleothems. In particular, the δ18O record at Torgashinskaya Cave can be interpreted as mostly driven by temperature changes. Besides several episodes of drift towards higher temperatures, it also strongly suggests the presence of short cooling events centered at 4.1+0.08/-0.07, 4.85+0.05/-0.06, 5.1+0.09/-0.09, 5.3+0.08/-0.07 and 5.8+0.12/-0.13 ka. Notably, the last three such events are in very good correspondence with spikes in the K+ and Na+ concentration of Greenland ice cores. Instead, the cooling around 4.1 ka could be the local response to the 4.2 event, a cold/dry episode identified in several records in the Northern Hemisphere. This suggests that δ18O of speleothem calcite from this area could be a useful proxy for defining the evolution of the Siberian High and its effect on the wider regional climate.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108355
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stable isotopes ; Fluorescence ; Speleothems ; Siberian high ; Holocene ; Permafrost ; Paleoclimate ; 4.2 event
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 112
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    Constraining the end of the Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) relative sea-level highstand in central Mediterranean: New data from Grotta delle Capre, central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: The current rapid change of the Earth’s climate has resulted in an increasing interest for the past warm periods as potential long-term scenarios of the effects of the present global warming. The last such a period occurred 129–116 ka, known as the Last Interglacial (LIG), when the continental ice volume was significantly smaller than present, leading to a global sea-level (GSL) higher than present one. Detailed morpho-stratigraphic data, supported by a robust U/Th chronology, from Grotta delle Capre, central Italy, provided new chronological insights on the relative sea-level (RSL) dynamic during the LIG in the Mediterranean region. Our results indicate that, on Tyrrhenian Sea coasts of the central Italy, after having stationed at ~9 m a.s.l., the LIG RSL fell at an elevation 〈3 m a.s.l. as early as before 123 ka, and then no longer rose above this elevation either during the later stages of the LIG or afterwards. The results match previous studies based on U/Th dating of terrestrial limiting points from Grotta Infreschi, ~200 km SE from Grotta delle Capre along the same Tyrrhenian Sea coasts, and are in agreement with the Red Sea RLS and GSL records and the probabilistic LIG sea level assessments based on globally distributed records. On the other hand, our reconstruction is not supported by implications of U/Th dating of corals and phreatic overgrowth on speleothems from the Balearic Island of Mallorca. Such an inconsistency in the overall knowledge around the LIG RSL reconstruction results in a high uncertainty in modelling the ice and sea-level dynamic during this warm period, which needs to be reduced through more and more highresolution, stratigraphic and chronological investigations of the morphological and sedimentary sea-level records.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104321
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Last Interglacial ; relative sea level ; U/Th chronology ; Terrestrial limiting points ; Mediterranean
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 113
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    Short-term magma-carbonate interaction: A modelling perspective (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Short-term interaction of magma with crustal carbonates can affect a volcano's eruptive style and drive even low-viscosity magmas toward large explosive eruptions. Only a few studies have focused on short-term magma-carbonate interaction under controlled laboratory conditions and the physical processes behind the experimental observations are still poorly understood. In this work, we present the first numerical modelling study of short-term magma-carbonate interaction and provide an interpretative framework for experimental and field observations. We developed thermodynamic and dynamic models for carbonate dissolution and mixing and mingling between contaminated magma pockets and host magma. We find that mixing and mingling can play a central role in modulating the efficiency of volatile exsolution. The increasing viscosity of the host melt slows down melt mingling and hence the mixing process, limiting volatile exsolution. Less efficient mixing and mingling could allow the fingerprints of short-term magma-carbonate interaction to be preserved in volcanic and intrusive rocks. Finally, we highlight that the mechanism and timescale of magma-carbonate interaction open a key question about the anomalous high mobility of CaO during carbonate dissolution.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118592
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 114
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    Building materials and decay assessment of the Gerace Cathedral (Reggio Calabria, Southern Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: A multi-analytical approach was employed for the first time to study the stone materials, wall paintings and related degradation forms in the Cathedral of Gerace (Reggio Calabria, southern Italy). With an area of around 1898 square meters, the Gerace Cathedral is the largest in Calabria: its construction dates back to the Norman era (between 1085 and 1120), and currently displays distinct features of Greek and Latin architectural orders. Despite having undergone numerous restorations, the church perfectly preserves its original buildings materials. Following an extensive site inspection campaign, supported by the experts dealing with building restoration, several areas were selected for analyses. Both in situ investigations and laboratory tests were carried out on micro-fragments using Non-Destructive and Micro-Destructive Techniques (NDTs and MDTs). The first step involved an inspection through InfraRed Thermography (IRT) in order to map the internal walls of the Cathedral and identify zones with potential degradation phenomena. Subsequently, a more in-depth study was designed based on the thermographic results, and laboratory tests were carried out on micro-fragments and powders to characterize the different kinds of materials (i.e., stones, mortars, plasters and pigments) and decay agents (i.e., salts and efflorescences). Thirty-one samples were subjected to a complementary analytical approach which included Polarizing Optical Microscopy (POM), Ion Chromatography (IC), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with microanalysis (EDS). The results allowed us to preliminarily characterize the different materials from which the Cathedral was built, determine its state of conservation and provide a better knowledge of the entire building, revealing details not visible to the naked eye which are important for future conservation interventions. As for the state of conservation, the integrated use of various techniques enabled the detection of rising damp generally correlated with the occurrence of water infiltration and migration phenomena which appear to affect a large part of the building, causing noticeable damage (i.e., loss of surface material, micro-cracks, white salt efflorescence, etc.). The characterization of the materials carried out on mortars, plasters, and pigments also confirmed the local origin of the raw materials. However, the provenance of the studied marbles and crystalline limestones, could not be established and, therefore, further in-depth studies are required.
    Description: Published
    Description: e02225
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Diagnostic ; Gerace cathedral ; Stone materials ; Pigments ; Plasters ; Restoration ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 05.06. Methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 115
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    CO2 budget from a 3D chemical tomography of a degassing volcanic lake (Lagoa das Furnas, São Miguel, Azores) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: We here present a 3D mapping of the dissolved CO2 at Lagoa das Furnas (S˜ao Miguel Island, Azores) obtained with an infrared-based probe that measures the partial pressure of CO₂ gas dissolved in liquids, and a multiparametric probe to measure pH, ORP, conductivity, dissolved O2, and temperature. We interpolated the dissolved CO2 at different depths and around the lake to calculate the total mass of CO2 dissolved as CO2 (aq) (109–176 tons). We identified different plumes of dissolved CO2 that spatially correspond to previously detected shallow anomalies of the diffusive CO2 degassing at the water-air (interface) and hydroacoustic signatures of the bubbling activity. Our result represents the first direct quantification of the total dissolved CO2 in a volcanic lake, opening new perspectives for volcanic lake monitoring and related hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108012
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcanic lake ; dissolved CO2 ; chemical tomography ; CO2 budget ; volcanic hazard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 116
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    Evidence of “Lake Nyos-type” behavior in the geological record: A review (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: In this article, volcanic lakes that have shown sedimentological evidence of limnic eruptions (i.e., Nyos-type gas bursts) are reviewed. Indeed, to better assess “Nyos-type lakes” related hazards, paleolimnology offers a promising tool to trace the evidence of potential ancient Nyos-type gas explosions. After gas bursts from Lakes Monoun and Nyos in 1984 and 1986, respectively, multiple paleolimnological approaches have been applied to several lakes assumed to be Nyos-type Around the world,. Only 3 lakes in Europe (i.e. lakes Pavin in France, Albano and Monticchio in Italy and one in Africa (i.e. Lake Kivu in D.R. Congo) evidenced markers of limnic eruptions in their sedimentary archives. These features include reworked sediments with reversed ages, brown colors of sedimentary deposits, gas-rich sediments, iron hydroxide-rich sediments, strong Ti and Fe enrichments, sedimentary hiatuses, absence of seismic evidence in the sedimentary record, and significant change in geochemical signature. The dating of these sedimentary deposits has made it possible to determine the ages of the events and their recurrence. This has led to associating these markers with evidence of limnic eruptions, eventhough some lakes are in temperate climates that favor seasonal overturning of lake waters and thus gradual release of accumulated gas. There is still no agreement on the dynamics and causes, and the scientific debate remains open since there is no concrete reference event in historical time. Lakes Monoun and Nyos, the first and only lakes exploded in recent history, could therefore be considered as natural laboratories to better understand limnic eruptions in lakes around the world. Unfortunately, the well-studied aspects of these Cameroonian “killer lakes” are based more on the dynamics of the explosions, hazard assessment based on water chemistry, and gas releases, rather than on the possible similar behavior in the recent geologic past by applying a combination of old and new limnological approaches. In addition, as the first natural laboratory, Lake Monoun features several advantages, including smaller surface area, shallower depth favorable for coring, easy access, and negligible gas content after artificial degassing since the early 2000s.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104603
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: limnic eruption ; sediment cores ; paleolimnology ; physical limnology ; volcanic lakes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 117
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    Experimental insights on the shear-induced crystallization of a phonotephrite magma (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: In active volcanic environments magmas that ascend within the conduit and erupt at the surface as lava flows experience physico-chemical perturbations related to temperature changes and variable degrees of deformation. We have conducted experimental investigations to examine the concurrent effects of undercooling and stirring on the crystallization kinetics of a leucite-bearing phonotephrite from Somma-Vesuvius (Italy). Two sets of undercooling experiments have been carried out within the same temperature range of 1300–1150 °C. The first set involved classical static undercooling (SU) experiments with no stirring applied to the melt, while the second set involved dynamic undercooling (DU) experiments with a shear strain rate of 1 s−1 applied. By comparing SU and DU results with previous data from literature obtained using the same experimental approach, we observe that the degree of crystallization and the textural evolution of leucite and clinopyroxene progress upon the effect of melt stirring by shortening the incubation time. As a result, the solidification process is markedly enhanced in DU experiments, accompanied by a substantial increase in the crystal nucleation density and growth rate. Thermorheological modeling indicates that stirring-induced crystallization increases the melt viscosity by a factor of ∼1.5–4.5 depending on the system temperature. At a given temperature, mass transport can therefore produce higher crystallinity and higher viscosity magmatic suspensions than static crystallization conditions. We document that if subsequent cooling occurs, the existing crystal cargo in such suspensions may promote the onset of non-Newtonian rheological response, causing a transition from homogeneous viscous flow to shear localization and magma/lava rupture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121682
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: crystallization ; shear rate ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 118
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    Frictional power dissipation in a seismic ancient fault (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: The frictional power per unit area (product of frictional traction τ and slip rate in MW m−2) dissipated during earthquakes triggers fault dynamic weakening mechanisms that control rupture nucleation, propagation and arrest. Although of great relevance in earthquake mechanics, cannot, with rare exceptions, be determined by geophysical methods. Here we exploit theoretical, experimental and geological constraints to estimate dissipated on a fault patch exhumed from 7-9 km depth. According to theoretical models, in polymineralic, silicate rocks the amplitude (〈 1 mm) of the grain-scale roughness of the boundary between frictional melt (pseudotachylyte) and host rock decreases with increasing . The dependence of grain-scale roughness with is due to differential melt front migration in the host rock minerals. This dependence is confirmed by friction experiments reproducing seismic slip where pseudotachylytes were produced by shearing tonalite at ranging from 5 to 25 MW m−2. In natural pseudotachylytes across tonalites, the grain-scale roughness broadly decreases from extensional to compressional fault domains where lower and higher are expected, respectively. Analysis of the natural dataset calibrated by experiments yields values in the range of 4-60 MW m−2 (16 MW m−2 average value). These values, estimated in small fault patches, are at the lower end of broad estimates of (3-300 MW m−2) obtained from frictional tractions (30-300 MPa) and fault slip rates (0.1-1 m/s) assumed as typical of upper crustal earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118057
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 119
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    Spatial migration of temporal earthquake clusters driven by the transfer of differential stress between neighbouring fault/shear-zone structures (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Uncertainty concerning the processes responsible for slip-rate fluctuations associated with temporal clustering of surface faulting earthquakes is a fundamental, unresolved issue in tectonics, because strain-rates accommodated by fault/shear-zone structures are the key to understanding the viscosity structure of the crust and seismic hazard. We constrain the timing and amplitude of slip-rate fluctuations that occurred on three active normal faults in central Italy over a time period of 20–30 kyrs, using in situ 36Cl cosmogenic dating of fault planes. We identify five periods of rapid slip on individual faults lasting a few millennia, separated time periods of up to 10 millennia with low or zero slip-rate. The rapid slip pulses migrated across the strike between the faults in two waves from SW to NE. We replicate this migration with a model where rapid slip induces changes in differential stress that drive changes in strain-rate on viscous shear zones that drive slip-rate variability on overlying brittle faults. Earthquakes increase the differential stress and strain-rate on underlying shear zones, which in turn accumulate strain, re-loading stress onto the overlying brittle fault. This positive feedback produces high strain-rate episodes containing several large magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake clusters), but also reduce the differential stress on the viscous portions of neighbouring fault/shear-zones slowing the occurrence of large-magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake anticlusters). Shear-zones on faults experiencing anticlusters continue to accumulate viscous strain at a lowered rate, and eventually this loads the overlying brittle fault to failure, initiating a period of rapid slip through the positive feedback process described above, and inducing lowered strain-rates onto neighbouring fault/shear-zones. We show that these patterns of differential stress change can replicate the measured earthquake clustering implied by the 36Cl data. The stress changes are related to the fault geometry in terms of distance and azimuth from the slipping structure, implying that (a) strain-rate and viscosity fluctuations for studies of continental rheology, and (b) slip-rates for seismic hazard purposes are to an extent predictable given knowledge of the fault system geometry.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105096
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active Faults ; Central Apennines ; Fault interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 120
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    Hydrothermal alteration and physical and mechanical properties of rocks in a volcanic environment: A review (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Volcanic rocks are the prominent host rocks in geothermal and volcanic systems in general, displaying heterogeneity. Although various external factors such as temperature, pressure, time, fluid chemistry, and subsurface geology have been thoroughly researched regarding the source of hydrothermal minerals in geothermal fields, the effect of hydrothermal alteration on volcanic hosts is still controversial in the literature. This review compiles data on the physical and mechanical properties of the host rocks composing volcanic environments exhibiting hydrothermal alteration or remaining unaltered. The considered data is originated from hydrothermal areas from Kuril-Kamchatka (Russia), Los Humeros (Mexico), Ngatamaraki, Rotokawa, Kawerau and Ohakuri geothermal fields and Mt. Ruapehu, Mt. Taranaki, and Whakaari volcanoes (New Zealand), Solfatara (Italy), Reykjanes, Nesjavellir, and Theistarereykir geothermal fields (Iceland), La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Caribbean) volcano, and Merapi volcano (Indonesia). Analysis of average values displayed in several graphical representations and correlations finds that dense rocks (such as lavas and intrusive rocks) exhibit greater competence and lower porosity than fragmental rocks. However, altered dense rocks display greater variability in mechanical properties compared to pyroclastic rocks, primarily influenced by mineral dissolution leading to rock weakening. Exceptions occur for high-temperature hydrothermal alteration, such as advanced silicification and propylitic alteration, with the latter influenced by minor types of alteration. Fragmental rocks have diverse behaviour with the extent of hydrothermal alteration and welding/compaction. According to the compiled data, an overall strengthening of pyroclastic rocks develops as hydrothermal alteration increases, regardless of the type of hydrothermal alteration. The complexity of hydrothermal systems, the variability shown by different hydrothermal settings and histories in terms of temperature, fluid chemistry and secondary mineral assemblage, and the variety of rock materials with different microstructures contribute to moderate correlations between properties compared to those established in an unaltered state. However, the same trends (linear, nonlinear, positive, negative) are preserved along hydrothermal alteration. This review emphasizes the significance of the type and degree of hydrothermal alteration, along with the rock type and pre-existence of fractures, in shaping the development of alteration in volcanic environments and modifying the properties of host rocks. The relevance of the review relies on the fact that these properties are considered to enhance the productivity of geothermal fields and improve the assessment of volcanic hazards. Future research is expected to expand on this groundwork.
    Description: In press
    Description: 104754
    Description: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrothermal alteration ; physical properties ; degree of hydrothermal alteration ; mechanical properties ; hydrothermal alteration facies ; intrusion-related geothermal systems ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 121
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    A review of plagioclase growth rate and compositional evolution in mafic alkaline magmas: Guidelines for thermometry, hygrometry, and timescales of magma dynamics at Stromboli and Mt. Etna (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Mafic alkaline magmas, such as those feeding the persistent eruptive activity of Stromboli and Mt. Etna volcanoes in Italy, are dominated by the crystallization of plagioclase via cooling and degassing phenomena related to the dynamics of shallow crustal reservoirs and eruptive conduits. Because plagioclase textures and compositions are extremely sensitive to the changes of intensive variables in subvolcanic plumbing systems, the phenomenological variability of erupted crystals preserves detailed evidence of complex growth histories. From this point of view, we reappraise the textural maturation and compositional complexity of plagioclase by allying thermodynamic and kinetic principles to natural and experimental observations, with the purpose of drawing up guidelines for reconstructing magma dynamics in mafic alkaline volcanic settings. A multifaceted statistical method is adopted to parameterize the decay of crystal growth rate with increasing crystallization time, as relaxation kinetics prevails over melt supersaturation effects. This model parameterization is combined with the textural analysis of natural plagioclase crystals to quantify the residence time of phenocrysts in equilibrium with magmas at Stromboli and Mt. Etna and/or the timescale of rapid microlite growth during disequilibrium ascent of magmas within the conduit. The role played by temperature and melt-water content on plagioclase components and major cation substitution mechanisms is also evaluated under both isobaric-isothermal and decompression conditions. The emerging paradigm is that the influence of dissolved water on anorthite-albite exchange between plagioclase and melt is overwhelmingly mitigated by changes in temperature at conditions of P = 30–300 MPa, T = 1050–1150 °C, fO2 = NNO + 1.9-NNO + 2.3, and melt-H2O = 0.6–4.4 wt%. As a corollary, anorthite and albite melt activities are almost fully encapsulated in the variation of anhydrous melt components as the crystallization of plagioclase proceeds during magma cooling. Following this line of reasoning, we propose an integrated modeling approach to decipher complex zoning patterns in natural plagioclase phenocrysts from mafic alkaline eruptions. Key findings from our re-assessment of equilibrium, thermometric, and hygrometric models indicate that temperature and dissolved water can be iteratively estimated for different plagioclase textural patterns if crystals are sufficiently strongly zoned and probability-based criteria are applied to determine the maximum probability distribution from kernel density analysis.
    Description: Natural Environment research Council UK grant NE/T009292/1; INGV Progetti Ricerca Libera 2019 Grant #52/2020; INGV Departmental Strategic Project UNO; PRIN MIUR Grant #2017J277S9_004.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104399
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mafic alkaline magmas ; Plagioclase growth rate parameterization ; Plagioclase-based thermometry and hygrometry ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 122
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    A cryptic plasmid is among the most numerous genetic elements in the human gut (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Cell, Elsevier, 187(5), pp. 1206-1222.e16, ISSN: 0092-8674
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that often encode fitness-enhancing features. However, many bacteria carry “cryptic” plasmids that do not confer clear beneficial functions. We identified one such cryptic plasmid, pBI143, which is ubiquitous across industrialized gut microbiomes and is 14 times as numerous as crAssphage, currently established as the most abundant extrachromosomal genetic element in the human gut. The majority of mutations in pBI143 accumulate in specific positions across thousands of metagenomes, indicating strong purifying selection. pBI143 is monoclonal in most individuals, likely due to the priority effect of the version first acquired, often from one's mother. pBI143 can transfer between Bacteroidales, and although it does not appear to impact bacterial host fitness in vivo, it can transiently acquire additional genetic content. We identified important practical applications of pBI143, including its use in identifying human fecal contamination and its potential as an alternative approach to track human colonic inflammatory states.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 123
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    Space Weather Impact on Radio Communication and Navigation (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: It is well known that space weather can cause significant disruptions to modern communications and navigation systems, leading to increased safety risks, economic losses, and reduced quality of life. Operators of critical infrastructures (both national and international) are also increasingly aware that extreme space-weather events can have severe impacts on their systems. For example, strong ionospheric disturbances can degrade, and sometimes deny access to satellite positioning, navigation, and timing services, central to the operation of many infrastructures. The mitigation of the effects of space weather on technical systems on the ground and in space, and the development of possible protective measures, are therefore of essential importance. We discuss how space weather drives a wide variety of ionospheric phenomena that can disrupt communications and navigation systems and how scientific understanding can help us to mitigate those effects. We also provide recommendations on further research and collaboration with industrial and governmental partners, which are essential for the development and operation of space weather services.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Radio communication ; navigation ; satellite positioning ; broadcast ; ionosphere ; radio propagation ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 124
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    High CO2 in the mantle source of ocean island basanites (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Some of the most CO2-rich magmas on Earth are erupted by intraplate ocean island volcanoes. Here, we characterise olivine-hosted melt inclusions from recent (〈10 ky) basanitic tephra erupted by Fogo, the only active volcano of the Cape Verde Archipelago in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. We determine H2O, S, Cl, F in glassy melt inclusions and recalculate the total (glass + shrinkage bubbles) CO2 budget by three independent methodologies. We find that the Fogo parental basanite, entrapped as melt inclusion in forsterite-rich (Fo80-85) olivines, contains up to ~2.1 wt% CO2, 3–47 % of which is partitioned in the shrinkage bubbles. This CO2 content is among the highest ever measured in melt inclusions in OIBs. In combination with ~2 wt% H2O content, our data constrain an entrapment pressure range for the most CO2-rich melt inclusion of 648–1430 MPa, with a most conservative estimate at 773–1020 MPa. Our results therefore suggest the parental Fogo melt is stored in the lithospheric mantle at minimum depths of ~27 to ~36 km, and then injected into a vertically stacked magma ponding system. Overall, our results corroborate previous indications for a CO2-rich nature of alkaline ocean island volcanism. We propose that the Fogo basanitic melt forms by low degrees of melting (F = 0.06–0.07) of a carbonenriched mantle source, containing up to 355–414 ppm C. If global OIB melts are dominantly as carbon-rich as our Fogo results suggest, then OIB volcanism may cumulatively outgas
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-111
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Alkaline ocean islands ; Intraplate volcanism ; Fogo volcano ; Melt inclusions ; Cape Verde
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 125
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    Tectonic-Sedimentary evolution of the Tuscan shelf (Italy): Seismic-stratigraphic/structural analysis of Neogenic succession in the Tyrrhenian Sea between Elba Island and Monte Argentario promontory (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: between Elba Island and Monte Argentario promontory, was performed to reappraise the Tuscan shelf tectonic evolution. Despite the almost flat geometry of the seafloor, seismic profiles show a corrugated morphology of the pre-neogenic deformed acoustic basement, organized in structural highs and narrow, mostly N-S and NNW-SSE basins. We identified an intimate relationship between the thrust-related structural highs and the position of the basins, principally located at the forelimb and backlimb of major antiforms, a legacy of a primarily Miocene compressional stage. During the middle Miocene, the Tyrrhenian Sea opening set up, and the extensional front migrated from west to east, progressively activating and deactivating the observed high-angle faults, blandly controlling the sedimentation within the basins. After the late Messinian, a regional collapse stage led to the deepening and widening of the basins. A progressive deactivation of all the normal faults is recorded from the lower Pliocene. After the Late Pliocene/early Pleistocene, the area turned into a passive and widespread sinking stage without any frank tectonic activity. Results show that regional thrusts shaped the main architecture of the Tuscan Shelf shallow crust, while the neogenic depocenters started to develop as thrust-top basins along the flanks of the inherited antiforms. Intriguingly and partially in contrast with previous works, no evidence of lowangle normal fault was observed. We propose an innovative model that poses new questions on the crustal-scale mechanisms responsible for Tyrrhenian extensional process-related features, also establishing a new and unique starting point for fully unraveling the tectonic evolution of this portion of central Italy's offshore domain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230211
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tyrrhenian Sea ; Tuscan shelf ; Neogenic basins ; Extensional tectonics ; Inherited structures
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  • 126
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    Long-term analysis of microseism during extreme weather events: Medicanes and common storms in the Mediterranean Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-13
    Description: In this work, we analyze 12 meteorological events that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea during the period November 2011-November 2021 from a seismic point of view. In particular, we consider 8 Medicanes and 4 more common storms. Each of these events, in spite of the marked differences between them, caused heavy rainfall, strong wind gusts and violent storm surge with significant wave heights usually 〉3 m. We deal with the relationships between these meteorological events and the features of microseism (the most continuous and widespread seismic signal on Earth) in terms of spectral content, space-time variation of the amplitude and source locations tracked employing two different methods (amplitude decay-based grid search and array techniques). By comparing the positions of the microseism sources with the areas of significant storm surges, we observe that the microseism locations align with the actual locations of the storm surges for 10 out of 12 events analyzed (two Medicanes present very low intensity in terms of meteorological parameters and the microseism amplitude does not show significant variations during these two events). We also perform two analyses that allowed us to obtain both the seismic signature of these events, by using a method that exploits the coherence of continuous seismic noise, and their strength from a seismic point of view, called Microseism Reduced Amplitude. In addition, by integrating the results obtained from these two methods, we are able to "seismically" distinguish Medicanes and common storms. Consequently, we demonstrate the possibility of creating a novel monitoring system for Mediterranean meteorological events by incorporating microseism information alongside with other commonly employed techniques for studying meteorological phenomena. The integration of microseism with the data provided by routinely used techniques in sea state monitoring (e.g., wave buoy and HF radar) has the potential to offer valuable insights into the examination of historical extreme weather events within the context of climate change.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169989
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Climate change ; Common storms ; Hindcast maps ; Medicanes ; Mediterranean Sea ; Microseism ; Monitoring sea state ; Wave buoys
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  • 127
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    Spatio-temporal evolution of rift volcanism controlled top-down by a deepening graben (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-27
    Description: Volcanism in continental rifts is generally observed to shift over time from the inside of the basin to its flanks and vice versa, but the controls on these switches are still unclear. Here we use numerical simulations of dike propagation to test the hypothesis that the spatio-temporal evolution of rift volcanism is controlled by the crustal stresses produced during the development of the rift basin. We find that the progressive deepening of a rift rotates the direction of the principal stresses under the basin, deflecting ascending dikes. This causes an early shift of volcanism from the inside of the graben to its flanks. The intensification of this stress pattern, due to further deepening of the basin, promotes the formation of lower crustal sill-like intrusions that can stack under the rift, shallowing the depth at which dikes nucleate, eventually causing a late stage of in-rift axial volcanism. Given the agreement between our model results and observations, we conclude that the temporal shifts in the location of rift volcanism are controlled to first order by the elastic stresses developing in the crust as the rift matures. We thereby suggest that geodynamic models should account for elasticity and the redistribution of surface loads in order to effectively reproduce rift-related magmatism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118593
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 128
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    At second glance: The importance of strict quality control – A case study on microplastic in the Southern Ocean key species Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 918, pp. 170618-170618, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: The stomach content of 60 krill specimens from the Southern Ocean were analyzed for the presence of micro-plastic (MP), by testing different sample volumes, extraction approaches, and applying hyperspectral imaging Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR). Strict quality control was applied on the generated results. A high load of residual materials in pooled samples hampered the analysis and avoided a reliable determination of putative MP particles. Individual krill stomachs displayed reliable results, however, only after re-treating the samples with hydrogen peroxide. Before this treatment, lipid rich residues of krill resulted in false assignments of polymer categories and hence, false high MP particle numbers. Finally, MP was identified in 4 stomachs out of 60, with only one MP particle per stomach. Our study highlights the importance of strict quality control to verify results before coming to a final decision on MP contamination in the environment to aid the establishment of suitable internationally standardized protocols for sampling and analysis of MP in organisms including their habitats in Southern Ocean and worldwide.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 129
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    Testate amoebae (Protozoa) in lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Biodiversity, community structures, and protozoic biosilicification in relation to environmental properties and climate warming (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 913, pp. 169661-169661, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is characterized by a vast number of frozen and unfrozen freshwater reservoirs, which is why it is also called “the third pole” of the Earth or “Asian Water Tower”. We analyzed testate amoeba (TA) biodiversity and corresponding protozoic biosilicification in lake sediments of the QTP in relation to environmental properties (freshwater conditions, elevation, and climate). As TA are known as excellent bio-indicators, our results allowed us to derive conclusions about the influence of climate warming on TA communities and microbial biogeochemical silicon (Si) cycling. We found a total of 113 TA taxa including some rare and one unknown species in the analyzed lake sediments of the QTP highlighting the potential of this remote region for TA biodiversity. 〉1/3 of the identified TA taxa were relatively small (〈30 μm) reflecting the relatively harsh environmental conditions in the examined lakes. TA communities were strongly affected by physico-chemical properties of the lakes, especially water temperature and pH, but also elevation and climate conditions (temperature, precipitation). Our study reveals climate-related changes in TA biodiversity with consequences for protozoic biosilicification. As the warming trend in the QTP is two to three times faster compared to the global average, our results provide not only deeper insights into the relations between TA biodiversity and environmental properties, but also predictions of future developments in other regions of the world. Moreover, our results provide fundamental data for paleolimnological reconstructions. Thus, examining the QTP is helpful to understand microbial biogeochemical Si cycling in the past, present, and future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    EPMA maps unveil the actual chemical variations and crystallisation sequence of pyroxene and plagioclase solidified from a basaltic liquid at variable cooling rates (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: Crystal-chemical variations of pyroxene (px) and plagioclase (plg) have been analysed by X-ray electron-microprobe (EPMA) mapping to quantify their actual chemical dispersions. These phases were experimentally crystallised from a basaltic liquid (B100, MORB from Iceland) at cooling rates of 1, 7, 60 and 180 °C/h from 1300 °C down to 800 °C. Experiments were run at ambient conditions applying defined temperature paths mirroring characteristic cooling rates from innermost to outermost portions of metre- to centimetre-thick lavas, dikes and bombs emplaced under submarine to subaerial conditions. As the cooling rate increases from 1 to 180 °C/h, the run-products become progressively enriched in pyroxene and depleted in plagioclase, while spinel is invariably low (few area%) and glass is significant only at 180 °C/h. An increase of cooling rate generally leads to enrichment of Al2O3 and depletion of MgO in px, while the opposite behaviour is observed for plg; these trends are mirrored by calculated cations (apfu: atom per formula unit) and components. Average variations as a function of cooling rate are similar to those already observed through classical analysis performed by single point EPMA. However, the actual chemical distributions of CaO versus MgO, Al2O3 and FeOtot oxides unveil the presence of a wider range in pyroxene chemistry. In particular, one px (px-1, CaO-rich, diopsidic type) is present at all the applied cooling rates; a very low CaO-px (px-2, pigeonite or orthopyroxene type) is detected at 1 °C/h; and, finally, once more population of px (px-3, CaO-poor diopsidic type) appears at 60 and 180 °C/h. By contrast, plg analyses yield invariably identical compositions. Textural variations as a function of cooling rate and geothermometric estimations indicate that px-1 crystallised at high-T (or low ΔT), while plg mainly grew in the residual melt produced by the saturation of px. If only textures were evaluated, this order of segregation would like remain unrecognised since px at low cooling rates is smaller than plg. The abundance of phases, their crystal-chemical features, and their order of segregation can be regarded through a theoretical framework of a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. The most significant chemical variations are displayed by MgO and Al2O3 for both px and plg, which faithfully capture the evolution of cooling conditions. The chemical compositions of px-1 is close to the thermodynamic equilibrium only at 1 °C/h. As the cooling rates increase, the px chemistry indicates disequilibrium conditions. Finally, this study shows that as ΔT/Δt increases, the most abundant px (px-1) and plg are forced towards compositions that become progressively closer to those of the parental liquid.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121752
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Kinetic partitioning of trace cations between zoned clinopyroxene and a variably cooled-decompressed alkali basalt: Thermodynamic considerations on lattice strain and electrostatic energies of substitution (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: We present kinetic partitioning data for trace cations measured in zoned clinopyroxene crystals obtained from a variably cooled and decompressed olivine basalt erupted at Mt. Etna volcano in Italy. Supersaturation effects and compositional heterogeneities at the interface melt lead to the development of sector zoning, concentric zoning, and patchy zoning in clinopyroxene crystals. Apparent partition coefficients between compositionally different growth layers and adjacent melts (Di) for isovalent groups of trace elements are tested for internal consistency on the thermodynamic basis of lattice strain (ΔGstrain) and electrostatic (ΔGelec) energies of substitutions. The excess energy of partitioning (ΔGpartitioning) for trace cations in zoned crystals accounts for a kinetic incorporation control leading to large enthalpic effects through distortion of the lattice and changes in the electrostatic forces. ΔGpartitioning depends upon the complementary relationship between ΔGstrain and ΔGelec, which is the most appropriate thermodynamic description for the accommodation of rare earth elements and high field strength elements in the lattice site of zoned crystals. Polyhedral sectors, skeletal forms, and overgrowth zones have Di values settled by the number of charge-balanced and -imbalanced configurations taking place in the lattice site as a function of aluminium in tetrahedral coordination, and crystal structural changes produced by heterovalent cation substitutions. In an energetically unstable macroscopic system ruled by cooling and decompression, thermodynamic requirements for the crystallochemical control of Di encompass the attainment of local equilibrium at the crystal-melt interface via the establishment of small-volume reaction kinetics. The requisite of local interface equilibrium is however susceptible to the anisotropic growth velocity of each specific clinopyroxene surface, thereby giving reason to different energetic properties of the crystallographic site. This axiomatic control requires that transition metal cations partition also in consideration of electronic effects related to the crystal field stabilization energy. The overriding implication is that Di values for trace cations having different size, charge, and electronic configuration serve as sensitive probes of the different crystal growth mechanisms, surface incorporation sites, and arrangements of atoms at the lattice-scale. In this perspective, fractional crystallization modeling of 2011–2013 bulk rock data from lava fountains indicates that the compositional evolution of magmas erupted at Mt. Etna cannot be described by a unique equilibrium value of Di for a given clinopyroxene-melt interface. The leverage of interface kinetics is distinctively dominant along the subvolcanic plumbing system, thereby requiring that values of Di differ for structurally and compositionally distinct zones in clinopyroxene phenocrysts. To successfully interpret the trace element signature of Etnean magmas, the archetypal constancy of partition coefficient at bulk thermodynamic equilibrium must be in some measure reappraised in favor of the establishment of a local interface equilibrium upon highly dynamic crystallization and growth conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 40-66
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A ticket to where? Dwindling snow cover impacts the winter tourism sector as a consequence of climate change (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: Climate change affects human activities, including tourism across various sectors and time frames. The winter tourism industry, dependent on low temperatures, faces significant impacts. This paper reviews the implications of climate change on winter tourism, emphasising challenges for activities like skiing and snowboarding, which rely on consistent snowfall and low temperatures. As the climate changes, these once taken-for-granted conditions are no longer as commonplace. Through a comprehensive review supported by up-to-date satellite imagery, this paper presents evidence suggesting that the reliability of winter snow is decreasing, with findings revealing a progressive reduction in snow levels associated with temperature and precipitation changes in some regions. The analysis underscores the need for concerted efforts by stakeholders who must recognize the reality of diminishing snow availability and work towards understanding the specific changes in snow patterns. This should involve multi-risk and multi-instrument assessments, including ongoing satellite data monitoring to track snow cover changes. The practical implications for sports activities and the tourism industry reliant on snow involve addressing challenges by diversifying offerings. This includes developing alternative winter tourism activities less dependent on snow, such as winter hiking, nature walks, or cultural experiences.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Climate change ; Adaptation ; Tourism losses ; Winter sport ; Multi-date satellite imagery ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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    Low-cost MEMS accelerometers for earthquake early warning systems: A dataset collected during seismic events in central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: This article describes a dataset of acceleration signals acquired from a low-cost Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) during seismic events that occurred in Central Italy. The WSN consists of 5 low-cost sensor nodes, each embedding an ADXL355 tri-axial MEMS accelerometer with a fixed sampling frequency of 250 Hz. The data was acquired from February 2023 to the end of June 2023. During this period, several earthquake sequences affected the area where the sensor network was installed. Continuous data was acquired from the WSN and then trimmed around the origin time of seismic events that occurred near the installation site, close to the city of Pollenza (MC), Italy. A total of 67 events were selected, whose data is available at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) Seismology data center. The traces acquired from the WSN were then manually annotated by analysts from INGV. Annotations include picking time for P and S phases, when distinguishable from the background noise, alongside an associated uncertainty level for the manual annotations. The resulting dataset consists of 328 3 × 25,001 arrays, each associated with its metadata. The metadata includes event data (hypocenter position, origin time, magnitude, magnitude type, etc.), trace-related data (mean, median, maximum, and minimum amplitudes, manual picks, and picks uncertainty), and sensor-specific data (sensor name, sensitivity, and orientation). Furthermore, a small dataset consisting of non-seismic traces is included, with the goal of providing records of noise-only traces, relative to both electronic and environmental/anthropic noise sources. The dataset holds potential for training and developing Machine Learning or signal processing algorithms for seismic data with low signal-to-noise ratios. Additionally, it is valuable for research about earthquakes, structural health monitoring, and MEMS accelerometer performance in civil and seismic engineering applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110174
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake early warning; Internet of things; MEMS accelerometers; Structural health monitoring; Wireless sensor network ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 05.02. Data dissemination ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 134
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    Plagioclase crystal size distribution parameterization: A tool for tracking magma dynamics at Stromboli (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: In this study we parameterize the textural attributes of plagioclase phenocrysts and microlites from nineteen pyroclasts ejected during mild to violent explosions at Stromboli over a timespan of ∼18 years, from 2003 to 2021. By allying kinetic and crystal size distribution principles, we document that the morphological stability of large-sized, euhedral phenocrysts is superimposed on an internal textural heterogeneity due to growth-dissolution phenomena associated with the input rate of hot, H2O-rich recharge magmas rising from depth. As a result, the volumetric plagioclase proportion, dominant size, and number of phenocrysts per unit volume decrease from mild to violent explosions responding to a more efficient magma mixing process via sustained injections of mafic magmas into the shallow reservoir. On the other hand, the crystallization of anhedral plagioclase microlites is controlled by fast growth kinetics taking place in the uppermost part of the conduit during magma acceleration towards the surface. Under such highly dynamic crystallization conditions, the microlite number density closely depends on the increase of melt liquidus temperature via magma decompression and H2O exsolution. This mutualism allows to model the degassing rate and ascent velocity of magma under open-conduit flow regimes for the different eruptive styles, thereby supporting the idea that violent explosions at Stromboli are driven by sustained influxes of recharge magmas favoring strong acceleration (∼12–27 m/s), decompression (∼0.25–0.49 MPa/s), and H2O exsolution (∼0.005–0.01 wt%/s) before magma discharge at the vent.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107143
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Scenario-based probabilistic hazard assessment for explosive events at the San Salvador volcanic complex, El Salvador (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: We present a scenario-based, probabilistic hazard assessment for the San Salvador volcanic complex (SSVC), a volcanic field located in the vicinity of San Salvador that includes the El Boquer´on stratovolcano and 25 monogenetic vents. We define a set of likely eruption scenarios for tephra fallout and pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The eruption scenarios range from violent Strombolian eruptions with a significant uncertainty in source position to sub-Plinian and Plinian activity fed from the central cone. The adopted methodology is mainly based on numerical modeling using Tephra2 (adopting the software TephraProb) to study tephra fallout and the branching box model and the branching energy cone model (adopting the programs BoxMapProb 2.0 and ECMapProb 2.0) to describe inertial and frictional PDCs, respectively. Despite the dominant W-WSW-trending winds, numerical results show that Plinian eruptions at El Boquer´on volcano are able to deposit thick tephra layers in the metropolitan area of San Salvador city, likely reaching mass loads of the order of 100 kg/m2 (conditional probability of 50%). The simulated sub-Plinian events highlight the seasonal influence of wind patterns. In fact, the conditional probability of significant tephra sedimentation in San Salvador city is strongly reduced when eruptions occur during the rainy season. Numerical modeling of violent Strombolian eruptions is performed considering uncertainty in vent position. Results show that the conditional probability of depositing tephra mass loads higher than 10 kg/m2 at a given point reaches a maximum value of ~7% on the NW flank of the volcano, at about 8 km from the central crater. On the other hand, very low conditional probabilities (〈1%) are obtained for San Salvador city for any relevant threshold (10 kg/m2 or more) of tephra mass load during violent Strombolian events. Regarding PDCs, results show that those produced during large-scale Plinian eruptions are able to invade significant areas of the volcano surroundings, including San Salvador city. PDCs generated from the partial collapse of a sub-Plinian eruption column exhibit maximum inundation probabilities on the N, W and S flanks of the volcano. Cerro El Picacho exerts a significant shield effect on the propagation of these PDCs, with low inundation probabilities for San Salvador city (〈3%). Finally, coupling published vent opening probability maps and numerical modeling of small-scale PDCs yields maximum inundation probabilities on the NW flank of the volcano, reaching maximum conditional probabilities of the order of ~10% and values of about 5% near the village of Nuevo Sitio del Nino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107809
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Vertical seismic ground shaking in the volcanic areas of Italy: prediction equations and PSHA examples (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: This work introduces a new Ground Motion Model (GMM) to predict the horizontal and vertical components of PGA, PGV and acceleration response spectra up to 5s for the volcanic events in Italy. The model updates the GMM for the horizontal components, recently developed by Lanzano & Luzi [1], and shows relevant amplitudes in near-source and a frequency content richer in intermediate-to-low frequencies. The comparison with an event not used for the calibration and belonging to another volcanic district in Italy is promising for the extension of the model to other areas. Finally, we present a case study of a site, in the proximity of Mount Etna in eastern Sicily region, which allows us to evaluate the impact of these models in the framework of a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA).
    Description: Published
    Description: 108228
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Enhancing detection of volcanic ash clouds from space with convolutional neural networks (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Volcanic ash cloud detection is a crucial component of volcano monitoring and a valuable tool for investigating ash cloud dispersion, which is paramount for enhancing the safety of human settlements and air traffic. The latest generation of high-resolution satellite sensors (e.g., EUMETSAT MSG Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager, SEVIRI) provides radiometric estimates for monitoring volcanic clouds on a global scale efficiently and timely. However, these radiometric intensities are not always discriminative enough to detect volcanic ash clouds due to the spectral limitations of these instruments and the complex nature of some volcanic clouds, such as low concentration resulting in an averaged detected radiometric estimate comparable to the background. Here, we evaluate the ability of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect and track the dispersion of volcanic ash clouds into the atmosphere, exploiting a variety of spatial and spectral intensity information mainly coming from SEVIRI Ash RGB images. We train a deep CNN model through transfer learning, and demonstrate that the trained models overcome the limitations of algorithms based solely on pixel intensity, whether traditional or machine learning, resulting in increased performance compared to other methods. We illustrate the operation of this model using the paroxysmal explosive events that occurred at Mt. Etna between 2020 and 2022.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108046
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcano explosive eruptions ; satellite remote sensing ; volcanic ash clouds ; machine learning ; deep learning ; Etna volcano ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    Qβ, Qc, Qi, Qs of the Gargano Promontory (Southern Italy) (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: We have provided the first estimate of scat- tering and intrinsic attenuation for the Gargano Prom- ontory (Southern Italy) analyzing 190 local earthquakes with M L ranging from 1.0 to 2.8. To separate the intrin- sic Q i and scattering Q s quality factors with the Wen- nerberg approach (1993), we have measured the direct S waves and coda quality factors ( Q 𝛽 , Q c ) in the same volume of crust. Q 𝛽 parameter is derived with the coda normalization method (Aki 1980) and Q c factor is derived with the coda envelope decay method (Sato 1977). We selected the coda envelope by performing an automatic picking procedure from T start = 1.5T S up to 30 s after origin time (lapse time T L ). All the obtained quality factors clearly increase with frequency. The Q c values correspond to those recently obtained for the area. The estimated Q i are comparable to the Q c at all frequencies and range between 100 and 1000. The Q s parameter shows higher values than Q i , except for 8 Hz, where the two estimates are closer. This implies a pre- dominance of intrinsic attenuation over the scattering attenuation. Furthermore, the similarity between Q i and Q c allows us to interpret the high Q c anomaly previ- ously found in the northern Gargano Promontory up to a depth of 24 km, as a volume of crust characterized by very low seismic dumping produced by conversion of seismic energy into heat. Moreover, most of the earth- quake foci fall in high Q i areas, indicating lower level of anelastic dumping and a brittle behavior of rocks.
    Description: Published
    Description: 827-846
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic attenuation · Coda normalization method · Intrinsic quality factor · Scattering quality factor · Southern Italy · Gargano Promontory · OTRIONS seismic network ; 04.06. Seismology
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    Policy documents considering biodiversity, land use, and climate in the European Arctic reveal visible, hidden, and imagined nexus approaches (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3One Earth, Elsevier, 7(2), pp. 265-279, ISSN: 2590-3330
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: The Arctic is experiencing rapid and interlinked socio-environmental changes. Therefore, governance approaches that take the complex interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, increasing land use pressures, and local livelihoods into account are needed: nexus approaches. However, an overview of whether and to what extent Arctic policies address these nexus elements in concert has been missing. Here we analyzed a large sample of publicly available assessment reports and policy documents from the terrestrial European Arctic. Our results show that, although nexus approaches are widely adopted in Arctic policy reporting, the emphasis varies among the governance levels, and documents underestimate certain interactions: local communities and traditional livelihoods are seldom seen as actors with agency and impact. Practical implementations were identified as potential advancements in Arctic governance: ecosystem-specific, technological, and authoritative solutions; co-production of knowledge; and adaptive co-management. Implementation of nexus approaches can promote more holistic environmental governance and guide cross-sectoral policies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 140
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    Mid-to Late Holocene East Antarctic ice-core tephrochronology: Implications for reconstructing volcanic eruptions and assessing their climatic impacts over the last 5,500 years (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 329, pp. 108544-108544, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Ice cores are powerful archives for reconstructing volcanism as they contain both soluble (i.e. aerosols) and insoluble (i.e. tephra) products of volcanic eruptions and for more recent periods have high-precision annually resolved chronologies. The identification and geochemical analysis of cryptotephra in these cores can provide their volcanic source and latitude of injection, complementing records of sulphur injections from volcanic eruptions developed using continuous flow ice-core analysis. Here, we aim to improve the volcanic record for the Southern Hemisphere using a sampling strategy for cryptotephra identification based on coeval deposition of sulphate and microparticles in ice cores from the interior of East Antarctica covering the Mid-to Late Holocene. In total, 15 cryptotephras and one visible horizon were identified and geochemically characterised. Through comparisons to proximal deposits a range of possible sources were isolated for these horizons including the South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, Victoria Land (Antarctica) and South America. This new tephra framework contributes to the volcanic history of the region by extending the known geographical range of tephra deposition for previously identified events and providing a potential indication of phases of eruptive activity from key sources. Using the tephra-based source attributions and comparison of the timing of the events to a database of sulphur injections from Holocene volcanic eruptions it is possible to refine injection latitudes for some events, which can lead to improved estimates of their radiative forcing potential. The relatively low magnitude of the volcanic stratospheric sulphur injections related to the events in the tephra framework indicates they would have had a limited impact on Southern Hemisphere climate. Further work is required to improve source attributions for some events and/or to determine the magnitude of sulphur injections for individual events during years when coeval eruptions occurred. One limitation of the framework is the dominance of cryptotephra from regional volcanic sources and a lack of tephra from tropical sources, which hampers the refinement of eruption parameters for these large magnitude and often climate-impacting eruptions. This issue could be explored further through increased sampling of these events and/or development of additional analytical techniques for the identification and robust geochemical analysis of glass tephra shards less than 5 μm in diameter. Such investigations could be coupled with model experiments to determine the likelihood that past tropical eruptions deposited glass tephra shards over Antarctica and the potential size range and geographical spread of deposition.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Warming increases the compositional and functional variability of a temperate protist community (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 926, pp. 171971-171971, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: Phototrophic protists are a fundamental component of the world's oceans by serving as the primary source of energy, oxygen, and organic nutrients for the entire ecosystem. Due to the high thermal seasonality of their habitat, temperate protists could harbour many well-adapted species that tolerate ocean warming. However, these species may not sustain ecosystem functions equally well. To address these uncertainties, we conducted a 30-day mesocosm experiment to investigate how moderate (12C) and substantial (18C) warming compared to ambient conditions (6C) affect the composition (18S rRNA metabarcoding) and ecosystem functions (biomass, gross oxygen productivity, nutritional quality – C:N and C:P ratio) of a North Sea spring bloom community. Our results revealed warming-driven shifts in dominant protist groups, with haptophytes thriving at 12 C and diatoms at 18 C. Species responses primarily depended on the species' thermal traits, with indirect temperature effects on grazing being less relevant and phosphorus acting as a critical modulator. The species Phaeocystis globosa showed highest biomass on low phosphate concentrations and relatively increased in some replicates of both warming treatments. In line with this, the C:P ratio varied more with the presence of P. globosa than with temperature. Examining further ecosystem responses under warming, our study revealed lowered gross oxygen productivity but increased biomass accumulation whereas the C:N ratio remained unaltered. Although North Sea species exhibited resilience to elevated temperatures, a diminished functional similarity and heightened compositional variability indicate potential ecosystem repercussions for higher trophic levels. In conclusion, our research stresses the multifaceted nature of temperature effects on protist communities, emphasising the need for a holistic understanding that encompasses trait-based responses, indirect effects, and functional dynamics in the face of exacerbating temperature changes.
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    Dataset from RNAseq analysis of differential gene expression among developmental stages of two non-marine ostracodes (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Data in Brief, Elsevier, 53, pp. 110070-110070, ISSN: 2352-3409
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: We contribute transcriptomic data for two species of Ostracoda, an early-diverged group of small-sized pancrustaceans. Data include new reference transcriptomes for two asexual non-marine species (Dolerocypris sinensis and Heterocypris aff. salina), as well as single-specimen transcriptomic data that served to analyse gene expression across four developmental stages in D. sinensis. Data are evaluated by computing gene expression profiles of the different developmental stages which consistently placed eggs and small larvae (at the stage of instar A-8) similar to each other, and apart from adults which were distinct from all other developmental stages but closest to large larvae (instar A-4). We further evaluated the transcriptomic data with two newly sequenced low-coverage genomes of the target species. The new data thus document the feasibility of obtaining reliable transcriptomic data from single specimens – even eggs – of these small metazoans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 143
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    The formation and growth mechanisms of young back-arc spreading ridges from high-resolution bathymetry: The Marsili Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: The formation and growth mechanisms of Mid-Ocean Ridges (MOR) are relatively well known, whereas those of back-arc spreading ridges are comparatively less known because geophysical, geochemical, and morphological data are scarce and of low density. Here we present a high-resolution bathymetry of the Marsili Seamount (MS; 1Ma 3 ka), which represents the inflated spreading ridge of the 2Ma old Marsili back-arc basin associated to the subduction of the Ionian Sea below the Calabrian Arc and Tyrrhenian Sea. MS is 70 km long, 30 km wide, and its height reaches about 3000 m from surrounding seafloor. Our new digital bathymetric model has a 5 m grid cell size resolution and covers the MS bathymetry from 1670 mbsl to the top at 491 mbsl. We conduct morphometric and morphological analyses of the bathymetry and recognize landforms due to volcanic, tectonic, hydrothermal and gravity processes. MS consists of volcanoes related to fissural and central-type activity, this latter located at the northern and southern tips of the main dike swarms. Dike swarms represent the surface expression of different ridge segments whose strikes are controlled by the larger scale back-arc spreading processes and by the local occurrence of an active hydrothermal field. This latter develops in a flat area between two partly overlapping ridge segments where historical volcanism and extensional processes concentrate. Such ridges represent the embryonic stage of the formation of transform-like faults. Central volcanoes, the northern of which is characterized by a caldera, form at the tips of MS because the decrease in width of the major volcanic fissures promotes vent localization associated with the formation of sill-like reservoirs from which central-type vents may develop. Gravity processes affecting the MS flanks are due to shallow seafloor sliding. Caldera collapses affecting the northernmost central-type polygenic volcano must be included in the evaluation of the hazard related to potential tsunami. Inward dipping faults characterize the MS eastern flank suggesting a moderately asymmetric growth of the spreading ridge possibly associated with the eastward opening of the Marsili back-arc. The Marsili back-arc spreading rate is similar to those of MOR slow spreading ridges. However, the MS morphology resembles that of fast spreading ridges. These two features also characterize more extended back-arc spreading ridges (e.g. the Mariana in Western Pacific). We conclude that, independently from the spatial scale, the increase in the ridge accretion rate is related to the progressive addition of a subduction-related component to a pure spreading mantle source.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101723
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A geostatistical modelling of empirical amplification functions and related site proxies for shaking scenarios in central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This work aims at identifying and modelling statistical dependencies between empirical amplification functions of sites in central Italy and the main geological and geophysical characteristics of the region, within a geostatistical analysis framework. The empirical functions, named δS2S, are estimated by decomposing the re siduals of the median predictions of a non-ergodic ground motion model of elastic acceleration response spectra developed for the reference region. To select the model that best describes the spatial variability of the data, the performance of stationary and non-stationary spatial models is compared, the latter being able to constrain the prediction of the empirical functions to physical quantities available in the region and descriptive of the geology, topography and geographical location of the site. Finally, we obtain optimal models of δS2S, for each spectral ordinate, parameterised as a function of geographical coordinates and an input map of shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m (Vs30) constructed ad hoc by combining information gathered from two high-resolution maps available for the region. The methodology allows the development of a new practice-oriented framework for the empirical estimation of site amplification, which can be adopted for the gen eration of shaking scenarios in the context of regional hazard and seismic risk assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108496
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    New insights on bedrock morphology and local seismic amplification of the Castelnuovo village (L'Aquila Basin, Central Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: The Castelnuovo village is placed on a small NW-SE trending ridge, approximately 60 m higher than the valley floor, occupying a portion of the larger continental L'Aquila Basin (Central Italy). During the April 6, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.3), the village suffered heavy damage. Several studies investigated the local seismic amplification of the Castelnuovo area employing geotechnical, geophysical, and geological surveys, together with 1D, 2D and 3D numerical models. However, all these studies relied on shallow geotechnical and geophysical surveys, which do not reach the engineering bedrock and do not constrain the presence of an impedance contrast at depth. To date, no detailed study has been carried out to assess the depth of the engineering bedrock. In this work, we fill this gap by executing two deep boreholes reaching the engineering bedrock, tied with an extensive campaign of microtremor measurements all over the Castelnuovo ridge and the surrounding plain. The interpretation of such new data, together with analytical, numerical, and geostatistical techniques, demonstrates that local seismic amplification is linked to a strong impedance contrast at more than 200-m depth beneath the Castelnuovo village associated with the lithological transition between clayey silts and breccias. Such results differ from those provided by previous studies, where such impedance contrast was considered shallower, and represent a milestone for assessing the local seismic hazard of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106506
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 146
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    Multi-source data analysis to assess the past and present kinematics of the Pisciotta Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (southern Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Although Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations are well-known in the literature, their evolution and kinematics are still poorly understood. Their behavior is often complex and characterized by small movements associated with steady-state creep, alternating with periods of stasis, or accelerating downslope movements that, in some cases, could result in sudden and catastrophic failure events. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is often required. In this work, we shed light on the complex geometry and kinematics of the Pisciotta DSGSD, a deep-seated roto-translational sliding involving structurally complex turbiditic rock mass and interacting with man-made infrastructures. To reveal the geometrical features and the spatial and temporal behavior of the analyzed phenomenon, a multidisciplinary investigation was performed. Typical DSGSD landforms were mapped employing in-situ surveys, aided by stereoscopic analysis of historical aerial images and high-resolution drone-based mapping. Structural data and ancillary ground-based surveys revealed the presence of a highly weathered and folded turbiditic sequence, with competent sandstone and calcarenite units alternated by tectonically disrupted, weak argillite and mudrock layers. Remote sensing measurements from optical imagery and Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite data assessed the DSGSD's past and current kinematics, allowing to distinguish a pre-failure period with accelerating displacement rates, a failure period with maximum displacement rates, and a current post-failure period with decelerating displacement rates. Analytical modeling established the deep reach (up to 85 m) of the studied DSGSD as it allowed the estimation of its bottom surface and volume, as verified by available boreholes and inclinometric measurements. Furthermore, numerical modeling outcomes highlighted how the progressive weakening and alteration of the DSGSD material, in conjunction with changes in groundwater dynamics, serve as the primary mechanisms driving the observed kinematics. The models also revealed the intricate interaction between the DSGSD and the neighboring infrastructures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 113751
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 147
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    The Cretaceous volcanism of the Songliao Basin: Mantle sources, magma evolution processes and implications for the NE China geodynamics - A review (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Continental rifts result from the simultaneous action of shallow processes such as the thinning of the lithosphere, and deeper processes related to the dynamics of the mantle. The role of these deeper processes may change over time as a function of the type of rifting, e.g., subduction-related rift vs plume-related rifts, and the pre-rift geodynamics. During the Cretaceous, the Songliao Basin (NE China) was affected by continental rifting accompanied by discontinuous stages of volcanism. The relative role of the asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle associated with the Songliao Basin rift volcanism, its evolution with time, and the origin of the felsic rocks are still debated problems due to the lack of comprehensive studies. Here, we present a critical review of the available geochronological and geochemical data (major, trace elements, and Sr-Nd isotopes) and show that the Songliao rift Cretaceous volcanism developed between 133 Ma and 102 Ma in five main stages: Stage I (133–129 Ma), Stage II (124–118 Ma), Stage III (117–113 Ma), Stage IV (115–106 Ma), and Stage V (105–102 Ma). While magmas with an alkaline, intraplate affinity characterize all the Stages, magmas with a subalkaline (calc-alkaline) signature erupted in Stages II and III. Mafic and intermediate rocks are always present, whereas felsic magmas have been found in the last three Stages. Based on the major, trace elements and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions, the general evolution of volcanism is dominated by crystal fractionation processes. Evidence of assimilation of upper crust material is restricted to the more evolved rocks (SiO2 〉 57 wt%). The alkaline mafic rocks derived from a veined asthenospheric mantle modified by melts deriving from the sediments of the Paleo- Pacific slab or associated with pre-rifting, Jurassic, collisional subduction processes related to the closing of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. The source of the Songliao rift subalkaline rocks is the sub-continental lithospheric mantle metasomatized by fluids released from the dehydration of the subducting Paleo-Pacific slab. The release of fluids from the sediments subducted during the Jurassic Mongol–Okhotsk collision may also have played a role. The Songliao Basin Cretaceous rift may be classified as a subduction-related rift caused by the eastward rollback of the west-dipping Paleo-Pacific slab, a process initiated after the Jurassic collisional phase in NE China. Within the wider geodynamic frame of the eastern Asian block, the 133–102 Ma volcanism of the Songliao rift suggests a transition from a lithospheric mantle responsible for the pre-140 Ma NE China, Mongolia, and Russia volcanism to an asthenospheric mantle source of the post-107 Ma magmatism. This is also suggested by the fact that the Songliao rift magmatism shows compositional features consistent with the contribution of both the lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle. The Songliao rift volcanism would be therefore associated with a passive rifting process, where the progressive removal of the lithosphere below East Asia, which is due to eastward rollback of the Pacific oceanic plate, caused an upwelling of asthenospheric material, finally involved in the post- 102 Ma magmatism in the NE China block.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104294
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 148
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    Reply to the comment by Bolognesi (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  Comment to “Shallow portion of an active geothermal system revealed by multidisciplinary studies: The case of Le Biancane (Larderello, Italy)” by Granieri D., Mazzarini F., Cerminara M., Calusi B., Scozzari A., Menichini M., and Lelli M. (2023) Luca Bolognesi Geothermics 113 (2023) 102753 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102753
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Reply to the comment by Luca Bolognesi
    Description: Reply to the comment by Luca Bolognesi
    Description: Published
    Description: 102754
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth
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  • 149
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    Shallow portion of an active geothermal system revealed by multidisciplinary studies: The case of Le Biancane (Larderello, Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The natural park of Le Biancane is located in the southern sector of the Larderello-Travale geothermal field (LTGF). It extends over an approximately 100,000 m2 area where the impermeable caprock is locally absent and deep fluids may directly reach the surface. Through a multidisciplinary approach including measurements of soil CO2 flux (total output of 11.5 t day􀀀 1), soil temperature (average 34.4 ◦C), stable isotope and chemical data on fluids from fumaroles (dominated by a mixture of geothermal gases and air or gases from air-saturated meteoric water), and structural analysis of the formation outcropping, we found that anomalous CO2 emissions are positively correlated with shallow temperature anomalies. These are in restricted locations adjacent to vents and fumaroles, where a network of well-connected fractures (preferentially NW-SE and NE-SW orientated and with steep dips) drains efficiently allowing upward migration of the deep fluids and the energy toward the surface.
    Description: INGV Project RL 2021 - AGEREMUS
    Description: Published
    Description: 102616
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Larderello geothermal field ; Fracture network connectivity ; Diffuse CO2 soil degassing ; Thermal infrared images ; Hydrothermal gas ; 04. Solid Earth
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  • 150
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    Sources and distribution of dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in waters of the southern Patagonian shelf and northern Drake Passage (51–56°S, 64–69°W) (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Marine Systems, Elsevier, 241, pp. 103893-103893, ISSN: 0924-7963
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the biogeochemistry of coastal ecosystems, particularly nutrient cycling and distribution. Little is known about these processes in the highly productive Southern Patagonian shelf. This study was conducted to better understand the sources, composition, and behavior of DOM and inorganic nutrients in the sector between 51 and 56°S and 64–69°W with particular emphasis on inorganic nitrogen and DOM fractions. Surface water samples taken during late austral summer from the Beagle Channel (BCW), Subantarctic (SAW), Subantarctic Shelf (SASW), Grande Bay (GBW) and Tierra del Fuego Waters (TFW) and were analyzed for properties of fluorescent DOM (FDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic nutrients. Data were related to hydrographic and plankton conditions. Highest values of ammonium, DOC, humic-like FDOM (FDOMC and FDOMM peaks) and humification index (HIX) were found in BCW, and the lowest in SAW, suggesting that terrigenous input is a main source of ammonium and refractory carbon in this region, which is supported by a highly significant inverse correlation of these parameters with salinity. In contrast, nitrate, phosphate, silicate and the fluorescence index (FI) were positively correlated with salinity, pointing to the contribution of autochthonous FDOM from the saltier and nutrient-rich Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Southern Patagonian shelf. In TFW and GBW, high nitrite concentrations, accompanied by elevated values of BIX (biological activity index of DOM), circulation patterns and high particle residence times computed from model results suggest the occurrence of regeneration processes that deserve further investigation of the poorly known dynamics of the nitrogen-rich water in this region.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 151
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    Coupled surface to deep Earth processes: Perspectives from TOPO-EUROPE with an emphasis on climate- and energy-related societal challenges (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Understanding the interactions between surface and deep Earth processes is important for research in many diverse scientific areas including climate, environment, energy, georesources and biosphere. The TOPO-EUROPE initiative of the International Lithosphere Program serves as a pan-European platform for integrated surface and deep Earth sciences, synergizing observational studies of the Earth structure and fluxes on all spatial and temporal scales with modelling of Earth processes. This review provides a survey of scientific developments in our quantitative understanding of coupled surface-deep Earth processes achieved through TOPO-EUROPE. The most notable innovations include (1) a process-based understanding of the connection of upper mantle dynamics and absolute plate motion frames; (2) integrated models for sediment source-to-sink dynamics, demonstrating the importance of mass transfer from mountains to basins and from basin to basin; (3) demonstration of the key role of polyphase evolution of sedimentary basins, the impact of pre-rift and pre-orogenic structures, and the evolution of subsequent lithosphere and landscape dynamics; (4) improved conceptual understanding of the temporal evolution from back-arc extension to tectonic inversion and onset of subduction; (5) models to explain the integrated strength of Europe's lithosphere; (6) concepts governing the interplay between thermal upper mantle processes and stress-induced intraplate deformation; (7) constraints on the record of vertical motions from high-resolution data sets obtained from geo-thermochronology for Europe's topographic evolution; (8) recognition and quantifications of the forcing by erosional and/or glacial-interglacial surface mass transfer on the regional magmatism, with major implications for our understanding of the carbon cycle on geological timescales and the emerging field of biogeodynamics; and (9) the transfer of insights obtained on the coupling of deep Earth and surface processes to the domain of geothermal energy exploration. Concerning the future research agenda of TOPO-EUROPE, we also discuss the rich potential for further advances, multidisciplinary research and community building across many scientific frontiers, including research on the biosphere, climate and energy. These will focus on obtaining a better insight into the initiation and evolution of subduction systems, the role of mantle plumes in continental rifting and (super)continent break-up, and the deformation and tectonic reactivation of cratons; the interaction between geodynamic, surface and climate processes, such as interactions between glaciation, sea level change and deep Earth processes; the sensitivity, tipping points, and spatio-temporal evolution of the interactions between climate and tectonics as well as the role of rock melting and outgassing in affecting such interactions; the emerging field of biogeodynamics, that is the impact of coupled deep Earth – surface processes on the evolution of life on Earth; and tightening the connection between societal challenges regarding renewable georesources, climate change, natural geohazards, and novel process-understanding of the Earth system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104140
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Soil CO2 emission and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O) of CO2 and calcites reveal the fluid origin and thermal energy in the supercritical geothermal system of Krafla, Iceland (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Krafla geothermal system is located within a volcanic center that periodically erupts basaltic lavas, and has recently attracted an economic interest due to supercritical fluids forming near a shallow magma intrusion (~ 2 km depth). Here, we discuss new soil CO2 flux and stable isotope data of the CO2 efflux (δ13C) and hydrothermal calcites (δ13C, δ18O) of drill cuttings to estimate both the current magmatic outgassing from soils and the thermal flows in the geothermal system. Soil CO2 emission is controlled by tectonics, following the NNE-SSW fissure swarm direction and a WSW-ENE trend, and accounts for ~62.5 t/d. While the δ18O of the H2O in equilibrium with deep calcites is predominantly meteoric, both the δ13C of the soil CO2 efflux and of the fluids from which calcite precipitated have a clear magmatic origin, overlapping the δ13C estimated for the Icelandic mantle (–2.5 ± 1.1 ‰). Estimates based on the soil CO2 emission from the southern part of the system show that these fluxes might be sustained by the ascent and depressurization of supercritical fluids with a thermal energy of ~800 MW. Such significant amount of energy might reach 1.5 GW if supercritical conditions extended below the whole investigated area. Finally, we report an increase in the soil CO2 emission of about 3 times with respect to 14 years ago, likely due to recent changes in the fluid extracted for power production or magmatic activity. Pairing the soil CO2 emission with stable isotopes of the efflux and calcite samples has important implications for both volcano monitoring and geothermal exploration, as it can help us to track magmatic fluid upflows and the associated thermal energy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108032
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 153
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    Modelling CO2 dispersion in the air during potential limnic eruption at the lake Pavin (France) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Risk mitigation in long-dormant volcanic provinces is a challenge due to the absence of collective memory of past disasters as well as the scarcity, and subtlety, of unrest signals that can be monitored. In this study, the impact of a potential limnic eruption is assessed at the 92-m-deep lake Pavin (French Massif Central). The lake is hosted in a maar crater formed during the last eruptive event in metropolitan France (∼7 ka) and contains dissolved CO2 in the deepest water layer, below 60 m. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions measured at the lake surface (0.44 km2) reach up to 10.1 tons/day during the winter. Beyond this (limited) continuous degassing of the lake, the current CO2 budget in the monimolimnion layer (at a depth of 60 m to 92 m) was estimated at 1750 tons, of which about 450 tons are available for release in case of overturn of the lake. Scenarios for CO2 dispersion in the lower atmosphere were simulated with the DISGAS and TWODEE-2 models by varying (i) meteorological conditions, (ii) the amount of CO2 released, (iii) and the mechanisms of degassing during a potential limnic eruption. The simulations allowed identification and delimitation of areas potentially impacted by hazardous CO2 levels in the air down-valley from the lake and directly around the lake. The spatio-temporal evolution of the potential CO2 cloud raises issues regarding the impacts of such a hypothetical event in the close vicinity of the lake and, given the area is populated and highly visited, needs to be considered in future risk mitigation strategies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108024
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 154
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    The structure of sedimentary basins of Antarctica and a new three-layer sediment model (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: We use geophysical data together with a recent subglacial bedrock map (BEDMACHINE model) to obtain and investigate a new three-layer sediment model for Antarctica that locally improves the global sediment model. We provide a combined, continuous, sediment model for Antarctica and surrounding oceans by joining such improved continental sedimentary model with an existing global one (GlobSed). Our results reveal large differences between sedimentary basins for Antarctica due to their age and origin. The maximum thickness of sediments is reached under Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and off the Weddell Sea coast (10–12 km); further offshore, towards the ocean, the thickness of sediments drops to 4–5 km. We divide the sediment cover into three layers to distinguish material with different velocities. The lower sediment layer (deeper than 7 km) with high P-wave velocities (4.0–4.9 km/s) is found only for Lambert Rift and Filchner-Ronne basin. The middle layer (2–7 km) has large variations for different sedimentary basins: 3.5–3.7 km/s for Lambert Basin; 4.0–4.3 km/s for Ross, Byrd and Bentley basins; 3.3–4.0 km/s for Filchner-Ronne Basin. The upper sediment layer (0–2 km) has large velocity variations, from 2.0 km/s for Ross and Lambert basins (young sediments) to 4.7 km/s for Dronning Maud Land basins. We suggest that P-wave velocities larger than 4 km/s represent old, compacted sediments which belong to the Beacon Supergroup; about 3 km/s refer to Mesozoic (rifted?) sediments; and less than 3 km/s relate to young Cenozoic sediments. According to this criterion, Dronning Maud Land, Bentley and Byrd basins belong to the Beacon Supergroup, while more complex and thicker Ross, Lambert and Filchner-Ronne basins contain sediments from Beacon Supergroup in the middle or lower layer, respectively. Other sedimentary basins with more moderate velocities possibly belong to the East Antarctic Rift System which formed later during Gondwana breakup.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229662
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
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  • 155
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    Laboratory simulation of fault reactivation by fluid injection and implications for induced seismicity at the BedrettoLab, Swiss Alps (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Fluid induced fault reactivation experiments will take place as part of the “Fault Activation and Earthquake Rupture” project (FEAR) at the BedrettoLab, an underground laboratory for geosciences and geo-energy excavated within the Rotondo massif (Swiss Alps). The aim of this publication is to characterize frictional properties and permeability of the main segment of the fault zone selected for limited fluid-induced fault reactivation experiments. Firstly, we characterized fault zone microstructures in the field and in thin sections. Secondly, we assessed fault gouge mineralogy by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, yielding a composition in agreement with similar fault gouges in the same area. Finally, we performed a detailed frictional and permeability characterization in laboratory, using BRAVA (Brittle Rock deformAtion Versatile Apparatus). We performed five frictional experiments, run at the actual in-situ conditions: four experiments for frictional properties characterization; and one further experiment where we stimulated the experimental fault by fluid pressurization applying a similar injection protocol designed for the in-situ hydraulic stimulation experiment. Additionally, we performed microstructural analysis on experimental samples to link frictional and permeability properties with fault fabric evolution. The integration of experimental results with field investigations suggests that the selected fault is potentially seismogenic and can be dynamically reactivated and controlled with hydraulic stimulation. This study highlights the importance of bridging the gap between laboratory and in-situ fault characterization, where experimental results become instrumental for the correct design of injection protocols such as those of FEAR project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229987
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 156
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    Unveiling high concentrations of small microplastics (11–500 μm) in surface water samples from the southern Weddell Sea off Antarctica (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, pp. 172124-172124, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Recent studies have highlighted the prevalence of microplastic (MP) pollution in the global marine environment and these pollutants have been found to contaminate even remote regions, including the Southern Ocean south of the polar front. Previous studies in this region have mostly focused on MPs larger than 300 μm, potentially underestimating the extent of MP pollution. This study is the first to investigate MPs in marine surface waters south of the polar front, with a focus on small MPs 500–11 μm in size. Seventeen surface water samples were collected in the southern Weddell Sea using an in-house-designed sampling system. The analysis of the entire sample using micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR) with focal plane array (FPA) detection revealed the presence of MPs in all samples, with the vast majority of the MPs detected being smaller than 300 μm (98.3 %). The mean concentration reached 43.5 (± 83.8) MPs m−3, with a wide range from 0.5 to 267.2 MPs m−3. The samples with the highest concentrations differed from the other samples in that they were collected north of the continental slope and the Antarctic Slope Current. Sea ice conditions possibly also influenced these varying concentrations. This study reports high concentrations of MPs compared to other studies in the region. It emphasizes the need to analyze small MPs, down to a size of 11 μm or even smaller, in the Antarctic Treaty Area to gain a more comprehensive understanding of MP pollution and its potential ecological impacts.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 157
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    Volcanism in Antarctica: An assessment of the present state of research and future directions (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made to understand the nature, dynamics and evolution of volcanic systems. In parallel, the continuous demographic expansion and extensive urbanization of volcanic areas have increased the exposure of our society to these natural phenomena. This increases the need to improve our capacities to accurately assess projected volcanic hazards and their potential socioeconomic and environmental impact, and Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands are no exception. More than a hundred volcanoes have been identified in Antarctica, some of which are entirely buried beneath the ice sheet and others as submarine volcanoes. Of these, at least eight large (basal diameters 〉 c. 20-30 km) volcanoes are known to be active and pose a considerable threat to scientific and ever-increasing tourism activities being carried out in the region. Despite the scientific and socioeconomic interest, many aspects of the past volcanic activity and magmatic processes in Antarctica, and current volcanic hazards and risks, remain unknown. Moreover, many of Antarctica’s volcanoes preserve a remarkable history of the eruptive environment, from which multiple parameters of past configurations of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) can be deduced. Given the critical role that the AIS plays in regulating Earth’s climate, Antarctica’s volcanoes therefore can be regarded as the ground truth for current models of past climates derived from modelling and studies of marine sediments. Here, we provide a succinct overview of the evolution of volcanism and magmatism in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region over the past 200 million years. Then, we briefly review the current state of knowledge of the most crucial aspects regarding Antarctica’s volcanic and magmatic processes, and the contributions volcanic studies have made to our understanding of ice sheet history and evolution, geothermal heat flow, as well as present-day and future volcanic hazard and risk. A principal objective is to highlight the problems and critical limitations of the current state of knowledge and to provide suggestions for future potential directions of volcanic-driven investigations in Antarctica. Finally, we also discuss and assess the importance and scope of education and outreach activities specifically relating to Antarctic volcanism, and within the context of broader polar sciences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107941
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 158
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    Cryptotephras in the marine sediment record of the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea: Implications for the volcanology and tephrochronology of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: We present the results of the tephrochronology study of a 14.49 m long marine sediment core (TR 17–08) collected in the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea (Antarctica). The core contains four cryptotephra layers at 55–56, 512–513, 517–518, and 524–525 cm of depth, which have been characterised by a detailed description of the texture, mineral assemblage, and single glass shards major and trace element geochemistry. The age model of the investigated sedimentary sequence, based on radiocarbon dating, indicates that the topmost cryptotephra correlates with the widespread 1254 CE tephra erupted by a historical eruption (696 ± 2 cal yrs BP) of Mount Rittmann, in northern Victoria Land. Deeper cryptotephra layers were derived from previously unknown explosive eruptions of Mount Melbourne volcano and were emplaced between 1615 cal yrs BP and 1677 cal yrs BP, e.g. between the 3rd and 4th centuries CE. This discovery demonstrates that the Mount Melbourne volcanic complex has been highly active in historical times allowing significant progress in the current understanding of regional eruptive history. Moreover, from a tephrochronological point of view, the detected cryptotephra provide new regional isochron markers to facilitate high-precision correlations and help stratigraphically constrain changes in environmental and climatic conditions that are identified by multidisciplinary studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100079
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 159
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    Preface: Recent advances in equatorial, low- and mid-latitude mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere studies (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Preface of a special issue.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3365-3366
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 160
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    Water resources management for a sustainable nexus of hydrogeoethics and societal well-being (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: Groundwater is a vital resource for humans, non-human species, and ecosystems. It has allowed the development of human evolution and civilizations throughout history (e.g., Wittfogel 1956, Tempelhoff et al. 2009, Cuthbert and Ashley 2014, Roberts 2014). However, it faces multiple potential threats that make it vulnerable and fragile. Climate change and human activities are the primary causes that have led to water cycle disruptions, particularly a decline in groundwater quality and quantity (e.g., Gleeson et al. 2020, Chaminé et al. 2022, Richardson et al. 2023). Climate variability has induced droughts, floods, and other extreme weather conditions, significantly impacting groundwater in many regions. Meanwhile, human activities such as over-abstraction, ground contamination, deforestation, land-use change, and other anthropogenic pressures have further compromised groundwater status. Nonetheless, groundwater continues to fulfill water demands in many regions or during specific periods. Therefore, concerted efforts are imperative to ensure its sustainability. So, conservation practices and nature-based solutions must be adopted to efficiently manage groundwater and shield it from additional potential hazards or risks (e.g., contamination, pollution, or over-abstraction). Failure to act quickly can result in the loss of this critical resource, with severe consequences for the economy, society, and ecosystems. From this perspective, it is imperative to prioritize actions underscored by technical-scientific integrity, environmental responsibility, societal sensitivity, and ethical practices.
    Description: Published
    Description: 97
    Description: OS: Terza missione
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: groundwater ; resource management ; sustainability ; hydrogeoethics ; geoethics ; societal well-being ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.04. Geology ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 161
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    When the lava meets the sea: emplacement of the 2–4 ka San Bartolo lava flow field, Stromboli volcano (Italy) (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-29
    Description: When a lava flow enters a body of water, either a lake, sea, river or ocean, explosive interaction may arise. However, when it is an 'a'ā lava flow entering water, a more complex interaction occurs, that is very poorly described and documented in literature. In this paper, we analysed the 2–4 ka San Bartolo lava flow field emplaced on the north flank of Stromboli volcano, Italy. The lava flow field extends from ~ 650 m a.s.l. where the eruptive fissure is located, with two lava channels being apparent on the steep down to the coast. Along the coast the lava flow field expands to form a lava delta ~ 1 km wide characterised by 16 lava ‘Flow’ units. We performed a field survey to characterise the features of lava entering the sea and the associated formation of different components and magnetic measurements to infer the flow fabrics and emplacement process of the lava flow system. We measured the density, porosity and connectivity of several specimens to analyse the effect of lava-water interaction on the content in vesicles and their connectivity and conducted a macroscopic componentry analysis (clast count) at selected sites to infer the character of the eroded offshore segment of the lava flow field and its component flow units. The collected data allowed us to define the main components of a lava delta fed by 'a'ā lava flows, with its channels, littoral units, ramps, lava tubes, and inflated pāhoehoe flows controlled by the arterial 'a'ā flow fronts. The spatial organisation of these components allowed us to build a three-step descriptive model for 'a'ā entering a water. The initial stage corresponds to the entry of channel-fed 'a'ā lava flow into the sea which fragments to form metric blocks of 'a'ā lava. Continued lava supply to the foreshore causes flow units to stall while spreading over this substrate. Subsequent 'a'ā lava flow units ramp up behind the stalled flow front barrier. Lava tubes extending through the stalled flow barrier feed the seaward extension of a bench made of several pāhoehoe flow units.
    Description: Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Torino within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. This project is a part of RS PhD project. This research was funded by MIUR ex-60% attributed to EZ and PhD grants-Budget 10% attributed to RS. Also, it was partially funded by the Project FIRST (ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: Timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration), INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019 (Delibera n. 144/2020). This is contribution no. 637 of the ClerVolc program of the International Research Center for Disaster Sciences and Sustainable Development of the University of Clermont Auvergne.
    Description: Published
    Description: 50
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; flank eruptions ; Lava flows
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 162
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    The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: This chapter aims at introducing the reader to general concepts about the main forcings of the Mediterranean Sea, in terms of exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar, and air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum. These forcings are also responsible for the peculiar characteristics of Mediterranean water masses. Therefore, the chapter continues with giving a general explanation on water mass analysis, and then it describes the properties and vertical and horizontal distributions of the main Mediterranean water masses. To conclude, the reader is introduced to the use of other (biogeochemical, and chemical) tracers of water masses, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea.
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  • 163
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    Activity-Based Screening of Metagenomic Fosmid Libraries for Hydrogen-Uptake Enzymes (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Here, we outline how to identify hydrogenase enzymes from metagenomic fosmid libraries through an activity-based screening approach. A metagenomic fosmid library is constructed in E. coli and the fosmids are transferred into a hydrogenase deletion mutant of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (ΔhyaB) via triparental mating. If a fosmid clone exhibits hydrogen-uptake activity, S. oneidensis’ phenotype is restored and hydrogenase activity is indicated by a color change of the medium from yellow to colorless. The screen enables screening of 48 metagenomic fosmid clones in parallel.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 164
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    Mediterranean Sea general biogeochemistry (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: This chapter gives an overview of the general biogeochemistry in the Mediterranean Sea explaining the particularities of the main biogeochemical variables and the physical, biological, and geochemical processes driving their distribution in the main basins of this marginal sea. Each subsection focuses on one essential variable, starting from dissolved oxygen and following inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic carbon and the CO2 system. A brief overview on the utility of those biogeochemical variables to identify water masses is also given. The chapter concludes with a summary of the projections and threats on biogeochemistry in the Mediterranean Sea under different future climate change scenarios.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 165
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    Isolation of a host-confined phage metagenome allows the detection of phages both capable and incapable of plaque formation (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-16
    Description: Bacteriophages, also called phages, are viruses of bacteria. They are the most common and diverse biological entities on this planet. For metagenomic investigation, their diversity is also their biggest obstacle. The direct metagenomic sequence of environmental phage communities often leads to short genomic fragments limiting the investigation to a few individual aspects of phage biology and diversity. The presented protocol for generating a host-associated metagenome reduces the phage diversity to a concise and accessible size. Metagenome sequencing often leads to complete genomes, and the availability of a suitable host system ensures further experimental investigation.
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  • 166
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    Caught on camera: Widespread direct evidence of illegal discards in coastal waters of the Western Baltic Sea (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-16
    Description: Most fish stocks in the European Union (EU) are still being overfished. One recent measure of the EU common fisheries policy to curb overfishing is the introduction of landing obligations that are meant to reduce discards, but the success of landing obligations is controversial, as discards still take place. In the German Western Baltic Sea , discards are currently estimated using ship observer data, but vessels 〈12 m are not sufficiently controlled. We here use an independent method and document widespread discard of undersized cod and flatfish in late summer 2018 using video transects. Discards along the coastline of the south-western Baltic Sea amount to an extrapolated 14.0 t of cod and 1.0 t of flatfish decomposing on the sea floor in 1-13 m depth in a subarea of Mecklenburg Bight that covers only 2.3% of ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ) subdivisions 22-24, the habitat of Western Baltic cod. Compared to a similar video-mapping seven years earlier (in 2011), the amount of discard increased markedly, suggesting that the implementation of landing obligations in the time between the two mappings for under-sized catches has not resulted in a decrease but an increase of discards. We suggest that higher observed discards of cod in 2018 are also due to a high percentage of cod coming from the 2016-cohort of the Western Baltic cod stock which are just undersized but nevertheless caught by most passive net gear. Our data complement estimates based on ship observer data, while providing the first direct evidence of the fate of discards in the benthic marine habitat.
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  • 167
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    The Diverse Legal and Regulatory Framework for Marine Sustainability Policy in the North Atlantic – Horrendograms as Tools to Assist Circumnavigating Through a Sea of Different Maritime Policies (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-29
    Description: Although considerable progress has been made in the management and planning of the marine environment, important gaps still exist in streamlining policies across governance levels, maritime sectors, and between different countries. This can hinder effective Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and prevent harmonious cross-sectoral cooperation, and importantly, cross-border or trans-boundary collaboration. These may in turn have serious implications for overall ocean governance and ultimately, marine sustainability. The North Atlantic presents an ideal case-study region for reviewing these issues: North Atlantic countries have different governance structures, and as such, different approaches to marine policy. Therefore, for an effective marine management, cross-sectoral and cross-border MSP in the region, there is a need to review marine and maritime policies in order to identify differences and commonalities among countries. This chapter reviews major policies for the marine environment in the North Atlantic and assesses where differences between countries exist and at which governance level they are being created. Key research questions include: (i) Are there significant differences in marine policy between North Atlantic countries? Moreover, are there any substantial geographical/political differences? (ii) Are there differences in implementation of key policies? Such an analysis requires a sound framework for comparison among countries. To that end, the use of “horrendograms”, a tool increasingly being used by the marine research and planning community to assess such issues, is adopted. Results indicate that key differences between countries are created primarily at a national level of marine governance. Although differences between countries exist, overall strategic targets are similar. For instance, whilst the political systems of certain North Atlantic countries may differ substantially, key objectives for major sectors, such as fisheries and conservation, are similar – even when such objectives are implemented at different levels. Findings from the study can enable targeted policy intervention and, as such, assist the development of future outlooks of ocean governance in the region. Results can also aid the development of future visions and scenarios for MSP in the Atlantic region.
    Type: Book chapter , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 168
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    Für ein gutes Miteinander auf See. Eine Initiative zur Prävention von sexualisierten Grenzverletzungen auf Forschungsfahrten (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-03
    Description: "Für ein gutes Miteinander auf See“ ist eine Initiative am GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, die sich der Prävention von sexualisierter Belästigung, Diskriminierung und Gewalt (SBDG) auf deutschen Forschungsschiffen widmet. Geleitet wird die Initiative vom Gleichstellungsteam, das in der komplexen Organisationsstruktur der Forschungsschifffahrt viele Akteur*innen zusammenbringen muss, um die Maßnahmen passgenau zu entwickeln und zu etablieren. Auf Forschungsfahrten sind die Menschen für einen längeren Zeitraum auf engem Raum zusammen und können unerwünschten Situationen nicht ausweichen. Das Ziel der Initiative ist es, dafür eine Rettungsinsel zu bieten: Etablierte und klare Strukturen sollen Sicherheit geben und eine Klärung von unerwünschten Situationen ermöglichen. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Vorgehensweise der Entwicklung der Initiative und erläutert, welche Herausforderungen Forschungsschiffe als Arbeitsort für eine SBDG-Initiative darstellen.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 169
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    New insights into the geometry of gas chimneys in the Gorgan plain through seismic attribute integration (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: Gas chimneys and gas clouds in the subsurface media are known as one of the indications of possible petroleum reservoirs. Investigations of their properties are mostly initiated by seismic attribute interpretation on reflection seismic data. However, due to the complexity of their behavior and their difficult interpretation of seismic attributes, state-of-the-art methods are mostly required to be applied on the seismic data to prevent any misinterpretation. This is mostly done through attribute integration and multi-attribute analysis. This research presents a study on seismic attributes and integration on several 2D seismic reflection lines from the Gorgan Plain. It is located in Northeast Iran, on the western border of the region’s well-known Kopeh-Dagh fold and thrust belt, and southeastern border of the South Caspian Basin. Hydrocarbon systems of the Gorgan Plain are poorly known and have not been widely studied, but according to preliminary investigations, this region has the potential for hydrocarbon occurrences. The aim of this study is to investigate presence and then delaminate the affected area of possible gas chimneys that are related to possible hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas chimneys are assumed to be created due to the routes, mostly made by faults, that provoke light hydrocarbons components to migrate toward the surface. Preliminary interpretations of seismic reflection data in this study revealed that at least two gas chimneys occurred within the Gorgan Plain. As it was mentioned, since they are mostly due to the faulting above the hydrocarbon reservoir, gas chimney and heavy faulting might exhibit the same effects on the seismic data and then on its attributes, which are amplitude reduction and high damping on energies, distortion of the waveshape and seismic velocity reduction. Thus, care should be taken in separation of these two different geologic phenomena on seismic attributes. This also was done in this study through utilized integration of the most relevant seismic attributes such as Instantaneous-phase, Chaos, Variance and Remove-bias attributes. Based on the result of interpretations and according to the evolution of the basin and its structural reconstruction on other studies, gas chimneys of the Gorgan Plain, are in relation to the operation of fault zones in Cenozoic erathem in the region. These fault zones which cut the entire Cenozoic erathem, create the pathway for vertical migration of hydrocarbons through Cheleken formation (reservoir rock) and its overburden sedimentary sequences. In other words, operation of fault zones within Cenozoic sedimentary sequence, is the main reason for gas seepage in the Gorgan Plain, which is also shown in seismic data.
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  • 170
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    Herausforderungen bei der Unterwasser-Visuellen Navigation und SLAM (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-08
    Description: Dieses Kapitel behandelt die visuelle Navigation von autonomen Unterwasserfahrzeugen (AUVs) mit und ohne gegebene Karte, wobei Letzteres als Simultane Lokalisierung und Kartierung (SLAM) bezeichnet wird. Wir fassen die Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten in Unterwasserumgebungen zusammen, die die visuelle Navigation von der Landnavigation unterscheiden, und geben auch einen kurzen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Technik in diesem Bereich. Dann argumentieren wir als Positionspapier, warum viele dieser Herausforderungen durch eine angemessene Modellierung von Unsicherheiten in der SLAM-Darstellung bewältigt werden könnten. Dies würde insbesondere dem SLAM-Algorithmus ermöglichen, die Mehrdeutigkeit zwischen „Ich sehe das gleiche Merkmal wieder“, „Ich sehe ein anderes, aber ähnlich aussehendes Merkmal“ und „Die Umgebung hat sich verändert und das Merkmal hat sich bewegt“ gründlich zu behandeln.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 171
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    Directed evolution of a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Haloferula sp. for lacto-N-triose II and lacto-N-neotetraose synthesis from chitin (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In our previous study, a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (HaHex74) from Haloferula sp. showing high human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) synthesis ability was identified and characterized. In this study, HaHex74 was further engineered by directed evolution and site-saturation mutagenesis to improve its transglycosylation activity for HMOs synthesis. A mutant (mHaHex74) with improved transglycosylation activity (HaHex74-Asn401Ile/His394Leu) was obtained and characterized. mHaHex74 exhibited maximal activity at pH 5.5 and 35 °C, respectively, which were distinct from that of HaHex74 (pH 6.5 and 45 °C). Moreover, mHaHex74 showed the highest LNT2 conversion ratio of 28.2% from N,N’-diacetyl chitobiose (GlcNAc2), which is 2.2 folds higher than that of HaHex74. A three-enzyme cascade reaction for the synthesis of LNT2 and LNnT from chitin was performed in a 5–L reactor, and the contents of LNT2 and LNnT reached up to 15.0 g Lsingle bond1 and 4.9 g Lsingle bond1, respectively. Therefore, mHaHex74 maybe a good candidate for enzymatic synthesis of HMOs.
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  • 172
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    Searching pathogenic bacteria in the rare biosphere of the ocean (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Harmful marine bacteria, such as Vibrio or Aeromonas species, typically exist at low abundance in ocean environments but represent a reservoir from which epidemics can arise. Particularly, Vibrio strains and their associated infections are on the rise globally due to increasing sea surface temperature representing an emergent threat for human and animal health also being responsible for large economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. New technological approaches are needed to improve strategies targeting these pathogens. This review discusses new approaches based on improved sampling strategies and novel analytical methods offering increased accuracy, high throughput, and informativeness to study and detect microbial pathogens in the marine environment. Detecting and characterizing ultra-low-abundance pathogenic strains can serve as a critical tool in risk management and outbreak prevention of diseases caused by emerging marine pathogens.
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  • 173
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    Combined effects of temperature and burial on seed germination and seedling growth rates of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: As tropical seagrass meadows decline throughout the tropics, propagule transplantation is being used as an effective restoration method. This technique promotes genetic diversity in the restored seagrass meadows. Although many environmental factors, especially temperature and burial, can influence the success of seed/seedling transplantation success, little is known about these effects on transplanted tropical seagrass propagules. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 92-day laboratory incubation experiment to test the effects of representive temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C) and burial status (with and without burial) on germination and seedling growth of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides. Results showed that germination rate was 3-fold higher in the treatment without burial (75%) than in the treatment with burial (25%). The germination success rate in the 30 °C treatment was about two times higher than that of the 20 °C treatment. When burial and temperature were tested in combination, germination success was highest in the 30 °C without burial treatment while the lowest rates were obtained in the 20 °C and burial treatment. Further, the temperature of 30 °C benefited leaf and root growth as well. These results illustrate that burial decreased E. acoroides germination, while high temperature enhanced both germination and seedling growth. Thus, transplantation of E. acoroides propagules for tropical seagrass restoration should be conducted when seawater temperature is warm, and the seeds should be fixed on the sediment surface rather than buried.
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  • 174
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    Antarctica Slope Front bifurcation eddy : stationary feature influencing CO2 dynamics in the northern Antarctic Peninsula (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Southern Ocean is a key region for analyzing environmental drivers that regulate sea-air CO2 exchanges. These CO2 fluxes are influenced by several mesoscale structures, such as meanders, eddies and other mechanisms responsible for energy dissipation. Aiming to better understand sea-air CO2 dynamics in the northern Antarctica Peninsula, we investigated an anticyclonic stationary eddy located south of Clarence Island, in the eastern basin of Bransfield Strait – named the Antarctica Slope Front bifurcation (ASFb) eddy. Physical, chemical and biological data were sampled, and remote sensing measurements taken, in the region during late summer conditions in February 2020. The eddy’s core consisted of cold (0.31 °C), salty (34.38) and carbon-rich (2247 μmol kg−1) waters with dissolved oxygen depletion (337 μmol kg−1). The core retains a mixture of local surface waters with waters derived from Circumpolar Deep Water (i.e., Warm Deep Water from the Weddell Sea and modified Circumpolar Deep Water from the Bransfield Strait) and Dense Shelf Water. The ASFb eddy acts as a CO2 outgassing structure that reaches a CO2 emission to the atmosphere of ∼1.5 mmol m−2 d–1 in the eddy’s core, mostly due to enhanced dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The results suggest that surface variation in DIC in the eddy’s core is modulated by (i) the entrainment of CO2-rich intermediate waters at ∼500 m, (ii) low primary productivity, associated with small phytoplankton cells such as cryptophytes and green flagellates, and (iii) respiration processes caused by heterotrophic organisms (i.e., zooplankton community). By providing a comprehensive view of these physical and biogeochemical properties of this stationary eddy, our results are key to adding new insights to a better understanding of the behavior of mesoscale features influencing sea-air CO2 exchanges in polar environments.
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  • 175
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    Using an integrated feature-based molecular network and lipidomics approach to reveal the differential lipids in yak shanks and flanks (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Yak shanks and flanks are often used as food ingredients, but the lipid composition of these two parts may differ significantly. These meat parts were subjected to a lipidomics analysis using UHPLC-Q-Obitrap. Several computational tools, including feature-based molecular networks, ms-dial, and lipidone, were used to perform deep mining on the entire dataset. The analysis annotated 355 lipid species from 20 subclasses. Lipid chains have a length distribution of 16 to 20 carbons, with unsaturation ranging from 0 to 5. The results revealed that 71 lipids were significantly different in these muscles, including phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) (16:0/20:4), PEs (18:0/19:1), PEs (18:1/22:5), sphingomyelins (SMs) (36:2; 3O), and carnitines (CARs) (22:0). Furthermore, the metabolic pathways of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids act as important roles in the differences of these lipid components. This study obtained a comprehensive lipid profile, which is critical for understanding the precise nutritional differences in different yak meat sections.
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  • 176
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    Recent progress and challenges in CRISPR-Cas9 engineered algae and cyanobacteria (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Photosynthetic microorganisms like microalgae and cyanobacteria are quickly gaining recognition for their financial potential and have recently been subjected to research into metabolic manipulation to produce biofuels and different bio-based chemicals from CO2 and sunlight. CRISPR-Cas systems are presently the centre of attraction in synthetic biology research. Various cyanobacteria and algae species have been successfully edited using CRISPR-Cas9. However, many technical difficulties, such as chassis-organism-specific Cas9 toxicity, have delayed the progress of this tool for editing the genomes of diverse species of microalgae and cyanobacteria. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has enormous promises, and it has been employed to alter the metabolism of many algae and cyanobacteria. Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology and applications, as well as progress in CRISPR-based multiplex genome editing, the importance of traditional molecular tools in CRISPR biology, challenges in developing high-throughput mutant screening, and further improvements in genome-editing methods, have all been thoroughly discussed in order to make the genome engineering of algae and cyanobacteria more feasible. This review identifies important issues, suggests solutions, and highlights recent advances in genome editing in algae and cyanobacteria with the CRISPR-Cas9 system.
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  • 177
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    Untargeted phytochemical profiling and biological activity of small yellow onion (Allium flavum L.) from different regions of Romania (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This study examined the phytochemical profiles (mainly phenolics, carotenoids, and organosulfur compounds) and biological effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Allium flavum (AF), a species of the Allium genus commonly known as small yellow onion. Unsupervised and supervised statistical approaches revealed clear differences between extracts prepared with samples collected from different areas of Romania. Overall, the AFFF (AF flowers collected from Făget) extract was the best source of polyphenols, also showing the highest antioxidant capacity evaluated through both in vitro DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC anti-radical scavenging assays and cell-based OxHLIA and TBARS assays. All the tested extracts exhibited α-glucosidase inhibition potential, while only the AFFF extract exhibited anti-lipase inhibitory activity. The phenolic subclasses annotated were positively correlated with the assessed antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Our findings suggested that A. flavum has bioactive properties worth exploring further, being a potential edible flower with health-promoting implications.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    ROV localization based on umbilical angle measurement (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: If the umbilical of Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) allows the transmission of information in real time or the supply of energy to the robot, it also has many disadvantages such as entanglement or the difficulty of predicting its shape, which raises the question of being able to do without it. In order to turn these constraints into advantages, this paper proposes a method to estimate the position of an ROV by observing the shape of its umbilical. The umbilical is equipped with moving ballasts and buoys to give it a predictable shape with straight lines: simple mathematical models of the umbilical can thus be defined. Using these models and measuring the angles at the ends of the cable, the position of the ROV can be found. Three umbilical models with different equipment are proposed. The methods were tested in a pool and the estimated position of the ROV was compared with its actual position measured using a motion capture system.
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    Identification, classification, and functional characterization of novel sponge-associated acidimicrobiial species (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Sponges are known to harbour an exceptional diversity of uncultured microorganisms, including members of the phylum Actinobacteriota. While members of the actinobacteriotal class Actinomycetia have been studied intensively due to their potential for secondary metabolite production, the sister class of Acidimicrobiia is often more abundant in sponges. However, the taxonomy, functions, and ecological roles of sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia are largely unknown. Here, we reconstructed and characterized 22 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of Acidimicrobiia from three sponge species. These MAGs represented six novel species, belonging to five genera, four families, and two orders, which are all uncharacterized (except the order Acidimicrobiales) and for which we propose nomenclature. These six uncultured species have either only been found in sponges and/or corals and have varying degrees of specificity to their host species. Functional gene profiling indicated that these six species shared a similar potential to non-symbiotic Acidimicrobiia with respect to amino acid biosynthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds. However, sponge-associated Acidimicrobiia differed from their non-symbiotic counterparts by relying predominantly on organic rather than inorganic sources of energy, and their predicted capacity to synthesise bioactive compounds or their precursors implicated in host defence. Additionally, the species possess the genetic capacity to degrade aromatic compounds that are frequently found in sponges. The novel Acidimicrobiia may also potentially mediate host development by modulating Hedgehog signalling and by the production of serotonin, which can affect host body contractions and digestion. These results highlight unique genomic and metabolic features of six new acidimicrobiial species that potentially support a sponge-associated lifestyle.
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    Functional characterization and taxonomic classification of novel gammaproteobacterial diversity in sponges (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Sponges harbour exceptionally diverse microbial communities, whose members are largely uncultured. The class Gammaproteobacteria often dominates the microbial communities of various sponge species, but most of its diversity remains functional and taxonomically uncharacterised. Here we reconstructed and characterised 32 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) derived from three sponge species. These MAGs represent ten novel species and belong to seven orders, of which one is new. We propose nomenclature for all these taxa. These new species comprise sponge-specific bacteria with varying levels of host specificity. Functional gene profiling highlights significant differences in metabolic capabilities across the ten species, though each also often exhibited a large degree of metabolic diversity involving various nitrogen- and sulfur-based compounds. The genomic features of the ten species suggest they have evolved to form symbiotic interaction with their hosts or are well-adapted to survive within the sponge environment. These Gammaproteobacteria are proposed to scavenge substrates from the host environment, including metabolites or cellular components of the sponge. Their diverse metabolic capabilities may allow for efficient cycling of organic matter in the sponge environment, potentially to the benefit of the host and other symbionts.
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  • 181
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    Regulation and integration of membrane transport in marine diatoms (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Diatoms represent one of the most successful groups of marine phytoplankton and are major contributors to ocean biogeochemical cycling. They have colonized marine, freshwater and ice environments and inhabit all regions of the World’s oceans, from poles to tropics. Their success is underpinned by a remarkable ability to regulate their growth and metabolism during nutrient limitation and to respond rapidly when nutrients are available. This requires precise regulation of membrane transport and nutrient acquisition mechanisms, integration of nutrient sensing mechanisms and coordination of different transport pathways. This review outlines transport mechanisms involved in acquisition of key nutrients (N, C, P, Si, Fe) by marine diatoms, illustrating their complexity, sophistication and multiple levels of control.
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  • 182
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    The formative phase of German carbon dioxide removal policy: Positioning between precaution, pragmatism and innovation (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Since net-zero greenhouse gas emissions targets have become a keystone of European and German climate policy, a debate about the need to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in addition to drastically reducing emissions has emerged. Although still relatively scarce, empirical studies on the emergence of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the political agenda have shown that variations in the constellations and positions of policy-relevant actors play a key role in shaping patterns of CDR policymaking. The German and wider European Union (EU) CDR policy space is emergent, and political actors are just beginning to position themselves. Building on our previous work which established a typology of CDR policy integration patterns and developed a discourse analytical framework for mapping CDR-policy-relevant speaker positions, we present the first fine-grained empirical reconstruction of CDR-policy-relevant actors and their positions in the German context. Our analytical approach aims to improve understanding of patterns in CDR policymaking by showing that on the EU, national, and subnational levels, a multitude of institutional actors may adopt differing positions as the CDR policy space evolves. In addition to identifying fine-grained ‘ideal types’ of positions that policy actors may adopt in the formative phase of German CDR policy, our analysis provides an empirical ‘map’ of CDR policy-relevant actors and explores hypotheses about emerging discourse coalitions and potential conflict cleavages.
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  • 183
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    Mysterious increases of whiting events in the Bahama Banks (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: “Whiting” events in the Bahama Banks, due to high concentrations of carbonate-rich particles suspended in the water, have been reported and discussed widely in the past 80 years. However, little is known about their distributions and particularly about their long-term changes. Here, using a deep learning (DL) model, we objectively delineate and quantify whiting features from Aqua MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite images (250-m resolution) and establish an 18-year data record (2003−2020) of whiting occurrences in the Bahama Banks. Both the Great Bahama Bank (GBB) and the Little Bahama Bank (LBB) show clear seasonality in whiting areas, where a primary peak in spring and a secondary peak in winter are found in the GBB but only one peak in winter is found in the LBB. Such a seasonality may be explained using a hydrodynamic hypothesis on calcium carbonate precipitation. The mean size of individual whiting patches in the GBB is about 2.4 ± 6.1 km2 (∼0.1 to 226 km2), while in the LBB is 1.4 ± 2.7 km2 (∼0.1 to 95 km2). The total whiting coverage in a typical cloud-free image is 87.1 km2 in the GBB and 32.0 km2 in the LBB, representing 0.14% and 0.76% of the entire GBB and LBB, respectively. Significant increases in the mean coverage have been found in the GBB since 2011, with peak coverage (∼200 km2) in 2013–2015 being at least 4 times higher than before (20–70 km2). Although the whiting area started to decrease after 2015, it did not reach the pre-2011 level until 2020. On the other hand, correlation analysis and principal component analysis of several environmental factors (pH, light, salinity, carbonate, aragonite, winds, currents) provided some hints on which factors may have contributed. From these, we infer a potential ‘Goldilocks’ scenario, whereby decreases in pH and carbonate concentration, concomitant with increases in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and current speeds, created conditions increasingly favorable for whitings from 2011 to 2015. Continuation of these environmental trends after 2015, however, resulted in conditions increasingly unfavorable for whiting formation, yet without field-based measurements it is difficult to conclude the potential reasons for increases and decreases of whiting formation in the GBB.
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    Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of an antifouling agent zosteric acid (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Zosteric acid (ZA) is a Zostera species-derived, sulfated phenolic acid compound with antifouling activity and has gained much attention due to its nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics. However, the yield of Zostera species available for ZA extraction is limited by natural factors, such as season, latitude, light, and temperature. Here we report the development of metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains capable of producing ZA from glucose and glycerol. First, intracellular availability of the sulfur donor 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) was enhanced by knocking out the cysH gene responsible for PAPS consumption and overexpressing the genes required for PAPS biosynthesis. Co-overexpression of the genes encoding tyrosine ammonia-lyase, sulfotransferase 1A1, ATP sulfurylase, and adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate kinase constructed ZA producing strain with enhanced PAPS supply. Second, the feedback-resistant forms of aroG and tyrA genes (encoding 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase and chorismate mutase, respectively) were overexpressed to relieve the feedback regulation of L-tyrosine biosynthesis. Third, the pykA gene involved in phosphoenolpyruvate-consuming reaction, the regulator gene tyrR, the competing pathway gene pheA, and the ptsHIcrr genes essential for the PEP:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system were deleted. Moreover, all genes involved in the shikimate pathway and the talA, tktA, and tktB genes in the pentose phosphate pathway were examined for ZA production. The PTS-independent glucose uptake system, the expression vector system, and the carbon source were also optimized. As a result, the best-performing strain successfully produced 1.52 g L−1 ZA and 1.30 g L−1 p-hydroxycinnamic acid from glucose and glycerol in a 700 mL fed-batch bioreactor.
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    A single cryptomonad cell harbors a complex community of organelles, bacteria, a phage, and selfish elements (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Symbiosis between prokaryotes and microbial eukaryotes (protists) has broadly impacted both evolution and ecology. Endosymbiosis led to mitochondria and plastids, the latter spreading across the tree of eukaryotes by subsequent rounds of endosymbiosis. Present-day endosymbionts in protists remain both common and diverse, although what function they serve is often unknown. Here, we describe a highly complex community of endosymbionts and a bacteriophage (phage) within a single cryptomonad cell. Cryptomonads are a model for organelle evolution because their secondary plastid retains a relict endosymbiont nucleus, but only one previously unidentified Cryptomonas strain (SAG 25.80) is known to harbor bacterial endosymbionts. We carried out electron microscopy and FISH imaging as well as genomic sequencing on Cryptomonas SAG 25.80, which revealed a stable, complex community even after over 50 years in continuous cultivation. We identified the host strain as Cryptomonas gyropyrenoidosa, and sequenced genomes from its mitochondria, plastid, and nucleomorph (and partially its nucleus), as well as two symbionts, Megaira polyxenophila and Grellia numerosa, and one phage (MAnkyphage) infecting M. polyxenophila. Comparing closely related endosymbionts from other hosts revealed similar metabolic and genomic features, with the exception of abundant transposons and genome plasticity in M. polyxenophila from Cryptomonas. We found an abundance of eukaryote-interacting genes as well as many toxin-antitoxin systems, including in the MAnkyphage genome that also encodes several eukaryotic-like proteins. Overall, the Cryptomonas cell is an endosymbiotic conglomeration with seven distinct evolving genomes that all show evidence of inter-lineage conflict but nevertheless remain stable, even after more than 4,000 generations in culture.
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    Biogeochemical characteristics of brash sea ice and icebergs during summer and autumn in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: We analyzed biogeochemical components of brash ice, originating from sea ice and icebergs, collected in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean during the summer and autumn of 2018–2020. Ice samples, collected from seawater by net or cage methods, were melted in the dark under cool conditions to measure physical and biogeochemical components such as salinity, stable oxygen isotopes, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a. We compared brash ice parameters with those of seawater samples from the temperature minimum layer, corresponding to the water in which the sea ice originated, to examine the effects of processes such as brine drainage, snow-ice formation, and biological activities on the biogeochemical components in sea ice. Samples from icebergs (ice formed on land) had salinity of zero and low concentrations of all other components, suggesting that the atmospheric deposition of nutrients is minimal in this clean environment. However, sea ice samples had a wide range of values for each parameter. Our results show that meteoric water makes a smaller contribution to sea ice than it typically does to multi-year landfast ice, and there is no correlation between this meteoric water contribution and nutrient concentrations, which suggests that the contribution of snow-ice formation to nutrients within sea ice is subordinate to the role of biological processes. Nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations in our brash ice samples are of similar magnitude to those in sea ice samples collected in the same area by coring of thick pack ice. Our data represent end-member values that may be useful to estimate the respective contributions of snow, sea ice, and seawater to surface water samples.
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  • 187
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    Cellular-automaton model for tumor growth dynamics: Virtualization of different scenarios (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Mathematical Oncology has emerged as a research field that applies either continuous or discrete models to mathematically describe cancer-related phenomena. Such methods are usually expressed in terms of differential equations, however tumor composition involves specific cellular structure and can demonstrate probabilistic nature, often requiring tailor-made approaches. In this context, cell-based models allow monitoring independent single parameters, which might vary in both time and space. By relying on extant tumor growth models in the literature, this study introduces cellular-automata simulation strategies that admit heterogeneous cell population while capturing both single-cell and cluster-cell behaviors. In this agent-based computational model, tumor cells are limited to follow four possible courses of action, namely: proliferation, migration, apoptosis or quiescence. Despite the apparent simplicity of those actions, the model can represent different complex tumor features depending on parameter settings. This study virtualized five different scenarios, showcasing model capabilities of representing tumor dynamics including alternate dormancy periods, cell death instability and cluster formation. Implementation techniques are also explored together with prospective model expansion towards deterministic features. The proposed stochastic cellular automaton model is able to effectively simulate different scenarios regarding tumor growth effectively, figuring as an interesting tool for in silico modeling, with promising capabilities of expansion to support research in mathematical oncology, thus improving diagnosis tools and/or personalized treatment.
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    A model of Sustainable Development Goals : challenges and opportunities in promoting human well-being and environmental sustainability (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The United Nations is dedicated to bringing countries together to solve international problems and to shape a better future. One of the greatest challenges facing society today is meeting the population’s basic needs, while protecting the environment, hence the UN Sustainable Development Goals — 17 goals to overcome current and future sustainability challenges. We incorporate the 17 goals into a simplified global socio-ecological model to analyze what actions are necessary to promote a desirable future. We find that the current population size and resource use are not sustainable with any one goal or combination of goals. In the sustainable scenarios described here the global population decreases, while maintaining higher consumption levels. We estimate that sustainability hinges on maintaining an equivalence between natural and agricultural land areas and the human population — approximately 1ha of land per person is necessary to promote human well-being and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, we find that long-term sustainability hinges on changes within the next 50 years and goals that solely target environmental degradation or consumption are too slow to drive sustainability. Social progress is occurring much faster than environmental progress, therefore actions that target shifts in power dynamics, inequality, development and education in lower income countries should be prioritized to maintain ecosystem services and promote well-being. The goals that incorporate a combination of socio-ecological policies (SDGs 3,6,8,9,10,11) promote well-being and sustainability.
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    Spatial variation in the benthic community structure of a coral reef system in the central Philippines: Highlighting hard coral, octocoral, and sponge assemblages (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Coral reefs are complex habitats that contain very high biodiversity and provide different ecosystem services. In the Coral Triangle, however, various major benthic components are still understudied. This can limit our understanding of coral reef community dynamics, especially in the presence of a changing climate coupled with local disturbances (e.g., decreased water quality). This study describes the benthic community structure of an ecologically and economically important coral reef system in the central Philippines through characterizing the assemblages of three major components (hard corals, octocorals, and sponges) among sites and stations with varying environmental conditions (i.e., exposure to monsoons, water quality levels). Results reveal significant variations in the mean percentage covers of hard corals, octocorals, and sponges at the site and station levels (ANOVA, p 〈 0.05), with hard corals dominating in Site 1, which is more exposed to the southwest monsoon, and Site 3, which is an embayed and unexposed site with low water quality, while soft corals dominated in Site 2, which is more exposed to the northeast monsoon. Multivariate analyses also revealed significant variations in the benthic community structure at different spatial scales (ANOSIM, p 〈 0.05). Interestingly, even stations within a site had significant variations in community structure, with different taxa being dominant. This study highlights the importance of conducting more detailed analyses of understudied taxa (i.e., octocorals and sponges) during coral reef surveys to improve our understanding of coral reef community dynamics that is very important for management.
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    The chemistry and activity-orientedcharacterization of isoflavones difference between roots of Pueraria lobata and P. thomsonii guided by feature-based molecular networking (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Isoflavones are important chemical components in Pueraria species with various biological activities. This study proposed an integrated strategy combining feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), chemometrics and activity evaluation for isoflavone analysis in the roots of P. lobate (PLR) and P. thomsonii (PTR). Based on the strategy, a total of 68 isoflavones were annotated in the two Pueraria species, and 11 significant difference isoflavones between PLR and PTR were identified by chemometric methods. Additionally, the correlation coefficient between the characteristic isoflavones and hypoglycemic activity were calculated, and 7 isoflavones were further confirmed as bioactive marker compounds. This approach provided guidance for the discovery of active markers among different products.
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  • 191
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    Metabolite fingerprinting of the ripening process in Pixian douban using a feature-based molecular network and metabolomics analysis (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The unique flavor of Pixian douban (PXDB) is widely acknowledged to be associated with its maturation process. However, there is limited knowledge about the non-volatile metabolites that contribute to this flavor. To bridge this gap, this study employed a metabolomics approach and a feature-based molecular network (FBMN) analysis to investigate the non-volatile metabolite fingerprints of PXDB during its two-year maturation process. Specifically, the FBMN tool was utilized to annotate the flavonoid, amide derivatives, and lipid components of PXDB for the first time. Subsequently, the MolNetEnhancer tool was employed to complement the FBMN annotation and identify eight substructural components. Finally, metabolomics analysis was carried out to identify 45 key metabolites involved in flavor formation across 10 major metabolic pathways (p 〈 0.05). Overall, the findings of this study have significantly expanded our understanding of the non-volatile metabolite fingerprinting and flavor formation mechanisms.
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    Lipidomics analysis reveals the effect of Sirex noctilio infestation on the lipid metabolism in Pinus radiata needles (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Sirex noctilio’s climatic adaption and rapid proliferation have caused Pinus mortality worldwide. The infestation combines the early effect of female S. noctilio gland secretion and the spreading symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum. 'Lipidomics' is the study of all non-water-soluble components of the metabolome. Most of these non-water-soluble compounds correspond to lipids which can provide information about a biological activity, an organelle, an organism, or a disease. Using HPLC-MS/MS based lipidomics, 122 lipids were identified in P. radiata needles during S. noctilio infestation. Phosphatidic acids, N-acylethanolamines, and phosphatidylinositol-ceramides accumulated in infested trees could suggest a high level of phospholipases activities. The phosphatidylcholines were the most down-regulated species during infection, which could also suggest that they may be used as a substrate for up-regulated lipids. The accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids during the infestation could imply the tree defense response to create a barrier in the drilled zone to avoid larvae development and fungus proliferation. Also, the growth arrest phase of the trees during the prolonged infestation suggests a resistance response, regulated by the accumulation of NAE, which potentially shifts the tree energy to respond to the infestation.
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    A review of peeper passive sampling approaches to measure the availability of inorganics in sediment porewater (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Sediment porewater dialysis passive samplers, also known as “peepers,” are inert containers with a small volume of water (usually 1–100 mL) capped with a semi-permeable membrane. When exposed to sediment over a period of days to weeks, chemicals (typically inorganics) in sediment porewater diffuse through the membrane into the water. Subsequent analysis of chemicals in the peeper water sample can provide a value that represents the concentrations of freely-dissolved chemicals in sediment, a useful measurement for understanding fate and risk. Despite more than 45 years of peeper uses in peer-reviewed research, there are no standardized methods available, which limits the application of peepers for more routine regulatory-driven decision making at sediment sites. In hopes of taking a step towards standardizing peeper methods for measuring inorganics in sediment porewater, over 85 research documents on peepers were reviewed to identify example applications, key methodological aspects, and potential uncertainties. The review found that peepers could be improved by optimizing volume and membrane geometry to decrease the necessary deployment time, decrease detection limits, and provide sufficient sample volumes needed for commercial analytical laboratories using standardized analytical methods. Several methodological uncertainties related to the potential impact of oxygen presence in peeper water prior to deployment and oxygen accumulation in peepers after retrieval from sediment were noted, especially for redox-sensitive metals. Additional areas that need further development include establishing the impact of deionized water in peeper cells when used in marine sediment and use of pre-equilibration sampling methods with reverse tracers allowing shorter deployment periods. Overall, it is expected that highlighting these technical aspects and research needs will encourage work to address critical methodological challenges, aiding in the standardization of peeper methods for measuring porewater concentrations at contaminated regulatory-driven sediment sites.
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    Acceptance of animal-free cheese products: Evidence from an information experiment in Germany (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are critical global challenges. As a substantial contributor to emissions, animal-based products are under increasing scrutiny. Animal-free dairy products provide a potential. Although understanding consumer acceptance of these products is crucial, the literature on this topic is scant. This study investigates the perception and acceptance of animal-free dairy among German consumers (N = 1,487) using an online survey with five information treatments (general and topic-specific information about animal-free cheese, gene-modified organisms, animal welfare, environmental concerns, and farmer existence). The acceptance of animal-free dairy was measured by the respondents' willingness to try, substitute, buy, and regularly buy animal-free cheese. Acceptance was found to be comparatively lower than in past studies, although still prevalent among 45.65 % of consumers. Notably, there were significant variances in consumers' perspectives toward animal-free cheese, causing an irregular distribution in their willingness statements. Multi-group analysis using partial least squares structural equation modeling showed that consumer acceptance did not significantly differ between treatment groups. However, individual analysis revealed that the willingness to buy animal-free cheese was positively influenced by perceived benefits and perceived sustainability. Conversely, perceived risks decreased this willingness. Positive attitudes toward farming and knowledge about farming increased perceived risks, while high social trust lowered them. Attitudes toward animal welfare and social trust positively influenced perceived benefits. These findings can be applied to inform and facilitate market introduction strategies of animal-free dairy products for producers and policy makers, providing insights into consumer acceptance of these products in Germany.
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  • 195
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    Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement using a calcium ion battery (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The oceans play a major role in moderating atmospheric CO2 levels. Enhanced CO2 uptake into ocean waters can be achieved by the provision of appropriate cations to the surface ocean, an approach known as ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). Here, we present a calcium ion battery approach that enhances alkalinity via electrochemical manipulation of seawater calcium concentrations. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach using a potassium barium iron cyanide [K2BaFe(CN)6] (PBFC) electrode, a Prussian blue analogue, to move calcium ions from one reservoir of seawater to another. Using material and electrochemical characterization of the Ca2+ ion insertion and expulsion properties of PBFC in synthetic seawater, we determine the repeatability of Ca2+ ion insertion and expulsion from the PBFC electrode. Our analyses prove a 2.75 % increase in seawater alkalinity via the PBFC electrode, which yields 2.64 mg CO2 (0.72 mg C) uptake per liter of seawater. This proof-of-concept method offers a unique, low-cost, energy efficient electrochemical approach for atmospheric carbon dioxide removal that can combine with marine-based renewable energy to enable a new family of effective, scalable climate change solutions.
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    Seismic traveltime tomography of the crust and lithosphere (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Seismic data represent one of the most valuable resources for investigating the internal structure and composition of the earth. One of the first people to deduce earth structure from seismic records was Mohorovičić, a Serbian seismologist who, in 1909, observed two distinct traveltime curves from a regional earthquake. He determined that one curve corresponded to a direct crustal phase and the other to a wave refracted by a discontinuity in elastic properties between crust and upper mantle. This worldwide discontinuity is now known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho for short. On a larger scale, the method of Herglotz and Wiechart (see, for example, Gubbins, 1992) was first implemented in 1910 to construct a 1-D whole earth model. The method uses the relationship between angular distance and ray parameter to determine velocity as a function of radius within the earth.
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    Essential trace elements in neurodevelopment: An updated narrative (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: Over the past 50 years, our understanding of the role of trace elements in animals and humans has significantly expanded. Some elements have been recognized as essential for vital body functions. Since the 1950s, with advances in histochemical and spectrometric methods, the distribution of trace elements in different structures of the brain has been studied. Scientific knowledge about the effects of trace elements on brain function has accumulated tremendously as well. Essential trace elements are considered as micronutrients, which are not produced in the body and mainly come from food. Different brain regions such as the cortex, white matter, basal ganglia, and the limbic system have various developmental trajectories and the so-called “critical periods.” The correctness of development is determined by the course of various processes (proliferation, migration, myelination, differentiation, etc.). Thus, it could be assumed that an imbalance of essential trace elements in critical periods of brain maturation can lead to detrimental morphofunctional consequences and impaired brain development. In this chapter, we have reviewed the most studied trace elements that are involved in neurogenesis, such as Fe, Zn, I, Se, Cu, and Mn, and their possible contribution to the manifestation of neurological disorders.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 198
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    Unknown
    Sponge functional roles in a changing world (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Sponges are ecologically important benthic organisms with many important functional roles. However, despite increasing global interest in the functions that sponges perform, there has been limited focus on how such functions will be impacted by different anthropogenic stressors. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made in our understanding of the functional roles of sponges over the last 15 years and consider the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on these roles. We split sponge functional roles into interactions with the water column and associations with other organisms. We found evidence for an increasing focus on functional roles among sponge-focused research articles, with our understanding of sponge-mediated nutrient cycling increasing substantially in recent years. From the information available, many anthropogenic stressors have the potential to negatively impact sponge pumping, and therefore have the potential to cause ecosystem level impacts. While our understanding of the importance of sponges has increased in the last 15 years, much more experimental work is required to fully understand how sponges will contribute to reef ecosystem function in future changing oceans.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 199
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    Thank you to 2022 Ocean Dynamics reviewers (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 200
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    Optimum environmental conditions controlling prevalence of vibrio parahaemolyticus in marine environment (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: This literature review presents major environmental indicators and their optimum variation ranges for the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the marine environment by critically reviewing and statistically analyzing more than one hundred studies from countries around the world. Results of this review indicated that the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the marine environment is primarily responsive to favorable environmental conditions that are described with environmental indicators. The importance of environmental indicators to the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus can be ranked from the highest to lowest as Sea Surface Temperature (SST), salinity, pH, chlorophyll a, and turbidity, respectively. It was also found in this study that each environmental indicator has an optimum variation range favoring the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Specifically, the SST range of 25.67 ± 2 °C, salinity range of 27.87 ± 3 ppt, and pH range of 7.96 ± 0.1 were found to be the optimum conditions for the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. High vibrio concentrations were also observed in water samples with the chlorophyll a range of 16–25 μg/L. The findings provide new insights into the importance of environmental indicators and their optimum ranges, explaining not only the existence of both positive and negative associations reported in the literature but also the dynamic associations between the Vibrio presence and its environmental drivers.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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