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  • GEOPHYSICS  (5,928)
  • 1970-1974  (5,928)
Collection
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 101
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    The aurora as a source of planetary-scale waves in the middle atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photographs of global scale auroral forms taken by scanning radiometers onboard weather satellites in 1972 show that auroral bands exhibit well organized wave motion with typical zonal wave number of 5 or so. The scale size of these waves is in agreement with that of well organized neutral wind fields in the 150- to 200-km region during the geomagnetic storm of May 27, 1967. Further, the horizontal scale size revealed by these observations are in agreement with that of high altitude traveling ionospheric disturbances. It is conjectured that the geomagnetic storm is a source of planetary and synoptic scale neutral atmospheric waves in the middle atmosphere. Although there is, at present, no observation of substorm related waves of this scale size at mesospheric and stratospheric altitudes, the possible existence of a new source of waves of the proper scale size to trigger instabilities in middle atmospheric circulation systems may be significant in the study of lower atmospheric response to geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 122-129
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  • 102
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    Certain regularities of geomagnetic and baric fields at high latitudes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evidence is presented that the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth polar regions varies regularly with changes in the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomana; p 71-80
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  • 103
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    On possible interactions between upper and lower atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparison of geomagnetic data with data on tropospheric and stratospheric circulation characteristics shows a statistically highly significant shrinking in areal extent of the stratospheric vortex from the third to the eight day following a geomagnetic storm. During the contraction of the polar vortex edge, the mean height of the vortex central contour decreases only slightly. This indicates that a stratospheric warming event is associated with a steepening of the contour gradient rather than a warming over the entire area of the stratospheric polar vortex. The troposphere reacts to these weak, but nevertheless significant stratospheric warming events by a shrinkage of the area of the 500-mb cold air pool. It is shown that the observed warming of the stratosphere that follows a geomagnetically disturbed key day cannot be explained by simple radiation absorption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 81-101
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  • 104
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    Summary (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 20 p
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  • 105
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    Power law time dependence of river flood decay and its relationship to long term discharge frequency distribution (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techn.; 11 p
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  • 106
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    Investigation of atmospheric effects in image transfer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 33 p
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  • 107
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    Activities of the Social Sciences Group, Berkeley campus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 74 p
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  • 108
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    On the feasibility of benefit-cost analysis applied to remote sensing projects (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 109
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    Separation of manmade and natural patterns in high altitude imagery of agricultural areas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 30 p
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  • 110
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    Multispectral combination and display of ERTS-1 data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 9 p
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  • 111
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    Water demand studies in southern California (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 41 p
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  • 112
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    Water demand studies in central California (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 48 p
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  • 113
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    Water supply studies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 113 p
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  • 114
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    Introduction (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 115
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during May 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For abstract, see N74-27815.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 5 p
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  • 116
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during January 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A catalog of ATS-1 observed magnetic field oscillations is presented. The catalog holds only those events with a duration of at least ten minutes and with a frequency that remains roughly constant. Events are distinguished on the basis of the frequency of oscillations. A comparison was made between ATS-1 data and other ground and satellite magnetometer data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 117
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    Study of low frequency hydromagnetic waves using ATS-1 data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of ATS-1 data to determine at what point in the magnetic storm recovery phase are oscillations most likely to begin. The catalog of hourly values of equatorial Dst was used to determine the time of main phase decrease, and a catalog of oscillations from January to May 1968 to determine onset time as observed by ATS-1. For each oscillation event at ATS-1, the nearest prior main phase decrease with a magnitude of at least -35 gamma was determined, and the time difference between the onset of the event at ATS-1 and the time of main phase decrease was measured. The resulting data indicate that the most probable time to observe onset of transverse oscillations is within 24 hours after the main phase decrease.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 118
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    Predicting soil moisture and wheat vegetative growth from ERTS-1 imagery (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Study results indicate: (1) Vegetative growth was best predicted by a linear relationship between leaf area index and the radio of band 4 to band 5. All significant soil moisture effects were cancelled by the ratio. (2) Soil moisture at a depth of 0 to 15 cm, with specific soil factors, was predicted by band 4 and leaf area index with a high regression coefficient. (3) Vegetative growth, measured by leaf area index, was one of the necessary inputs in evaluating the winter wheat crop coefficient from March to maturity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; 70 p
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  • 119
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    Introduction (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The objectives of the investigation were: (1) to evaluate the effect of water stress, disease, and leaf area on the reflectance characteristics of wheat; (2) to evaluate disease losses in terms of yield and water use; and (3) to predict disease severity and economic loss.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; p 1-69
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  • 120
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    Scientific value of Seasat for geodesy (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT altimetry data which relate directly to geoid heights provide the means to obtain information on the geoid on a global scale which is not attenuated by height or by high frequency averaging. The most important geodetic application of these data is to provide a standard reference surface for oceans.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 50-53
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  • 121
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    Investigation of electron dynamics in the magnetosphere with electron beams injected from sounding rockets (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes an empirical study of the basic mechanisms by which electrons precipitate from the geomagnetic field to produce 'auroral X rays' during periods of geomagnetic activity. The study was based on data obtained by the Echo satellites. Echo I, launched in 1970, injected 40 keV, 0.1 amp electron pulses at low latitude (L ? 2.6) and successfully measured the returning pulses from the conjugate region. Electric fields and multiple Coulomb scattering were studied. Echo II, launched in 1972 from high latitude (L ? 8) studied the interaction of the beams with background radiation and the detailed motion of the beams near the rocket. Evidence for a beam plasma instability was obtained. Echo III launched in April 1974, (L ? 5.5) detected a series of conjugate echoes during the presence of a strong convective field in the magnetosphere. It was shown that the electric field measurement in the ionosphere using the incoherent backscatter radar and detectors on the rocket was transferred to the equatorial plane as though field lines were equipotentials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 40; 6, 19; 1974
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  • 122
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    Rocket observation of soft energetic particles at the magnetic equator (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 123
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    Deformation of the night side plasmasphere and ionosphere during the August 1972 geomagnetic storm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 124
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    Nimbus 4 observations of changes in total ozone and stratospheric temperatures during a sudden warming (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; Nov. 197
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  • 125
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    Distant bow shock observations by Explorer 33 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Locations, orientations and magnetic field changes are given for 135 bow shock crossings at distances downstream from earth between 84 and 117 earth radii. The shock locations bracket those calculated for the hypersonic analogue by Dryer and Heckman (1967) for a Mach number of 3.8. The shock normal vectors have been calculated using magnetic coplanarity. The average normal vectors have a greater inclination by about 17 plus or minus 5 deg from the symmetry axis than the Dryer and Heckman shock orientations for a 3.8 Mach number. Over a range of downstream distances from 60 to 115 earth radii, the median magnetic field magnitude jump across the shock changes from 1.90 to 1.70 times.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Oct. 197
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  • 126
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    Observations of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetospheric effects associated with variations of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are examined in light of recent experimental and theoretical results. Although the occurrence of magnetospheric substorms is statistically related to periods of southward IMF, the details of the interaction are not understood. In particular, attempts to separate effects resulting directly from the interaction between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields from those associated with substorms have produced conflicting results. It is possible, however, to say with some assurance that the transfer of magnetic flux from the dayside to the nightside magnetosphere, as evidenced by equatorward motion of the polar cusp and increases of the magnetic energy density in the lobes of the geomagnetic tail, is a direct consequence of the southward IMF. On the other hand, the formation of a macroscopic X-type neutral line at tail distances less than 35 earth radii appears to be a substorm phenomenon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 12; Aug. 197
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  • 127
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    Is the zodiacal light intensity steady (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that conclusions reported by Sparrow and Ney (1972, 1973) could be confirmed in an investigation involving the refinement of OSO-5 data on zodiacal light. It had been found by Sparrow and Ney that the absolute value of both the surface brightness and polarization of the zodiacal cloud varied by less than 10% over the 4-yr period from January 1969 to January 1973.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 249; June 14
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  • 128
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    Secular-invariant relationships among internal geomagnetic field coefficients (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some features of the secular variation of the geomagnetic field are examined. Contours encircling constant magnetic flux (third adiabatic invariant), corresponding to a shell of field lines in secular motion, reveal a general westward drift that is longitude and latitude dependent (with minima in the north Pacific and south Atlantic areas). Some invariant relationships appear among the field coefficients in the tilted, centered dipole (geomagnetic) coordinate system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 129
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    Ocean color spectrum calculations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There is obvious value in developing the means for measuring a number of subsurface oceanographic parameters using remotely sensed ocean color data. The first step in this effort should be the development of adequate theoretical models relating the desired oceanographic parameters to the upwelling radiances to be observed. A portion of a contributory theoretical model can be described by a modified single scattering approach based on a simple treatment of multiple scattering. The resulting quasisingle scattering model can be used to predict the upwelling distribution of spectral radiance emerging from the sea. The shape of the radiance spectrum predicted by this model for clear ocean water shows encouraging agreement with measurements made at the edge of the Sargasso Sea off Cape Hatteras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 130
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    Plasma tail interpretations of pronounced detached plasma regions measured by Ogo 5 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the light ion thermal plasma distribution in the magnetosphere frequently show apparent isolated patches of enhanced plasma density in the trough region beyond the main plasmasphere. These patches of light ions viewed along a satellite orbit appear detached from the main plasmasphere. By using a simple time-dependent convection model to determine the length of time a magnetic flux tube has been closed and in daylight (a rough indicator of the expected equatorial plasma density variation), the most prominent 'detached' regions measured by the mass spectrometer on Ogo 5 in the noon-dusk quadrant are seen on a global scale to be readily interpreted as filamentary extensions of the plasmasphere, called plasma tails. Hence on a global scale the pronounced detached regions may be attached to the main plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 131
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    Finding the earth in ERTS (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Itek's Optical System Division recently completed an investigation funded by NASA to develop interpretation methods and algorithms suitable for recognition of earth resources by machines using multispectral data from ERTS. Through the algorithms developed (and described here) it is now possible to automatically recognize terrain types. The clustering algorithm guarantees high accuracy in the recognition process with almost complete automation. Interestingly, the machine recognition seems to be more accurate than a human photointerpreter who has been restricted to using only ERTS-1 color composites. That is, machine recognition appears to be more sensitive, it can operate much closer, to the resolution limit of the ERTS-1 imagery than the human photointerpreter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Spectra; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 132
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    Temporal variations in the dawn and dusk midlatitude trough and plasmapause position (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The temporal development of the latitudinal position of a 600-km midlatitude electron density trough at dawn and dusk during the period 25-27 May 1967, which encompassed a large magnetic storm, was measured by the RF capacitive probe on the polar orbiting Ariel 3 satellite. The substorm-related changes in the L coordinate of the trough minimum and the point of most rapid change of density gradient on the low latitude side of the trough are similar. Oscillations of the trough position at dusk are in phase with substorm activity whereas movement of the trough at dawn is only apparent with the onset of the large storm. Detailed model calculations of the plasmasphere dynamics assuming a spatially invariant equatorial convection E-field which varies in step with the K sub p index produces a plasmapause motion which parallels the observed trough behaviour.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; July 197
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  • 133
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    Observation of a two-temperature ion energy distribution in regions of polar wind flow (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of deviations from thermal equilibrium among the ions in the ionosphere by considering that the 'light' ions H(+) and He(+) may be at a different temperature from the 'heavy' ion O(+). In particular, the case in which thermal protons are observed to be flowing relative to the assumed static ambient oxygen ions is considered. The proton flow is assumed to be along the direction of the magnetic field. Of the cases tested, it is found that the measured proton temperature is from one to ten times the measured oxygen ion temperature. Such temperature enhancements may be expected both because of the energy transfer associated with the ion flow and as a consequence of the preferential energy coupling from the light-ion distribution in the exosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 134
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    Microwave radiometer measurements of the Cape Cod Canal (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometer measurements were conducted from a railroad bridge which spans the Cape Cod Canal in Massachusetts. Data were collected as a function of viewing angle and polarization at frequencies of 1.4, 4.0, and 7.5 GHz. The results compare differences in the microwave emmissivity of a smooth vs rough water surface. Results are also given which show the effects of roughness on the bistatic scattering of sunlight.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 9; July 197
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  • 135
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    Some new aspects on the superrotation of the thermosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The motion of the thermosphere with a rotational velocity between 10 and 20 per cent in excess of the earth's rotational velocity has been deduced by King-Hele and his co-workers from the change of the inclination of satellite orbits. To date, no completely satisfactory explanation of the observations has been presented. In this paper, it is shown that in the thermosphere there exists a small diurnal mean driving force in the eastward direction. This force has not previously been considered in analyses of superrotation. A critical review of the observations and a theoretical analysis that takes account of both equinox and solstice conditions is presented. In the lower height region, where the great majority of observations were made, it is possible to achieve agreement between observations and a dynamical model. Additional observational data are needed in the isothermal region for a more complete analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 136
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    Remote sensing and lake eutrophication (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An infrared photograph of part of Clear Lake, Cal., shows complex patterns of blue-green algal blooms which were not observed by conventional limnological techniques. Repeated observations of patterns such as these can be used to chart the surface movement of these buoyant algae and can also be used to help control algal scums in eutrophic lakes. Although it is believed that most of the observed patterns resulted from Aphanizomenon (a few were also observed which resulted from suspended sediment), spectral signatures of the algal patterns varied.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 250; July 19
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  • 137
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    Atmospheric radon and continental dust near the Antarctic and their correlation with air mass trajectories computed from Nimbus 5 satellite photographs (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 13; June 197
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  • 138
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    Coordinated analysis of airborne spectrophotometric measurements from the mid-day auroras (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements made in the midday auroras are analyzed and compared to measurements from the nighttime auroras. The auroral emission features in the UV spectrum, the N2(+)ING, the N22PG, and N2VK bands, are discussed. Spectral profiles of different bands are presented, and intensity distributions are obtained. Three mechanisms are suggested which can account for the marked differences between the intensity distributions of the N2(+)ING bands of the high altitude midday auroras and the low altitude nighttime auroras: (1) differences in vibrational, rotational, and transitional temperatures; (2) resonant scattering of solar radiation; and (3) excitation of slow ions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mea. of Opt. and Midday Auroras; p 1-18
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  • 139
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    Use of Skylab data to assess and monitor change in the southern California environment; the California desert program - resource inventory and analysis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Based on Skylab and Supporting Aircraft Data; 4 p
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  • 140
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    Skylab data as an aid to resource management in northern California (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of the Calif. Based on Skylab and Supporting Aircraft Data; 3 p
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  • 141
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    Some new results on electron transport in the atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The penetration, diffusion and slowing down of electrons in a semiinfinite air medium has been studied by the Monte Carlo method. The results are applicable in the atmosphere at altitudes up to 300 km. Most of the results pertain to monoenergetic electron beams, with energies between 2 keV and 2 MeV, injected into the atmosphere at a height of 300 km, either vertically downwards or with a pitch-angle distribution isotropic over the downward hemisphere. Some results were also obtained for various initial pitch angles between 0 and 90 deg. Information has been generated concerning the backscattering of electrons from the atmosphere, the altitude dependence of energy deposition by electrons and by secondary bremsstrahlung, and the evolution of electron flux spectra as function of the atmospheric depth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 142
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    Diurnal variations of HOx and NOx in the stratosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The diurnal variations of odd hydrogen (OH, HO2, H2O2) and odd nitrogen compounds (NO, NO2, HNO3) are investigated by using a one-dimensional time-dependent model containing both chemistry and eddy transport. These variations are discussed in terms of relevant processes.-
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 20
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  • 143
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    On the relationship between shock wave and magnetic bottle associated with the solar flare of 4 November 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The shock wave and magnetic bottle that were associated with the solar flare of Nov. 4, 1968, are considered in terms of their relations. This event is shown to provide an opportunity for studying the formation and development in the magnetic phase of the flare of the shock wave and magnetic bottle and the subsequent release of both into outer space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Mar. 197
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  • 144
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    Widening ERTS applications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In less than two years of operation ERTS-1 is shown to have successfully completed its experimental mission and to be delivering an ever-increasing roster of benefits. The widening ERTS applications reviewed include air quality and weather modification, aid to oil exploration, ore-deposit exploration, short-lived event observation, flood area assessment and flood-plain mapping, land and water quality assessment, soil association mapping, crop production measurements, wildlife resources, drought and desertification studies, ground-water exploration, watershed surveys, snow and ice monitoring, surface water mapping, and iceberg surveys. Future projects and developments are also briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; May 1974
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  • 145
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    The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. II - Comparison of observed and theoretical radiances from 425-1450 wavelengths/cm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Nimbus 4 infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) measured the thermal emission of the earth's atmosphere and surface from 400-1600 wavelengths/cm with an apodized spectral resolution of 2.8 wavelengths/cm. A comparison of theoretical radiances, computed from in situ measurements and using a direct integration slant path atmospheric transmittance model, with the observed IRIS radiances has been made to verify the radiometric and spectral performance of the instrument and to assess the accuracy of the atmospheric transmittances. The radiance comparison has indicated a relatively constant difference of less than 5% in the water vapor continuum in the 425 to 550 wavelengths/cm and 750 to 1200 wavelengths/cm atmospheric 'window' regions, whereas in the 667 wavelengths/cm CO2 band the difference was 5-10%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Feb. 20
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  • 146
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture with microwave radiometers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometry has been used for the remote sensing of soil moisture in a series of aircraft flights over an agricultural test area in the vicinity of Phoenix, Arizona. The radiometers covered the wavelength range 0.8-21 cm. Ground truth in the form of gravimetric measurements of the soil moisture in the top 15 cm were obtained for 200 fields at this site. The results indicate that it is possible to monitor moisture variations with airborne radiometers. The emission is a function of the radiometer wavelength and the distribution of the moisture in the soil. At a wavelength of 1.55 cm there is little or no variation in the emission for soil moisture values below 10 or 15% moisture content by weight. Above this value, there is a linear decrease in the emission with a slope of approximately 3 K for each percentage point increase in soil moisture.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 10
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  • 147
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    Observations of enhanced ion line frequency spectrum during Arecibo ionospheric modification experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-22
    Description: The Arecibo 430 MHz incoherent scatter radar (ISR) was used to monitor the effects of modifying the ionosphere by a high power HF transmitter feeding the 305 m reflector antenna. When in the ordinary magnetoionic mode parametric instabilities develop in the ionosphere near the reflection level. Manifestations of these instabilities are the strong enhancement of Langmuir oscillations in the direction of the ISR beam at a wavelength of 35 cm and the simultaneous much weaker enhancement of ion oscillations in that direction. The spectral analysis of the enhanced peak with a height resolution of 2.4 km shows that the ionic mode enhancement most often has a double humped frequency spectrum corresponding to up- and down-going ion acoustic waves. The shape of the frequency spectrum is interpreted in terms of a stable oscillation which is driven by a secondary electrostatic field caused by nonlinear interaction of Langmuir waves within a cone centered on the magnetic field and by the scattering of the pump field on stable Langmuir waves travelling along the direction of the ISR.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AGARD Nonlinear Effects in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation; 13 p
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  • 148
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    Canadian ERTS program progress report (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress of the Canadian ERTS program is provided along with statistics on the production and role of ERTS images both from the CCRS in Ottawa and from the Prince Albert Saskatchewan satellite station. The types of products, difficulties of production and some of the main applications in Canada are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. A; p 13-19
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  • 149
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    ERTS-1 system performance overview (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The ERTS-1 spacecraft had a life of one year as a design goal. At the end of one year, the spacecraft was still providing about 130 scenes per day in multispectral images having resolution and radiometric accuracy better than prelaunch predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. A; p 1-12
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  • 150
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    Applications of PTTI to new techniques for determining crustal movements, polar motion, and the rotation of the earth (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: New extra-terrestrial techniques are discussed for geodesy and geodynamics include laser range measurements to the moon or to artificial satellites, Doppler measurements with the Transit satellite system, and both independent-clock and linked-antenna microwave interferometry. The ways in which PTTI measurements are used in these techniques will be reviewed, and the accuracies expected during the latter half of the 1970's will be discussed. At least 3 of the techniques appear capable of giving accuracies of 5 cm or better in each coordinate for many points on the earth's surface, and comparable accuracies for the earth's rotation and polar motion. For fixed stations or for sites a few hundred km apart, baseline lengths accurate to 1 cm may be achieved. Ways in which the complementary aspects of the different techniques can be exploited will be discussed, as well as how they tie in with improved ground techniques for determining crustal movements. Some recent results from the extra-terrestrial methods will be mentioned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 39-57
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  • 151
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    Magnetotail variations near 60 R(E) associated with geomagnetic activity along the auroral zone (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in The Space Sci., Vol. 1, No. 2; 39 p
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  • 152
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    On the source of flare-ejecta responsible for geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that magnetic bottles as the sources of moving metric type 4 bursts are not responsible for the development of geomagnetic storms, despite the fact that shock waves producing type 2 bursts are the sources of the interplanetary shock waves, which produce SSC's on the geomagnetic field. These magnetic bottles, in general, tend to move in the solar envelope with the speed of several hundred Km/sec at most, which is much slower than that of the motion of type 2 radio sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70567 , X-693-74-1
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  • 153
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    Fault pattern at the northern end of the Death Valley - Furnace Creek fault zone, California and Nevada (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The pattern of faulting associated with the termination of the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone in northern Fish Lake Valley, Nevada was studied in ERTS-1 MSS color composite imagery and color IR U-2 photography. Imagery analysis was supported by field reconnaissance and low altitude aerial photography. The northwest-trending right-lateral Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone changes northward to a complex pattern of discontinuous dip slip and strike slip faults. This fault pattern terminates to the north against an east-northeast trending zone herein called the Montgomery Fault Zone. No evidence for continuation of the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone is recognized north of the Montgomery Fault Zone. Penecontemporaneous displacement in the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone, the complex transitional zone, and the Montgomery Fault Zone suggests that the systems are genetically related. Mercury mineralization appears to have been localized along faults recognizable in ERTS-1 imagery within the transitional zone and the Montgomery Fault Zone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10205 , NASA-CR-136387
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  • 154
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    Notes for the improvement of the spatial and spectral data classification method (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This report examines the spatial and spectral clustering technique for the unsupervised automatic classification and mapping of earth resources satellite data, and makes theoretical analysis of the decision rules and tests in order to suggest how the method might best be applied to other flight data such as Skylab and Spacelab.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64801
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  • 155
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    Intensity and energy spectrum of electrons accelerated in the earth's bow shock (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Shock waves accelerate charged particles in the solar atmosphere, in interplanetary space and around the earth's magnetosphere. Acceleration of both electrons and protons occurs in the earth's bow-shock. The acceleration of protons up to 100 keV appears to be a steady state process and may even occur upstream from the bow shock due to waves generated by reflected solar wind protons. The electrons, on the other hand, are known to be accelerated in or near the shock. The intensity of these electrons ranges from about 100 to 2,000 per sr-sq cm-sec-keV at 14 keV. The energy spectrum is not a simple power low and is highly variable. If segments of the spectra are fitted to a power low, slopes ranging from -2 to -4.5 result over the energy range 0.5 to 100 keV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 40; 6, 19; 1974
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  • 156
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    On the cause of northward magnetic field along the negative X axis during magnetospheric substorms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The magnetic fields produced by a three-dimensional current system, consisting of a flow into the morning part of the auroral oval along tail-like field lines, along the auroral oval, and out from the evening part of the oval along tail-like field lines, are computed. It is demonstrated that the major parts of the well-known 'positive bay' in low latitudes on the earth's surface, the positive H variation at the synchronous distance, and the positive Bz variation along the magnetotail during magnetospheric substorms can be caused by the proposed current system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Aug. 197
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  • 157
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    Dielectric properties of soils as a function of moisture content (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Soil dielectric constant measurements are reviewed and the dependence of the dielectric constant on various soil parameters is determined. Moisture content is given special attention because of its practical significance in remote sensing and because it represents the single most influential parameter as far as soil dielectric properties are concerned. Relative complex dielectric constant curves are derived as a function of volumetric soil water content at three frequencies (1.3 GHz, 4.0 GHz, and 10.0 GHz) for each of three soil textures (sand, loam, and clay). These curves, presented in both tabular and graphical form, were chosen as representative of the reported experimental data. Calculations based on these curves showed that the power reflection coefficient and emissivity, unlike skin depth, vary only slightly as a function of frequency and soil texture.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-141868 , RSL-TR-177-47
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  • 158
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    Remote detection of ocean features in the Lesser Antilles using ERTS-1 data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Photographic data received from the ERTS-1 satellite over the Lesser Antilles Islands shows distinct ocean features on the leeward side of each island. Attempts to relate these features to ocean eddy formations with the aid of ground truth data proved unsuccessful. However, analysis of surface and upper air wind data correlate extremely well with the size, shape, and downwind extent of the ocean features. Studies to date indicate strongly that these features result from horizontal differences in sea surface roughness due to the wind shadow effect of the islands. The results suggest that horizontal variations in the reflectance of the sea surface will make remote sensing of the ocean mixed layer more difficult than previously anticipated. The surface reflection seems to be large enough to mask the smaller variations in backscattered energy from the mixed layer. Efforts to limit the effect of surface reflectance by photographic differencing of two MSS bands were unsuccessful. A supplementary study to enhance the energy reflected from the mixed layer through numerical differencing of ERTS-1 digital data is planned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10240 , NASA-CR-136538
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  • 159
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    Study of atmospheric effects in Skylab data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10239 , NASA-CR-136537 , ERIM-101700-11-L , QPR-3
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  • 160
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    Pahranagat Shear System, Lincoln County, Nevada (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A structural model which relates strike-slip deformation to Basin Range extensional tectonics was formulated on the basis of analysis and interpreatation of ERTS-1 MSS imagery over southern Lincoln County, Nevada. Study of published geologic data and field reconnaissance of key areas has been conducted to support the ERTS-1 data interpretation. The structural model suggests that a left-lateral strike-slip fault zone, called the Pahranagat Shear System, formed as a transform fault separating two areas of east-west structural extension.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10206 , NASA-CR-136388
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  • 161
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    Results of the US contribution to the joint US/USSR Bering Sea experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The atmospheric circulation which occurred during the Bering Sea Experiment, 15 February to 10 March 1973, in and around the experiment area is analyzed and related to the macroscale morphology and dynamics of the sea ice cover. The ice cover was very complex in structure, being made up of five ice types, and underwent strong dynamic activity. Synoptic analyses show that an optimum variety of weather situations occurred during the experiment: an initial strong anticyclonic period (6 days), followed by a period of strong cyclonic activity (6 days), followed by weak anticyclonic activity (3 days), and finally a period of weak cyclonic activity (4 days). The data of the mesoscale test areas observed on the four sea ice option flights, and ship weather, and drift data give a detailed description of mesoscale ice dynamics which correlates well with the macroscale view: anticyclonic activity advects the ice southward with strong ice divergence and a regular lead and polynya pattern; cyclonic activity advects the ice northward with ice convergence, or slight divergence, and a random lead and polynya pattern.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70648 , X-910-74-141
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  • 162
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    Rocket observation of soft energetic particles at the magnetic equator (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results from a rocket-borne ion mass spectrometer flown near the magnetic equator at 0108 LMT, March 10, 1970, exhibit an unusual background current above 200 km. This current is observed to increase 3.5 orders of magnitude between 200 and 260 km before maximizing to a fixed value from 260 km to the 295 km apogee of the flight. Properties of the background combined with laboratory measurements have permitted probable identification of the background source as 2-20 keV electrons or protons. Maximum electron fluxes have been estimated to be of the order 10 to the 10th power particles/sq cm-sec-ster in accord with ISIS-1 satellite measurements at higher altitudes. The background was not observed on an earlier flight at 1938 LMT, suggesting the particles to be trapped in a blet which drifted below 300 km between the two flights. The low altitude penetration of these fluxes may have been related to the great magnetic storm of March 8. Simultaneous measurements of the thermal ion distribution are compared with these results and qualitatively suggest that the soft energetic particles are responsible for an observed O2(+) and NO(+) enhancement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70646 , X-912-74-128
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  • 163
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    Explorer 45 (S 3-A) observations of the magnetosphere and magnetopause during the 4-5 August 1972, magnetic storm period (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Explorer 45 satellite performed extensive field and particle measurements in the heart of the magnetosphere during the double magnetic storm period of August 4-5, 1972. Both ground level magnetic records and the magnetic field deformations measured along the orbit by the satellite indicated the existence of only a moderate ring current. This was confirmed by the measurements of the total proton energy density less than those observed during the December 1971 and June 1972 magnetic storms. The plasmapause in the noon quadrant was eroded continuously from the onset of the first storm at the beginning of August 4 to an altitude below L = 2.07 at about 18 hours on August 5. During the orbit containing the second sudden commencement a large amount of low frequency electric and magnetic field noise was encountered throughout the entire orbit. A noteworthy observation during this orbit was the contraction of the magnetopause to distances inside the satellite at L = 5.2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70644 , X-621-74-114
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  • 164
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    Application of ERTS-1 data to the harvest model of the US menhaden fishery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The project was conducted in Mississippi Sound in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. It utilized conventional surface data, obtained from fishing and other vessels, as well as aircraft and spacecraft remote data. A relationship was established between surface measured water transparency, temperature and salinity, and commercial fish-stock availability. Numerical models of the relationships were derived. A multiple regression was performed relating ERTS-1 MSS Band 5 image density to measured transparency and water depth. It is concluded that remotely acquired data can play a role in harvest decisions of commercial fisheries.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10504 , NASA-CR-138090
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  • 165
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    Effects of a transient sea surface temperature anomaly on the energetics of the Mintz-Arakawa model atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The possible response of the atmosphere, as simulated by the two level Mintz-Arakawa global general circulation model, to a transient North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly is investigated in terms of the energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. Results indicate that the transient SST variations of reasonable magnitude in the North Pacific Ocean can induce a disturbing effect on the global energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. The ability of the two level Mintz-Arakawa model to simulate the atmospheric energetics is also examined. Except in the tropics, the model exhibits a reasonable and realistic energy budget.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-137991
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  • 166
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    Range vegetation type mapping and above-ground green biomass estimations using multispectral imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Range vegetation types have been successfully mapped on a portion of the 68,000 acre study site located west of Baggs, Wyoming, using ERTS-1 imagery. These types have been ascertained from field transects over a five year period. Comparable studies will be made with EREP imagery. Above-ground biomass estimation studies are being conducted utilizing double sampling techniques on two similar study sites. Information obtained will be correlated with percent relative reflectance measurements obtained on the ground which will be related to image brightness levels. This will provide an estimate of above-ground green biomass with multispectral imagery.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10493 , NASA-CR-136894
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  • 167
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    A technique for correcting ERTS data for solar and atmospheric effects (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Based on processing ERTS CCTs and ground truth measurements collected on Michigan test site for January through June 1973 the following results are reported: (1) atmospheric transmittance varies from: 70 to 85% in band 4, 77 to 90% in band 5, 80 to 94% in band 6, and 84 to 97% in band 7 for one air mass; (2) a simple technique was established to determine atmospheric scattering seen by ERTS-1 from ground-based measurements of sky radiance. For March this scattering was found to be equivalent to that produced by a target having a reflectance of 11% in band 4, 5% in band 5, 3% in band 6, and 1% in band 7; (3) computer ability to classify targets under various atmospheric conditions was determined. Classification accuracy on some targets (i.e. bare soil, tended grass, etc.) hold up even under the most severe atmospheres encountered, while performance on other targets (trees, urban, rangeland, etc.) degrades rapidly when atmospheric conditions change by the smallest amount.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10489 , NASA-CR-136890
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  • 168
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    Remote sensing as an aid for marsh management: Lafouche parish, Louisiana (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: NASA aerial photography, primarily color infrared and color positive transparencies, was used in a study of marsh management practices and in comparing managed and unmanaged marsh areas. Weir locations for tidal control are recommended.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-138775 , DER-RM-2
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  • 169
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    Preliminary report on sand-streaming in Agadez and Tahoua Departments, Republic of Niger (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10442 , NASA-CR-137425
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  • 170
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    Agricultural interpretation technique development (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10491 , NASA-CR-136892
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  • 171
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    Determination of the earth's aerosol albedo using Skylab data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10478 , NASA-CR-136881 , ERIM-102200-9-L , QPR-4
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  • 172
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    Preliminary results of fisheries investigation associated with Skylab-3 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. This investigation is to establish the feasibility of utilizing remotely sensed data acquired from aircraft and satellite platforms to provide information concerning the distribution and abundance of oceanic gamefish. Data from the test area in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico has made possible the identification of fisheries significant environmental parameters for white marlin. Predictive models based on catch data and surface truth information have been developed and have demonstrated potential for reducing search significantly by identifying areas which have a high probability of being productive. Three of the parameters utilized by the model, chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature, and turbidity have been inferred from aircraft sensor data. Cloud cover and delayed receipt have inhibited the use of Skylab data. The first step toward establishing the feasibility of utilizing remotely sensed data to assess amd monitor the distribution of ocean gamefish has been taken with the successful identification of fisheries significant oceanographic parameters and the demonstration of the capability of measuring most of these parameters remotely.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10479 , NASA-TM-X-70009
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  • 173
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    Earth Resources Technology Satellite drift buoy program (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10344 , NASA-CR-136856
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  • 174
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    Application of ERTS-A data to agricultural practices in the Mississippi Delta region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10335 , NASA-CR-136846 , PR-6
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  • 175
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    Location of geologic structures from interpretation of ERTS-1 imagery, Carbon County, Wyoming (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Possible geologic structures in the basin sediments of Carbon County and vicinity were located by interpretation of ERTS-1 imagery. These same structures are not evident on existing conventional geologic maps of the area. Subsequent field checks confirmed much of the geologic interpretation, but revealed that two apparent closed structures identified on the ERTS-1 imagery were actually topographic pseudostructures in flat or homoclinal sediments. Stereoscopic coverage (where available) allows the interpreter to avoid such misinterpretations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10333 , NASA-CR-136844 , ERTS-1-S-74-2
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  • 176
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    The circulation of Prince William Sound (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10293 , NASA-CR-136680 , BMPR-9
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  • 177
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    Ion composition and drift observations in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first in situ measurements of ion composition in the nighttime equatorial E and F region ionospheres (90-300 km) are presented and discussed. These profiles were obtained by two rocket-borne ion mass spectrometers launched from Thumba, India on March 9-10, 1970 at solar zenith angles of 112 deg and 165 deg. Ionosonde data established that the composition was measured at times bounding a period of F region downward drift. During this period the ions O(+) and N(+) were enhanced by one to three orders of magnitude between 220 and 300 km. Below the drift region (200 km), O(+) ceased to be the major ionic constituent, but the concentrations of O(+) and N(+) remained larger than predicted from known radiation sources and loss processes. Here also, both the O2(+) and NO(+) profiles retained nearly the same shape and magnitude throughout the night in agreement with theories assuming scattered UV radiation to be the maintaining source. Light metallic ions including Mg(+), Na(+) and possibly Si(+) were observed to altitude approaching 300 km, while the heavier ions Ca(+) and K(+) were seen in reduced quantity to 200 km. All metal ion profiles exhibited changes which can be ascribed to vertical drifting.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70593 , X-625-74-50
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  • 178
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    ERTS-1: Automated land-use mapping in lake watersheds (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. ERTS-1 computer compatible tapes were used as a basis to generate land use maps in lake watersheds in southeastern Michigan. These maps, generated on a repetitive basis, provide information essential to governmental agencies concerned with planning and control of lake eutrophication. The ERTS mapping products included geometrically current land use map overlays at 1:250,000 and 1:48,000 scale and area measurement printouts. The printouts provide, within the watershed boundaries and by land use category, a quantitative measure of the amount of land, in square kilometers and acres. This quantitative measure of land use in watersheds is essential to the development and application of deterministic models, which compute nutrient flows into lakes and establish lake eutrophication rates.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10374 , NASA-CR-137071
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  • 179
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    Statistical analysis of low level atmospheric turbulence (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The statistical properties of low-level wind-turbulence data were obtained with the model 1080 total vector anemometer and the model 1296 dual split-film anemometer, both manufactured by Thermo Systems Incorporated. The data obtained from the above fast-response probes were compared with the results obtained from a pair of Gill propeller anemometers. The digitized time series representing the three velocity components and the temperature were each divided into a number of blocks, the length of which depended on the lowest frequency of interest and also on the storage capacity of the available computer. A moving-average and differencing high-pass filter was used to remove the trend and the low frequency components in the time series. The calculated results for each of the anemometers used are represented in graphical or tabulated form.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-137456 , VPI-E-74-3
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  • 180
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    Photographic enhancement of ERTS imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10259 , NASA-CR-136587
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  • 181
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    Thirteen category recognition map of Yellowstone National Park produced from ERTS-1 MSS data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10373 , NASA-CR-137070 , ERIM-193300-43-L
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  • 182
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    Multidisciplinary analysis for highway engineering purposes (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10360 , NASA-CR-137045 , PR-1
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  • 183
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    Tri- and tetraterpenoid hydrocarbons in the Messel oil shale (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The high-molecular-weight constituents of the branched and cyclic hydrocarbon fraction of the Messel oil shale (Eocene) have been examined by high-resolution gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The following compounds are present: perhydrolycopene, together with one or more unsaturated analogs with the same skeleton; a series of 4-methylsteranes in higher abundance than their 4-desmethyl analogs; two series of pentacyclic triterpanes, one series based on the hopane structure, and the other based on the 17 alpha-H hopane structure; and an intact triterpene hop-17(21)-ene. Only two additional triterpanes were detected in minor concentrations - namely, 30-normoretane and a C31 triterpane based on the hopane/lupane-type skeleton. The presence of these compounds suggests a significant microbial contribution to the forming sediment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; July 197
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  • 184
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    Remote sensing of algal blooms by aircraft and satellite in Lake Erie and Utah Lake (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During late summer, when the surface waters of Lake Erie reach their maximum temperature, an algal bloom is likely to develop. Such phenomena, which characterize eutrophic conditions, have been noticed on other shallow lakes using the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1). The concentration of the algae into long streamers provides additional information on surface circulations. To augment the ERTS Multispectral Scanner Subsystem data of Lake Erie, an aircraft was used to obtain correlative thermal-IR and additional multiband photographs. A large bloom of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae observed in Utah Lake together with recent bloom history in Lake Erie is used to verify the Great Lakes bloom.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 3; 2, 19; 1974
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  • 185
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    Stratospheric ozone destruction by man-made chlorofluoromethanes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations indicate that chlorofluoromethanes produced by man can greatly affect the concentrations of stratospheric ozone in future decades. This effect follows the release of chlorine from these compounds in the stratosphere. Present usage levels of chlorofluoromethanes can lead to chlorine-catalyzed ozone destruction rates that will exceed natural sinks of ozone by 1985 or 1990.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 185; Sept. 27
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  • 186
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    Plasma wave turbulence at distant crossings of the plasma sheet boundaries and the neutral sheet (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The orbit of IMP 7 frequently takes the spacecraft across the neutral sheet in the geomagnetic tail at a downstream distance of about 35 earth radii. This preliminary report discusses the detection of strong low-frequency electromagnetic signals and moderate electrostatic noise enhancements near local midnight. Data used were obtained during a substorm period on Oct. 28, 1972, when there were multiple crossings of the neutral sheet and the boundary of the plasma sheet.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Sept
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  • 187
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    Reinvestigation of the olivine-spinel transformation in Ni2SiO4 and the incongruent melting of Ni2SiO4 olivine (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The olivine-spinel transformation and the melting behavior of Ni2SiO4 were investigated over the PT ranges of 20-40 kbar, 650-1200 C, and 5-13 kbar, 1600-1700 C, respectively. It was confirmed that Ni2SiO4 olivine melts incongruently at high pressures and that it is a stable phase until melting occurs. The PT slope of the incongruent melting curve is approximately 105 bars/deg. The olivine-spinel transformation curve was shown to be a reversible univariant curve, and could be expressed by the linear equation P(bars) equals 23,300 + 11.8 x T(deg C). The transformation curve determined by Akimoto et al. (1965) is nearly parallel to that of the present work, but lies at pressures about 12% lower.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 10
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  • 188
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    Cinder cone growth modeled after Northeast crater, Mount Etna, Sicily (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The structure, physical properties of ejecta, ballistics, and growth of Northeast crater, a young pyroclastic cone that originated in 1911 near the summit of Mount Etna, Sicily, were studied in order to form a model of volcano cinder cone growth. Four stages of growth were discerned: (1) a simple cone; (2) a cone with an outward-dipping talus slope; (3) destruction of rounded rim by the inward migration of the upper edge of the talus pile; and (4) extension of limits of talus pile beyond the ballistic limit of ejecta trajectories. The model is used to predict the features of lunar and Martian cones, assuming that they erupted under conditions qualitatively similar to Etna's Northeast crater.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 10
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  • 189
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    Field-aligned currents and the auroral electrojet (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A Nike Tomahawk with fields and particles payload was launched on Nov. 18, 1970, over a strong westward electrojet current and auroral forms moving rapidly to the east. Electron fluxes moving up and down the magnetic field lines were measured. Upward-moving electrons below 1-keV energy were dominant and were equivalent to a net downward electric current that fluctuated between .2 and .6 microamp/sq m during the flight above 130 km. As the rocket traversed this broad region of downward electric current over and to the north of the auroral forms, the horizontal electric field slowly rotated from east to west. The magnetic measurements indicate that the westward electrojet was a horizontal sheet of current several hundred kilometers in north-south extent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Aug. 1
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  • 190
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    Incoherent scatter measurements of E region conductivities and currents in the auroral zone (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data taken by incoherent scatter radar have been used to investigate ionospheric conductivities and electrical currents. During quiet days, the conductivities appear to vary in a way consistent with ionization arising from solar EUV radiation. In the evening hours, enhancements in the northward electric field are found to precede small increases in the conductivities. Strong enhancements of the Hall conductivity relative to the Pedersen conductivity occur during negative bays when the electric field is in a southwestward direction. The ionospheric currents calculated in the geomagnetic east-west direction are in good agreement with the H component measured by a nearby magnetometer; this result indicates that the current causing the ground level magnetic fluctuations is a broad horizontal sheet current. The north-south ionospheric current, however, consistently disagrees with the observed D component in a manner that cannot easily be explained unless currents parallel to the earth's magnetic field are present.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 191
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    Vibrationally excited nitrogen in stable auroral red arcs and its effect on ionospheric recombination (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The time-dependent continuity equations, including diffusion, were solved for the first six energy levels of molecular nitrogen for conditions in the thermosphere corresponding to stable auroral red (SAR) arcs. The results show that molecular nitrogen is excited vibrationally to the degree that the rate constant for the ionospheric loss process, O(+) + N2 yields NO(+) + N, is increased by as much as a factor of 7.6 at F2 region altitudes. It was found that deviations from the energetically equivalent Boltzmann distribution were large, causing the rate constant to be as much as 1.6 times the rate constant calculated for the Boltzmann distribution. These results indicate that SAR arc intensities as small as 58 R can produce noticeable increases in the ionosphere ion-atom interchange reaction rate and hence in the rate of loss of ionospheric electrons. It is suggested that the observed decrease of electron density in the F2 region in SAR arcs can probably be explained by enhanced reaction rates for ion-atom interchange between O(+) and N2 caused by vibrational excitation of molecular nitrogen by electron impact.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 192
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    Water quality by photographic analysis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Positive correlation exists between reflectance of water and the water quality parameter of turbidity. This relationship holds for all times for a particular waste. At particular times other parameters such as suspended solids correlate to turbidity and can also be mapped. To analyze aerial photos properly to obtain water reflectance, a standard reflectance panel is needed somewhere in the frame. For this study color and color-infrared film are used and analyzed with a color microdensitometer which, with certain modifications, is also used to analyze reflectance of water samples. Noise in the analysis includes bottom effects, reflection from the air-water interface, and path luminance, but these can all be dealt with by proper techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering; 40; Aug. 197
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  • 193
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    Transient desorption of water vapor - A potential source of error in upper atmosphere rocket experiments (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results of measurements of the outgassing rates of samples of materials and surface finishes used on the outer skins of rocket-borne experiment packages in simulated rocket ascents. The results showed outgassing rates for anodized aluminum in the second minute of flight which are two to three orders of magnitude higher than those given in typical tables of outgassing rates. The measured rates for aluminum with chromate conversion surface coatings were also abnormally high. These abnormally high initial rates fell quickly after about five to ten minutes to values comparable with those in the published literature. It is concluded that anodized and chromate conversion coatings on the aluminum outer surfaces of a sounding rocket experiment package will cause gross distortion of the true water vapor environment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 194
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    Twilight airglow. II - N2/+/ emission at 3914 A (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: One of the experiments aboard a rocket flight carrying instruments to measure the dawn airglow, the ion and electron densities, and the photoelectron spectrum is reported. For a solar zenith angle of 90 deg the emission at 3914 A from N2(+) peaks at about 260 km. The integrated intensity from model calculations suggests that resonance scattering of 3914-A solar photons off N2(+) produces 90% of the emission, whereas simultaneous photoionization excitation of N2(+) produces less than 10% of the emission. Photoelectron impact excitation is found to contribute about 1%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 195
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    Comparison of atomic oxygen measurements by incoherent scatter and satellite-borne mass spectrometer techniques (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Atomic oxygen densities determined by the incoherent scatter technique are compared to densities deduced from satellite-borne mass spectrometer measurements and are found to agree within experimental error. The diurnal variations inferred from the incoherent scatter measurements do show, however, some departure from diurnal variations found by modeling the mass spectrometer results. Some implications of these departures are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NSSDC-ID-69-051A-04-PM , Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 196
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    Westward equatorial electrojet during daytime hours (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The phenomenon of the depression of the geomagnetic horizontal field during the daytime hours of magnetically quiet days at equatorial stations is described. These events are generally seen around 0700 and 1600 LT, being more frequent during the evening than the morning hours. The evening events are more frequent during periods of low solar activity and in the longitude region of weak equatorial electrojet currents. The latitudinal extent of the phenomenon is limited to the normal equatorial electrojet region, and on some occasions the phenomenon is not seen at both stations, separated by only a few hours in longitude. During such an event, the latitudinal profile of the geomagnetic vertical field across the equator is reversed, the ionospheric drift near the equator is reversed toward the east, the q type of sporadic E layer is completely absent, and the height of the peak ionization in the F2 region is decreased. It is suggested that these effects are caused by a narrow band of current flowing westward in the E region of the ionosphere and within the latitude region of the normal equatorial electrojet, due to the reversal of the east-west electrostatic field at low latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 197
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    Study of a small magnetospheric substorm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from a rocket launched into the expansion phase of an auroral substorm have been compared with data from numerous ground stations and several space vehicles. It is shown that this magnetic and auroral substorm has most of the features of larger substorms; thus it is implied that the same plasma processes are involved in all substorms. Some evidence is presented to link the auroral breakup with the field lines conjugate to the inner edge of the plasma sheet. The implications of these two results for substorm morphology and the triggering mechanism of the substorm instability are discussed. It is concluded that spatial gradients in plasma temperature are a likely cause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 198
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    A model of the open magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Chapman-Ferraro image method is extended to construct an idealized model of the open magnetosphere that responds to a change of the interplanetary field direction as well as to a change of the field magnitude or of the solar wind momentum flux. The magnetopause of the present model is an infinite plane surface having a normal field component distribution that is consistent with the merging theory. An upper limit on the inward displacement of the magnetopause following a southward turning of the interplanetary field is obtained. The results are in fair agreement with a single event reported by Aubry et al. (1971). The model determines the field configuration and the total magnetic flux connecting the magnetosphere to interplanetary space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 199
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    Numerical modelling of instantaneous plate tectonics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Assuming lithospheric plates to be rigid, 68 spreading rates, 62 fracture zones trends, and 106 earthquake slip vectors are systematically inverted to obtain a self-consistent model of instantaneous relative motions for eleven major plates. The inverse problem is linearized and solved iteratively by a maximum-likelihood procedure. Because the uncertainties in the data are small, Gaussian statistics are shown to be adequate. The use of a linear theory permits (1) the calculation of the uncertainties in the various angular velocity vectors caused by uncertainties in the data, and (2) quantitative examination of the distribution of information within the data set. The existence of a self-consistent model satisfying all the data is strong justification of the rigid plate assumption. Slow movement between North and South America is shown to be resolvable.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Journal; 36; 3, Ma; Mar. 197
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  • 200
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    Adjustment technique without explicit formation of normal equations /conjugate gradient method/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For a simultaneous adjustment of a large geodetic triangulation system, a semiiterative technique is modified and used successfully. In this semiiterative technique, known as the conjugate gradient (CG) method, original observation equations are used, and thus the explicit formation of normal equations is avoided, 'huge' computer storage space being saved in the case of triangulation systems. This method is suitable even for very poorly conditioned systems where solution is obtained only after more iterations. A detailed study of the CG method for its application to large geodetic triangulation systems was done that also considered constraint equations with observation equations. It was programmed and tested on systems as small as two unknowns and three equations up to those as large as 804 unknowns and 1397 equations. When real data (573 unknowns, 965 equations) from a 1858-km-long triangulation system were used, a solution vector accurate to four decimal places was obtained in 2.96 min after 1171 iterations (i.e., 2.0 times the number of unknowns).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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