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  • Compositae  (2,014)
  • Elsevier  (1,944)
  • Springer  (70)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 62 (2000), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Compositae ; in vitro propagation ; medicinal plants species ; micropropagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protocols for the micropropagation of two traditional medicinal plants Eclipta alba (L.) and Eupatorium adenophorum (L.) from nodal segments were developed. Proliferated microshoots of Eclipta alba and Eupatorium adenophorum were obtained through axillary branching by culturing nodal segments in modified MS medium and half strength of MS, respectively, with minimal strength of nutritional support. Simultaneous rooting could also be induced in the same medium. Regenerated rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in soil where they grew normally without showing any morphological variation.
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  • 2
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 60 (2000), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Anthemis nobilis ; Compositae ; medicinal plant ; organogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with 1.0 to 4.5 μM of BA and 1.0 μM of NAA induced adventitious bud formation and shoot development in leaf explants of Roman Chamomile. A higher number of adventitious buds was observed at the proximal end of the explants. Plantlets were replicated and multiplied on MS medium supplemented with 2.25 μM of BA and 0.6 μM of IAA. Plantlets were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM of IBA and successfully weaned in vivo. The plants grew to maturity with high uniformity and no morphological signs of somaclonal variation.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Hybridization ; introgression ; Compositae ; Grindelia chiloensis ; Grindelia brachystephana ; HYWIN ; Patagonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intermediates between two South American species ofGrindelia were found in Chubut Province, Argentina. Twenty eight individual plants with phenotypes ofG. brachystephana, G. chiloensis, or intermediates were collected and studied together with three reference specimens of each of the putative parental species. Discriminant analysis procedure and the computer program HYWIN were applied and results of the two methods are compared. Results demonstrate that most of the specimens collected are of hybrid origin, and that most of the specimens suggested as hybrids are most likely introgressants. Hybridization and introgression are likely the major causes of the high variability previously attributed toG. chiloensis by taxonomists.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Asteraceae ; Anthemideae ; Castrilanthemum ; molecular phylogeny ; Mediterranean ; ITS ; trnL/trnF IGS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequences of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the cpDNAtrnL/trnF intergenic spacer (IGS) region were analysed for 41 Mediterranean and Eurasian representatives of the Anthemideae (Compositae) to ascertain the systematic position of the unispecific genusCastrilanthemum Vogt & Oberprieler and to study the phylogeny of the Anthemideae in the Mediterranean region. Both markers consistently point to the close relationship ofCastrilanthemum with the W Mediterranean generaLeucanthemopsis (Giroux) Heywood andProlongoa Boiss., forming a strongly supported monophyletic group (theLeucanthemopsis-group which also comprises the unispecific genusHymenostemma (Kunze) Willk.). Results also demonstrate that subtribes Achilleinae, Leucantheminae, and Matricariinae sensu Bremer & Humphries are non-monophyletic. Besides results from sequence variation, a marked 5bp-deletion intrnL/trnF IGS divides all these subtribes into more basal subgroups which are related to each other and to the large Eurasian generaTanacetum L. andAnthemis L., and a monophyletic group of closely related and more advanced subgroups which also contain the monophyletic Chrysantheminae sensu Bremer & Humphries. For this second group a W Mediterranean centre of diversification is suggested, however, its sister-group relationships within the basal grade of generic groups remain unclear.
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  • 5
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    Plant and soil 208 (1999), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; Compositae ; nickel toxicity ; nitrogen source ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phytotoxicity of nickel (Ni) varies within plant species and cultivars as well as with the concentration of Ni in the rooting medium. Moreover, it is known that several nutrients can modify the plant response to excess Ni. Nitrogen can be absorbed by plants as different N forms and because N metabolism and Ni are closely related, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effect of Ni toxicity on the growth, nutrient status of the different plant parts and leaf chlorophyll concentrations in sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) cv Quipu grown with different forms of N supply. The plants were grown under controlled conditions for 35 days. Depending on the N source supplied, there were significant differences in the sensitivity of sunflower plants to excess Ni. Tolerance was lowest when grown with NO3 − alone. A high Ni and NO3 − as the only N source resulted in reduced dry weight and significant decreases in nutrient concentration. Plants supplied with a mixture of NO3 − and NH4 + absorbed in the presence of Ni in solution about three times less Ni than those supplied with NO3 − alone. Consequently, there were great differences in Ni concentrations between treatments. With a N nutrition of 100% NO3 −-N, Ni supply led to severe growth inhibition. Just contrary, simultaneous supply of NO3 − and NH4 + not only reduced Ni toxicity, but growth was even stimulated by Ni if supplied to plants fed with NO3 − and NH4 +. This indicates the significant role of the N form supplied in the behaviour of Ni toxicity in sunflower plants.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Asteraceae ; Coreopsis ; Speciation ; chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coreopsis nuecensoides andC. nuecensis are narrowly distributed endemics of southeastern Texas. While they overlap in range, they differ in chromosome number, and F1 hybrids exhibit strong sterility barriers. Previous morphological, cytogenetic, and allozyme studies suggested thatC. nuecensoides andC. nuecensis are very closely related members of a progenitor-derivative species pair. The two species differ substantially in terms of their leaf flavonoid chemistry, but the flavonoid data do not address the exact nature of the relationship between them. We have further examined the relationship between the species by analyzing genetic diversity within both species using chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site data. Sixteen restriction site changes were used to define thirteen distinct cpDNA haplotypes. The pattern of relationships among haplotypes provides some support for the presumed ancestor-descendent relationship, but other interpretations are possible. Only one cpDNA haplotype was shared by the two species; of the remaining twelve, seven were unique to one species and five to the other. This result is consistent with results of flavonoid studies, in which each species exhibited flavonoid compounds not seen in the other, but differs from the allozyme results, in which the vast majority of alleles were shared by both species and only the presumed progenitor exhibited unique alleles. Taken together, the data support a very close relationship between the species, but are equivocal with regard to a progenitor-derivative relationship.
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  • 7
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 50 (1997), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: accessory chromosomes ; Compositae ; cytogenetics ; hairy roots ; polyploidy ; supernumerary chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosome behaviour has been compared in three Crepis capillaris callus culture lines and the roots regenerated from these calli. The calli were obtained from explants derived from plants without and with two B chromosomes and the hairy roots were obtained from plants transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Cytological studies demonstrated that the presence of additional DNA as B chromosomes or as T-DNA had an influence on the numerical and structural variability of the standard chromosome in long-term callus cultures and in regenerated organs. The callus with two B chromosomes displayed higher levels of polyploidyzation than callus without B chromosomes. The roots regenerated from both these calli were only diploid, while roots regenerated from transformed callus were also polyploid.
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  • 8
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    Plant systematics and evolution 207 (1997), S. 173-203 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Asteraceae ; Cardueae ; Carlininae ; Echinopeae ; Cladistics ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cladistic analysis of 45 genera ofCardueae for 75 characters is presented, taking into account characters of bracts, corolla, stamens, styles and cypselas. Forty-six binary characters completeBremer's (1994) work. Some of the characters considered byBremer are criticised. The traditionalCarlininae is a paraphyletic group, the ten genera studied sharing no common derived character. A new classification of theCardueae is proposed and the distribution of the tribe is presented. Several new combinations are proposed. The nomenclature ofCentaurea is discussed and the status of the genusSerratula is analysed.
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  • 9
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    Plant systematics and evolution 206 (1997), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Barnadesioideae ; Doniophyton ; Chuquiraga ; Argentina ; Chile ; evolution ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This revision describes, illustrates and documents morphological variation inDoniophyton (Compositae, Barnadesioideae), restricted to Argentina and Chile. Two species are recognized,D. anomalum andD. weddellii (sp. nova), possessing distinct morphological and chromosomal features, elevational tolerances, and nearly allopatric distributions.Doniophyton weddellii occurs primarily in central to northern Andean Chile and Argentina from 1900–4000 m a. s. l.;D. anomalum is found principally in centralwestern Argentina and south into Patagonia at 0–1800 m a. s. l. Close relationship exists withChuquiraga of subfam.Barnadesioideae. It is hypothesized thatDoniophyton evolved out ofChuquiraga in the high central Andes between Chile and Argentina. It is suggested thatD. weddellii differentiated first, correlating with an aneuploid chromosomal decrease from n = 27 (inChuquiraga) to n = 25. Further evolution and chromosomal decrease to n = 24 resulted inD. anomalum, with accompanying migration into southern Andes and Patagonia. Nomenclatural changes result from examination of protologues and type specimens:Doniophyton anomalum replaces the commonly used nameD. patagonicum, and a new species,D. weddellii, is described for the taxon masquerading under the routinely used superfluous nameD. andicola.
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  • 10
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 259-263 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Senecio cannabifolius ; Compositae ; foliar surface chemistry ; tobacco cutworm ; Spodoptera litura ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae growth inhibition ; ethyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate ; methyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dewaxed leaf surface extracts of 12 plants from Hokkaido, prepared by dipping fresh leaves in chloroform for 3 min, were used in a choice leaf-disk bioassay against larvae of the tobacco cutwormSpodoptera litura. Activity was found only in the extract ofSenecio cannabifolius, a very successful weed in Hokkaido. Individual fractions of the extract, however, were not active. Incorporation of the individual fractions of the surface extracts as well as fractions of the methanolic extracts of the leaf residue into an artificial diet fed to neonateS. litura led to the isolation of ethyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate, the major surface compound, as the active principle. This compound was also present in the methanolic extract of the leaf residue together with methyl (1-hydroxy-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl) acetate, which had the same growth inhibitory effect on the larvae. The presence of these compounds in the foliar surface and tissue suggests a defensive role against herbivores.
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  • 11
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 281-282 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Acmella oppositifolia ; Compositae ; medicinal plant ; micropropagation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acmella oppositifolia plantlet formation was achieved by subculturing single-node explants on Murashige and Skoog medium without growth regulators. The explants from 1-month-old in vitro plantlets produced shoots over a 7-day culture period. From these in vitro cultured nodes readily rooted shoots elongated on auxin-free MS medium. Plants produced were easily acclimatized and subsequently flowered in a greenhouse. This species is of medicinal value in tropical America from Mexico to Colombia.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Arnica montana ; Allozymes ; breeding system ; clonal structure ; conservation biology ; fitness ; genetic variation ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a medium-sized population ofArnica montana, a threatened species in The Netherlands, the breeding system, reproductive success and genetic clonal structure were studied. Pollination experiments suggested thatA. montana is largely self-incompatible. Inbreeding depression was observed for seedling weight but not for fruit weight and germination rate. Although genetic variation is rather low in this population, the data suggest an outcrossing mating system. Analysis of the genotype of all mapped rosettes in a plot of 100 m2 indicated that dense clusters often consist of identical genotypes, suggesting a clonal structure. Open clusters frequently contained several different genotypes. This may be caused by limited fruit dispersal, since seedlings were found mainly within or in the near surroundings of the clusters.
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  • 13
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    Journal of plant research 108 (1995), S. 443-450 
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Bonin Islands ; Compositae ; Dendrocacalia ; Dioecy ; Feral honeybee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dendrocacalia crepidifolia Nakai (Compositae, Senecioneae), the only species of this arboreal genus endemic to Haha Island in the Bonin Islands, was found to be dioecious. Male flowers differ from female ones in having a stunted style (style in female exserted from corolla and deeply bifurcating) and anthers filled with fertile pollen (anthers in the female lacking pollen). The size of the corolla and number of florets per head were similar between male and female flowers. The crown area of this arboreal species was also similar in male and female plants. The sex ratio was 0.55 male, not significantly different from 0.5. Both sexes produced nectar of similar sugar concentration (ca. 50%). The flowers are pollinated by feral honeybees (Apis mellifera), but they are thought to have been pollinated by small, lesshairy, endemic solitary bees before honeybees were introduced and subsequently became the dominant bee species on the island. The evolution of dioecy ofDendrocacalia on the island is thought to stem from the deleterious effects of inbreeding that are inherent in plants with geitonogamy. The increased geitonogamy on the island has resulted from increased woodiness (i.e., increased number of flowers per plant) and the original dependence on endemic bee pollinators, which are now endangered.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; Compositae ; corolla ; dfr ; flower development ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ornamental cut flower plant Gerbera hybrida the spatial distribution of regulatory molecules characteristic of differentiation of the composite inflorescence is visualized as the various patterns of anthocyanin pigmentation of different varieties. In order to identify genes that the plant can regulate according to these anatomical patterns, we have analysed gene expression affecting two enzymatic steps, chalcone synthase (CHS) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR), in five gerbera varieties with spatially restricted anthocyanin pigmentation patterns. The dfr expression profiles vary at the levels of floral organ, flower type and region within corolla during inflorescence development according to the anthocyanin pigmentation of the cultivars. In contrast, chs expression, although regulated in a tissue-specific manner during inflorescence development, varies only occasionally. The variation in the dfr expression profiles between the varieties reveals spatially specific gene regulation that senses the differentiation events characteristic of the composite inflorescence.
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  • 15
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    Plant systematics and evolution 195 (1995), S. 121-135 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Guizotia arborescens ; G. scabra subsp.scabra ; G. scabra subsp.schimperi ; G. villosa ; G. zavattarii ; Karyotype ; satellite chromosomes ; nucleolar number ; C-banding ; silver nitrate staining ; phylogenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Karyotypes, constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolar numbers of five recognized taxa and two systematically new populations ofGuizotia have been studied using Giemsa or aceto-orcein staining, C-banding and silver nitrate staining. All accessions have 2n = 30 chromosomes, but satellite chromosome number and nucleolar number varied from four to eight. Centromere positions varied from predominantly median to submedian and subterminal in different materials. The satellites and an interstitial region in the short arm of one chromosome pair were C-banded in all materials. Telomeric and centromeric C-bands were also observed. The material could be classified into three groups, indicating possible phylogenetic relationships.
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  • 16
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    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 195-208 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Helianthus annuus ; Sunflower ; storage protein ; 11S globulin ; Mr polymorphism ; charge polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seeds of 19 sunflower species were compared on the basis of their protein contents and the relative proportions of their protein fractions. The globulin content varied from 50% to about 70% and the albumin content from 18% to 35% according to the species. The level of intermediateMr polypeptides showed a great variability (9.6 to 24.3%). Comparative studies onMr polymorphism were carried out by means of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of non reduced and/or reduced samples using both mono- and bidimensional procedures. Polypeptide constituents of helianthinin were compared including both number and molecular size (cultivatedH. annuus was used as a standard). Studies focused on differences observed between the major two α (Mr 38 000), α′ (Mr 32 000) and β (Mr 25 500), β′ (21 000) polypeptides families constituting the main A, B, and C subunits.α and α′ polypeptides analyses permit to discriminate easilyH. petiolaris from the other species. Charge polymorphism was studied using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and IEF-PAGE in mono and bidimensional procedures in the presence or absence of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Only a specific α4 polypeptide enables an easy discrimination betweenH. petiolaris and all the other species. Detailed nomenclature of the α, α′ and β, β′ polypeptides constituting the different helianthinin globulin subunits is given via the results of pI andMr analyses. Monodimensional IEF patterns of the more basic albumins (pI 〉 8.0) appear to provide a more valuable approach to identifying specific protein markers.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Compositae ; Epidermal vacuolar pH ; Gynura aurantiaca ; Gynura bicolor ; Polyacylated anthocyanins ; Rubrocinerarin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The anthocyanin (GAA) in the epidermis and hair of the leaf ofGynura aurantiaca cv. ‘Purple Passion’ was isolated and identified as cyanidin tetra-glucoside acylated by three molecules of caffeic acid and one molecule of malonic acid. GAA was also isolated from the lower epidermis of the leaf ofG. bicolor DC. GAA showed a very stable reddish purple color from weakly acid to neutral pH region, but the color of the deacylated compound disappeared rapidly in the same region. This indicated that the attached organic acids must play an essential role in the stabilization of the color. Comparison of the profiles of the visible absorption spectra of the intact epidermal peels and cells ofG. aurantiaca andG. bicolor with those of GAA dissolved in various pH solutions suggested that the pH of the epidermal vacuole containing GAA was nearly 4.3. GAA was indistinguishable from the anthocyanin (rubrocinerarin) which we had previously isolated from the purplish red flowers ofSenecio cruentus DC. by means of UV-Vis, NMR and Mass spectra.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; weeds ; Compositae ; Centaurea ; moths
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La biologie de la PhalènePterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae) a été étudiée dans le Sud de l'Europe. Les larves vivent dans les racines deCentaurea diffusa De Lamarck et deC. maculosa De Lamarck. Les larves de premier stade n'infestent pas les Compositae d'importance économique des genresCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. etCalendula L.P. inspersa est largement répandue dans la zone étudiée, et se retrouve à la fois dans des populations denses ou dispersées de la plante hôte, en général sur des sols sableux ou rocheux. Il n'existe qu'une seule génération par an. Les larves se nourrissent dans les racines pendant environ 11 mois (août–septembre à juillet–août de l'année suivante). Au laboratoire, les adultes émergent entre mi-juillet et fin août, le pic d'émergence se situant à la mi-août. Sur le terrain, les adultes sont observés tout au long du mois de juillet. L'oviposition a été observée à partir du 10 juillet jusqu'à la fin du mois. Les œufs sont déposés isolément ou en groupes de 5 ou 6 sur des rosettes, solidement fixés aux feuilles des plantes-hôtes. Au laboratoire, les adultes s'accouplent au cours des 24 heures suivant l'émergence. La période de pré-oviposition dure 2,6±0,8 jours et la période de l'oviposition 7,4±2,2 jours. Le nombre moyen d'œufs pondus est de 142,2±59,2 par femelle. La durée moyenne d'incubation est de 12±4,7 jours, le stade durant 14,7±2,4 jours. La durée de vie des femelles est supérieure à celle des mâles: 15,8±2,4 au lieu de 10,7±1,4 jours.
    Notes: Abstract The moth,Pterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae), is widely distributed in southern Europe, north Africa, Turkey and the former Soviet Union. It occurs in both thick and scattered stands of knapweeds in disturbed sites, usually on sandy and/or stony soil. Larvae bore in the roots of diffuse and spotted knapweeds (Centaurea diffusa De Lamarck andC. maculosa De Lamarck). There is one generation per year in northern Greece, and larvae feed in the roots for about 11 months during the growing season (August–September, to the following July–August). In the laboratory garden, emergence took place between the second half of July and the end of August, with peak emergence during mid August. In the field, adults were observed from early to late July. Female moths oviposited on rosettes during the first ten days of July and continued through the end of July. Eggs were laid singly or in groups of five or six, firmly attached to the leaves of the host plant. In the laboratory, females mated within 24 hours of emergence and the preoviposition period lasted 2.6±0.8 days. The oviposition period lasted 7.4±2.2 days and the average number of eggs per female was 142.2±59.2. The incubation period was 12±4.7 days; the pupal stage lasted 14.7±2.4 days; and females lived 15.8±2.4 days, while males lived 10.7±1.4 days. First instar larvae failed to survive on economically important Compositae in the generaCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. andCalendula L. (Dunnet al., 1989).
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Compositae ; corolla ; flower development ; LTP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We are examining the floral organ differentiation in Compositae by isolating and characterizing corolla abundant genes. Differential screening of a cDNa library made from the ray floret corolla of Gerbera hybrida var. Regina revealed an abundant cDNA clone which is expressed in the corolla but not in leaves. This cDNA (gltp1) codes for a polypeptide similar to non-specific lipid transfer proteins of the plants. The gltp1 gene is expressed only in the corolla and carpels and is developmentally regulated during corolla development. The gltp1 mRNA accumulates both in epidermal cell layers and in the mesophyll of the corolla. In the stylar part of the carpel, the gltp1 mRNA can be detected in the epidermal and in parenchymal cells but not in the transmitting tissue. Analogous patterns of gltp1 expression in the corolla and carpel may indicate that similar genetic programmes operate during the development of these two tissues.
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  • 20
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 38 (1994), S. 321-326 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Anthocyanins ; chlorogenic acid ; Compositae ; Edelweiss ; essential oil ; hairy roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The formation of 5 hairy root lines of Leontopodium alpinum was induced by infection of sterile plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed roots were grown as batch cultures in a phytohormone-free modified Murashige & Skoog medium. A time-course experiment with the most productive line showed that a culture period of 6 weeks was optimum for biomass production yielding a 70-fold increase in fresh weight. A 70% enhancement of anthocyanin formation could be induced by addition of benzyladenine (to a final concentration of 0.5 mg l-1) to the culture medium 14 days before harvest. The presence in the cultures of chlorogenic acid as well as other hydroxycinnamic acid esters was confirmed by TLC. An essential oil (ca. 0.6%) was separated from the hairy roots by steam distillation, a high variability in oil yield being observed between the different lines. GC analyses showed the oils to be complex mixtures of 〉 30 compounds, with 2 of these consistently representing ca. 60% of the oils. The essential oils isolated from hairy roots were found to be qualitatively similar to the natural root oil, although quantitative differences in oil components were apparent. Oil yields could be increased by growing roots in the absence of light.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Compositae ; dfr ; flavonoid genes ; flower development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We are approaching corolla differentiation in Compositae by studying the regulation of flavonoid pathway genes during inflorescence development in gerbera. We have cloned a dfr cDNA from a ray floret corolla cDNA library of Gerbera hybrida var. Regina by a PCR technique based on homologies found in genes isolated from other plant species. The functionality of the clone was tested in vivo by complementing the dihydrokaempferol accumulating petunia mutant line RL01. By Southern blot analysis, G. hybrida var. Regina was shown to harbour a small family of dfr genes, one member of which was deduced to be mainly responsible for the DFR activity in corolla. Dfr expression in corolla correlates with the anthocyanin accumulation pattern: it is basipetally induced, epidermally specific and restricted to the ligular part of corolla. By comparing the dfr expression in different floret types during inflorescence development, we could see that dfr expression reflects developmental schemes of the outermost ray and trans florets, contrasted with that of the disc florets.
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  • 22
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 35 (1993), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Compositae ; biocides ; organogenesis ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants of the wild species Tagetes mendocina were regenerated, via organogenesis, from explants and callus cultures, and the occurrence of biocidal metabolites, thiophenes, by such undifferentiated tissues and regenerated plants was investigated. Differences between explant sources were apparent in terms of their competence for dedifferentiation and subsequent organogenesis. Leaf-derived cultures were more responsive than the root-derived ones. Biochemical studies revealed that the plants produced were capable of synthezising thiophene like-compounds following in vitro regeneration.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Lactuca sect.Lactuca ; Lactuca sativa ; L. serriola ; L. saligna ; L. virosa ; Chromosome banding ; karyotype evolution ; C-banding ; N-banding ; Ag-NOR staining
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome banding patterns obtained with C- and N- banding, and AgNO3 staining were studied in somatic metaphase complements of fourLactuca species.L. sativa andL. serriola have almost identical chromosome morphology, andL. saligna differs only slightly from them, butL. virosa is quite distinct from the other species. A gross comparison of the banded karyotypes suggests a closer relationship ofL. saligna toL. sativa/serriola than toL. virosa. Our data agree with the results of previous crossing experiments in these species but conflict partly with recent RFLP data which indicate a closer phenetic relationship ofL. saligna toL. virosa than toL. sativa/serriola. Such a discrepancy may be explained assuming that domestication ofL. sativa/serriola resulted in an increased selection pressure on unique DNA sequences as demonstrated by the RFLP data. Differential evolution of specific heterochromatin classes (and presumably of highly repetitive DNA classes), as revealed by chromosome banding techniques was not linked to domestication. Thus the disparity in conclusions about relationship (in terms of genetic similarity) as based on the different experimental approaches reflects a non-parallel evolution of highly repetitive vs. unique DNA classes.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Compositae ; DNA amount ; evolution ; Guizotia ; karyotype
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    Notes: Abstract The present communication deals with 2C nuclear genome size variation in a fairly small genus Guizotia. Twenty-four accessions belonging to six species, out of seven known, were analysed in order to elucidate the extent of DNA variation both at an intra—as well as interspecific level. At the intraspecific level none of the species exhibited significant differences in their genome size. Between the species, the 2C DNA amounts ranged from 3.61 pg in G. reptans to 11.37 pg in G. zavattarii; over three-fold DNA variation is evident. Apparently these interspecific DNA differences have been achieved independent of the numerical chromosomal change(s), as all the Guizotias share a common chromosome number 2n=2x=30. The cultivated oilseed crop, G. abyssinica (7.57 pg), has accommodated nearly 78% extra DNA in its chromosome complement during the evolutionary time scale of its origin and domestication from the wild progenitor G. schimperi (4.25 pg). The extent of genomic DNA difference(s) between the species has been discussed in the light of their interrelationships and diversity.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Vitis vinifera ; Tanacetum vulgare ; tansy ; grapevine ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Compositae ; plant-insect relationships ; olfaction ; allelochemicals ; terpenoids ; coupling GC-EAG
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The European grapevine moth (EGVM),Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N=15):p-cymene,d-limonene,α-thujene,α-thujone,β-thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Senecio vulgaris ; S. vernalis ; S. squalidus ; Ancestry ; autopolyploidy ; allopolyploidy ; isozyme variation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophoretic survey of isozyme variation was conducted to test the hypothesis thatSenecio vulgaris L. (2n = 40) is of autotetraploid origin fromS. vernalis Waldst. & Kit. (2n = 20). It was established thatS. vulgaris exhibited fixed heterozygosity at three loci examined, showed disomic inheritance at all polymorphic loci, and contained a gene (αEst-1) and an allele (Aat-3b) which were not present in the single population ofS. vernalis surveyed. From this it is concluded thatS. vulgaris is not of autotetraploid origin. Instead, the genetic evidence is in keeping with an allopolyploid origin ofS. vulgaris with the possibility thatS. vernalis acted as one of its two parents.
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  • 27
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Eupatorieae ; Mikania ; Mikania swartziana complex ; Dioecy ; Flora of the Greater Antilles
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    Notes: Abstract For the first time dioecy inMikania and in the tribeEupatorieae is described and discussed. The condition is known only in members of theMikania swartziana Griseb. complex, a group of eight species, all endemic to the Greater Antillean Islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Lactuca sativa ; L. serriola ; L. saligna ; L. virosa ; Hybridization
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    Notes: Abstract The degree of relationships withinLactuca sativa and three wild relativesL. serriola, L. saligna, andL. virosa was studied by observing the performance, vigour and fertility of the F 1 hybrids obtained from crosses made in and between the four species. The crosses ofL. saligna ×L. virosa and the reciprocal crosses produced no hybrids.L. saligna andL. virosa are the least related of the four species.L. sativa ×L. serriola and the reciprocal crosses were successful and produced fertile hybrids These two species are genetically very closely related.L. saligna is known to produce, as a female parent, hybrids withL. sativa andL. serriola. Now the reciprocal cross was successful for the first time, so the unability to obtain hybrids in the past was based on the choice of accessions and not caused by unilateral incompatibility.L. virosa ×L. sativa and the reciprocal combination produced hybrids. The combinationL. serriola ×L. virosa produced hybrids with very limited fertility. In contrast to earlier reports (sterile hybrids) one combination of the reciprocal cross too produced hybrids with very limited fertility.—Some of theL. saligna ×L. sativa (and reciprocal) hybrids were found to look strikingly likeL. serriola. This adds evidence for the descent ofL. serriola andL. sativa:L. saligna also made part of the ancestral complex of the cultivated lettuce.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Chemistry ; systematics ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The broad knowledge of the chemistry of theCompositae allows the discussion of its relevance for the systematics and evolution within the family. Furthermore a separation into subfamilies can be supported by the observed differences in the distribution of the main constituents in the tribes.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Eupatorium ; Chromosomal distance ; chromosomal identity ; karyotype analysis ; statistics phenetics
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    Notes: Abstract Somatic metaphase karyotypes were analyzed for 22 diploid species ofEupatorium. The karyotypic comparisons were made using two indices: minimal chromosomal distance (MCD), measuring overall dissimilarities, and chromosomal identity (CI), measuring number of morphologically identical chromosomes between species. The resulting phenograms from these indices are largely compatible. The 22 species cluster into four groups in the phenogram using MCD, and the grouping corresponds well with morphology or geographic distribution into the three N. American groupsEutrochium, Uncasia, Traganthes, and the E. Asian group. These results suggest that karyotypes in perennialEupatorium have been considerably conservative and changed not through large chromosomal mutations but through small chromosomal mutations gradually fixed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Silybum marianum ; Formicidae ; Messor semirufus ; Myrmecochory ; preadaptations ; synanthropic plant ; grasslands
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    Notes: Abstract The common Mediterranean ruderal thistleSilybum marianum is associated with nutrient-rich sites. Its wind-dispersed achenes possess an oily food body, that is attractive to harvester-ants. Following removal of the oily body, the achenes are deposited in the refuse zone together with rich organic material and soil removed from the nest; while in the nest the achenes are partly protected from fires. The thistle grows successfully in the nutrient-enriched refuse zone and thus dominates patches in the grassland. Preadaptations to live in association with harvester-ants enableS. marianum to occur also on marking stations of male gazelle, on cattle dung deposits, and in synanthropic ruderal habitats.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 97-110 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; A. rosea ; Agamic complex ; agamospermy ; asexual reproduction ; clonal organism ; dioecy ; morphology ; numerical taxonomy ; phenetics ; polyploidy ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria rosea polyploid agamic complex is one of the most morphologically diverse and widespread complexes of N. AmericanAntennaria. The group is taxonomically confusing because of numerous agamospermous microspecies, having been recognized as distinct species. Morphometric analyses have demonstrated that the primary source of morphological variability in the complex derives from six sexually reproducing progenitors,A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemona, andA. umbrinella. Additionally, two other sexually reproducing species,A. marginata andA. rosulata, may have contributed to the genetic complexity of theA. rosea complex. Cluster analysis indicates that four discrete morphological groups exist within theA. rosea complex. Each group could be the result of predominance of genes from different groups of sexual progenitors. AsA. rosea is of multiple hybrid origin, from among several sexual progenitors, it is advisable to recognizeA. rosea as a distinct species from its sexual progenitors.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 45-67 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Espeletia ; Diallel cross ; pollen donors ; parental effects ; outcrossing distance ; inbreeding ; seed abortion ; incompatibility ; pollen tube growth
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    Notes: Abstract The influence of different pollen donors on seed formation was investigated in three populations ofEspeletia schultzii that differ in environmental conditions and life history characteristics. Self pollen and pollen from different donors (〈 15m apart) within each population was used in a diallel design in order to test the genetic base of seed set variation. Three measures of seed formation were used: (1) achene number; (2) proportion of filled achenes (fruits) that distinguishes between achenes with seeds and empty achenes; (3) proportion of aborted seeds that distinguishes between viable and aborted seeds. Self-pollinations resulted in empty achenes. Achene number did not vary between the different pollen donors. A bimodal pattern of filled achenes was found in two populations in two consecutive years. On the other hand, a unimodal pattern was found in crosses between more distant donors (〉 30m). These patterns seems to be the results of a sporophytic incompatibility system. Seed abortion was highest at the higher elevations and seems to be correlated with elevation rather than with any genetic effect.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hypochoeris ; Karyotype ; karyogram ; idiogram ; basic chromosome number ; symmetry of karyotype ; asymmetrical index
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    Notes: Abstract FiveHypochoeris spp. from Sicily have been investigated:H. glabra L. (2n=10),H. radicata L. (2n=8),H. cretensis L. (2n=6),H. laevigata L. (2n=12),H. robertia Fiori (2n=8). Basic chromosome numbers are very variable, x = 3, 4, 5, 6. The karyotype of each species is presented. Geographical origin (S. America or Mediterranean region) of the genusHypochoeris and the taxonomic position ofH. robertia are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Cichorium intybus ; Tapetum ; pollen ; exine ; pollenkitt
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    Notes: Abstract The tapetal development ofCichorium intybus L. is investigated using LM and TEM and discussed in relation to the development in other species. During the second meiotic division the tapetal cells become binucleate and lose their cell walls. They intrude the loculus at the time of microspore release from the meiotic callose walls, which means that a locular cavity is never present in this species. During pollen development they tightly junct the exine, especially near the tips of the spines. During the two-celled pollen grain stage they degenerate and most of their content turns into pollenkitt. Until anther dehiscence they keep their individuality, which means that these intruding tapetal cells never fuse to form a periplasmodium. The ultrastructural cytoplasmatic changes during this development are discussed in relation to possible functions.
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Taraxacum ; Agamospermy ; NOR-chromosome ; chromosomal rearrangement ; transposable genetic elements
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    Notes: Abstract Morphological variation for the NOR chromosome was studied for four half-siblings of a sexual outbreedingTaraxacum, for three siblings of the obligate agamospermT. pseudohamatum, and for two individuals of the agamospermT. brachyglossum. No rearrangement was detected for the 113 chromosomes of sexuals, or for 41 chromosomes of two agamospermous individuals. In the other three agamospermous individuals, 3/16, 5/50, and 5/20 chromosomes showed evidence of chromosomal rearrangement. The majority of rearrangement events (10/13) occurred to the satellite rather than to the body of the NOR-chromosome. It is considered that such high levels of somatic chromosomal rearrangement in agamospermousTaraxacum may be the result of activity by transposable genetic elements. This recombination may be of selective advantage to asexual plants which cannot generate genetic variability through the sexual process.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 161 (1988), S. 155-168 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Umbelliferae ; Iridaceae ; DNA hybridization ; systematics ; rank of taxa
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of taxa equivalency in phylogenetically distant groups can hardly be solved by comparing morphological differences alone. An attempt is made to approach the problem by means of DNA comparisons, e.g., DNA hybridization. Data obtained forCompositae, Umbelliferae andIridaceae indicate that both unique and repetitive DNA sequence comparisons lead to the conclusions that genera within these families are not equivalent, e.g., the differences in the DNA among the species ofIris are much more pronounced than among those ofAchillea; some genera ofUmbelliferae occupy an intermediate position.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemizonia fitchii ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; 1,8-cineole ; eucalyptol ; mosquito repellent ; Aedes aegypti ; Diptera ; Culicidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mosquito feeding and ovipositional repellency of the major monoterpenoid present in the volatile oil ofHemizonia fitchii (Asteraceae), i.e., 1,8-cineole, was investigated. Although 1,8-cineole did not exhibit any significant mosquito larvicidal activity, it was moderately effective as a feeding repellent and highly effective as an ovipositional repellent against adultAedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito). The ovipositional repellency of 1,8-cineole, coupled with the presence of severalHemizonia chromenes previously shown to possess mosquito larvicidal activity, may therefore account in large part for the observed suppression of local mosquito populations which was associated withH. fitchii plants in northern California.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1739-1747 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; parthenium ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; Compositae ; corn ; Zea mays ; ryegrass ; Lolium multiflorum ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; velvetleaf ; Abutilon theophrasti ; soybean ; Glycine max ; inhibition
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelopathic effects of entire shoot extract, plant part extracts, and shoot residue of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on corn (Zea mays L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), and soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] growth were examined. Parthenium shoot contained water-soluble materials that were toxic to root growth of velvetleaf and wheat. At 4% (w/ v) concentration, root growth of velvetleaf and wheat were reduced by 60 and 75%, respectively. The order of increasing sensitivity to parthenium was ryegrass, corn, wheat, and velvetleaf. There was a strong correlation between extract concentration and increased toxicity to test species. The toxicity of plant part extracts was also concentration dependent. At 1 and 2% (w/v), the inflorescence and leaves caused more root inhibition than stem extract. Parthenium shoot incorporated in soil at 1% (w/w) caused significantly more root inhibition of wheat than soybean, corn, and ryegrass. At 4% (w/w), root growth of all the test species was inhibited compared to the control. Toxicity of parthenium residue to wheat diminished with increasing periods of decomposition. Residue decomposed for four weeks was less toxic than the undecomposed residue.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Biological control ; Epiblema strenuana ; Tortricidae ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; Compositae ; Mexico ; Lutte biologique ; Epiblema strenuana ; Tortricidae ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; Compositae ; Mexique
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se encontró que el tortricidoEpiblema strenuana, que atacaAmbrosia spp. en la mayor parte de Norteamérica, utiliza aParthenium hysterophorus como hospedera principal en el norte de México. Las larvas producen agallas en el tallo y en las yemas, y pueden ocasionar una considerable inhibición en el crecimiento al atacar plantas jóvenes. En pruebas se encontró que el insecto tiene un rango restringido en hospederas y que no es capaz de dañar ninguna planta de importancia económica dentro de la familia de las compuestas. Se ha autorizado su liberación en Australia para probar su eficacia como agente de control biológico contraP. hysterophorus.
    Abstract: Résumé La tordeuseEpiblema strenuana, qui attaque les espèces du genreAmbrosia dans la majeure partie de l'Amérique du nord, utiliseParthenium hysterophorus [Compositae] comme principal hôte dans la région nord du Mexique. Les larves produisent des galles dans les tiges et les bourgeons, qui peuvent arrêter la croissance quand les jeunes plantes sont attaquées. Les essais ont montré la gamme limitée d'hôtes, dont sont exclues toutes composées d'importance économique, que possède la tordeuse. Son introduction en Australie comme agent de lutte biologique contreP. hysterophorus a été approuvée.
    Notes: Abstract The tortricid mothEpiblema strenuana (Walker), which attacksAmbrosia spp. over most of North America, is shown to have the annual weedParthenium hysterophorus L. [Compositae] as its main host in northern Mexico. The larvae produce galls in the stems and growing-points which can considerably stunt growth when young plants are attacked. In tests it was shown to have a restricted host-range and not to damage any composite of economic importance. Its release in Australia for trial as a biological control agent againstP. hysterophorus has been approved.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 155 (1987), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Cousinia ; Generic distribution map ; centres of diversity ; distribution patterns ; Flora of the Irano-Turanian Region ; Flora of SW. Asia ; of Iran ; Iraq ; Afghanistan ; Pakistan
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of new floristic works a distribution map of the genusCousinia is given and discussed. The generic distribution area ofCousinia is nearly identical with the Irano-Turanian Region, but most of the 662 species are concentrated on the Iranian and Turkestanian mountain regions. Here, both in the eastern and in the western parts of the distribution area, four centres of diversity with high numbers of—mostly endemic—species are found: The western Tienshan (61 species), Pamiro-Alaj (169), NE-Afghanistan (80), NW-Afghanistan (44); Kopetdagh (66 in Iran, 33 in Turkmenia), Elburz (66), the northern part of Zagros (44), Azerbaijan (36). The outlines of the generic area are formed by genetic-historical and by climatic factors. The distribution patterns ofCousinia species confirm the close connections between the Iranian and the Turkestanian mountains as centres of origin and conservation of palaeo-xeromorphic mountain floras, contrasting with the Turanian lowland flora.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 156 (1987), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Lactuceae ; Scorzonera ; Karyology ; karyosystematics ; chromosome morphology ; evolution ; Flora of the Iberian Peninsula
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A karyological study of 15 taxa ofScorzonera L. from the Iberian Peninsula has been made. The chromosome numbers found inS. hispanica var.pinnatifida, S. baetica, S. reverchonii, S. angustifolia, S. laciniata var.calcitrapifolia and var.subulata (2n = 14) are new. Diploid cytotypes with 2n = 14 and 2n = 12 prevail, andS. hispanica var.crispatula is the only taxon which exhibits autopolyploidy (2n = 14, 28). x = 7 is considered to be the base chromosome number within the genus, with x = 6 being derived from it by translocation. This and detailed karyotype analyses allow to group the Iberian Peninsula species ofScorzonera into three groups.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 157 (1987), S. 219-245 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Hieracium sect ; Pilosellina ; Mode of reproduction ; cytology ; crossing and germination experiments
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five species are recognized inHieracium subgen.Pilosella sect.Pilosellina Fries. Four are diploid (2x, 2n = 18), one (H. pilosella L.) is highly variable morphologically and cytologically (from 2x to 10x), in its mode of reproduction (self-incompatibility, agamospermy, amphimixis, apo-amphimixis) and in its hybridization pattern. A part of this huge agamic complex was analysed by comparing sexual 4x and apomictic 5x plants (crossing and germination experiments, measurements of vegetative reproduction by stolons etc.). In the experimental garden apomictic 5x produced more stolons than the sexual 4x plants and the total length of the stolons per rosette was greater. However, in nature, the competitive potential of the sexual plants seems to be higher, presumably as a result of the higher mortality of ramets in 5x. Sexual 4x plants often grow in dense and grazed grass vegetation, whereas 5x apomicts often occur in dunes with patchy vegetation. Apomicts produce more capitula per rosette, and sexual rosettes form only about 60% of the number of viable achenes as compared to apomictic ones. Therefore, apomicts appear to be characterized by a greater colonizing ability than sexual plants. Apomictic plants produce equal numbers of viable achenes under conditions of both open pollination and isolation. Sexual plants do not form any viable achenes after isolation and produce a somewhat lower percentage of achenes after open pollination than do apomictics. 5xreproduce exclusively apomictically. Apo-amphimixis was never observed in pentaploids and only very rarely in tetraploids. Addition hybrids are very rare. The cross sexual 4x × apomictic 5x failed in 70% of the attempts, but the recombination of genomes carrying genes for apomixis is possible and results in apomictic 4x and sexual 5x, both with a reduced number of viable achenes. In nature sexual and apomictic plants may occur in close proximity. In such cases the germination rate of the achenes of 4x and 5x is lower; this may indicate that apomictic plants fertilize sexual plants in nature (unidirectional gene-flow). 5x plants form euploid gametes carrying two or three genomes. The results of the crossing experiments can be explained in terms ofNogler's theory of monogenic inheritance of apospory.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 157 (1987), S. 121-141 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Asteroideae ; Brachyscome (=Brachycome)lineariloba ; B. breviscapis ; Life pattern ; annual inbreeding ; ascending dysploidy ; amphidiploidy ; karyotype ; hybridization ; meiotic pairing ; Flora of Australia
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    Notes: Abstract A comparison of karyotypes ofBrachyscome breviscapis (2n = 8),B. lineariloba cytodemes E (2n = 10), B (2n = 12) and C (2n = 16) suggests that these species have a homoelogous basic set of four chromosome pairs, two large pairs and two small, and that theB. lineariloba cytodemes E, B and C are related toB. breviscapis by successive additions of small chromosomes. A pronounced asynchrony of chromosome condensation between these large and small chromosomes has been observed. In the artificial hybrids betweenB. dichromosomatica (2n = 4) ×B. breviscapis, and theB. lineariloba cytodemes, theB. dichromosomatica chromosomes are similar in size and condensation behaviour to the small chromosomes ofB. breviscapis and ofB. lineariloba cytodemes E, B and C. Meiotic pairing in these hybrids also demonstrates the strong affinities between these chromosomes. It is suggested thatB. breviscapis may be of amphidiploid origin between a species with two large early condensing chromosome pairs and another,B. dichromosomatica-like species with two small late condensing pairs. It seems most likely that the additional small and late condensing chromosomes inB. lineariloba cytodemes E, B and C are derived from theB. dichromosomatica-like parent, and that each addition increases vigour, fecundity and drought tolerance, allowing these cytodemes to colonize more open and arid environments. Transmission of the univalents in the quasidiploidB. lineariloba cytodeme E was verified as being via the pollen, and not via the embryo sacs.
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    Monatshefte für Chemie 117 (1986), S. 1219-1222 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Coumarins ; Biosynthesis ; Herniarin ; Artemisia dracunculus ; Compositae
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Isolierung von 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-trans-zimtsäure (1) ausArtemisia dracunculus L. stützt die Annahme, daß diese Verbindung eine Zwischenstufe bei der Biosynthese von 7-Methoxycumarin (Herniarin,3) darstellt. Die Strukturaufklärung der UV-instabilen Verbindung1 erfolgte mittels1H-NMR und durch Vergleich des stabilen methylierten Derivates2 mit synthetischem (E)-2,4-Dimethoxyzimtsäuremethylester.
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of (E)-2-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (1) fromArtemisia dracunculus L. supports strongly the assumption that this compound is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of 7-methoxycoumarin (herniarin,3). The structure of the UV-unstable compound1 was derived from1H-NMR data and by comparison of the stable dimethylated derivative with synthetic (E)-2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid methyl ester (2).
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    Plant and soil 92 (1986), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Accumulation ; Cd ; Chenopodiaceae ; Compositae ; Cruciferae ; Cucurbitaceae ; Gramineae ; Leguminosae ; Liliaceae ; Sand soil ; Solanaceae ; Taxonomy ; Umbelliferae
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Thirty four plant species belonging to 9 families were grown on a sand soil with various levels of added Cd. The Cd content of aerial parts of the plants (tc) was correlated to the soil Cd level (sc) in a double-logarithmic relationship: log (tc)=α+β log (sc). The regression coefficients α and β statistically differed among plant families. Plant families were classified into 3 groups based on the α values; (1) low accumulation, Leguminosae; (2) moderate accumulation, Gramineae, Liliaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Umbelliferae; and (3) high accumulation, Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, Solanaceae and Compositae. Values of β also enabled to discriminate the families into (1) Umbelliferae, Cucurbitaceae and Cruciferae in which Cd accumulation was promoted at higher soil Cd levels, and. (2) the other families which were of the excluder type.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1205-1211 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; polyacetylenes ; Russian knapweed ; Centaurea repens ; Compositae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The allelopathic weed Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens) was found to contain polyacetylenes VIII–XIV in the roots. Dose vs. response of the root length elongation against lettuce, alfalfa, barnyard grass, and red millet showed IX to be active. Closely related isomers were not active. Examination of the soil surrounding the Russian knapweed roots revealed the presence of IX in sufficient concentration to have an appreciable effect on the surrounding plant community.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 767-779 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host plant ; biological control of weeds ; Trirhabda bacharides ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Compositae ; Baccharis ; green leaf volatiles ; plant odor ; electroantennogram ; olfaction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded fromTrirhabda bacharides Le Conte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) females to 28 odorants and volatiles emanating from leaves of 26 plant species including three known host plants,Baccharis halimifolia L.,B. neglecta Britt, andB. salicina T. & G. (Compositae: Asterae). Antennal receptors were highly responsive to components of the green leaf volatile complex, especially 6-carbon saturated and monounsaturated alcohols andtrans-2-hexenal. EAGs elicited by heptanal were greater than those elicited by any other saturated aldehyde. Oxygenated monoterpenes were more active than monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, EAGs to volatiles emanating fromBaccharis and other composite species were greater than those elicited by species from other families. Furthermore, when one considers only plants occurring in the environs ofT bacharides hostB. neglecta, EAGs elicited by its host plant were at least two times greater than those elicited by other coinhabiting plants.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 143-163 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Inuleae ; Antennaria ; Polyploidy ; compilospecies ; agamospermy ; dioecy ; agamic complex ; phenetics ; numerical taxonomy ; interspecific hybrids ; morphology ; origins
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    Notes: Abstract TheAntennaria neodioica polyploid agamic complex is a polymorphic species occurring across North America mainly north of the terminal margin of the Wisconsin glacier. This taxonomically difficult group has recently been treated as consisting of the four subspeciesA. neodioica subsp.canadensis, subsp.howellii, subsp.neodioica, and subsp.petaloidea. TheA. neodioica agamic complex has been considered of hybrid origin with several sexual diploid species constituting its parentage. Crosses were made among five sexual diploid species ofAntennaria, morphologically similar toA. neodioica s.l., in an attempt to discover its origins. Representative specimens of the five diploid species,A. neodioica s. l., and the synthetic interspecific F1 hybrids were subjected to various analyses including PCA, cluster (UPGMA), and discriminant analyses. Results suggest that theA. neodioica complex is of multiple hybrid origin involving the four diploid speciesA. neglecta, A. plantaginifolia, A. racemosa, andA. virginica. BecauseA. neodioica is the result of diverse origin it is more desirable to consider the agamic complex as a separate, distinct species from its sexual diploid relatives. Several morphological characters in the diploid species were determined to be polygenically inherited.
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    Protoplasma 126 (1985), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Compositae ; Cosmos bipinnatus ; Freeze-fracture ; Cytoplasmic maceration ; Pollen ontogeny ; Scanning electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic data concerning pollen not only clarifies the mode of deposition of the elaborate walls but has considerable functional and taxonomic relevance. Hitherto such studies have used optical or transmission electron microscopy but here a recently devised preparative technique has enabled pollen development inCosmos bipinnatus to be studied using the scanning electron microscope. The technique involves freeze-fracturing of osmium fixed, cryoprotected anthers, maceration in dilute osmium tetroxide, critical point drying, sputter coating and examination. The processes of pollen wall development can then be observed in three dimensions, an important aid to understanding the spatial relationships involved in the determination of ornamentation and apertures. Details of the pollen and tapetum are described at various stages between meiosis and anthesis. A close conformity is demonstrated between the results obtained and those of earlier transmission electron microscopic studies of the same and related species although very different interpretations are made.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 151-153 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Asteraceae-Heliantheae ; Calea ; Chromosome numbers ; polyploidy
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    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers are reported for six taxa ofCalea, among them tetraploidC. septuplinervia, the only known polyploid inCalea s. str. The base chromosome number ofCalea is interpreted as x = 19.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Dispersal ; pappus ; growth form: annuals ; biennials ; perennial herbs ; shrubs and trees ; weeds and non-weeds
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between gross morphological dispersal structures, growth habit, and weediness is reported for a worldwide sample of 5893 Compositae species from 18 regional floras. A significantly smaller percentage of annual species than perennial species has dispersal structures. Among species with dispersal structures, plumed types are more frequent in perennials while adhesive types are more frequent in annuals. Differences in the occurrence and nature of dispersal structures between perennial herbs, shrubs and trees were minor. Weeds are less likely to have well developed morphological dispersal structures than non-weeds. The data support the idea that dispersal in space may be more important for perennial or non-weedy plants than for annual and weedy plants.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 83-107 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiospermae ; Compositae ; Coreopsis ; Flavonoids ; chalcones ; chronistics ; cladistics ; patristics ; phenetics ; chemosystematics
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    Notes: Abstract Flavonoids have been used successfully for interpreting evolutionary relationships in many groups of angiosperms. These interpretations often have been presented in narrative fashion without specific indications of the kinds of relationships expressed. In this paper a method of phylogeny reconstruction with flavonoid data showing cladistic, patristic, and phenetic relationships is presented. Such a phylogram contains maximal information about flavonoid evolution. As an example, relationships in the North American species ofCoreopsis (Compositae), containing 46 species in 11 sections, are analyzed by this approach. A phylogeny of sections of the genus from previous morphological, chromosomal and hybridization data is compared with that from data on anthochlors (chalcones and aurones). Strong correspondence of these evolutionary interpretations gives support to the hypothesized evolutionary trends within the group.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 311-329 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Calendula ; Selfing ; interspecific hybrids ; speciation
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    Notes: Abstract Breeding experiments were carried out inCalendula species. In the annuals, which are selfers, rarely some outcrossing was observed only in the most peripheral flowers. In experimental crosses fruit was produced in all combinations. Fertile F1 and F2 hybrids could be grown from crosses between parents with similar chromosome numbers:C. palaestina ×C. pachysperma and crosses of different morphological forms ofC. arvensis. In crosses of species with different chromosome numbers at least partly fertile F1 hybrids were obtained fromC. tripterocarpa ×C. stellata andC. tripterocarpa ×C. arvensis and crosses of the latter withC. palaestina. Fertile F2 plants were grown from the combination ofC. arvensis ×C. tripterocarpa. Considering this information and previously obtained data, a scheme is proposed for explaining speciation in the genusCalendula.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Compositae ; Cousinia ; C. gigantoptera sp. n. ; C. acanthodendron sp. n. ; C. pseudactinia ; C. rudis ; C. tirinensis ; Flora of Afghanistan
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    Notes: Abstract Cousinia gigantoptera Rech. f. &Podl., sp. n., described from the type collection from Takhar province, has a unique broadly winged stem and cannot be placed in any of the sections (sect.Racemosae?).—C. acanthodendron, described from the type collection from Samangan province, probably belongs to sect.Actinia and is related toC. pseudactinia andC. rudis.—ForC. pseudactinia, C. rudis, andC. tirinensis new records are given.—The descriptions ofC. rudis andC. tirinensis are completed and by that the placement of the latter within sect.Pugioniferae is confirmed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1982), S. 153-168 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Lactuceae ; Catananche ; Cichorium ; Epilasia ; Scorzonera ; Tragopogon ; Function ; harmomegathy ; palynology
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    Notes: Abstract Pollen morphology and ultrastructure inLactuceae pollen is considered in relation to the accomodation of volume changes, pollination biology and exine-held substances. Echinate pollen grains, such as those ofCatananche, are shown to accomodate volume changes by folding along the colpi and possibly by volume changes in the cavea. The different patterns of echinolophate pollen respond in different ways. Folding along the colpi is important inScorzonera andTragopogon and to a limited extent inCichorium andEpilasia whilst inScolymus the colpi are almost immobilized. Movements of the lacunar floors take over the harmomegathic function to compensate for lack of colpus mobility. Bulging of the intine at the apertures and changes in the size of the cavea may account for part of the volume change accomodated in any pollen type. Echinolophate pollen is interpreted as being a superior means of regulating volume changes with the most economical and mechanically efficient use of wall material which has evolved independently in several tribes ofCompositae.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 509-515 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Piqueria trinervia ; Compositae ; monoterpenes ; piquerol A ; piquerol B
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassays were carried out to test extracts of roots and leaves ofPiqueria trinervia and solutions of piquerol A and B, in order to appraise their allelopathic potential. Leaves seem to have greater concentrations of inhibitory compounds than roots. Both piquerol compounds show strong biological activity, but piquerol A is the more active.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 203-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Heliantheae ; Embryology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryology ofLagascea mollis, Zinnia angustifolia andGalinsoga parviflora has been studied. The anther archesporium is hypodermal and consists of a single row of 6–8 cells, there are two layers below the epidermis of the anther and a periplasmodial tapetum. Ripe pollen grains are tricolpate and 3-celled. The ovary contains a single ovule, but in a few cases ofGalinsoga parviflora two ovules have been found. The female archesporium is unicellular, but sometimes more than one archesporial cell occurs inLagascea mollis andZinnia angustifolia. The embryo sac development is of the Polygonum type, the synergids are hooked, antipodal cells show great variation. The endosperm development is cellular inGalinsoga parviflora and peripheral layer persists in the mature seed. The embryo development conforms to the Senecio variation of the Asterad type. The pericarp structure and cmbryological features support the disputed systematic position ofLagascea withinHeliantheae.
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    Protoplasma 109 (1981), S. 217-231 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Artemisia ; Cell wall composition ; Compositae ; Phloem ; Sieve element
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    Notes: Summary The structure of the phloem was studied in stem and leaf ofArtemisia afra Jacq., with particular attention being given to the sieve element walls. Both primary and secondary sieve elements of stem and midvein have nacreous walls, which persist in mature cells. Histochemical tests indicated that the sieve element wall layers contained some pectin. Sieve element wall layers lack lignin. Sieve elements of the minor veins (secondary and tertiary veins) lack nacreous thickening, although their walls may be relatively thick. These walls and those of contiguous transfer cells are rich in pectic substances. Transfer cell wall ingrowths are more highly developed in tertiary than in secondary veins.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Eupatorieae ; Alomiinae ; Flyriella ; Brickellia andAlomia ; Flavonoids ; quercetin glycosides ; quercetin methyl ethers ; chemotaxonomy ; chromosome numbers
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    Notes: Abstract The leaves of five species ofFlyriella were found to contain from one to four glycosides of quercetin and its 4′- and 7,4′-methyl ethers. These patterns are distinct from those observed for more than seventy species ofBrickellia and support morphological and chromosomal data which indicate thatFlyriella should not be treated as an element ofBrickellia. Alternative treatments are briefly considered.
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aster tripolium ; Compositae ; Heavy metals ; Honey ; Lead ; Pollen ; Taraxacum officinale
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of heavy metals in the honey, derived fromAster tripolium was the starting-point for this investigation. Lead content of pollen inAster tripolium andTaraxacum officinale is mainly due to airborne lead. Accumulation of other heavy metals such as zinc and copper in pollen occur mainly via a translocation process from roots to flowers.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 136 (1980), S. 169-207 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Asteraceae ; Anthemideae ; Achillea ; Anthemis ; Artemisia ; Chrysanthemum ; Matricaria ; etc. ; Systemical anatomy ; indumentum ; trichomes ; hair types
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    Notes: Abstract Biseriate glandular trichomes and uniseriate flagellar covering hairs occur in all or most of the 20 genera examined and thus do not provide important taxonomical hints. In contrast, T- or Y-shaped hairs have been found inSantolina, Anthemis, Leucanthemopsis, Dendranthema, Tanacetum,Balsamita, Sphaeromeria (?),Artemisia, andAchillea clavenae only. Stellate hairs appear to be rare (inSantolina andArtemisia sect.Dracunculus). For details, additional hair types, and relationships see Tab.1 and Fig. 6.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 131 (1979), S. 17-34 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Cichorieae ; Microseridinae ; Perennials ; variability ; inflorescence ; achenes ; phyllotaxis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative characters of the flowering head of a garden population ofMicroseris laciniata were scored during the second, third, and fourth season of growth. Number of achenes per head, number of phyllaries per head and the average number of pappus parts per achene in single heads show significant plant to plant variation. Achenes per head and pappus parts per achene were scored in identical plants in two subsequent seasons. The number of pappus parts per achene varies freely between five and ten. This contrasts with annual species ofMicroseris in which either five or ten pappus parts are found, depending on the species. In spite of a clear plant-specific average of pappus parts, both high and low pappus part determination can be demonstrated in all specimens. The number of pappus parts depends on the position of an achene on the receptacle, marginal achenes usually having fewer pappus parts than central ones. This gradient is not closely correlated with the position of an achene on the “genetic spiral”.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 132 (1979), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Cynareae ; Cirsium ; Gynodioecy ; subdioecy ; dioecy ; male sterility ; sex ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The genusCirsium comprises both gynodioecious and dioecious species. The observation of microsporogenesis in female plants ofC. montanum, C. oleraceum, C. palustre andC. spinosissimum shows that the male sterility is due to a degeneration of the tapetum. This degeneration occurs more or less early according to the species and, in the light of these results, a scheme of evolution in the male sterility mechanism is proposed. Furthermore, the male sterility mechanism inC. montanum is very similar to that previously found in female plants of the dioecious speciesC. arvense. This fact enhances the possibility of evolution of the dioecy ofC. arvense from the gynodioecy found in other species. According to these results, a general scheme of evolution of sexes in the genusCirsium is proposed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: sesquiterpenic lactones ; allelopathy ; terpenic inhibitors ; Compositae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Results of biotests carried out with several sesquiterpene lactones produced byAmbrosia cumanensis are presented. These compounds showed different effects on the germination and growth of several species of the secondary vegetation of a tropical zone of Mexico.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 130 (1978), S. 167-190 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Anthemideae ; Achillea ; Anthemis ; Artemisia ; Chrysanthemum ; Matricaria etc. ; Systematical anatomy ; stomatal apparatus
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    Notes: Abstract The subdivision of theAnthemideae into two subtribes purely on the grounds of the presence or absence of receptacular paleae can no longer be maintained. Anatomical data may serve as a basis for a more adequate division of the tribe. This survey of the stomatal apparatus types within theAnthemideae is based on the investigation of 29 species from 15 genera and the evaluation of literature data: Anomocytic stomatal apparatus occur in all species examined, anisocytic at least in all genera investigated by us. We even found representatives of some rare types, such as polo-, helico- or hemiparacytic apparatus, in nearly all species. Diacytic types were not found inOtanthus, Artemisia, Tripleurospermum, Tanacetum corymbosum, and they also appear to be lacking inSantolina andEriocephalus. Paracytic stomatal apparatus and a new type which links paracytic with actinocytic and cyclocytic was discovered inOtanthus maritimus andArtemisia stellerana.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 130 (1978), S. 209-218 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Asteraceae ; Vernonieae ; Palynology ; pollen ultrastructure ; function ; phylogeny ofCompositae
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    Notes: Abstract Two basic patterns of exine ultrastructure are found in theCompositae, the caveate Helianthoid pattern and the non-caveate Anthemoid pattern. TheHeliantheae, Astereae, Inuleae, Sececioneae, Calenduleae andEupatorieae all have pollen with caveate exines. TheMutisiseae, Vernonieae andCardueae have predominately Anthemoid pollen. TheAnthemideae, Arctoteae andLactuceae have pollen with exines of both patterns. Recent investigations of pollen in theVernonieae suggest that these exine ultrastructures in the family have evolved in response to mechanical stresses on the wall which are caused by changes in volume of the grain as it loses or gains water from its environment.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 129 (1978), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Cichoriaceae ; Microseris ; Canalization ; pappus ; inbreeding ; hybrids ; evolutionary genetics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract All North American annual species of the genusMicroseris have a five-part pappus, the one South American annual,M. pygmaea, has ten pappus parts. The pappus develops over a constant number of ten provascular bundles with or without inhibition between alternate sites of pappus development. Each natural population contains a predictable proportion of achenes with aberrant pappus part numbers. Hybridization betweenM. bigelovii (5 parts) andM. pygmaea results in F 1 and F 2 plants with many aberrant achenes. In each plant either five or ten can be shown to be the basic number with aberrant numbers following a Poisson distribution for numbers added to 5 or deleted from 10. Occasional plants show no basic number but have a random distribution of numbers about an intermediate mean. The evolutionary genetics of this character is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 128 (1977), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Vernonieae ; Vernonia ; Lepidoptera ; Insect resistance ; antifeedant ; sesquiterpene lactones ; glaucolide-A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field insect feeding experiment was conducted with two species ofVernonia which produce the sesquiterpene lactone glaucolide-A, one species which does not contain this bitter compound, and two F1 hybrid combinations. Also, naturalVernonia populations were observed over a two year period for their degree of herbivory. Contrary to the pattern observed in laboratory feeding preference tests,Vernonia flaccidifolia, the species lacking sesquiterpene lactones, was consistently fed upon less by insects than wereV. gigantea andV. glauca. Even though glaucolide-A appears to adequately protect some Vernonias against herbivores, especially mammals,Vernonia flaccidifolia has lost this compound. ApparentlyV. flaccidifolia has evolved an alternative defensive mechanism which is more effective against insects but less effective against mammalian herbivores.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 126 (1976), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Compositae ; Cichoriaceae ; Microseridinae ; DNA content ; mitotic cycle time ; annuals ; perennials ; developmental rates ; nucleotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within eight annual and perennialMicroseridinae species studied, the duration of the mitotic cycle is positively correlated with the nuclear DNA content, cycle time (hrs) = 7.3 + 0.32 × pg DNA/nucleus. Within the generaAgoseris andMicroseris, the annuals have lower DNA contents and more rapid mitotic cycle times than do the perennials. This relationship is predicted by the nucleotypic theory ofBennett. Annual species ofPyrrhopappus have relatively high DNA contents and a proportionately longer mitotic cycle time, but contrary to that expected by the nucleotypic theory as originally proposed have the fastest growth rate and shortest generation time observed in theMicroseridinae. This rapid developmental rate is discussed, nucleotypically, however, by analyzing relationships between DNA content, mitotic cycle time, and cell size.
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8 (1980), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: 2',3,4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxy chalcone ; 2',3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-4'-O-β-d-glucosyl chalcone ; Bidens ; Compositae ; Coreopsidinae ; Heliantheae ; Megalodonta beckii ; aurones ; chalcones ; chemotaxonomy ; flavonols ; hydrophyte
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 9 (1981), S. 161-163 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Heliantheae ; Helianthus ; chemotaxonomy ; flavonoids
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 16 (1988), S. 285 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Cynara sibthorpiana ; flavone ; flavonoids ; glycosides
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19 (1991), S. 323-328 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Cardueae ; Compositae ; Echinops ; ^1^3C NMR ; chemotaxonomy ; polyacetylenes ; sesquiterpene lactones ; thiophenes
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 16 (1988), S. 401-402 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: A. flaccida ; A. satureioides ; A. tomentosa ; Achyrocline alata ; Compositae ; caffeoyl derivatives ; flavonoids
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 16 (1988), S. 413-416 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Heliantheae ; Viguiera ; chemotaxonomy ; flavonoids
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 16 (1988), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: B. deltoidea ; B. sagittata ; Balsamorhiza careyana ; Compositae ; methylated flavonoids ; systematics
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 16 (1988), S. 403-409 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Achillea nobilis group ; Compositae ; flavone methyl ethers ; flavonoid aglycones ; flavonol methyl ethers ; infraspecific variability ; leaf exudates ; systematics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 16 (1988), S. 417-418 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Heliantheae ; Viguiera ; chemotaxonomy ; fiavonoids
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 15 (1987), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Astereae ; Ceruana ; Compositae ; Conyza ; Conyzanthus ; Grangea ; chemosystematics ; flavonoid glycosides
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 21 (1993), S. 389-396 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Centaurea montana ; Centaurea triumfetti ; Compositae ; flavonoids ; phytosociology ; polyploidy ; variation
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 21 (1993), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Compositae ; cheirolophus ; distribution ; guaianolides ; sesquiterpene lactones
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 10 (1982), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; coronopilin ; dihydroisoparthenin ; hymenin ; hysterin ; parthenin ; population variation ; sesquiterpene lactones ; tetraneurin-A
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 11 (1983), S. 37-39 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: 6-methoxyflavonol methyl ethers ; Alomiinae ; Brickellia cylindracea ; Compositae ; Eupatorieae ; geographically disjunct populations ; glycosides
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19 (1991), S. 439 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: A goniocephala ; A. vermicularis ; Achillea cucullata ; Compositae ; flavonoids ; germacrene ; guaianolides ; sesquiterpenes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19 (1991), S. 440 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Episcothamnus candelabrum ; furoheliangolide ; guaianolides ; sesquiterpene lactons
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22 (1994), S. 297-305 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Andryala ; Chondrilla ; Compositae ; Crepidinae ; Crepis ; Hieracium ; Lactuca ; Launaea ; Reichardia ; Sonchus ; chemotaxonomy ; flavonoids ; phenolics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 3 (1975), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana ; Compositae ; limited introgression ; sesquiterpene lactones: chromosome numbers
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22 (1994), S. 761 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Nassauviinae ; Perezia ocorzonera ; chemotaxonomy ; flavonoid ; medical resources
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 15 (1987), S. 327-333 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Artemisia alba ; Compositae ; chemical affinities ; chemical types ; effects of environment ; essential oil
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2 (1974), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Diacrisia ; Lepidoptera ; Sibine ; Spodoptera ; Trichoplusia ; Vernonia ; Vernonieae ; insect resistance ; plant-insect interactions ; sesquiterpene lactones
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 18 (1990), S. 405-407 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Tagetes minuta ; chemical types ; effects of environment ; essential oil
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 12 (1984), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Arnica ; Compositae ; diversity ; endemism ; flavonoids ; methylation ; reduction ; subgenus Autromontana
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 11 (1983), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Arnica cordifolia ; Compositae ; apomixis ; flavonoids ; polyploidy
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 15 (1987), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Compositae ; Lasthenia ; flavonoids ; glycosides ; intrapopulational variation ; patuletin ; quercetin
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 9 (1981), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 0305-1978
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Campanulales ; Compositae ; Polemoniales ; chemotaxonomy ; fructose oligosaccharides ; inulin ; levan
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    Phytochemistry 23 (1984), S. 1178-1179 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: 4,5-cis-germacranolide. ; Compositae ; Leucanthemopsis pulverulenta
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    Phytochemistry 23 (1984), S. 1180-1181 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Compositae ; Elephantopus carolinianus ; guaianolides. ; sesquiterpene lactones
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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    Phytochemistry 23 (1984), S. 1189-1190 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Compositae ; Eupatorium serotinum ; germacranolides. ; sesquiterpene lactones
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    Phytochemistry 23 (1984), S. 1095-1097 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Calea harleyi ; Compositae ; p-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives. ; sesquiterpene lactones
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
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