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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Cambridge [u.a.]
    Call number: M 10.0009 ; M 14.0131
    Description / Table of Contents: Numerical modelling of geodynamic processes was predominantly the domain of high-level mathematicians experienced in numerical and computational techniques. Now, for the first time, students and new researchers in the Earth Sciences can learn the basic theory and applications from a single, accessible reference text. Assuming only minimal prerequisite mathematical training (simple linear algebra and derivatives) the author provides a solid grounding in basic mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and partial differential equations, before introducing key numerical and modelling methods. 8 well-documented, state-of the-art visco-elasto-plastic, 2-D models are then presented, which allow robust modelling of key dynamic processes such as subduction, lithospheric extension, collision, slab break-off, intrusion emplacement, mantle convection and planetary core formation. Incorporating 47 practical exercises and 67 MATLAB examples (for which codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/gerya), this textbook provides a user-friendly introduction for graduate courses or self-study, encouraging readers to experiment with geodynamic models.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 345 S.
    ISBN: 0521887542 , 978-0-521-88754-0
    Classification:
    Geodynamics
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 7 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Kanskaya formation in the Yenisey range, Eastern Siberia is a newly studied example of retrogression of granulite facies rocks. The formation consists of two stratigraphical units: the lower Kuzeevskaya group and the upper Atamanovskaya group. Rocks from both of these units show rare reaction textures such as replacement of cordierite by garnet, sillimanite and quartz, silimanite coronas around spinel and corundum, and garnet rims around plagioclase in metabasites, while plagioclase rims around garnet can be seen in associated metapelites. The paragenesis quartz + orthopyroxene + sillimanite is a feature of the Kuzeevskaya group. In many samples, chemical zoning of garnet and cordierite shows an increase in Mg from core to rim as well as the reverse.Biotite-garnet-cordierite-sillimanite-quartz as well as spinel±biotite-garnet°Cordierite±sillimanite-quartz assemblages were studied using geothermometers and geobarometers based on both exchange and net-transfer reactions (Perchuk & Lavrent'eva, 1983; Aranovich & Podlesskii, 1983; Gerya & Perchuk, 1989). Detailed investigation of 10 samples including 1000 microprobe analyses revealed decompression (first stage) followed by the near isobaric cooling of the granulites. From geological studies, the 7 km total thickness of the sequence closely corresponds to the pressure difference (∼ 2.2kbar) measured by geobarometers in the samples taken from different levels in the sequence. Individual samples yield P-T paths ranging from 100°C/kbar to 140°C/kbar depending on their locations with respect to the large Tarakskiy granite pluton. In places the 100°C/kbar path changed to the 140°C/kbar due to the influence of the intrusion. In a P-T diagram these trajectories are subparallel lines, whose P-T maxima define the Archaean geotherm between 3.1 and 2.7 Ga, determined isotopically. A petrological model for P-T evolution of the Kanskaya formation is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 17 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The evolution of a subduction channel and orogenic wedge is simulated in 2D for an active continental margin, with P-T paths being displayed for selected markers. In our simulation, subduction erosion affects the active margin and a structural pattern develops within a few tens of millions of years, with four zones from the trench into the forearc: (i) an accretionary complex of low grade metamorphic sedimentary material, (ii) a wedge of nappes with alternating upper and lower crustal provenance, and minor interleaving of oceanic or hydrated mantle material, (iii) a megascale melange composed of high pressure (HP) and ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks extruded from the subduction channel, and (iv) the upward tilted frontal part of the remaining lid. The P–T paths and time scales correspond to those typically recorded in orogenic belts. The simulation shows that HP/UHP metamorphism of continental crust does not necessarily indicate collision, but that the material can be derived from the active margin by subduction erosion and extruded from the subduction channel beneath the forearc during ongoing subduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2010-04-16
    Description: Slab detachment or breakoff is directly associated with phenomena like morphological orogenesis, occurrence of earthquakes and magmatism. At depth the detachment process is slow and characterized by viscous rheolgy, whereas closer to the surface the process is relatively fast and plastic. Using a 2D mantle model 1500 km deep and 4000 km wide we investigated, with finite-difference and marker-in-cell numerical techniques, the impact of slab age, convergence rate and phase transitions on the viscous mode of slab detachment. In contrast to previous studies exploring simplified breakoff models in which the blockage responsible for inducing breakoff is kinematically prescribed, we constructed a fully dynamic coupled petrological-thermomechanical model of viscous slab breakoff. In this model, forced subduction of a 700 km-long oceanic plate was followed by collision of two continental plates and spontaneous slab blocking resulting from the buoyancy of the continental crust once it had been subducted to a depth of 100-124 km. Typically, five phases of model development can be distinguished: (a) oceanic slab subduction and bending; (b) continental collision initiation followed by the spontaneous slab blocking, thermal relaxation and unbending - in experiments with old oceanic plates in this phase slab roll-back occurs; (c) slab stretching and necking; (d) slab breakoff and accelerated sinking; and (e) post-breakoff relaxation. Our experiments confirm a correlation between slab age and the time of spontaneous viscous breakoff as previously identified in simplified breakoff models. The results also demonstrate a non-linear dependence of the duration of the breakoff event on slab age: a positive correlation being characteristic of young (〈50 Ma) slabs while for older slabs the correlation is negative. The increasing duration of the breakoff with slab age in young slabs is attributed to the slab thermal thickness, which increases both the slab thermal relaxation time and duration of the necking process. In older slabs this tendency is counteracted by negative slab buoyancy, which generate higher stresses that facilitate slab necking and breakoff. A prediction from our breakoff models is that the olivine-wadsleyite transition plays an important role in localizing viscous slab breakoff at depths of 410-510 km due to the buoyancy effects of the transition.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: We report results of a study comparing numerical models of sandbox-type experiments. Two experimental designs were examined: (1) A brittle shortening experiment in which a thrust wedge is built in material of alternating frictional strength; and (2) an extension experiment in which a weak, basal viscous layer affects normal fault localization and propagation in overlying brittle materials. Eight different numerical codes, both commercial and academic, were tested against each other. Our results show that: (1) The overall evolution of all numerical codes is broadly similar. (2) Shortening is accommodated by in-sequence forward propagation of thrusts. The surface slope of the thrust wedge is within the stable field predicted by critical taper theory. (3) Details of thrust spacing, dip angle and number of thrusts vary between different codes for the shortening experiment. (4) Shear zones initiate at the velocity discontinuity in the extension experiment. The asymmetric evolution of the models is similar for all numerical codes. (5) Resolution affects strain localization and the number of shear zones that develop in strain-softening brittle material. (6) The variability between numerical codes is greater for the shortening than the extension experiment. Comparison to equivalent analogue experiments shows that the overall dynamic evolution of the numerical and analogue models is similar, in spite of the difficulty of achieving an exact representation of the analogue conditions with a numerical model. We find that the degree of variability between individual numerical results is about the same as between individual analogue models. Differences among and between numerical and analogue results are found in predictions of location, spacing and dip angle of shear zones. Our results show that numerical models using different solution techniques can to first order successfully reproduce structures observed in analogue sandbox experiments. The comparisons serve to highlight robust features in tectonic modelling of thrust wedges and brittle-viscous extension.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0278-7407
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9194
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-09-01
    Description: Seamounts or submarine volcanoes frequently collide with the overriding crust along presently active subduction zones locally modifying stress and permanent deformation patterns. Dynamics of this process is not fully understood and several end-member scenarios of seamount-crust interaction are proposed. Here, we use high-resolution 3D numerical models to investigate evolution of crustal deformation and stress distribution within the upper plate induced by the underthrusting of subducting seamounts. The dynamical effects of the upper plate strength, subduction interface strength, and strain weakening of the crust are investigated. Experiment results demonstrate characteristic crustal fracturing patterns formed in response to different seamount-crust interaction scenarios. Indenting seamounts strongly deform the overriding plate along a corridor as wide as the underthrusting seamount by constantly shifting sub-vertical shear zones rooted at the seamount extensions. A reentrant develops during initial seamount collision. A topographic bulge atop the seamount and lateral ridges emerge from further seamount subduction. Obtained stress pattern show areas of large overpressure above the rearward, and large underpressure above the trenchward flank of the seamount. Results of numerical experiments are consistent with seismic reflection images and seismic velocity models of the upper plate in areas of seamount subduction along the Middle America Trench and give important insights into the long-lasting question, whether subducting seamounts and rough seafloor act as barriers or asperities for megathrust earthquakes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-05-01
    Description: As the oceanic lithosphere ages and cools, its density increases and at some stage exceeds the density of the underlying asthenosphere, so that the plate can sink spontaneously under its own weight. However, despite the fact that some seafloors are [~]170 m.y. old, an undeniable Cenozoic example of a passive continental margin transforming into an active margin by subduction initiation is not yet known. Several workers have indicated the sources of difficulty of such a transformation; however, no evaluations of existing passive margins from the viewpoint of their future stability have been provided. As suggested by recent numerical experiments with generalized passive margin structures, spontaneous subduction initiation may have a hidden initial phase that is not expressed in diagnostic features such as trench and magmatic arc. Here we analyze numerically the probability of subduction initiation along the Atlantic American passive margins based on their topography and lithospheric and crustal structure. According to our experimental results, proper subduction will likely start during the next 10-20 m.y. along the southern part of the Brazilian margin, while other Atlantic margins of North and South America are stable under the present geodynamic conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-01-01
    Description: Detailed petrological study of mid-oceanic ridge basalt-derived high-pressure amphibolite blocks from a fragment of the Caribbean subduction channel (La Corea serpentinite-matrix melange, eastern Cuba) has revealed contrasted zoning patterns of garnet porphyroblasts, including well-defined complex oscillatory prograde-retrograde concentric zoning in one sample. Calculated pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions for this sample using mineral inclusion assemblages and isochemical P-T projections reveal large P-T recurrences best explained by large-scale convective movement of the tectonic block in a serpentinitic subduction channel. The P-T conditions attending garnet growth followed an overall counterclockwise path as a consequence of continued refrigeration of the subduction channel during ongoing underflow after its onset ca. 120 Ma. These findings constitute the first report of large-scale convective circulation of deeply subducted material in the subduction channel, and are consistent with the thermomechanical behavior of the channel predicted by numerical models.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2010-11-11
    Print ISSN: 1866-7511
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-7538
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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