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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer: Processes,models, observations, and simulations (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 86-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stratosphere ; Aerosol layer ; Sulfates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract After briefly reviewing the observational data on the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, the chemical and physical processes that are likely to fix the properties of the layer are discussed. We present appropriate continuity equations for aerosol particles, and show how to solve the equations on a digital computer. Simulations of the unperturbed aerosol layer by various published models are discussed and the sensitivity of layer characteristics to variations in several aerosol model parameters is studied. We discuss model applications to anthropogenic pollution problems and demonstrate that moderate levels of aerospace activity (supersonic transport and space shuttle operations) will probably have only a negligible effect on global climate. Finally, we evaluate the possible climatic effect of a ten-fold increase in the atmospheric abundance of carbonyl sulfide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01586447
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ionospheric Effect of X-rays from Scorpius XR-1 (1969)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 224 (1969), S. 1187-1188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The X-ray spectrum of Sco XR-1 has been observed by a number of investigators2 at energies from about 0-3 to 70 keV. These data and the appropriate cross-sections3, a, can be used to compute a profile of the ionization rate per unit volume q*(z) caused by Sco XR-1. qx(z)=-n/w f exp[-?(?)sec X ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2241187a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nearby supernova explosions on atmospheric ozone (1976)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 263 (1976), S. 398-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ruderman1 has suggested that cosmic-ray particles and ? rays produced by a nearby supernova could cause a substantial depletion of the Earth?s ozone shield, with a consequently strong increase in the solar ultraviolet radiation incident on the surface of the Earth. The suggested mechanism for ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/263398a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Space shuttle ice nuclei (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 298 (1982), S. 830-832 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The morphology of alumina particles collected in high-altitude Titan exhaust trails may be summarized as follows1'3: typically smooth and spherical with occasional deeply-grooved surface structures; hexagonal a -A12O3 or cubic y-A\2O crystallography; heavy-element composition dominated by Al with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/298830a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OCS, stratospheric aerosols and climate (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 283 (1980), S. 283-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Atmospheric budget of carbonyl sulphide, and of other sulphur compounds. Masses are given in teragrams (tg). (The small mass difference between OCS and SO2 molecules is ignored.) Masses are expressed in terms of an equivalent amount of SO2. * The source is difficult to quantify, but ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/283283a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen fertiliser and stratospheric ozone: latitudinal effects (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 283 (1980), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The two-dimensional model used in this study extends from the surface to 60 km altitude and from latitude 80 N to 80 S with 2.5 km vertical grid and 5 latitudinal grid. About 35 constituents in the oxygen-nitrogen-hydrogen-chlorine-carbon families are included. Transport is simulated by advection ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/283191a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SSTs, nitrogen fertilizer and stratospheric ozone (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 276 (1978), S. 805-807 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Zahniser and Howard12 have just reported the first direct measurement of the rate coefficient for the reaction H02 + O3OH + 2O2 (1) Their result, (1.4 ± 0.4) x 1(T14 e-(580±100)/T cm3 s-1 is, at stratospheric temperatures, a factor of 4-6 larger than earlier values, which were based ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/276805a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the reaction HO 2 + O 3 → OH + 2O 2 on stratospheric ozone (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 275 (1978), S. 523-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Before the work of Zahniser and Howard6 the only measurements of the rate coefficient for reaction (2) were the indirect competitive ones of Simonaitis and Heicklen7 and DeMore and Tschuikow-Roux8, who measured the ratio R = k2/(k3)1/2 where k3 is the rate coefficient for the reaction HO2 + ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/275523a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible ozone depletions following nuclear explosions (1975)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 257 (1975), S. 38-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have considered only nuclear detonations occurring near the ground, with the NO formed and carried into the stratosphere by rising fireballs. High altitude bursts would probably be much lower in total yield; moreover, NO injected above the stratosphere has a shorter photochemical lifetime and is ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/257038a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion dynamics in the Venus ionosphere (1991)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 55 (1991), S. 165-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dynamics play an important role in defining the characteristics of the Venus ionosphere. The absence of a significant internal magnetic field at Venus allows the ionization to respond freely to gradients in the plasma pressure. The primary response to a gradient in plasma pressure is the nightward flow of the ionization away from a photoionization source on the dayside. The flow is approximately symmetric about the Sun-Venus axis and provides the source of O+ that maintains the nightside ionosphere during solar maximum. Modelling efforts have generally been successful in describing the average nightward ion velocity. Asymmetric and temporally-variable flow is measured, but is not well described by the models. Departures from axially-symmetric flow described in this paper include ionospheric superrotation at low altitudes and an enhanced flow at high altitude at the dawn terminator. Variability that is the result of changes in the ionopause height induced by changes in solar wind dynamic pressure is especially strong on the nightside. Ion flow to the nightside is also reduced during solar minimum because of a depressed ionopause.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177137
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