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  • Lepidoptera  (329)
  • Springer  (329)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (329)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of host plant and larval diet on ovarian productivity inAcrolepiopsis assectella Z. (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 448-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; host plant ; larval diet ; ovarian production ; stimulation ; insemination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Females ofAcrolepiopsis assectella, reared on a semi-synthetic diet and laying on artificial substrates, do not respond to external stimuli by increasing ovarian production. When returned to the natural host (Allium porrum) for only one generation, ovarian production again rises and reaches the same level as in wild females, but its variability is strongly reduced. We conclude that selection under artificial conditions eliminates individuals which strictly depend on host plants for stimulation of larval nutrition and of reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118653
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoperiodic diapause induction suppressed at low temperatures in a long-day insect (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 788-789 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; diapause ; photoperiodic induction curves ; low temperature influence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The long-day insectYponomeuta vigintipunctatus was subjected to various combinations of temperature and photoperiod. The photoperiodic induction curve at 10°C resembled the one at 20°C, but with a shift of the critical photoperiod towards the shorter day-length. Such unusual averting of diapause at lower temperatures in combination with intermediate long-day photoperiods has still been described in only few insect species of the temperate zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959167
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are host plants important in pheromone-mediated mating systems of lepidoptera? (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 236-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; semiochemicals ; sex pheromones ; host plants ; secondary plant compounds ; calling behaviour ; mate choice ; Homoesoma electellum ; Pseudaletia unipuncta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of host plants in the synthesis and release of lepidopteran sex pheromones is examined. Females synthesise pheromones de novo and pheromone quality is not markedly influenced by larval food sources. However, host plants may have a significant effect on different physiological and behavioural parameters associated with pheromone production. Males in some species of Nymphalidae and Arctiidae use secondary plant compounds, such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids, as a pheromone precursor. In such cases these plant compounds serve an additional role, such as protection against predation, and may reflect potential male reproductive investment. In the one instance where the effect of larval host plants on the de novo synthesis of a male sex pheromone was examined, larval nutrition did not alter either the quality or quantity of the hairpencil contents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951809
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitative interactions between two lepidopteran herbivores of Asimina (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 214-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Asimina ; Facilitation ; Defoliation ; Herbivory ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Insect herbivores that require young foliage for successful larval development are often restricted to a single generation during a year by the scarcity of suitable food over most of the growing season. The major specialist herbivore attacking shrubs in the genus Asimina in Florida, Eurytides marcellus, requires young foliage for successful larval development. Field manipulations were used to investigate the role of the young foliage produced by Asimina in response to defoliation by the late-season feeder Omphalocera munroei, a second specialist herbivore of Asimina in Florida, in maintaining Eurytides populations during the summer months when young foliage is otherwise scarce. Defoliation by Omphalocera proved to be the major inducer of young growth during the summer because Omphalocera defoliated Asimina shrubs so frequently and severely. When compared to young leaves produced in the absence of damage, the teaves produced by Asimina in response to defoliation were equally as suitable as food for Eurytides larvae and as acceptable as oviposition sites by Eurytides females. The availability of young foliage in an Asimina population was correlated with the size of the associated Eurytides population. The combination of regular, severe defoliation by Omphalocera and lack of a defensive response to damage by Asimina lead to a positive affect of Omphalocera on Eurytides population size, and may be central to other facilitative interactions between herbivores as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377158
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Generalist caterpillar prey are more palatable than specialists for the generalist predator Iridomyrmex humilis (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 427-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; Predation ; Host range ; Prey acceptability ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments are described which test the hypothesis that more host-specific species of caterpillars should be less aceptable to a generalist predator than polyphagous species. Caterpillars of all species were tested in paired choice tests with the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis. Experiments were replicated ten times, videotaped and later analyzed. Brightly colored specialist species (normally considered to be aposematic) were clearly the least palatable, while more cryptic specialists were also significantly less acceptable than generalists overall. Leaf-tying species were considered separately; all were highly palatable independent of host range. The results indicate that among caterpillars that do not construct leaf shelters, those with a wide post range are more acceptable than those with a narrow host range. This is consistent with the notion that generalist predators provide selection pressure favoring narrow host range in their herbivorous prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384324
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The adaptive significance of alpine melanism in the butterfly Parnassius phoebus F. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Parnassius ; Lepidoptera ; Radiation ; Temperature ; Melanism ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adaptive significance of alpine melanism, the tendancy for insects to become darker with increased elevation and latitude, was investigated using the butterfly Parnassius phoebus. The effects on temperature dependent activity of five components of overall wing melanism, as well as size, were examined. The components of wing melanism examined were the transparency of the basal hindwing and distal fore-wing areas, the width of the black patch in the basal hind-wing area and the proportion of black to white scales in that area, and the proportion of the distal fore-wing covered by predominantly black scaling. The body temperature of dead specimens was correlated with air temperature, solar radiation, the width of the black patch at the base of the wings, and the proportion of black to white scales at the base of the wings. The minimum air temperatures and solar radiation levels required for initiation of flight did not vary with wing melanism of P. phoebus, in contrast to the results found for Colias butterflies by Roland (1982). However, under environmental conditions suitable for flight initiation, males with a higher proportion of black to white scales in the basal area of the hind-wing, and wider basal black patches, spent a greater proportion of time in flight at low air temperatures and low insolation. Increased basal wing melanism was also associated with increased movement of males within a population. In contrast, melanism in the distal area of the wings has no effect on activities which are dependant on body temperature. The amount of time spent feeding did not vary with differences in wing melanism. I suggest that in dorsal basking, slow-flying butterflies (Parnassius) basal wing color affects body temperature primarily during flight (rather than while basking), such that butterflies with darker wing bases cool down less rapidly because they absorb more solar radiation during flight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379241
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Relationships between leaf age and the food quality of cottonwood foliage for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 72 (1987), S. 527-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Salicaceae ; Herbivory ; Resource allocation ; Chemical defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cottonwood tree, Populus deltoides, continues to produce leaves late into the growing season, exposing midseason herbivores to leaves of a wide range of maturity. Gypsy moth larvae preferred and grew best on the oldest cottonwood leaves and suffered higher mortality and 85% less growth when fed young, expanding leaves. Concentration of phenolics in the youngest leaves was 3 times that in the oldest leaves and was negatively correlated with caterpillar growth rate. The active phenolics were not identified; tannin was present but its concentration changed more with season than leaf age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378978
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Systematics and evolution of holarctic Pierinae (Lepidoptera). An enzyme electrophoretic approach (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 24-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pieridae ; Lepidoptera ; systematics ; evolution ; enzyme electrophoresis ; genetic differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enzyme electrophoretic data show a remarkably high degree of genetic similarity within the European group ofnapi s.l. whereas genetic differences exist at several loci between the European and the North American taxa ofnapi s.l. It is concluded that the European taxa did not differentiate to the species level and form a phylogenetically young group. The North American taxa included in this study are specifically distinct from Europeannapi and separated much earlier. Within these North American taxamarginalis, oleracea andvirginiensis did undergo speciation. The data show a splitting of the genusPieris into three species groups, each genetically differentiated to the same level. The splitting ofPieris into two genera, as suggested by earlier investigators, is not supported here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02005856
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) from mexico (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 943-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; macrocyclic diesters ; monoesters ; dihydropyrrolizines ; Lepidoptera ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterflies ; overwintering ; asteraceae ; Boraginaceae ; ecological chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary North American populations of the monarch butterfly,Danaus plexippus, have been found to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides. Analytical methods (TLC, GC, and GC/MS) have been developed to isolate, quantitate, and structurally elucidate the alkaloids. Examples of at least two classes of pyrrolizidine alkaloids have been identified, the macrocyclic diesters, senecionine, integerrimine, and seneciphylline, and the monoesters, echinatine, intermedine, and lycopsamine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951680
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Sex pheromone conversion and degradation in antennae of the silkworm mothBombyx mori L. (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Bombyx mori L ; moths ; antennae ; pheromones ; metabolites ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In living antennae of the silkworm mothBombyx mori L. the pheromone compound (E, Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol and hexadecanol are enzymatically converted to their corresponding fatty aldehydes, acids and long-chain fatty acid esters. The pheromone is completely degraded at high rates in the antennae of freshly hatched moths. The polar volatile [3H]metabolites exclusively consist of tritiated water. The half-life of the pheromone is about 2.5 min in males and 0.5 min in females. Drying inactivates the enzymes responsible for pheromone oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990456
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  • 11
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    Photoperiodically induced delayed insect metamorphosis: a larval oligopause inDiatraea saccharalis (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 267-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Diapause ; oligopause ; sugarcane borer ; Diatraea saccharalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sugarcane borers enter a state of delayed metamorphosis when exposed to a 12-h photophase at 21°C. Larval feeding, growth, and molting continues but pupation is suppressed under these conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02002630
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  • 12
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    Herbivory in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects: contrasts between Orthoptera and Lepidoptera (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Orthoptera ; digestive efficiency ; allelochemistry ; cytochrome P450 ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adaptation to a phytophagous diet involves physiological compromises that may be influenced by developmental constraints. In this review, we compare patterns of hostplant utilization with respect to nutrition and allelochemistry in representative holometabolous (lepidopteran) and hemimetabolous (orthopteran) species in order to identify those potential constraints. Overall in Lepidoptera greater molting efficiency and gut permeability, which enhance nutritional efficiency, result in higher exposure to allelochemicals and are associated with greater activity and inducibility of cytochrome P450 monoxygenase detoxication enzymes. In contrast, in Orthoptera, relative impermeability to allelochemicals due to the peritrophic membrane and cuticular sclerotization is associated with reduced nutritional efficiency and lower detoxication enzyme activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951808
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  • 13
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    Discovery of novel avermectins with unprecedented insecticidal activity (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 315-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: 4″-Amino-4″-deoxyavermectins ; avermectin ; insecticide ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new class of insecticidal and antiparasitic agents, 4″-amino-4′-deoxy avermectins, has been developed by chemical modification of avermectin B1. The most effective of these compounds are 1500-fold more potent than avermectin B1 (abamectin) against the beet armywormSpodoptera exigua and show similar potency against other lepidopteran larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951823
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  • 14
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    Acyl fluorides as reactive mimics of aldehyde pheromones: hyperactivation and aphrodisiac inHeliothis virescens (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 964-966 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acid fluoride ; aldehyde ; mating disruption ; pheromone analogs ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; fluorination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substitution of fluorine for the aldehydic hydrogen provides behaviorally active, chemically reactive pheromone mimics. In male moths of the tobacco budwormHeliothis virescens, Z9–14:Acf and Z11–16:Acf cause hyperactivity and irreversible extension of the genitalia in over 80% of treated moths. In addition, a combination of the two components leads to 10–50% of the pairs involving one treated partner becoming locked in copula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941782
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  • 15
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    Confirmation of sex pheromone biosynthesis from (16-D3)palmitic acid in the turnip moth using capillary gas chromatography (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1059-1061 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Agrotis segetum ; biosynthesis ; palmitic acid ; capillary gas chromatography ; deuterium ; polyethylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary (16-D3)palmitic acid was applied topically to pheromone glands of the turnip moth. After incubation omega labeled analogues of fatty acid methyl esters and acetates were identified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and selected ion monitoring. The pheromone components (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl- and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate were all biosynthesized from palmitic acid along a common pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940732
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  • 16
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    Arylpyridyl-thiosemicarbazones: A new class of anti-juvenile hormones active against Lepidoptera (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 580-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Thiosemicarbazones ; anti-juvenile hormone ; insect growth regulator ; Lepidoptera ; juvenile hormone biosynthesis inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new class of anti-juvenile hormone agents is described. Active anti-juvenile hormone compounds were either diazine thiosemicarbazones or aryl substituted pyridyl thiosemicarbazones, synthesized from substituted benzaldehydes. While many analogs in these classes showed feeding and growth inhibition in a variety of insects, a select group caused formation of precocious pupal characteristics inAgrotis ipsilon (black cutworm) andHeliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) and black cuticle and precocious pupae inManduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). They were active only by diet incorporation. The symptoms of precocious development could be reversed by co-administration of a juvenoid. One of the active compounds was shown to inhibit juvenile hormone biosynthesis in vitro by corpora allata of the cockroachDiploptera punctata. However, none of the compounds were active inhibitors of purified chicken liver prenyl transferase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990513
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  • 17
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    Purification and characterization of aβ-glucosidase (linamarase) from the haemolymph ofZygaena trifolii Esper, 1783 (Insecta, Lepidoptera) (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 712-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cyanogenesis ; β-glucosidase ; Lepidoptera ; linamarin ; linamarase ; lotaustralin ; repellent ; Zygaenidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A β-glucosidase (linamarase) was purified 52-fold with a recovery of 27% from the haemolymph of the larvae ofZygaena trifolii, ESPER, 1783 (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). The final enzyme preparation was found to be nearly homogeneous on both disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be about 130 kDa; it consisted of two subunits of about 66 kDa. The enzyme showed an optimum between pH 4.5 and 5 with linamarin and a broad optimum between pH 3.5 and 6.5 for p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside; the temperature optimum was 40°C. The β-glucosidase showed a high specificity for its endogenous substrates linamarin and lotaustralin. Among the other natural and artificial substrates tested, only prunasin and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucoside were hydrolyzed by the enzyme, whereas linustatin, salicin, cellobiose and trehalose were not. The enzyme is strongly inhibited by β-glucosylpiperidine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974565
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  • 18
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    Paternal allocation of sequestered plant pyrrolizidine alkaloid to eggs in the danaine butterfly,Danaus gilippus (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 896-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; pheromone ; sexual selection ; nuptial gift ; egg defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestered by adult maleDanaus gilippus from plants is transferred in large measure to the female at mating, and by the female to the eggs. The eggs, presumably, are protected as a result. The male's courtship pheromone, danaidone, derived from the sequestered alkaloid, may function to advertise the male's alkaloid-donating capacity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01954068
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  • 19
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    Effects of varying sex pheromone component ratios on the zigzagging flight movements of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Grapholita molesta ; Lepidoptera ; optomotor anemotaxis ; pheromone ; counterturn ; zigzag ; flight ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As the ratio of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8–12∶Ac) to (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12∶Ac) increased past optimal low levels in the pheromone blend, fewer males were able to fly 2.5 m upwind to the source. The tracks of males that flew in plumes of such high-(E)off-blends were slower and narrower than those of males flying to lower-(E)blends. The tracks were narrower, first of all, because as the proportion of E8–12∶Ac increased, the males steered more into the wind. More of their thrust was directed upwind and therefore their groundspeed to either side of the windline was reduced. In addition, males also reduced their airspeeds to high-(E)blends, which contributed to the decreased groundspeeds and narrower tracks. No significant changes in the frequency of counterturning were found in response to increasing proportions of E8–12∶Ac. The inability to continue upwind flight in a plume of an off ratio was indicated by in-flight arrestment in the plume. Arrestment resulted from changes in the course angles steered by the males and the airspeeds flown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054498
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  • 20
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    The courtship behavior of the cabbage moth,Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the role of male hair-pencils (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 227-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; cabbage moth ; hair pencils ; volatiles ; courtship behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behavior of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae(L.), was studied in moving air conditions in a wind tunnel, using video techniques. Quantitative analyses were undertaken to determine the behavioral sequence occurring in the courtship. Comparison of successful and unsuccessful courtship suggested that courtship success was more dependent on the behavior of the female than that of the male. In an attempt to elucidate the function of the male hair-pencils (HPs), courtships involving males without HPs were also studied. HP removal did not affect the overall courtship success rate of males, but detailed analysis showed significant changes infernale behavior during such courtships. HP removal also affected female behavior following pair formation, with females struggling more when paired with males without HPs. Consequently, it is proposed that the HP volatiles act as an arrestant for the female, both during courtship and after pair formation, to increase female acceptance and to prevent premature termination of copulation. Experiments were also conducted to test previous hypotheses for HP function. However, no evidence was found to suggest that the HP volatiles in M. brassicaeact to attract females, affect female calling behavior, or affect the behavior of other males. A further possible function of HPs in defense is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01053294
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  • 21
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    Male mate-locating behavior inEuphydryas chalcedona (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) related to pupation site preferences (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: mate-locating behavior ; butterfly ; Euphydryas chalcedona ; Lepidoptera ; pupation sites ; sexual discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas chalcedona)patrol and perch near but not on the larval foodplant in search of females. Experiments with tethered butterflies show that searching males chase virgin females for longer times than they do mated females or males. The larvae leave the larval food-plant to pupate. The correspondence between the distance from the larval foodplant to pupation sites and where males search for females suggests that male mate-locating behavior has evolved to maximize the rate of encounters with newly emerged, virgin females. These conclusions are compared to a recent analysis of butterfly mating systems by Odendaal et al. (Am. Nat. 125: 673–678, 1985).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054526
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  • 22
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    Acoustic signaling, territoriality, and mating in whistling moths,Hecatesia thyridion (Agaristidae) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 27-37 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hecatesia ; Agaristidae ; Lepidoptera ; oths ; territoriality ; leks ; sound production ; scent marking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the agaristid moth Hecatesia thyridiondefend small patches of coastal heathland in southwestern Australia in the late afternoon. As they fly back and forth low over their territories, they produce an acoustical signal. Neighboring males commonly fly toward each other; these interactions often result in aerial duels, with the eventual departure of one of the males. Playback experiments established that males were attracted to the sounds of other males. Females were observed to fly into territories and eventually mate with the signaling occupant. Marked males sometimes returned to the same spot on consecutive days. On any given day males occupied only a fraction of the sites that were acceptable territories. The mating system of H. thyridionappears to be a dispersed lek, with males acoustically advertising territories that are used for mating and not for feeding or oviposition.
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    The effect of age of current-year shoots of Picea glauca on survival, development time, and feeding efficiency of 6th-instar larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; white spruce ; Picea glauca ; food consumption ; survival ; development time ; artificial diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre lyophilysée de pousses de l'année de Picea glauca a été introduite dans le régime de chenilles du 6ème stade de Choristoneura fumiferana: 20% de poudre de pousses, 1.2% de gélifiant, 78.8% d'eau. Il est ainsi possible de déterminer à 2 mg près la quantité d'aliment consommée par chaque chenille, et, ainsi, de calculer, pour chacune, l'indice alimentaire, dont la prise de nourriture est l'une des variables. Avec de tels régimes préparés à partie de pousses recueillies au cours de 1983, on a constaté que la date de nymphose, la quantité consommée, et le poids ultérieur des papillons dépendaient du sexe de la chenille. En général, les chenilles femelles se nymphosent plus tard, consomment plus et donnent des papillons plus lourds (poids sec) que les chenilles mâles. L'efficacité de l'assimilation et celle de la transformation en biomasse de papillon ne différent pas suivant les sexes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont la même aptitude à digérer les pousses. Les taux de survie de chenille à nymphe et de nymphe à imago ne différent donc pas. Cependant, certains de ces paramètres et d'autres changent en fonction de l'âge des pousses annuelles. Quand elles ont été récoltées 7 jours après le débourrement (il a lieu le 20 mai), la survie jusqu'en nymphe est de 93% contre 74% de survie totale; avec des pousses récoltées 52 jours après le débourrement (11 juillet) les taux de survie sont respectivement 7% et 1.4%; avec des pousses récoltées 146 jours après le débourrement (13 octobre) les survies sont 71% et 50%. Des pousses récoltées 28 jours ou plus après le débourrement, retardent la date de nymphose de 25% par rapport à celles récoltées entre 7 et 14 après le débourrement; parallèlement, elles abaissent l'efficacité de l'assimilation de 39%, l'efficacité de conversion de la biomasse de 125%, et le poids des papillons de 54%. Ces changements sont liés à une diminution de la teneur en azote des pousses de 2.1% à environ 1% du poids sec. Cependant la corrélation entre la survie des chenilles et la teneur en azote n'est pas rigoureuse et un facteur encore inconnu est supposé responsable de l'augmentation de la mortalité quand les chenilles consomment (dans leur régime) des pousses récoltées début juillet, 52 jours après le débourrement. Les travaux destinés à identifier ce facteur inconnu sont en cours.
    Notes: Abstract Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year (1983) shoots of white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss were offered to 6th-instar larvae of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). With increasing age of current-year shoots, time to pupation increased whereas survival, assimilation efficiency, efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass, and moth dry weight generally decreased. Sex of the larvae influenced amount ingested, time to pupation, and subsequent moth weight but not survival, assimilation efficiency, and efficiency of conversion of diet to moth biomass.
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    Influence of fertilizer on southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, infestation and damage to field corn (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Southwestern corn borer ; Diatraea grandiosella ; Lepidoptera ; insects and fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié les corrélations entre l'utilisation d'engrais azotés et phosphatés d'une part, l'infestation et l'alimentation de D. grandiosella sur maïs en champs d'autre part. Les formules d'engrais comparées étaient: pas d'engrais, 90 et 179 kg N/ha sans P, 45 et 90 kg P/ha sans N, et les combinaisons de ces deux teneurs en N et P. La contamination était plus élevée dans les lots ayant reçu de l'azote que dans ceux traités sans N, mais la présence d'azote n'a pas réduit le décapage des tiges et la verse dus à l'alimentatin larvaire. A l'inverse, les lots n'ayant reçu que du phosphore avaient des pourcentages plus faibles de tiges contaminées par D. grandiosella et ainsi décapées et versées, que ceux qui n'avaient pas reçu P. Il n'a pas eu de différences significatives dans les contaminations ou les dégats entre les lots ayant reçu différentes combinaisons de N et P, et les effets de ces combinaisons sur l'insecte étaient intermédiaires à ceux de N et P seuls.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers have differing effects on southwestern corn borer (SWCB). Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, densities and damage to field corn, Zea mays L. Nitrogen fertilization of corn is associated with an increase in number of stalks infested and girdled by corn borers, while addition of P has the opposite effect. When combinations of N and P were applied, there were no significant differences in SWCB infestation or damage from plots receiving no fertilizer. The effect of combinations of N and P on SWCB were intermediate to either element alone.
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    Pine monoterpenes stimulate oviposition in the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 295-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulants ; Panolis flammea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pinus contorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343565
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    Hickory shuckworm Cydia caryana: electroantennogram and flight tunnel studies of potential sex pheromone components (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; Cydia caryana ; sex pheromone ; electroantennogram ; flight tunnel ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses olfactives antennaires de Cydia caryana, mesurées par électroantennogrammes (EAG), aux alcools et acétates à carbones monounsaturés en positions 12 et 14, ont montré que le système conjugué de double liaison, (E)-8-, (E)-10- du dodecadien-1-ol acétate constitue un composé chimique strutural critique de la phéromone sexuelle de C. caryana. De plus, les acétates: (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol,(Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol,(Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol, et le (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol, se sont révélés en AEG comme des composés secondaires de la phéromone. L'étude par AEG de la relation dose-réponse a conduit à l'hypothèse de deux catégories de populations de récepteurs de phéromones. L'analyse comportementale des résponses des papillons mâles dans le tunnel de vol aux composés qui ont provoqués les plus forts AEG, on fait estimer que les acétates (E,E)-8,10-dodécadien-1-ol et (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol ressemblent (ou sont) les constituants de la phéromone sexuelle de C. caryana; tandis que les (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol et (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol sont, soit des paraphéromones, soit des constituants mineurs de la phéromone. La signification biologique du (Z)-12-tétradécen-1-ol a été difficile à interprêter avec les expériences en tunnel de vol.
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) measurement of male Cydia caryana moth antennal olfactory response to monounsaturated 12 and 14 carbon alcohols and acetates indicated that the (E)-8-, (E)-10- conjugated double bond system of a dodecadien-1-ol acetate is a critical chemical structural component of the C. caryana sex pheromone. Additionally, EAG measurements implicated (E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol as potential minor pheromonal components. An EAG dosage-response study suggested that there were at least two heterologous populations of pheromone acceptors. Behavioral analysis of male moth response in a flight tunnel to compounds which evoked the stronger EAG responses suggested that (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate resemble or are C. caryana sex pheromonal components, while (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (E)-10-dodecen-1-ol acetate are either parapheromones or are minor pheromone components. Behavioral significance of (Z)-12-tetradecen-1-ol was difficult to interpret in the flight tunnel.
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    Field activity of sex pheromone components of Peribatodes rhomboidaria (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 199-201 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (Z,Z)-6,9-nonadecadien-3-one ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; Peribatodes rhomboidaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; field tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367630
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    Maintenance of innate feeding preferences by a polyphagous insect despite ingestion of applied deleterious chemicals (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedants ; aversion learning ; fall armyworm ; feeding behavior ; polyphagy ; Spodoptera ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné si l'introduction d'une substance chimique nocive dans la plante-hôte préférée pouvait modifier la hiérarchie des choix durant le reste de la vie d'un insecte phytophage. Le comportement de préférence de Spodoptera frugiperda pour le maïs (Zea mays) vis à vis des Phaseolus, a été quantifié dans un dispositif à choix binaire, ont suivi des expériences au cours desquelles les chenilles devaient s'alimenter, soit sur maïs sain, soit sur maïs traité. Chaque essai concernait un composé chimique (15 au total), 13 étant des substances allélochimiques naturelles, 2 des insecticides de synthèse. Aux concentrations étudiées, aucun des produits n'a eu d'effet dissuasif. Les effets nocifs pendant l'exposition sur les chenilles comprenaient une croissance et une taille réduites, une irritation et, dans quelques cas, la mort. Aucune des expériences de choix binaire, avec des chenilles ayant subi cette exposition, n'a modifié les préférences. Cependant les chenilles, qui avaient été exposées au gossypol ou à l'acide monocarboxylique éthyl ester de chrysanthemum, ont consommé moins pendant les stades ultérieurs que ce que l'on pouvait attendre en absence de choix. Le degré d'aversion acquis par chaque chenille dépendait de l'importance des maux qu'elle avait subis précédemment.
    Notes: Abstract The question of whether the appearance of a novel deleterious chemical in a preferred host plant could alter the relative degree of preference by a polyphagous insect during its lifetime was considered. The behavioral preference of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), for corn (Zea mays L.) over red kidney bean Phaseolus spp. was quantified in a two-way choice test, and followed by a no-choice test in which the same larvae were fed either treated or untreated corn. Each treatment consisted of one of 15 compounds, including 13 naturally occurring allelochemicals and two synthetic insecticides. None of the test chemicals had any inherently deterrent effect at the rates tested. Deleterious effects on the larvae during exposure included reduced growth, reduced size, irritancy, and in some cases death. After this exposure the two way choice test was repeated. All test compounds failed to elicit a change in relative preference during the final two-way choice test. However, larvae exposed to gossypol and chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid ester fed less than expected during the latter stages of no-choice conditions. The degree of aversion learning by each larva was related to the degree of prior sickness it had experienced.
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    A pheromone mimic: disruption of mating communication in the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella, with Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; navel orangeworm ; Amyelois transitella ; pheromone mimic ; mating disruption ; Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene ; Z,Z-11,13-hexadecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le Z-Z-1,12,14-heptacécatriène, qui mime l'aldéhyde Z-Z-11,13-hexadécadénial, principal composé de la phéromone de A. transitella Walker, a été essayé pour interrompre les accouplements dans la nature. Un conditionnement avec plastique stratifié a mieux dispersé le triène que la présentation en capsules de polyéthylène. Comme dans le cas des autres produits examinés précédemment, ce triène a interrompu l'attraction sexuelle (réduction du nombre de mâles capturés dans les pièges, réduction du nombre d'accouplements) de A. transitella dans les vergers d'amandiers, pendant moins longtemps que l'aldéhyde. Placé dans des pièges contenant des femelles vierges, il est efficace comme l'aldehyde pendant 5 semaines, pendant 3 semaines lorsqu'il est placé autour des pièges et pendant 13 jours quand il est utilisé dans des parcelles de 9 arbres. Des essais ultérieurs avec d'autres présentations et des quantités plus élevées de triène devraient montrer si ce produit peut être utilisé pour l'interruption des accouplements. Les analogues de phéromones ont généralement une plus grande stabilité et un coût de synthèse moins élevé que les aldéhydes.
    Notes: Abstract A novel olefinic analog, Z,Z-1,12,14-heptadecatriene, was synthesized from Z,Z-11,13-hexadecadienal, a major pheromone component of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and evaluated as a potential disruptant of mating communication in commercial almond orchards. The effectiveness of the triene as a disruptant was compared to that of the aldehyde by evaluating the reduction in captures of feral males in female-baited traps and the reduction in mating success for females. The triene was highly effective in bringing about reductions in male captures in traps in all tests relative to controls. This effectiveness lasted as long as 5 weeks in one test and was influenced by type of dispenser, release rate and proximity of dispensers to female-baited traps. In none of the tests did the triene outperform the aldehyde in reducing male captures. The results of mating success tests showed the triene to be ineffective relative to controls (26% reduction) while the aldehyde yielded 100% reductions in matings during a 6-day period.
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    The responses of some Lepidoptera to labiate herb and white clover extracts (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: biological control ; brassica ; labiate herbs ; larval feeding ; oviposition ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris brassicae ; Plutella xylostella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des plantes médicinales ont traditionnellement été utilisées en association avec des plantes cultivées dans l'espoir que leur odeur repousserait les insectes nuisibles. Des extraits à l'alcool et des essences volatiles de labiées médicinales ont été essayés au laboratoire pour examiner leur effets répulsif et dissuadant pour la ponte de Plutella xylostella et l'alimentation des chenilles de P. xylostella et Pieris brassicae. Les extraits alcooliques d'hysope, de romarin, de sauge, de thym et de trèfle blanc réduisent la ponte de P. xylostella sur des morceaux de feuilles de chou traitées. Les essences volatiles de sauge et de thym réduisent la ponte de P. xylostella sur des morceaux de feuilles de chou dans des expériences de choix. L'alimentation des chenilles de dernier stade de P. xylostella et P. brassicae dans des expériences de choix est réduite par l'application d'extraits alcooliques des labiées médicinales.
    Notes: Abstract Herbs have been traditionally used as intercrops with crop plants on the assumption that their odour repels pest species. Alcohol extracts and essential oils of labiate herbs were tested in the laboratory for deterrent/repellent responses to ovipositing Plutella xylostella (L.) and feeding larvae of P. xylostella and Pieris brassicae L. Alcohol extracts of hyssop, rosemary, sage, thyme and white clover reduce oviposition by P. xylostella on pieces of brassica leaf in dual-choice tests. Essential oils of sage and thyme reduce oviposition on pieces of brassica leaf. Feeding, in dual-choice tests, by final instar P. xylostella and P. brassicae larvae is reduced by application of alcohol extracts of herbs.
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    The influence of sex gland components on mating by the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana, in the laboratory (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Adoxophyes orana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; strain ; sex pheromone ; sex gland components ; Z9-14:Ac ; Z11-14:Ac ; mating disruption ; spermatophores ; population density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des essais ont été effectués en laboratoire en mettant des couples de papillons d'Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. pendant une semaine dans des boîtes d'élevage de 1,25 l avec ou sans composantes phéromonales. A la fin de l'essai, les femelles sont disséquées pour la recherche des spermatophores. L'inhibition des accouplements s'accroît avec l'augmentation de la charge des deux composantes principales de l'attractif, le Z9-14:Ac et le Z11-14:Ac (9:1) et elle décroît lorsque la densité de popultion passe de 1 à 5, 10, 20 couples de papillons par boîte. Chacune de ces deux composantes principales isolée provoque une réduction d'accouplements aussi importante que le mélange lui-même. Les composantes mineures Z9-12:Ac et 12:Ac ont pratiquement la même efficacité que les composantes principales, mais le 14:Ac et le Z11-14:OH sont sans effet. Des essais identiques effectués avec une souche d'A. orana récemment introduite en élevage continu, montrent qu'il suffit d'environ dix fois moins d'attractif pour provoquer le même effet que sur l'ancienne souche. Parallèlement à l'adaptation aux conditions d'élevage, le nombre de femelles non accouplées dans les témoins diminue progressivement et la fréquence des accouplements multiples augmente. II est donc vivement recommandé de travailler avec des souches continuellement renouvelées en élevage, ou avec les descendants directs d'individus prélevés en vergers. Les résultats obtenus sont commentés en relation avec la lutte par la technique de confusion.
    Notes: Abstract Couples of Adoxophyes orana F.v.R. were isolated for one week in small 1.25 l rearing boxes in the laboratory with sex gland components deposited on rubber caps. At the end of the trials females were dissected and spermatophores counted. Reduction of mating increased with the dose of a mixture of the attractant components Z9-14:Ac and Z11-14:Ac (9:1) but decreased with increasing density of 1 to 5, 10 and 20 couples per box. Each of the attractant components alone produced a mating inhibition equal to the mixture. The minor components Z9-12:Ac and 12:Ac had approximately the same effect as the main components, but 14:Ac and Z11-14:OH had no effect. Identical trials conducted on a strain of summerfruit moth newly introduced to our rearing showed that ten times less product was needed to achieve the same degree of mating inhibition as with the old strain. With adaptation to laboratory conditions the proportion of unmated females diminished and repeated matings occurred more frequently. In order to achieve meaningful results one must work with material from regularly renewed rearings, or better with the direct descendants of individuals from orchards. The results are discussed in relation to mating disruption of A. orana in orchards.
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    Sex pheromone of the female currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis: Identification and field evaluation (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 131-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol acetate ; Synanthedon tipuliformis ; currant borer ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienylacetat und (Z)-13-Octadecenylacetat wurden in Ovipositor-Extrakten des Johannisbeerglasflüglers Synanthedon tipuliformis kapillar-gaschromatographisch nachgewiesen. Die Strukturen wurden mittels Gaschromatographisch-Massenspektrometrie bestätigt. Das Verhältnis Dien/Monoen im Extrakt betrug 93:7. Mischungen der beiden Komponenten wie auch (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadienylacetat allein lockten im Freiland Männchen dieser Glasflüglerart an.
    Notes: Abstract (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate and (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol acetate have been identified from the ovipositor extracts of the currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), by capillary GC, and the structures were verified by GC-MS. The diene/monoene ratio in the extract was found to be 93:7. Mixtures of these two compounds as well as the diene alone attracted conspecific males in the field.
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    Physiological interactions and development synchronisations between non-diapausing Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; larval development ; host-parasitoid relationship ; development synchronisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les relations physiologiques entre O. nubilalis et le tachinidae P. nigrolineata ont été étudiées dans des conditions abiotiques telles que l'hôte présente un développement sans diapause. Le parasitoïde ralentit la prise de poids de l'hôte: le poids maximal des chenilles parasitées ne représente que 78% de celui des chenilles saines. Seule la durée du 5ème stade est significativement plus longue chez les chenilles parasitées que chez les saines (10,4 contre 8,0 jours). L'influence de l'hôte sur le développement du parasitoïde à été expérimentée en parasitant des stades 2 à 5 d'O. nubilalis. Lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 2, le développement larvaire complet du parasitoî de dure deux fois plus longtemps que lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 5. Le meilleur rendement en pupes (50%) est obtenu lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 3. Il a été montré qu'il existe une bonne synchronisation entre le développement de l'hôte et de son parasitoî de. Il y a 4 phases physiologiques du développement larvaire de P. nigrolineata qui semblent nécessiter un signal provenant de l'hôte pour être dépassées. Ainsi peuvent être mis en relation: — le début de la croissance de la larve néonate du parasitoî de et l'ecdysis 3/4 de l'hôte; — la première mue du parasitoïde et l'ecdysis 4/5 de l'hôte; — la reprise de la croissance du stade II du parasitoïde, vers un poids de 1 mg et la remontée des taux d'ecdystéroïdes au milieu du stade 5 de l'hôte. et probablement, — la seconde mue du parasitoïde et l'apolyse nymphale de l'hôte. Les expérimentations vont se poursuivre pour déterminer les facteurs en cause. Ces phénomènes de synchronisation seront aussi étudiés dans le cas de la diapause de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract The physiological relationships between Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner and its tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker are described under abiotic conditions which induce development of the host without diapause. The parasitoid lowers the larval growth of the host: the maximal weight attained by the parasitized larvae represented only 78% of that of healthy ones. The duration of the last larval host instar increased to 10.4 days in parasitized O. nubilalis compared to 8.0 days in unparasitized ones. The influence of the host on the parasitoid development was studied experimentally after parasitization of O. nubilalis larvae of instars 2 to 5. When the second larval instar of the host is parasitized, the overall duration of parasitoid larval development lasts twice as long as when the fifth instar is parasitized. The best yield of parasitoid pupariae (50%) is obtained when parasitization occurs in instar 3. We show that good synchronisation exists between the larval development of the host and its parasitoid. There are four phases of parasitoid development which would appear to require a ‘signal’ from the host: the start of the growth of newly hatched parasitoid larvae and the 3rd to 4th instar ecdysis of the host; the first moulting of the parasitoid and the 4th to 5th instar ecdysis of the host; the growth resumption of the parasitoid instar II (weight about 1 mg) and the small rise of the ecdysteroid level in the middle of host instar 5; and in all probability, the second parasitoid moulting and the larval-pupal apolysis of the host.
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    Interacting effects of increased tannin levels on leaf-mining insects (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; Cameraria sp. ; leaf miners ; mortality ; oaks ; parasitism ; tannins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des extraits riches en tanins ont été étalés sur des feuilles de Quercus emoryi contenant des chenilles de ler stade de Cameraria sp., pour contrôler l'influence du tanin dans l'accroissement du parasitisme sans modifier la teneur en protéines ni provoquer de dommages physiques. Les mineuses de feuilles traitées avaient des taux plus élevés de parasitisme par les hyménoptères, mais une diminution des autres causes de mortalité. Les effets négatifs et positifs des tanins se sont équilibrés, puisque la survie des mineuses était la même pour les feuilles traitées que pour les témoins. Les extraits riches en tanin ont agi sur le développement larvaire puisque le poids des chrysalides des mineuses de feuilles traitées était plus faible. Les tanins peuvent ainsi avoir des effets nuisibles et bénéfiques sur ces insectes phytophages.
    Notes: Abstract Tannin-rich extracts were painted on leaves of Q. emoryi (Fagaceae) that contained first instar larvae of a leaf miner, Cameraria sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Agrifoliella group), to test the role of tannins in increasing parasitism, while controlling for changes in protein content and physical damage. Miners from leaves that were treated with tannins had higher rates of parasitism by hymenopterans, but decreased mortality from other causes. The negative and positive effects of tannins balanced since overall larval survivorship was equivalent for leaf miners on tannin-enriched and control leaves. The tannin-rich extract also affected larval development because pupal weight was decreased for leaf miners in treated leaves. Tannins can have both adverse and beneficial effects on these phytophagous insects.
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    Influence du type de culture et de l'antécédent cultural sur les déplacements des adultes de la pyrale du maïs Ostrinia nubilalis (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pyrale du maïs ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; attraction plante-hôte ; peuplement-refuge ; piégeage lumineux ; lâcher insectes marqués ; coloration interne ; protandrie ; phéromone ; European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; host plant attraction ; refuge plant association ; light trapping ; internal coloration technique ; release of marked insects ; protandry ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors used their light trapping method associated with the release of marked insects. The experiment took place in an agrosystem in Charente (North of Aquitaine) between June 5 and July 15, 1983. The site included four adjoining plots from 1 to 3 ha each: one plot of wheat (previous crop: maize); two plots of maize (previous crop: barley) and a plot of barley (previous crop: wheat). To demonstrate the possible emergence of moths from hibernating larvae, the marked insects (510 ♂ ♂ and 467 ♀ ♀) were released in the plot of wheat equidistant from the four light traps placed in each plot. The captures of wild insects (1625 ♂ ♂, 786 ♀ ♀) showed an 8-days protandry and a considerable predominance of males in June/July 1983. This seems to have been caused by their being more mobile than the females. Despite the first males were distributed at random in the different plots, the remainder moved towards the maize. Such behaviour could be associated with that of the females; the latter move very early into the maize and probably lure the males by the release of sex-pheromone. The captures of marked insects (12% of the released population) confirmed the observations obtained with wild insects. The ecological and agronomical consequences of these migrations are discussed. It is suggested that there exists a pattern of two types of movements of European corn borer moths: emergence migration and diurnal migration.
    Notes: Résumé Au cours de l'été 1983 dans un agrosystème de Charente (Nord du Bassin Aquitain), les auteurs ont utilisé la technique du piégeage lumineux associée à des lâchers d'insectes marqués. Afin de mimer les émergences possibles des papillons à partir de chenilles hivernantes, les insectes colorés étainent lâchés dans une parcelle de blé (Triticum) (à antécédent cultural maïs), à égale distance de 4 pièges disposés dans 4 parcelles adjacentes. Les captures d'insectes colorés montrent clairement que les femelles quittent le blé et se dirigent vers le maïs, confirmant par là le rôle de l'antécédent cultural sur les infestations annuelles. Les captures d'insectes sauvages indiquent à cette époque une prédominance des mâles due probablement à la protandrie d'environ 8 jours chez l'espèce et à une mobilité naturelle supérieure à celle des femelles. Les implications écologiques et agronomiques de ces déplacements sont discutées et un schéma d'explication des différents types de mouvements des papillons de pyrale: déplacements d'émergence et déplacements quotidiens alternatifs, est proposé.
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    The courtship behaviour of Yponomeuta padellus (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Yponomeuta padellus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; courtship ; behaviour ; quantitative analysis ; pheromone communication ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les séquences du comportement depuis l'attraction du mâle jusqu'à la copulation ont été décrites et analysées chez Y. padellus (L.). Les mâles réagissent à une femelle émenttant une phéromone par un hattement d'ailes suivi d'un vol en zigzag contre le vent. Les mâles atterriront près des femelles et marcheront avec leurs ailes en battement. Les antennes tambourinent le substrat et les pinceaux abdominaux sont déplyés. Lorsqu'il est au contact de la femelle, le mâle tambourine avec ses antennes les ailes, la tête et les antennes. Généralement suit une tentative d'étreinte. Les chances de succès sont les plus élevées quand les premiers contacts du mâle sont avec la partie postérieure de la femelle plutôt qu'avec la tête. Les femelles refusent les mâles en s'écartant ou en battant des ailes ou les deux à la fois. Il semble qu'en plus des stimuli cliniques, des stimuli mécaniques fournis par les écailles sont nécessaires pour que les mâles localisent la femelle et s'orientent pour une tentative d'étreinte.
    Notes: Abstract The sequence of behavioural steps from male attraction until copulation is described and analyzed for Yponomeuta padellus L. (Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera). Males respond to a pheromone emitting female with wing fanning followed by upwind zigzagging flight. Males will land near the females and then walk while wing fanning. The antennae drum onto the substratum and the abdominal-hair pencils are displayed. When in contact with a female the male drums with his antennae onto wings, head and antennae. Mostly a clasping attempt follows. A male has a higher chance to be accepted when he firt encounters the rear of a female instead of the head. Females refuse males by walking away or wing fanning or a combination of both.
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    Synergism of positional isomers in sex-attractant systems of clearwing moths (Sesiidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 311-313 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; clearwing moths ; Synanthedon ; sex attractants ; pheromone synergism ; pheromone receptors ; octadecadienyl acetates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221262
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    The disruption of proleg clasping by sublethal doses of chlordimeform in silk moth larvae: A possible mechanism of crop protection (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; behaviour ; formamidines ; pyrethroids ; prolegs ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des doses sublétales de chlordiméforme (CDM), insecticide formamidine, injectées dans des chenilles de Saturniidae, provoquent divers effets comportementaux. Ceux-ci comprennent l'arrêt de l'alimentation, l'augmentation du taux de locomotion, une hyperactivité générale de la tête et de ses appendices, et des mouvements désordonnés des pattes; Une conséquence de ce dernier effet est une réduction de l'étreinte réelle du substrat par les chenilles. Il a été étudié en détail sur les chenilles de cinquième stade de Philosamia cynthia ricini. Pour toute une gamme de doses, les effets les plus nets ont été observés sur les fausses pattes. Ils on été évalués par une série d'observations continues de chenilles placées sur une baquette de bois, permettant d'observer clairement le comportement d'étreinte. Les effet étaient réversibles. Des comparaisons ont été réalisées en utilisant la cyperméthrine, insecticide pyréthroïde. Les chenilles traitées ont présenté un certain nombre de comportements d'irritation, mais aucune réponse spécifique d'étreinte n'a été notée. La discussion de ces résultats examine les possibilités d'action de CDM dans la nature. Compte tenu de l'importance jouée par les fausses pattes dans le maintien sur la plante, on peut envisager que la suppression de l'étreinte peut entraîner une protection efficace des cultures.
    Notes: Abstract General observations of the behavioural effects of sublethal doses of the fomamidine pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) on saturniid larvae led to a detailed investigation of the disruption of proleg clasping caused by CDM in Philosamia cynthia ricini Hutt. (Castor Silk Moth) larvae. Subjects received doses ranging from 5.09×10−3 to 19.3 μg/g body weight. Doses above 0.15 μg/g caused uncoordinated movements of the legs which led to reductions in the effective grip on the substrate. Greatest interference was recorded in the prolegs. The effects were reversible. Significance of these results is discussed in relation to their possible role in crop protection mechanisms. In investigating the degree of specificity of the observed effects as a mode of insecticidal action, larvae were treated with a pyrethroid compound, cypermethrin. Doses ranging from 0.002 to 0.842 μg/g resulted in reduction in the times the larvae spent firmly attached to the substrate. It is concluded that this is a consequence of an overall excitation caused by the insecticide, displayed as a number of described irritant behaviours, rather than any specific disruption of proleg action.
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    Cellobiase activity in the larvae of Eri silk worm,Philosamia ricini Hutt. (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 301-302 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Philosamia ricini ; Eri silk worm ; cellobiose ; cellobiase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00629318
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    Sex pheromone components ofMamestra suasa: chemical analysis, electrophysiological activity, wind tunnel activity and field tests in two European countries (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 291-299 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; hexadecanyl acetate ; Mamestra suasa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a trouvé l'acetoxy-1 hexadécene-11 Z (Z-11-16:Ac), le hexadécene-11 Z al-1 (Z-11-16:Ald), le hexadécene-11 Z ol-1 (Z-11-16:OH) et l'acetoxy-1 hexadécene (16:Ac) dans des extraits de glandes phéromona les des femelles deMamestra suasa. La proportion relative des composés était 100/2/10/5. Tous les quatre composés ont été présents aussi dans les collections d'émanations des femelles en stade d'appel, dans la proportion un peu différente de 100/7/5/5. On n'a détecté aucune trace des tétradécenes al-1 ou d'acetoxy-1 tétradécenes. On a démontré la présence de hexadécenoate-1 methyl, hexadécene-9 Z oate-1 methyl et héxadécene-11 Z oate-1 methyl dans des extraits des glandes, par la méthode de ‘base methanolysis’. On n'a trouvé pas des tétradéceneoates methyl. En éléctroantennographie, Z-11-16:Ac a donné les meilleurs réponses, suivis par l'acetoxy-1 tétradécene-9 Z (Z-9-14:Ac), Z-11-16:Ald et Z-11-16:OH. Dans des études de ‘single sensillum’ les cellules à amplitude grande ont répondu à la stimulation avec de Z-11-16:Ac, cependant les cellules à amplitude petite ont répondu à la stimulation avec des deux composés Z-9-14:Ac et Z-11-16:OH. On a trouvé des cellules sensitives à Z-11-16:Ald dans 1 entre 60 sensilla étudiés. À la chambre de vol, le dose de 0.1 μg d'un mélange de 10:1 de Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald a provoqué les mêmes réponses et à l'intensité pareille comme 3 glandes phéromonales isolées des femelles. En piégeages sur le champs des males en quantité importante ont été capturé par un mélange de 10:1 de Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-15:Ald en Bulgarie et Hongrie. L'addition de 16:Ac au mélange binaire n'avait aucun effet, cependant l'addition de plus de 1% de Z-11-16:OH ou 0.1% de Z-9-14:Ac a sérieusement diminué les captûres. En comparant des proportions différentes du mélange de l'acetoxy/aldéhyde dans des doses différentes, on a observé les meilleurs captûres avec de la proportion 10:1 et à la dose la plus haute (1 000 μg).
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z-11-16:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z-11-16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH) and hexadecanyl acetate (16:Ac) were found in pheromone gland extracts of femaleMamestra suasa (Den. et Schiff.) in the relative amounts 100/2/10/5. All four compounds were also present in collections of aiiborne volatiles from calling females in a 100/7/5/5 ratio. No traces of 14 carbon aldehydes or acetates were detected. In gland extracts the presence of methyl hexadecanoate methyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate and methyl (Z)-11-hexadecenoate was demonstrated by base methanolysis. No methyl tetradecenoates were detected. In EAG tests Z-11-16:Ac gave the best responses, followed by (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z-9-14:Ac) Z-11-16:Ald and Z-11-16:OH. In single sensillum recordings large spike amplitude cells in sensilla responded to Z-11-16:Ac, while small spike amplitude cells to both Z-11-16:OH and Z-9-14:Ac. Cells responding to Z-11-16:Ald were found in one out of 60 sensilla tested. In wind tunnel tests 0.1 μg of a 10:1 blend of Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald evoked the same responses and at a similar intensity as 3 isolated female pheromone glands did. In field tests a 10:1 blend of Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald caught significant numbers of males in both Bulgaria and Hungary. The addition of 16:Ac to the binary blend did not have any effect, while more than 1% of Z-11-16:OH or 0.1% of Z-9-14:Ac dramatically decreased captures. In comparing different ratios of the, acetate/aldehyde blend at different dose levels, best catches were recorded at the 10:1 ratio and at the highest (1000 μg) dose level.
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    Hybridization and sex-pheromone responses among members of the Yponomeuta padellus-complex (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; interspecific crosses ; hybrids ; sex-pheromone communication ; host-plant preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Des individus d'espèces très proches à l'intérieur du complexe Yponomeuta padellus ont été croisés; les hybrides ont été croisés entre eux et leurs fécondité et viabilité examinées. 2. Le taux d'accouplements a été généralement plus faible que celui des témoins. Les croisements Y. malinellus x Y. rorellus, Y. padellus x Y. rorellus, et Y. rorellus x Y. malinellus n'ont donné aucune descendance, tandis que les chenilles de Y. malinellus x Y. cagnagellus, Y. padellus x Y. cagnagellus et Y. padellus x Y. malinellus sont mortes avant le stade imaginal. Bien que des descendants féconds des deux sexes pouvaient être obtenus à partir de la plupart des croisements, leurs effectifs étaient faibles. Seuls les croisements où intervenaient des femelles de Y. cagnagellus, ont fourni assez de filles pour permettre des expériences avec des phéromones. 3. La viabilité, le rythme circadian de l'activité sexuelle, les réponses aux phéromones et le choix de la plante pour la ponte ont été examinés chez les hybrides des 3 croisements réussis avec Y. cagnagellus comme mère. 4. Le poids des chrysalides et la durée du développement de cette progéniture a montré une dominance de Y. cagnagellus, tandis que les caractères morphologiques étaient intermédiaires. Des indices d'un développement difficile ont été une modification du rythme d'éclosions et un biais dans la fréquence des sexes. On a aussi, observé une certaine stérilité, c'està-dire que 10% environ des F1 cagnagellus x malinellus étaient intersexués, et que la plupart des femelles F1 cagnagellus x rorellus n'ont pas présenté de comportement d'appel. Les femelles ont manifesté une légère préférence pour appeler à partir de la plante hôte maternelle. L'âge du premier appel a révélé une dominance partielle de Y. malinellus et de Y. padellus. 5. Les mâles hybrides ont répondu fortement aux phéromones des femelles hybrides correspondantes. Les réponses des hybrides mâles F1 et F2 aux phéromones parentales ont montré que la réponse était orientée spécifiquement par la dominance de Y. cagnagellus sur Y. malinellus et une codominance de Y. cagnagellus et Y. padellus. 6. Ces résultats ont indiqué les possibilités d'échanges géniques en l'absence de barrière avant la copulation. Ainsi, l'isolement reproductif des 4 espèces est maintenu par la spécificité des phéromones sexuelles femelles et renforcé par les signaux du comportement de pariade.
    Notes: Abstract Interspecific crosses were made among four closely related members of the Yponomeuta padellus-complex. The results show the potential for gene exchange in the absence of pre-mating barriers. However, mating success was generally lower in the interspecific crosses than in the control crosses. No progeny were obtained from crosses between Y. malinellus Zeller x Y. rorellus (Hübner), Y. padellus (L.) x Y. rorellus and Y. rorellus x Y. malinellus, whereas larvae from Y. malinellus x Y. cagnagellus (Hübner), Y. padellus x Y. cagnagellus and Y. padellus x Y. malinellus did not reach the adult stage. Hybrids of three successful crosses with Y. cagnagellus as maternal species were examined for viability, circadian rhythm of sexual activity, sex-pheromone responses and female host-plant preferences. Developmental problems were found for the crosses cagnagellus x malinellus and cagnagellus x rorellus. Pupal weights and developmental time indicated dominance of Y. cagnagellus, while morphological characters were intermediate to the parents. The age of first calling indicates incomplete dominance of Y. malinellus and Y. padellus, while female moths showed a slight preference for the maternal host plant for calling activities. Hybrid males showed high responsiveness to the corresponding hybrid females. Responses to the parental species indicate that the inheritance of the pheromone-response specificity is governed by a dominance of Y. cagnagellus over Y. malinellus and co-dominance between Y. cagnagellus and Y. padellus.
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    Photoperiod, temperature and ecdysteroid influences on physiological interactions between diapausing Ostrinia nubilalis larvae and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; larval development ; host-parasitoid relationship ; diapause ; development synchronization ; ecdysteroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les interrelations entre O. nubilalis et le tachinidae P. nigrolineata ont été étudiées dans des conditions abiotiques telles que l'hôte présente un développement avec diapause. La rupture de la diapause a été obtenue par modifications des conditions abiotiques et/ou injection d'ecdystérone. Si le passage au froid a lieu 25 jours après la mue 4/5 et s'il dure 10 semaines, plus de 90% des larves non parasitées lèvent leur diapause. Le temps nécessaire pour obtenir la chrysalidation est corrélé avec l'âge à la mise au froid et surtout avec la durée du froid. Les injections d'ecdystérone, 25 jours après la mue 4/5, chez les larves non parasitées et n'ayant pas séjourné au froid, provoquent la levée de diapause dans un fort pourcentage de cas, mais seulement si les larves ont été transférées en photopériode longue; le temps de chrysalidation est fortement réduit chez les larves injectées par rapport aux témoins placés sous la même photopériode. Chez les larves d'O. nubilalis parasitées au début du 5ème stade larvaire, les larves de P. nigrolineata se développent de la même façon que chez les non diapausantes jusqu'au début du 2ème stade, puis la croissance s'arrête aux environs de 1 mg. Par modification des conditions abiotiques, la larve du parasitoïde ne reprend sa croissance qu'à la levée de diapause de l'hôte et continue ensuite son développement jusqu'à la pupaison qui intervient 25–30 jours après les modifications. Cette synchronisation étroite des développements du parasitoïde et de l'hôte peut être rompue par l'injection d'ecdystérone dans l'hôte; en effet, une faible dose induit la reprise de la croissance du parasitoïde, sans provoquer l'apolyse de l'hôte. Des doses plus élevées provoquent à la fois la reprise immédiate du développement de P. nigrolineata (la formation des pupes intervient alors 6–10 jours après) et l'apolyse de l'hôte. Le parasitoïde augmente la sensibilité de l'hôte: avec la même dose, le pourcentage d'apolyse est plus élevé chez les hôtes parasités que chez les non parasités.
    Notes: Abstract The developmental relationships between Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and the tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker (Diptera, Tachinidae) are described under abiotic conditions which induce development of the host with diapause. Diapause termination was accomplished by modifications of abiotic conditions and/or by ecdysterone injection. Pupation time was correlated with the age at chilling and with the chilling period. Ecdysterone injection in non-parasitized larvae, 25 days after the 4/5 moult, gave a high percentage of diapause termination only under a long day photoperiod and strongly reduced the pupation time. In diapausing larvae parasitized at the beginning of the fifth instar, P. nigrolineata larva develops in the same way as in non-diapausing ones during the first instar, but stops growth in the second, near a weight of 1 mg. When diapause was broken by modifications of obiotic conditions, the parasitoid larva resumes its growth only at host diapause termination (pupariae are obtained 25–30 days after the modifications). The close synchronization between parasitoid and host development is broken by injection of low dose of ecdysterone. Higher doses induce at once parasitoid growth (pupariae are obtained 6–10 days thereafter) and also host apolysis. The parasitoid larvae increase the host sensitivity to exogenous ecdysteroids.
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    Disruption of pheromone communication in moths: is the natural blend really most efficacious? (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: behavioural thresholds ; Lepidoptera ; mating disruption ; pheromone blends ; pheromonal communication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is widely assumed that a blend of pheromone components, that is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the natural sex attractant, is the most effective mating disruptant for moths. However, the literature contains only limited evidence supporting this assumption. The authors discuss the importance of comparing the relative effectiveness of complete and incomplete pheromone blends when evaluating the potential of mating disruption for controlling pest moths.
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    The disruption of aggregation behaviour in Pieris brassicae larvae by chlordimeform (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; aggregation behaviour ; feeding ; chlordimeform ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un des effets sublétaux du chlordiméforme, insecticide formamidine, est une réduction de la prise de nourriture, par suite de l'altération du comportement. Celle-ci implique une action stimulant l'activité locomotrice du quatrième stade de P. brassicae L., moins sensible aux effets sur l'alimentation. Le but de ce travail est d'examiner comment le chlordiméforme agit sur le comportement des chenilles du second stade. Des chenilles sur des feuilles trempées dans le chlordiméforme (10-6 à 10-2) sont vite excitées, leur déplacements s'accélèrent et les groupements formés sont tous instables, l'alimentation y étant généralement éphémère. L'excitation se réduit au bout de 24 heures, le groupements se reforment, et l'alimentation reprend, bien que pour les concentrations ≥10-4 M, les chenilles aient été encore dispersées entre 24 et 30 heures, au moment où elles commençaient à s'alimenter sur les résidus de chlordiméforme. La perturbation de la concentration des chenilles sur des disques témoins a montré une relation directe entre la taille du groupe et le taux de croissance larvaire. Nous en avons conclu que chez les espèces de lépidoptères qui consomment groupées, une interaction avec l'agrégation larvaire contribue significativement à l'effet du chlordiméforme sur l'alimentation. La discussion porte sur les conséquences pour la croissance et la survie larvaire, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'installation des chenilles néonates.
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural basis for the reduction in feeding caused by the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform was investigated in second-instar larvae of the large cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. Normally, these caterpillars feed communally. On chlordimeform-dipped leaves (10-6 M–10-2 M) they rapidly became excited, locomotion increased and only unstable aggregations formed in which any feeding was usually transient. Over 24 h excitation declined, aggregations re-formed and feeding was resumed. However, between 24 and 30 h, on leaves treated with chlordimeform solutions of 10-4 M or greater, larvae dispersed again. By altering the density of larvae on control discs a direct link was revealed between clump size and larval growth rates. It is concluded that, in species which feed gregariously, interference with larval aggregation contributes significantly to chlordimeform's effects on feeding and its involvement in a sublethal control mechanism in the field is discussed.
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    Survival and development of Pieris brassicae larvae upon application of sublethal doses of chlordimeform (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Formamidines ; chlordimeform ; Lepidoptera ; behaviour ; starvation ; survival ; development ; sublethal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les chenilles de troisième et cinquième stades de P. brassicae L. ont reçu une application superficielle de chlordiméforme, insecticide à la formamidine. Les doses inférieures à 335 μg/g ont été sublétales, provoquant plusieurs formes d'excitation. Bien que leur comportement soit redevenu normal en 24 heures, les troisièmes stades traités ont eu leur développement retardé et une mortalité accrue. Le traitement des chenilles plus âgées a eu moins d'effets. Une relation est suggérée entre ces observations et le régime alimentaire de cet insecte; une réduction de l'alimentation, plus importante chez les chenilles de troisième que de cinquième stade de P. brassicae, accompagne le début des altérations du comportement provoquées par le chlordiméforme. La discussion porte sur le mécanisme de contrôle sublétal du chlordiméforme, impliquant des effects immédiats et retardés.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the large cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. are important pests of cruciferous crops. Third and fifth instars were treated topically with sublethal doses of the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform. A number of excitable actions were induced but they did not persist beyond 24 hours. Following the initial period, however, subsequent development was delayed and mortality increased, particularly when third instars were treated. Dosing fifth-instar larvae caused few further deaths. A link is suggested between these results and the nutritional status of the insects, and they are discussed in terms of how they might contribute towards control.
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    Identification of four components from the female sex pheromone of the lima-bean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; lima-bean pod borer ; Etiella zinckenella ; Lepidoptera ; Phycitidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; tetradecyl acetate ; Hungary ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A partir de femelles d'E. zinckenella d'origines hongroise et égyptienne, nous avons isolé quatre composés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse avec ionisation de flamme et électroantennographie (EAD): l'acétate de tétradécanyl, l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl, l'acétate (E)-11-tétradécényl et l'acétate (Z)-11-tétradécényl. Les acétates monoinsaturés donnent les meilleures réponses en EAG parmi une série d'acétates tétradécényls et de tétradécénols. Les quatre composés mélangés dans les mêmes proportions que dans l'extrait de la phéromone ont attiré un nombre significatif de mâles tant en Egypte qu'en Hongrie. Dans un test préliminaire de soustraction, la meilleure capture a été réalisée par le mélange ternaire d'acétates monoinsaturés.
    Notes: Abstract Four compounds, tetradecyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were identified from female sex pheromone extracts of Hungarian and Egyptian lima-bean pod borers (Etiella zinckenella Tr., Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) by gas chromatography with flame ionization (FID) and electroantennographic (EAD) detection. In EAG studies these monoun-saturated acetates gave the best responses in a series of other tetradecenyl acetates and tetradecenols. The four component blend of the identified components in similar ratios as in the pheromone extract attracted significant numbers of male lima-bean pod borers in both Hungary and Egypt. In a preliminary subtraction test best capture was achieved by the ternary mixture of the monounsaturated acetates.
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    Use of pheromone chemistry to identify Grapholita lobarzewskii as an occasional pest of apple and plum (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Grapholita lobarzewskii ; Grapholita janthinana ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Chemische Analysen und Feldversuche zeigen, dass das Sexualpheromon des Kleinen Fruchtwicklers, G. lobarzewskii aus (E)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) und (Z)-8-Dodecenylacetat (Z8-12:Ac) besteht. Die grösste Lockwirkung wurde mit einem Gemisch der beiden Substanzen bei einem E-Anteil von 80–95% erzielt. Dodecylacetat (12:Ac) und Tetradecylacetat (14:Ac) wurden ebenfalls in den weiblichen Pheromondrüsen nachgewiesen, hatten aber im Freiland keinen Einfluss auf die Lockwirkung. G. lobarzewskii tritt seit einiger Zeit in der Schweiz als Schädling von Apfel und Zwetschge auf und ist an ihrem charakteristischem Frassgang leicht erkennbar. Die Art wurde bisher irrtümlich als G. janthinana bezeichnet. G. janthinana lebt auf Rosaceen, und wird vom gleichen Substanzpaar angelockt, allerdings bei umgekehrtem Mischungsverhältnis (20% E).
    Notes: Abstract As shown by chemical analysis and field trapping, the sex pheromone of Grapholita lobarzewskii consists of a blend of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate. Maximum attractiveness was found at 80–95%. Dodecyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate, both present in the female gland, did not affect trap catch. G. lobarzewskii has recently gained importance as a pest of apple and plum, but has so far been referred to as Grapholita janthinana. The latter is attracted to the same two compounds, but in reversed portions (20% E).
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    Z-linked inheritance of male olfactory response to sex pheromone components in two species of tortricid moths, Ctenopseustis obliquana and Ctenopseustis sp. (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Inheritance ; receptor ; single sensillum ; electrophysiology ; Ctenopseustis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; olfactory response ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions olfactives des sensilles mâles sensibles aux phéromones ont été examinées par enregistrement de l'extrémité de la sensille chez les tordeuses C. obliquana Walker et C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Les enregistrements ont porté sur 281 sensilles des lignées parentales et des croisements réciproques de F1, F2 et de croisements en retour maternel et paternel. Les résultats des enregistrements d'une sensille ont été soumis à une analyse en composantes principales. Chez les mâles de chaque lignée parentale un seul type physiologique de sensille a été découvert; une cellule répond par un pic grand au principal constituant de la phéromone femelle conspécifique. (Z)-8-acétate tétradécényl (Z8-14:OAc) pour C. obliquana, et (Z)-5-acétate tétradécényl (Z5-14:OAc) pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’. Une seconde type de cellule dans les sensilles des deux espèces de mâles présente un pic petit pour Z5-14:OAc et pour l'acétate tétradécyl (14:OAc) chez C. obliquana, et pour C. sp. ‘ropeana’ au Z8-14:OAc. Les réponses des sensilles des différents types de mâles hybrides sont plus hétérogènes que celles des sensilles de leurs pères. Un schéma général pourrait cependant être décelé, correspondant au schéma prévu avec une hérédité d'un facteur dominant liée au sexe sur le chromosome Z de C. sp. ‘ropeana’. La variation plus accentuée chez les hybrides ne peut être expliquée par ce modèle, et pourrait impliquer des gènes additionnels.
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory response from male pheromone sensitive sensilla was investigated in the endemic New Zealand brownheaded leafrollers Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and C. sp. ‘ropeana’ (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). The responses from 281 sensilla from the parental strains and from both the reciprocal crosses, including F1, F2 and maternal and paternal backcrosses were recorded, and statistically analysed using a multivariate analysis. In males of both the parental strains, a large amplitude cell responded to the main pheromone component of the conspecific female, in C. obliquana (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (Z5-14:OAc). Both male types also possessed a small amplitude cell, which in C. obliquana responded weakly to Z5-14:OAc and tetradecyl acetate (14:OAc), and in C. sp ‘ropeana’ responded to Z8-14:OAc. The responses from the different types of hybrid males were more variable than the responses from parental males. A main pattern could, however be seen, corresponding with the expected pattern in a sex-linked inheritance on the Z-chromosome of a C. sp ‘ropeana’ type dominant genetic factor. The more pronounced variation in the hybrids could not be explained by this model, and might be due to the involvement of additional genes.
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    Antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone and its analogs against larvae of Pieris brassicae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
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    The alteration of calling behaviour by female Choristoneura fumiferana when exposed to synthetic sex pheromone (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; calling behavior ; sex pheromone ; bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été menées au laboratoire pour examiner si la phéromone sexuelle synthétique de C. fumiferana pouvait altérer le comportement d'appel de femelles vierges de la même espèce. Un appareil a été conçu pour libérer alternativement — à des intervalles déterminés — un courant d'air portant de la phéromone sexuelle ou un courant d'air pur, dans plusieurs flacons contenant des femelles vierges. Le comportement sexuel de mouches de 0 et 2 jours a ainsi été observé. Indépendamment de l'exposition des femelles à la phéromone, il y avait deux pics quotidiens d'activité d'appel, l'un dans l'après-midi et l'autre après le crépuscule. Des papillons exposés au 1×10−6 mg ou 1×10−3 mg de phéromone avaient un premier pic d'appel au moins antérieur de 2 heures par rapport aux témoins. Ainsiily a vait un plus grand nombre de papillons engagés dans une activité d'appel en présence de la phéromone que chez les témoins.
    Notes: Abstract The calling behaviour of 0-day-old and 2-day-old virgin female eastern spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) was observed during exposure to different concentrations of the synthetic female sex pheromone. Regardless of whether the females were exposed to pheromone or not, there were two daily peak periods of calling activity, one in the afternoon and the other after dusk. Those moths exposed to pheromone commenced calling at least 2 h earlier during their first peak of calling activity. Also, a greater number of moths engaged in calling when exposed to pheromone than those under control conditions.
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    Range of action of moth sex-attractant sources (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pheromone ; sex-attractant ; range ; attraction ; stimulation ; sampling ; Lepidoptera ; Cydia nigricana ; mark and recapture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations and experiments which indicate the range of attraction of a sex-attractant source are distinguished from those which show its range of stimulation or sampling range. Published evidence of these ranges for lepidopteran sex-attractant sources is reviewed. In particular, evidence for the values of these three parameters for traps containing 100 μg of synthetic sex-pheromone of the pea moth, Cydia nigricana (F.), is presented, including the results of a timed mark and recapture experiment. It is concluded that for C. nigricana the ranges of attraction, stimulation and the daily sampling range for such a source placed in a cereal crop are at least 200, 500 and 500 m respectively.
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    Constituents of host- and non-host plants deterring oviposition by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris ; cabbage ; oviposition deterrents ; host selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Eiablage von Pieris rapae auf Kohl wurde gehemmt von einem Homogenisat aus Kohlblättern, das auf intakte Pflanzen gesprüht wurde. Ether-Extrakte der Kohlblätter wirkten im Gegensatz zu Wasserextrakten abschreckend. Ebenso zeigten Hexanextrakte anderer Wirtspflanzen eine hemmende Wirkung auf die Eiablage, während Wasserextrakte anderer Wirtspflanzen keine Wirkung aufwiesen. Dagegen aber verhinderten sowohl polare als auch unpolare Extrakte von Nicht-Wirtspflanzen die Eiablagen. Polare, abschreckende Substanzen in den Nicht-Wirtspflanzen Erysimum cheiranthoides und Capsella bursa-pastoris (Cruciferae) könnten Ursache dafür sein, dass P. rapae diese Pflanzen meidet. Chemische Substanzen mit sowohl abschreckender als auch stimulierender Wirkung spielen offensichtlich eine bedeutende Rolle für legebereite Schmetterlingsweibchen bei der Auswahl von Pflanzen als geeigneten Eiablageplatz.
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by Pieris rapae L. on cabbage was deterred by homogenized cabbage tissue sprayed onto intact plants. Ether extracts of cabbage also were deterrent, but water extracts were not. Hexane extracts of other host plants deterred oviposition and water extracts had little or no effect. Polar as well as non-polar extracts of non-host plants inhibited oviposition. Polar deterrents in the non-host crucifers, Erysimum cheiranthoides and Capsella bursa-pastoris may explain the avoidance of these plants by P. rapae. Chemical deterrents, as well as stimulants, apparently play a major role in the acceptance or rejection of plants as hosts by ovipositing female butterflies.
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    Climbing by newly hatched larvae of the spotted stalk borer Chilo partellus to the top of sorghum plants (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 39 (1985), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; Sorghum ; phototaxis ; climbing ; leaf anatomy ; surface wax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une étude du comportement ascentionnel de chenilles néonates de Chilo partellus a montré que la phototaxie positive oriente l'insecte vers le sommet de la plante d'une façon plus importante que le site de ponte à la base du sorgho. La phototaxie est perdue après la pénétration dans le verticille, sous les effets combinés de l'odeur de l'hôte et de l'obscurité. Des insectes qui s'égarent sur les feuilles doivent retourner sur la tige pour parvenir à atteindre le verticille, et on a observé que les arêtes des feuilles, les épines orientées distalement et les cires de l'hôte provoquent ensemble une réorientation vers le bas de la feuille d'où l'ascension peut être poursuivie. II y a des différences suivant les cultivars en relation avec ces facteurs qui sont la cause partielle des différents niveaux de résistance à ce ravageur.
    Notes: Abstract A study of the mechanisms by which the newly hatched larvae of Chilo partellus reach the whorl from the oviposition site at the base of the plant is presented. A strong positive phototaxis is of primary importance. Reorientation is necessary, however, if larvae stray out onto leaves. Edge spines and leaf waxes are important in reorientation to the culm so that the climb can be continued. There are cultivar differences in relation to these factors which are a partial reason for different levels of resistance to this pest.
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    Influence of host-plants on the wind dispersal and the survival of an Australian geometrid caterpillar (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; first instars ; wind dispersal ; survival ; host-plants ; host-selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles d'E. excursaria ne pondent pas là où les chenilles de premier stade s'alimentent. La dispersion par le vent, a été examinée comme l'un des éléments de la sélection de la plante-hôte par les chenilles du premier stade. Cette dispersion était influencée par la nature du végétal et par l'âge du feuillage. La dispersion à partir de 3 plantes de valeurs alimentaires différentes n'a pas été modifiée par le jeûne du premier stade. Le taux de survie, sur feuilles coupées et sur plantes en pot, a été aussi influencé par la nature du végétal. Il y a eu une corrélation positive significative entre le pourcentage de chenilles de premier stade restant sur le feuillage de l'hôte lors d'expériences de dispersion et le taux de survie sur ce feuillage. On peut suggérer que le comportement alimentaire polyphage des chenilles et la fécondité élevée des femelles peuvent avoir contribué à la stratégie de dispersion larvaire, comme processus de sélection larvaire, au détriment d'une sélection du lieu de ponte par les femelles.
    Notes: Abstract The wind dispersal and survival of the first instars of a native polyphagous geometrid, Ectropis excursaria (Guenée) on Citrus sinensis (L.), Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn., Medicago sativa (L.) and Pinus radiata D. Don., were studied. A positive correlation existed between the percentage of caterpillars remaining on the foliage in dispersal experiments and the percent survival of caterpillars on these host-plants. The results are discussed in relation to the host-selection strategy of the first instars and the advantages of dispersal are compared for adult females and young larvae.
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    The importance of the behaviour of young larvae in sorghum resistance to Chilo partellus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; resistance mechanism ; larval establishment ; egg infestation ; larval infestation ; bazooka applicator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Institut International de Recherches sur les Cultures en Régions Semi-Arides (ICRISAT) étudie la protection contre C. partellus Swinhoe par l'utilisation de cultivars résistants. Différents cultivars présentent une résistance à différents stades de croissance de la plante, et à différents stades de l'insecte. La résistance du sorgho à C. partellus dépend de plusieurs mécanismes, l'un d'eux conditionnant l'installation des chenilles du premier stade dans le verticille de la plante. Cependant, la lenteur de l'installation d'est un facteur lié à la résistance que chez quelques cultivars. Plusiers facteurs physiques et chimiques sont associés à l'installation préférentielle des jeunes chenilles dans le verticille foliare. Parmi les caractères physiques, le port érigé des feuilles, la présence de poches à leur base et les cires superficielles sont impliqués dans l'installation des chenilles. Une analyse chimique détaillée d'extraits des structures superficielles a montré que la concentration d'une substance, le C32 “marqueur” de la lignée résistante IS 2205, était 2 fois plus faible que dans les lignées sensibles IS 1151 et CSH 1.
    Notes: Abstract Management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) by the use of resistant cultivars is being developed at ICRISAT. Different cultivars show resistance based on several mechanisms, one of which affects the establishment of first instar larvae in the plant whorl. However, it has been found that low establishment is a factor associated with resistance only in some cultivars and not in others. A number of physical and chemical plant factors are associated with preferential establishment of the young larvae in the leaf whorl. Among the physical characteristics, erect leaves and curled leaf bases are involved in larval establishment. Detailed chemical analysis of surface extracts showed that the concentration of one compound in the wax is related to resistance at this stage and assessment of physical and chemical plant characters has been used to predict resistance.
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    Etude électroantennographique de la réception de stimulus odorants d'origine végétale chez Acrolepiopsis assectella (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acrolepiopsis assectella ; lépidoptère ; phytophage spécialiste ; électroantennogrammes ; substances volatiles ; composés soufrés ; Allium ; plantes non-hôtes ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous speciality ; electroantennograms ; volatiles ; sulphur compounds ; Allium ; non-host plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Electroantennogram studies of adults Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell., Lepidoptera, Hyponomeutoidea, showed that the insects responded to the host-plant's odour whether or not the plant was healthy or damaged by the larvae. The antenna of both sexes also responded to the host-plant's specific volatile sulphur compounds. All these odours attracted the insects in the olfactometer. Propyl propane thiosulfinate (Ti-P2), the most abundant of the host specific compounds was always the most effective. The antenna was also sensitive to certain non-host plants (cabbage and tomato). The insect antenna was also sensitive to compounds of the ‘general green-leaf volatil complex’ which were identified in leek (Allium) odour. The most effective of these, cis-hexen-3-ol-1, was also the only attractive one. Sensitivity to these different olfactory stimuli was similar for 1-day-old females and 5-days-old males. The insect's sensitivity to green-leaf compounds increased with age for both sexes, only males responded better to Ti-P2 with age. These same males were also more attracted by leek odour at 5 days old. These facts confirm the predominant role of the sulphur compounds in host finding by the leek moth. The exact biological effect of green-leaf compounds and the interference exerted by non-host plants odours such as tomato on attraction to leek is discussed.
    Notes: Résumé Les réponses E.A.G. d'Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell., Lépidoptère Hyponomeutoïdea spécialiste des Allium, montrent une sensibilité à l'odeur de la plante-hôte larvaire A. porrum saine ou attaquée, et à ses composés volatils soufrés spécifiques, toutes odeurs actives dans l'attraction des deux sexes en olfactomètre. Le Ti-P2, le plus abondant et le plus spécifique du végétal est toujours le plus efficace. Ceci confirme le rôle prépondérant des substances allélochimiques soufrées dans la recherche de la plante-hôte. Une réactivité antennaire plus ou moins importante est également enregistrée avec l'odeur de certaines plantes non-hôtes (chou et tomate). L'antenne du lépidoptère est également très sensible à certains produits volatils du ‘complexe odorant vert’ des végétaux qui sont identifiés dans l'odeur du poireau, le cis-hexen-3-ol-1 le plus actif est aussi le seul à être attractif. Le rôle biologique exact des ‘composés verts’ et l'interférence de l'odeur complète de la plantehôte avec celle de plantes non-hôtes, telle que la tomate, efficace sur l'antenne et sur le comportement sont discutés.
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    Perception of the oviposition deterring pheromone by tarsal and abdominal contact chemoreceptors in Pieris brassicae (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition deterrent ; contact chemoreceptors ; electrophysiology ; tarsi ; ovipositor ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une technique d'enregistrement apical a été utilisée pour examiner la perception d'une phéromone dissuadant la ponte par les poils récepteurs chimiques de contact des femelles de Pieris brassicae. Les réponses électrophysiologiques des poils gustatifs des tarses en présence de solutions de rinçage d'oeufs présentent une fréquence marquée des potentiels d'action provenant principalement d'une cellule sensorielle. Ceci suggère que les poils gustatifs des tarses des pattes antérieures des femelles possèdent, en plus de cellules répondant aux glucosinolates, des cellules sensorielles sensibles spécialement à la phéromone dissuadant la ponte. Des études morphologiques au microscope à balayage révèlent que l'oviposition de P. brassicae est pourvu de deux groupes de chimiorécepteurs de contact. Des enregistrements électrophysiologiques de ces sensilles révèlent la présence d'au moins trois cellules sensorielles, l'une d'entre elles étant un mécanorécepteur. La stimulation avec la solution de rinçage des oeufs évoque un léger accroissement de la fréquence des potentiels d'action qui ne peut être attribué à une cellule sensorielle particulière. Ceci indique que les poils gustatifs abdominaux peuvent participer d'une certaine façon à la perception de la phéromone dissuadant la ponte. Les réponses aux glucosinolates ne diffèrent pas significativement des stimulations témoin.
    Notes: Abstract Perception of the oviposition deterring pheromone by contact chemoreceptors in female Pieris brassicae was studied employing a tip recording technique. Electrophysiological responses of tarsal taste hairs to eggwash solutions show a marked increase in frequency of spikes originating from only one sensory cell. This suggests that in foretarsal taste hairs females, apart from the glucosinolate cells also possess sense cells specifically sensitive to the oviposition deterring pheromone. Morphological studies by means of the scanning electron microscope revealed that the ovipositor of P. brassicae is provided with two groups of contact chemoreceptors. Electrophysiological recordings from these sensilla indicate the presence of at least three sensory cells, one of them being a mechanoreceptor. Stimulation with eggwash evokes a slight increase in spike frequency which cannot be ascribed to one particular sense cell. This indicates that abdominal taste hairs in some way may participate in the perception of the oviposition deterring pheromone. Responses to glucosinolates do not differ significantly from control stimulations.
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    Population differences in larval hostplant use in the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas chalcedona (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Euphydryas chalcedona ; Scrophulariaceae ; Penstemon spp. ; hostplant specificity ; utilization efficiency ; iridoid glycoside ; insect/plant interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des chenilles de deux populations d'E. chalcedona ont été élevées sur leur propre plante-hôte et sur celle de l'autre population, aux stades avant et après diapause. Les deux populations s'alimentent sur différentes espèces de Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae), et une population—Echo Lake—est monophage sur P. newberry, tandis que l'autre—Chico—utilise d'abord P. breviflorus, mais les chenilles après diapause sont trouvées sur au moins deux autres espèces de plantes. Les taux de croissance et de survie ont été déterminés pour des chenilles avant et après diapause pour les deux populations sur les deux plantes; les efficacités digestives ont été calculées sur les chenilles avant diapause. Les résultats ont montré que les chenilles des deux populations différaient par leur degré de spécialisation digestive sur leur plante hôte normale: les chenilles de Chico ont utilisé aussi bien les deux plantes, tandis que celles d'Echo Lake le faisaient significativement moins bien sur la plante non-hôte, par suite de l'inaptitude à la digérer. Ainsi la population oligophage est alimentairement moins spécialisée et plus capable de se débrouiller avec une plante non-hôte. Après diapause, les chenilles de Chico s'alimentaient significativement mieux sur plante hôte que non-hôte, ce qui était le cas aussi pour la population monophage. Dans l'ensemble, les chenilles de la population monophage semblaient moins capables de se débrouiller dans des conditions défavorables ou moins avantageuses.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae from two populations of Euphydryas chalcedona Doubleday & Hewitson (Nymphalidae) were reared on their own hostplant and that of the other population, in both pre-diapause and post-diapause instars. One population, Chico, uses Penstemon breviflorus Lindl. (Scrophulariaceae), and the other, Echo Lake, uses P. newberryi Gray. Growth rate and survival were determined for pre-diapause and post-diapause larvae from both populations on both plant species; and digestive efficiencies were calculated during the prediapause instars. The results showed that larvae from the two populations differed in their responses to the two plant species. Pre-diapause larvae from Chico performed equally well on both plant species—survival and digestive indices were not significantly different for two Penstemon species. In contrast, pre-diapause larvae from Echo Lake performed significantly worse on the non-hostplant—growth and survival were significantly lower on the non-host, P. breviflorus. In addition, comparison of digestive efficiencies for the two plants showed that larvae from Echo Lake digested P. breviflorus better than P. newberryi, but were significantly less able to convert P. breviflorus to body mass. In the post-diapause instars, larvae from Chico grew faster on the host than on the non-host. Larvae from Echo Lake grew quite slowly on both plant species and significantly more of the Echo Lake larvae returned to diapause instead of completing development.
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    The effect of an oviposition deterring pheromone on egglaying in Pieris brassicae (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition deterrent ; pheromone ; egg washings ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire ont été réalisées pour déterminer d'influence d'une phéromone dissuasive de la ponte (ODP) sur la distribution des ooplaques et des oeufs de Pieris brassicae. Cette phéromone est connue comme associée aux oeufs. Les papillons ont eu le choix entre des feuilles de chou traitées de différentes façons avec ODP et des feuilles témoins. La présence d'oeufs intacts de la même espèce sur les feuilles a un effet dissuasif modéré sur la ponte. Une solution aqueuse d'ODP, obtenue par lavage des oeufs à l'eau distillée est quelque peu dissuasive. Le lavage des oeufs de P. brassicae au méthanol est apparu comme le plus dissuasif. Une telle solution au méthanol peut être stockée à basse température au moins 3 ans sans perte de son pouvoir. Les applications de l'eau de rinçage sur les faces supérieures ou inférieures des feuilles induisent le même comportement des femelles. L'effet dissuasif augmente avec la concentration de l'eau de rinçage; aux très faibles concentrations, aucune différence significative n'a pu être observée avec les témoins quant au nombre d'ooplaques et d'oeufs. Par ailleurs, même aux très hautes concentrations du méthanol, l'eau de rinçage n'inhibe pas totalement la ponte sur les feuilles de chou. En lavant 7 fois consécutives les oeufs de P. brassicae dans le méthanol, on obtient une série de solutions de phéromones, dont chacune possède un fort pouvoir dissuasif. Bien que l'effet dissuasif diminue lentement avec des rinçages successifs, la pulvérisation du septième rinçage sur les feuilles de chou réduit encore à moins du quart le nombre total d'ooplaques et des oeufs pondus sur la feuille traitée.
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory study was conducted in order to determine the influence of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) upon the distribution of eggbatches and eggs by Pieris brassicae females. This pheromone is known to be associated with eggs. Butterflies were offered a choice between cabbage leaves treated in various ways with the ODP and control leaves. The presence of intact conspecific eggs on the treated leaf appeared to have a moderate deterrent effect upon oviposition. An aqueous solution of the ODP, obtained by washing eggs in distilled water was found to have a somewhat higher deterrent effect. Most effective in deterrence of oviposition, however, appeared to be a washing of P. brassicae eggs in methanol. Such a methanol solution can be stored at low temperatures for at least three years without loosing activity. Application of eggwash to either the upper or lower surface of the leaf does not make any difference to females. Percentage deterrence was found to increase with the concentration of eggwash. At very low concentrations no significant difference could be observed anymore in the numbers of eggbatches and eggs laid on control and treated leaf. On the other hand, even very high concentrations of methanol eggwash do not fully protect cabbage leaves against oviposition. Washing P. brassicae eggs seven times consecutively in methanol, a series of pheromone solutions is obtained, all of them were found to possess a high deterrent activity. Although percentage deterrence slowly decreases in subsequent washings, the seventh eggwash sprayed onto cabbage leaves still resulted in less than one quarter of the total number of eggbatches and eggs being laid on the treated leaf.
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    Experiments on the responses of the larval stages of the geometrid moth Ectropis excursaria to light and gravity (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; larvae ; geotaxis ; orientation ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; gravity ; wandering stage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un comportement d'escalade du premier stade d'E. excursaria correspondant à l'addition des réponses à la gravité et à la lumière, est suggéré par la courbe d'intensité de la réponse à la lumière, dans un plan vertical (où la gravité constitue un stimulus en opposition avec la lumière) et un plan horizontal (où la gravité n'est pas en opposition). La réponse à la gravité a été modifiée par la courbure de la surface à escalader et du degré de privation d'aliment des chenilles. Sur une surface d'escalade de 2 cm de diamètre, l'orientation par rapport à la gravité se produit entre 20 et 30° par rapport à l'horizontale. Das run champ de centrifugation, un comportement analogue à une géotaxis négative se produit pour une accélération de 3,5 m s−2. L'analyse des tendances géotactiques des chenilles à tourner sur des plans inclinés suggère qu'elles présentent un comportement métagéotactique pour les inclinaisons de 40 à 90°. Des expériences d'immobilisation laissent penser que les antennes jouent un rôle dans la perception de la gravité. Les chenilles de stades ultérieurs ont présenté une géotaxie négative bien que la réponse à la gravité disparaisse chez les chenilles vagabondes en prénymphe. La prénymphose est aussi caractérisée par une inversion des réponses à la lumière.
    Notes: Abstract The intensity-response curve to light in a vertical plane (where gravity was a conflicting stimulus to light) and a horizontal plane (where gravity was not a conflicting stimulus) suggests that the climbing behaviour of the first instar Ectropis excursaria (Guénée) is consistent with a summation of response to gravity and a response to light. Response to gravity was affected by the curvature of the crawling surface and the level of food deprivation of the caterpillars. On a 2 cm diameter crawling surface orientation to gravity occurred at an inclination between 20° and 30° from the horizontal. In a centrifugal field, a behaviour analogous to negative geotaxis occurred at accelerations of 3.5 ms−2. Analysis of the geotactic turning tendencies of the caterpillar on flat inclined planes suggests that they exhibit meta-geotactic behaviour from inclinations of 40 to 90°. Negative geotaxis was exhibited by the caterpillars of later stadia although a response to gravity was lacking in the prepupal wandering caterpillars. The pre-pupal stage was also characterized by a reversal of the response to light.
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    Effect of stalk damage on growth and yield of certain maize cultivars by the maize stalk borer Chilo partellus (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus maize ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur la croissance et la production avec différents niveaux de minage des tiges de 4 cultivars de maïs, lors de divers degrés de contamination artificielle par des chenilles de C. partellus. Le cultivar sensible ‘Inbred A’ souffre plus des mines de C. partellus que ICZ1-CM, ICZ2-CM et Katumani composite B. Les mines influent significativement sur la croissance des 4 cultivars. Il y a une corrélation négative significative entre le minage des tiges et la production pour les cultivars ‘Inbred A’ et Katumani composite B, mais la relation n'est pas significative pour ICZ1-CM et ICZ2-CM. Les différences entre le minage des tiges et la récolte des 4 cultivars sont dues aux différents degrés de minage des tiges de ces cultivars par C. partellus.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different degrees of stem tunneling caused by different levels of artificial infestation by the larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on growth and yield of 4 maize cultivars were studied. The susceptible ‘Inbred A’ suffered much more tunneling than ICZ1-CM, ICZ2-CM and Katumani Composite B. This tunneling influenced significantly the plant growth of all the four cultivars. There was a significant negative correlation between tunneling and yield for the cultivars ‘Inbred A’ and Katumani Composite B, but such a relationship was not significant for ICZ1-CM and ICZ2-CM. Such differences in the relationships between tunneling and yield among the 4 cultivars are due to different degrees of tunneling caused by C. partellus larvae to the plants of these cultivars.
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    The reproductive capacity of Spodoptera littoralis moths fed ascorbic acid analogs (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ascorbic acid analogs ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Lepidoptera ; moths reproduction ; spermatophore malformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les examens ont porté sur l'action des acides D-ascorbique, L-déhydroascorbique, 6-chloro-6-déoxy-L-ascorbique, 6-bromo-6-déoxy-L-ascorbique et l'ascorbyl-2-sulfate per os. Les actions de ces analogues de l'acide ascorbique ont été comparées à celles de témoins alimentés avec vitamine C et glucose. L'acide D-ascorbique a provoqué la formation de spermatophores anormaux sans qu'il y ait eu réduction de l'activité sexuelle. Les femelles inséminées par ces mâles ont pondu des oeufs stériles, et leur fécondité était inférieure à celles de femelles alimentées sur des régimes contenant des analogues L de l'acide ascorbique ou du sucrose. L'acide 6-chloro-6-déoxy-L-ascorbique et l'ascorbyl-2-sulfate ont réduit la fécondité et la fertilité mais ces analogues n'avaient pas altéré la formation des spermatophores. Les consommations des différents analogues proposés séparément par microalimentation ou au moment de l'accouplement ne diffèrent pas significativement. La discussion a porté sur l'action des analogues dextrogyres sur le spermatophore et l'utilisation de ces analogues dans la protection des cultures.
    Notes: Abstract D-ascorbic acid, L-dehydroascorbic acid, 6-chloro-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid, 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid and ascorbyl-2-sulfate were bioassayed per os on moths of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The activity of each of the analogs was compared with that of vitamin C and sucrose controls. D-ascorbic acid caused males to produce malformed spermatophores with no reduction in mating capacity. Females mated to these males layed infertile eggs and fecundity was lower than in females fed other analogs, L-ascorbic acid or sucrose diets. 6-chloro-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid reduced fertility and fecundity of the females, although this and other analogs did not affect the spermatophores. D-isoascorbic acid (=D-araboascorbic acid; D-erythorbic acid), D-glucoascorbic acid and all the other analogs were equally acquired by males microfed singly or at mating. The effect of D-optically active analogs on the spermatophore and the possible applications of the analogs in pest control are discussed.
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    Role of trichomes in soybean resistance to cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Glycine max ; soybeans ; trichomes ; plant resistance ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la densité et de la longueur des trichomes de Glycine max sur la résistance à Trichoplusia ni a été évaluée suivant la position des feuilles sur une lignée résistante (‘PI 227687’) et sur un cultivar sensible (‘Davis’). Les feuilles apicales (juvéniles) tant de PI 227687 que de Davis, recouvertes de trichomes denses, résistèrent mieux à l'alimentation larvaire et à la survie de T. ni. Quand ces trichomes étaient éliminés, ces feuilles ne résistaient pas plus à l'alimentation des larves de T. ni que les feuilles non rasées TL3 et TL5 de PI 227687 ou toutes les autres feuilles de Davis. Les tests avec des extraits dans l'acétate d'éthyle et l'hexane de feuilles provenant de différentes positions de PI 227687 et Davis, destinés à mettre en évidence des phagodissuadants, ont montré que la résistance observée chez les feuilles apicales de Davis était attribuable aux trichomes (c'est-à-dire à un caractère morphologique), tandis que chez les mêmes feuilles de PI 227687 elle impliquait à la fois des trichomes (morphologie) et des substances chimiques, mais avec une prédominance de l'influence des trichomes.
    Notes: Abstract Role of leaf trichome density and length in Glycine max (L.) Merr. resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) was evaluated at different leaf positions on a relatively resistant soybean, plant introduction (PI) 227687, and a relatively susceptible cultivar, ‘Davis’. The uppermost (juvenile) leaf within both PI 227687 and ‘Davis’ plants, which is densely covered with trichomes, was most resistant to T. ni larval feeding and survival. When these trichomes were shaven off, such leaves became as susceptible to T. ni larval feeding as unshaven TL3 and TL5 leaves (PI 227687) or all other unshaven leaves (‘Davis’). Bioassays for antifeedants in ethyl acetate and hexane extractables from leaves at the different positions on PI 227687 and ‘Davis’ plants showed that the resistance observed in the uppermost ‘Davis’ leaf is attributable to trichomes (i.e., a morphological factor); whereas, in the uppermost PI 227687 leaf it involves both morphological (trichomes) and chemical factors, but the trichome parameter is dominant.
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    Egg weight, batch size and fecundity of the spotted stalk borer, Chilo partellus in relation to weight of females and time of oviposition (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; fecundity ; reproductive strategy ; female size ; batch size ; egg weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La ponte de C. partellus Swinhoe a été étudiée au laboratoire pendant les trois premières nuits de la ponte. Plus de 50% des ooplaques et des oefs ont été pondus pendant la première nuit. La taille des ooplaques diminue avec le temps, tandis que le poids moyen des oeufs reste constant. Les grosses femelles pondent des ooplaques et des oeufs plus grands que les petites. Elles sont aussi plus fécondes, mais c'est seulement à la seconde nuit de ponte qu'est due cette différence. Le reproduction diminue beaucoup avec le temps. L'affectation aux premiers oeufs des réserves utilizées pour la reprodution semble plus importante que l'émission d'oeufs régulièrement répartis dans le temps. Les grosses femelles utilisent proportionnellement plus de ressources à la production d'oeufstardifs. Les gros oeufs contiennent vraisemblablement plus de vitellus que pourrait être nécessaire pour le comportement aérostatique des chenilles néonates.
    Notes: Abstract The egg laying pattern of the spotted stalk borer on sorghum and maize, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied during the first three nights of oviposition under laboratory conditions. More than 50% of both eggs and egg batches are laid during the first night of oviposition. Batch size decreases with time, whereas mean egg weight remains constant. Larger females lay both larger eggs and egg batches than smaller ones. They are also more fecund but it is only the second night of oviposition that contributes significantly to this difference. The reproductive effort decreases much with time. Allocation of reproductive reserves to early eggs seems more important than having eggs evenly distributed over time. Larger females use proportionally more resources to the production of late eggs. Large eggs are likely to contain more yolk which could be of importance for the ballooning behaviour of newly hatched larvae.
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    Ballooning activity of Chilo partellus larvae in relation to size of mother, egg batches, eggs and larvae and age of mother (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stalk borer ; spinning-off ; ballooning ; larval migration ; wind tunnel ; silk ; female weight ; batch size ; egg weight ; head capsule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement aérostatique des chenilles néonates de C. partellus a été étudié dans un tunnel à vent. Environ 55% des chenilles néonates ont quité les jeunes plants de maïs sur des fils de soie, dans les deux heures qui ont suivi leur libération. Aucune corrélation significative n'a été observée entre l'activité de filature et le poids de la mère, le poids de l'oeuf et la taille de l'ooplaque. Les chenilles aérostatiques ou non étaient de même taille. Le date de ponte n'a pas influé sur le comportement aérostatique. Il y avait des différences significatives dans l'activité aérostatiques des chenilles suivant les mères, ce qui suggère que des facteurs maternels, différents de ceux examinés jouent un rôle important dans la dispersion des chenilles.
    Notes: Abstract The ballooning behaviour of first instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied using a wind tunnel. About 55% of the newly hatched larvae left the young maize plants on silk threads within two hours after their release. No significant correlations were found between spinning-off activity and mother weight, egg weight and number of eggs per batch. Ballooning and non-ballooning larvae were of the same size. Time of oviposition did not influence the ballooning behaviour. There was significant variation in spinning-off activity between offspring from different individual females, however, which suggests that maternal factors other than those measured play an important role in larval dispersal.
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    Food consumption and utilization by 6th-instar larvae of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana: a comparison on three Picea (spruce) species (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; food consumption and utilization ; spruce ; Picea glauca ; Picea rubra ; Picea mariana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur a déterminé la quantité d'aliments utilisées, à 22±0,5 °C, par des larves de Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette parvenues à leur sixième stade de développement qui s'étaient nourries d'un régime artificiel et d'aiguilles de l'année en cours lyophilisées et réduites en poudre, prélevées à deux dates différentes, à 10 jours d'intervalle, et provenant d'épinettes blanchés (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), d'épinettes rouges (Picea rubra Sarg.) et d'épinettes noires (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.). Les femelles ont invariablement ingéré une quantité significativement plus importante de tous les régimes que les mâles, consommant 24% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette noire et 73% de plus d'aiguilles d'épinette blanche. Les femelles prenaient en général plus de temps pour parvenir au stade de chrysalide et avaient un taux d'utilisation des aliments significativement plus élevé. L'efficacité nette de la croissance chez les deux sexes ne présentait toutefois aucune différence significative. La performance des larves ayant ingéré des aiguilles provenant de deux classes d'âge différait de façon significative mais non pas uniforme d'un régime à l'autre: les aiguilles d'épinette blanche plus récentes donnaient une performance généralement plus élevée contrairement aux aiguilles plus jeunes d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire. Les larves ingéraient une quantité significativement plus élevée, avaient un taux de consommation et de croissance supérieur et augmentaient davantage leur biomasse avec des aiguilles d'épinette blanche. L'efficacité d'utilisation des aliments et le taux de croissance relatif étaient de faibles à modérément faibles pour un lépidoptère arboricole phyllophage; la vitesse d'ingestion relative était élevée. La qualité des aiguilles des trois essences d'épinettes était faible. Les aiguilles d'épinette blanche permettaient aux larves d'avoir une performance significativement plus élevée, performance mesurée à partir de plusieurs critères, alors que les aiguilles d'épinette rouge et d'épinette noire donnaient une performance égale. La supériorité des performances obtenues avec l'épinette blanche explique la plus grande vulnérabilité de cette essence à la Tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of tree species, shoot age, and sex of larvae on food consumption and utilization were investigated in a factorial experiment. Diets prepared from lyophilized and powdered current-year shoots, from two age classes (sample dates) of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea rubra, Sarg., and Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., were evaluated for eight performance criteria. All factors had significant effects on all criteria except for tree species on assimilation efficiency, shoot age on development time, and sex on net growth efficiency. Eight of the possible 24 two-factor interactions and one of the possible eight three-factor interactions were significant. Food utilization efficiencies and relative growth rate were in the low and moderate characterization limits for immature arthropods; relative consumption rates were high. The higher performance values on Picea glauca were related to this species greater vulnerability to spruce budworm. Performance criteria of similar larvae on an artificial diet were compared with those on the foliage-diets.
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    Palmitic acid as a component of the male-to-male inhibitory pheromone of the summerfruit tortrix moth, Adoxophyes orana (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Adoxophyes orana ; inhibition ; Lepidoptera ; male pheromone ; myristic acid ; palmitic acid ; summerfruit tortrix ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414055
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    Influence of host plants on development, fecundity and egg hatchability of the arctiid moth Diacrisia casignetum (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37 (1985), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host plants ; larval feeding ; phenols ; proteins ; water contents ; nutritional quality ; fecundity ; egg hatchability ; Diacrisia casignetum ; Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur l'évaluation de l'influence des feuilles de tournesol (Helianthus annuus) et de Mikana cordata sur le développement, la fécondité et l'éclosion des oeufs de D. casignetum Kollaz. La durée de développement et le gain de poids sur tournesol étaient plus importants que sur M. cordata. La durée de développement était statistiquement hétérogène (P〈0.05), ce qui peut être dû à des différences entre plantes. La fécondité et le taux d'éclosion chez les insectes élevés sur tournesol étaient plus élevés que ceux observés sur M. cordata, dont les résultats étaient aussi hétérogènes (P〈0.1 et〈0.05 respectivement). Les feuilles de M. cordata contenaient des taux relativement élevés de phénols et des rapports protéines sur phénols bas. Tout ceci suggère que les différences observées sont attribuables à des variations dans la qualité nutritive de ces hôtes et dans l'incorporation à la biomasse de l'insecte de matériaux phénologiques ingérés.
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were made of the differences between sunflower and climbing hempweed leaves for development, fecundity and egg hatchability of Diacrisia casignetum Kollar. Developmental time and weight gains of sunflower-fed larvae were respectively longer and greater than those of hempweed-fed ones. The development time and weight gain, attributable to differences in host plants, were statistically heterogeneous (P〈0.05-〈0.10). Relative fecundity and egg hatchability of sunflower reared insects were greater than those of hempweed reared ones, and these were also statistically heterogeneous (P〈0.1 and 〈0.05, respectively). Hempweed leaves contained relatively high titres of phenols and low ratios of proteins to phenols. Ovaries were heavier in insects reared on sunflower than on hempweed, whereas the level of phenols incorporated into the ovary was higher in insects fed on hempweed than those on sunflower. The differences in these parameters may be due to variations in nutritional quality of these hosts and incorporation of ingested phenolic materials to ovary and insect biomass.
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    Antifeedant and insecticidal properties of azadirachtin to the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; azadirachtin ; antifeedant ; botanical insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a examiné les propriétés anti-appétantes et insecticides de l'azadirachtine, une substance triterpénoïde provenant d'Azadirachta indica envers la pyrale du maïs Ostrinia nubilalis. La concentration effective pour causer 50% d'inhibition de l'alimentation larvaire (PC50) sur des disques foliaires a été de 3.5 ppm pour les larves de premier stade et de 24 μg/8 pour celle de troisième stade. L'azadirachtine a sévèrement réduit la croissance larvaire à des concentrations de 1 et 10 ppm dans une diète méridique et, éventuellement, a causé 100% de mortalité à 10 ppm et 90% à 1 ppm. A 0.1 ppm l'azadirachtine n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur les larves maïs a modifié l'indice de masculinité en faveur des mâles au moment de l'émergence et a empêché l'oviposition chez les femelles. Les indices nutritionnels pour les larves naïves de troisième âge et celles ayant subi une accoutumance suggèrent que la réduction de croissance est le résultat d'une intoxication comme le démontre une efficacité réduite de transformation chez les groupes traités à l'azadirachtine, plutôt que des changements de digestibilité. Il n'y a pas d'évidence claire de tolérance dans le groupe ayant subi l'accoutumance. Les résultats suggèrent qu'à 10 ppm l'azadirachtine est un insecticide botanique efficace envers O. nubilalis.
    Notes: Abstract Azadirachtin, a triterpenoid substance from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae, was evaluated for its antifeedant and insecticidal properties to the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner. The 50% protective concentration for larval feeding on treated corn disks (PC50) was 3.5 ppm for neonate larvae and 24 ppm for third instar larvae. Azadirachtin severely reduced larval growth at 1 and 10 ppm in a meridic diet and eventually caused 100% mortality at 10 ppm and 90% at 1 ppm. At 0.1 ppm azadirachtin showed no significant effect on larvae but altered the sex ratio in favor of male moths during adult emergence and arrested oviposition of female moths. Nutritional indices for naive and habituated third instar larvae suggested that reduction of growth was due to toxicity as shown by a lowered efficiency of conversion in the azadirachtin treated groups, rather than changes in digestibility. No clear evidence of tolerance was observed in the habituated group. The data suggest that at 10 ppm azadirachtin is an effective botanical insecticide for control of O. nubilalis.
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    Identification of components of the female sex pheromone of the potato tuber moth, Scrobipalpopsis solanivora (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Scrobipalpopsis solanivora ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; sex pheromone ; (E)-3-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-3-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé S. solanivora est l'un des plus importants lépidoptères détruisant les pommes de terre en Amérique Centrale. L'analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (GC) des produits obtenus par lavage de l'ovipositeur de femelles vierges, associée à des électro-anténnogrammes (EAG) a révélé un composé actif unique en EAG. Les durées de rétention pour ce constituant correspondaient à celles des acétates monoinsaturés à 12 carbones, et les analyses sur colonne GC liées avec une phase liquide cristal ont montré un pic principal correspondant à l'acétate (E)-3-dodécénul et un pic secondaire, correspondant à l'isomère Z, et au niveau de 2,5% du pic principal. L'acétate dodécyl a aussi été décelé en quantités variables, approximativement 10% du pic principal. Dans la nature, des pièges contenant de l'acétate (E)-3-dodécényl, seul ou mélangé avec 1 ou 2% de l'isomère Z, ont capturé autant des mâles de S. solanivora que des pièges contenant des femelles vierges, et certaines indications montrent que l'addition de 5% de l'isomère Z réduit les captures.
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone produced by virgin female S. solanivora moths has been shown to contain (E)-3-dodecenyl acetate with approximately 2% of the Z isomer by electroantennography and gas chromatography. In the field, traps baited with (E)-3-dodecenyl acetate alone or in combination with 1% or 2% of the Z isomer caught at least as many male S. solanivora moths as those baited with virgin female moths, and there was some evidence that addition of 5% of the Z isomer reduced catches.
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    Response of females of the braconid parasitoid Microplitis demolitor to frass of larvae of the Noctoids, Heliothis zea and Trichoplusia ni and to 13-methylhentriacontane (1985)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 38 (1985), S. 109-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: kairomone ; frass ; Microplitis demolitor ; Heliothis zea ; Trichoplusia ni ; host selection ; behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Microplitis demolitor, un parasitoïde solitaire de plusieurs espèces de chenilles de noctuelles, a été introduit d'Australie aux Etats-Unis comme agent potentiel de contrôle biologique. Les fèces des chenilles d'Heliothis zea et Trichoplusia ni élevées sur des cotyledons de pois (Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea) stimulent les femelles à sélectionner un hôte, mais les fèces des chenilles des deux espèces élevées sur diète CSM ne possèdent pas cette activité. Un extrait hexanique des fèces des chenilles de H. zea élevées sur cotyledons de pois stimule également ce comportement, de même que le 13-methylhentriacontane, substance présente dans les fèces des chenilles de H. zea (Jones et al., 1971). Les femelles de M. demolitor exposées immédiatement avant leur lâcher en serre aux fèces des chenilles de H. zea, nourries de cotyledons de pois, parasitent un plus fort pourcentage (41.7%) de chenilles de H. zea que cells qui n'ont pas été exposées aux fèces (13.9%). Le comportement de sélection de l'hôte des femelles de M. demolitor est donc semblable à celui des femelles de Microplitis croceipes, un parasitoïde étroitement apparenté indigène des Etats-U-nis. La femelle, par exemple, est stimulée par une kairomone des fèces des larves de H. zea nourries sur des cotyledons de pois (incluant le 13-methyl-hentriacontane), la diète affecte l'activité kairomonale des fèces, et une exposition préalable aux fèces avant le lâcher stimule le comportement de sélection de l'hôte. La stimulation du comportement de sélection de l'hôte, au moment du lâcher peut être utilisée pour améliorer l'efficacité des lâchers des parasitoïdes dans les programmes de contrôle biologique.
    Notes: Abstract Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson, a solitary larval parasitoid of several species of Noctuidae, has been imported into the United States from Australia. A closely related species, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), is native to the United States. The host-selection behavior of M. demolitor females is similar to that of M. croceipes in that it is stimulated by kairomones (including 13-methylhentriacontane) in the frass of Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae, larval diet affects the kairomonal activity of the frass, and exposure to frass prior to release stimulates host-selection behavior. M. demolitor females also respond to frass from Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) larvae that had fed on Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea cotyledons.
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    Effectiveness and persistence of the oviposition deterring pheromone of Pieris brassicae in the field (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition deterrent ; pheromone ; field experiments ; pre-oviposition behaviour ; dispersal ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude de l'efficacité de la phéromone dissuasive de la ponte (ODP) de P. brassicae a été effectuée au cours de petites expériences dans la nature. Dans des cages contenant des choux traités à l'ODP et des choux témoins, des femelles isolées ont été lâchées et leur comportement a été suivi jusqu'à ce qu'elles aient choisi un lieu de ponte. Dans les expériences sans plantes traitées à l'ODP, la ponte avait lieu uniformément sur les plantes de la cage. En présence de la phéromone, la ponte était concentrée sur les plantes situées sur deux côtés de la cage. La distribution des tentatives de ponte sur plantes témoins et traitées dans les expériences avec phéromone ne différait cependant pas de la distribution observée dans les expériences témoins. Ceci montre que pour ces conditions expérimentales dans la nature, l'efficacité finale de la phéromone est nulle. Cependant, la durée du comportement de préponte et le nombre moyen d'atterrissages pendant la sélection du lieu de ponte par les pondeuses était tous les deux accrus significativement en présence de phéromone. L'ODP a modifié aussi le nombre d'atterrissages sur les plantes témoins qui étaient plus élevés dans les expériences avec phéromone que dans les expériences témoins. Sans phéromone, les femelles libérées au centre de la cage avaient tendance à voler vers les parois de la cage. La présence d'ODP a stimulé ce comportement et, de plus, a dissuadé le retour des femelles vers le centre de la cage, réduisant ainsi la ponte sur les plantes au centre du lot. Des expériences de laboratoire avec des feuilles de plantes traitées dans la nature ont montré la persistance de la phéromone pendant au moins 5 jours dans les conditions de la nature. Nous en avons conclu que, dans la nature, ODP agit en modifiant le comportement de pré-ponte des femelles et en stimulant l'activité de dispersion, plutôt qu'en fournissant une protection absolue contre la ponte de P. brassicae.
    Notes: Abstract In small-scale field experiments the potency of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) of Pieris brassicae as a pest control agent has been studied. In a field cage containing control and ODP-treated cabbage plants, single females were released and their behaviour observed until they had selected an oviposition site. In experiments without ODP-treated plants, oviposition occurred evenly on plants throughout the cage. In the presence of the pheromone, oviposition was concentrated on plants along two sides of the cage. The distribution of oviposition attempts on control and treated plants in pheromone experiments, however, was not significantly different from that in the control experiments. This means that under these field conditions, i.e. within a cage, the ultimate effectiveness of the pheromone is nil. However, the duration of pre-oviposition behaviour and the mean number of landings during the site-selection process by ovipositing females were both found to be significantly increased in the presence of the pheromone. The ODP also affected the relative number of landings on control plants, which was higher in the pheromone runs than in the control runs. Without pheromone, females released from the center of the cage tended to fly to the sides of the cage. The presence of ODP stimulates this flight behaviour and, moreover, discourages females from returning to the center of the cage, thereby reducing oviposition on central plants in the field plot. Laboratory experiments with leaves from treated field plants indicated persistence of the pheromone under field conditions for at least 5 days. It is concluded that in the field the ODP acts as a modifier of female pre-oviposition behaviour and stimulates dispersal activity, rather than giving absolute protection against P. brassicae oviposition.
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    Sex pheromones of three small ermine moths found on the European spindle tree (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; Yponomeuta irrorellus ; Yponomeuta plumbellus ; Yponomeuta padellus ; sex pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; gas chromatography ; tetradecyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; hexadecyl acetate ; tetradecanol ; (E)-11-tetradecanol ; (Z)-11-tetradecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse a porté sur les phéromones sexuelles de 3 Yponomeutidae, trouvés en sympatrie sur le fusain. Des expériences sur le comportement de Y. cagnagellus ont montré que la fraction acétate de tétradécyl de la phéromone synergise les fractions connues antérieurement: (E)-11- et (Z)-11-acétates de tétradécényl, lorsque les proportions sont 37/2/100. L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse d'extraits de glandes à phéromone de Y. irrorellus a mis en évidence, dans les proportions approximatives suivantes 68/56/100/9/6/8/7, de l'acétate de tétradécyl, des (E)-11 et (Z)-11 acétates de tétradécényl, du tétradécanol, des (E)-11 et (Z)-11-tétradécénols, et de l'acétate d'hexadécyl. Un mélange de ces composés a provoqué un vol intégral contre le vent des mâles dans un tunnel à vent et a attiré les mâles dans la nature. L'analyse des extrait de glandes à phéromone de Y. plumbellus a donné de l'acétate de tétradécyl, du (E)-11-acétate de tétradécényl et du (Z)-11-acétate de tétradécényl, dans les proportions: 50/150/100. Une étude par élimination dans la nature a montré que les acétates non saturés étaient les composés fondamentaux de la phéromone. La teneur en (Z)-11-acétate de tétradécényl de la glande à phéromone de Y. plumbellus était d'environ 0.5 ng par femelle, soit approximativement le dixième de celle observée chez les deux autres espèces. Une très faible attraction croisée a été trouvée avec des phéromones totalement synthétisées. Lorsque l'acétate de (E)-11-tétradécényl a été enlevé des phéromones de Y. irrorellus et Y. plumbellus, le reliquat a attiré des nombres significatifs de Y. cagnagellus. Nous en concluons que des mélanges de trois composés ou plus, avec des proportions spécifiques des isomères (E) et (Z), sont indispensables pour une activité complète et pour maintenir un isolement reproductif précopulatoire entre les espèces.
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromones produced by virgin females of three species of small ermine moths occurring sympatrically on the European spindle tree were analysed by gas chromatography and the synthetic compounds tested against male moths in the laboratory and field. Pheromone gland extracts of Yponomeuta cagnagellus were shown to contain tetradecyl acetate, (E)-11- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, tetradecanol, (E)-11- and (Z-11-tetradecenol and hexadecyl acetate in 30/3/100/6/0/7/42) ratio. Wind tunnel bioassays and field tests showed that (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate primary pheromone components, and that tetradecyl acetate synergised their attractiveness. The alcohols were unimportant in these tests. Analysis of the pheromone gland extracts from Y. irrorellus showed the above components in 68/56/100/9/6/8/17 ratio, and a mixture of these attracted male moths in laboratory and field. Omission of either unsaturated acetate gave unattractive mixtures, and the alcohols were also found to be important for attraction. Pheromone gland extracts from Y. plumbellus were shown to contain the seven components in 46/148/100/20/20/13/25 ratio. Field tests showed that the two monounsaturated acetates are primary pheromone components, and removal of the alcohols had no significant effect. The titre of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in Y. plumbellus pheromone gland extracts was approximately 0.5 ng per female, one tenth the titre in the other two species. It is concluded that mixtures of three or more pheromone components with specific E/Z ratio are essential for full attraction and contribute towards premating reproductive isolation of the three species. Other factors such as rate of pheromone emission, time of flight and height of flight may also contribute to reproductive isolation.
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    A generalized model for quantifying behavioral de-sensitization to antifeedants (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: antifeedants ; aristolochic acid ; armyworm ; feeding ; desensitization ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'avenir des phagodissuadants en protection des cultures dépend, en particulier, de l'aptitude des insectes à devenir insensibles à ces substances. Les phagodissuadants sont classés en relatifs ou absolus, suivant que les insectes consomment les tissus traités ou se laissent mourir de faim. Cette propriété dépend beaucoup de la structure chimique, mais les paramètres biologiques n'ont pas été étudiés à fond. Des expériences ont donc été entreprises pour apprécier les effets combinés de jeûne et d'autres facteurs physiologiques dans l'apparition et l'évolution de la désensibilisation chez une espèce polyphage: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lep. Noctuidae). Des expériences préliminaires ont montré qu'un alcaloïde, l'acide aristolochique, est un puissant phagodissuadant pour S. frugiperda. Les chenilles, réparties en deux groupes expérimentaux, ont toutes été isolées et ont reçu chacune deux feuilles de Phaseolus lunatus: une témoin et une traitée avec 1000 ppm. Dans le groupe 1), les feuilles étaient remplacées dès consommation; dans le groupe 2), elles ne l'étaient pas. Un puissant effet dissuadant a été observé tout au long de l'expérience pour le groupe 1); dans le groupe 2), les chenilles ont finalement consommé les feuilles traitées. L'apparition de la désensibilisation était liée au jeûne. Quelques individus ont commencé à s'alimenter sur la rondelle traitée 3,5 heures aprés avoir totalement consommé la rondelle témoin; le temps médian du début de cette consommation a été de 5,7 h. Une fois la répulsion surmontée, les chenilles ont consommé le feuillage traité de la même façon que le feuillage témoin. Les expériences ont été recommencées avec les mêmes insectes, mais sans que les feuilles témoins aient alors été remplacées dans aucun des 2 groupes. Dans cette seconde expérience, les chenilles, qui avaient précédemment consommé des feuilles traitées, sont à nouveau dissuadées lors de choix binaires; cependant elles ont mangé plus rapidement les feuilles traitées, que ne l'ont fait les chenilles qui avaient disposé d'une source inépuisable de feuilles témoins. Elles se sont alimentées aussi plus facilement et plus généralement au cours de cette seconde expérience qu'au cours de la première. Quoi qu'il en soit, les deux groupes ont présenté finalement une désensibilisation. Un modèle mathématique général est proposé pour évaluer l'apparition et l'évolution de la désensibilisation. Les possibilités d'utilisation des phagodissuadants dans la protection des cultures sont discutées à la lumière de ces résultats.
    Notes: Abstract Fall armyworm larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. G. Smith), were exposed to leaf disks treated with the feeding deterrent aristolochic acid under two types of regimes: In group 1, untreated leaf tissue was replenished as soon as it was consumed; in group 2, the control tissue was not replenished. A strong feeding deterrence was evident during the early stages of the assay in both groups, but eventually declined in group 2. When the experiment was continued through a second 24 h period, the control tissue was not replenished for either group. During this second trial, group 2 larvae, which had previously fed on treated tissue, fed more rapidly on treated tissue than did group 1 larvae. Moreover, group 2 larvae fed more readily and extensively on treated tissue than they had in the first trial. The time for the onset of behavioral desensitization was determined by subtracting the median onset of feeding on untreated tissue from the median interval between when a larva finished all of the control tissue and when it started feeding on treated tissue under no-choice conditions. Once larvae began to feed on treated tissue, their rate of consumption was equal to that of larvae feeding on control tissue. A general model for determining the onset and degree of desensitization was developed. The implications of these results for future experiments aimed at determining the underlying physiological mechanisms and the use of antifeedants in plant protection are discussed.
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    Influence of dietary nicotine on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda and its parasitoid, the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter annulipes (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: tri-trophic level interactions ; nicotine ; alkaloid ; Hyposoter annulipes ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des quantités croissantes de nicotine dans l'alimentation ont prolongé la durée du développement des chenilles saines, bien que l'effet ait chuté aux concentrations les plus élevées. Le sexe de la noctuelle n'a pas eu d'effet sur la durée du développement ou l'action de la nicotine. L'influence de la nicotine sur le poids des chrysalides est inhabituel, en ce sens que les chrysalides les plus lourdes ont été obtenues aux concentrations moyennes. Des hypothèses sont proposés sur l'origine de ce phénomène. La mortalité et la durée de développement de H. annulipes ont augmenté et le poids des adultes a diminué quand la concentration de l'aliment de l'hôte en nicotine s'est élevée. L'effet différente de la nicotine sur des générations successives a pu provenir de modifications de la toxicité de la nicotine en fonction de changements dans la qualité de l'aliment. Quoi qu'il en soit, l'augmentation de la concentration de la nicotine dans l'alimentation de l'hôte a eu un effet négatif cohérent sur la valeur adaptative de H. annulipes.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of nicotine (at a range of concentrations) in the food of an herbivorous host on the development, size and survival of its parasitoid. Fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were reared on diets of 0, 0.025, 0.050 and 0.075% nicotine and exposed to parasitism by Hyposoter annulipes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). As nicotine concentration increased parasitoid mortality and development time increased and adult weight decreased. Development time, pupal weight and survival were recorded for unparasitized armyworms. Unparasitized fall armyworms showed lengthened development and higher mortality but pupal weights were greatest at intermediate nicotine concentrations.
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    Isolement et identification de composés à activité phéromonale chez les femelles de l'arctiide Tyria jacobaeae: Détermination biologique de la configuration absolue du composé majoritaire (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Sex Pheronome ; Behaviour ; Electroantennography ; Physico-chemistry ; (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-9S,10R-epoxyheneicosadiene ; (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-9,10-epoxyeicosadiene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; Lépidoptère ; Arctiidae ; Phéromone sexuelle ; Comportement ; Electroantennographie ; Physicochimie ; Epoxy-9S,10R-(Cis) hénéicosadiène-3Z,6Z ; Epoxy-9,10-(Cis) éicosadiène-3Z,6Z ; Hénéicosatriène-3Z,6Z,9Z
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The hexanic extracts from pheronomal glands of T. jacobaeae virgin females have been studied. Gas-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric analyses of the main component (no 1) (98%) in combination with behavioral and electrophysiological bioassays allowed us to determine its structure and absolue configuration: (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-(S,R)9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene previously described in other Arctiid moths. A minor constituent (no 2) (1.5%) was identified as (Z,Z)-3,6-Cis-(S,R)9,10-epoxyeicosadiene by comparison with synthetic compound. This structure is a new one for a lepidoptera sex pheromone. The third component (no 3) of the same extracts has the same physico-chemical data as those of a previously reported constituent of another Arctiid moth: (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9 heneicosatriene.
    Notes: Abstract Les analyses physico-chimiques d'extraits hexaniques de glandes à phéromone de femelles vierges de T. jacobaeae, associées à des études du comportement sexuel et à l'électroantennographie, ont permis d'identifier le composé majoritaire (98%) comme étant l'époxy-9S,10R-(Cis)-hénéicosadiène-3Z,6Z (no 1) et de déterminer sa configuration absolue. Les analogies entre les spectres du composé no 2 (1,5%) et ceux de l'époxy-9S,10R éicosadiène-3Z,6Z de synthèse nous conduisent à proposer cette structure pour ce constituant minoritaire. Le troisième produit (0,5%) possède les caractéristiques physico-chimiques de l'hénéicosatriène-3Z,6Z,9Z (no 3). Les produits 1 et 3 ont déjà été identifiés comme constituants de phéromones d'Arctiidae tandis que le produit 2 est décrit ici pour la première fois dans une sécrétion phéromonale de Lépidoptère.
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    Competition between Trieces tricarinatus and Triclistus yponomeutae in multiparasitized hosts (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: competition ; multiparasitization ; parasitoid ; physical attack ; Trieces tricarinatus ; Triclistus yponomeutae ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La compétition entre les deux ichneumonides endoparasitoïdes solitaires Trieces tricarinatus Grav. et Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschl. a été examinée en élevant et disséquant des Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus Retz. attaqués le même jour par les deux parasitoïdes. Les résultats des dissections des hôtes multiattaqués ont été comparés à ceux des hôtes attaqués par un seul parasite, pour séparer la mortalité ou l'absence de parasitoïde provoquées par la compétition à celles dues à d'autres facteurs. On a constaté qu'un seul parasite était capable d'achever son développement. Dès que l'hôte était nymphosé et que les deux parasitoïdes étaient au premier stade larvaire, une des larves tuait sa compétitrice. Pour une fraction importante des larves éliminées, il a été possible de montrer qu'elles avaient été tuées par une aggression physique, pour les autres ce mode d'élimination était vraisemblable. L'espèce de parasitoïde qui survit dépend du nombre de jours entre la ponte des ichneumonides et la nymphose de l'hôte. Ce délai détermine le degré de développment des parasitoïdes et le moment réel de la compétition. Probablement, T. tricarinatus est le seul à survivre lorsque la nymphose de l'hôte a lieu avant l'éclosion des oeufs de T. yponomeutae.
    Notes: Abstract Competition between the solitary endoparasitoids Trieces tricarinatus (Gravenhorst) and Triclistus yponomeutae Aeschlimann (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) results in the survival of one or the other of them. Once the host, Yponomeuta vigintipunctatus (Retzius) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) has pupated and both parasitoids have completed their development to first instar larvae, one of the parasitoid larvae kills the other. Which of the parasitoids survives depends on the number of days between parasitization and pupation. As a result of their type of development, this period determines the extent of development of the parasitoids at the moment of actual competition. Apparently, T. tricarinatus survives only if pupation of the host occurs before egg hatching of T. yponomeutae.
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    Influence of host developmental state on host suitability and reproductive biology of the parasitoid Eucelatoria bryani (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host suitability ; progeny production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les influences de l'état de développement de l'hôte sur le taux de parasitisme, la production de descendants, l'émergence des adultes et le taux sexuel de la techinaire E. bryani Sabrosky ont été examinés au laboratoire. Un parasitisme réussi,-qui entraîne la formation d'un parasitoïde adulte-, s'effectue dans les chenilles de stades 2 à 5 et dans les prénymphes d'Heliothis zea Boddie. II s'agit d'un élargissement considérable de la gamme connue des tailles convenables d'hôtes. Bien que le parasitisme n'ait jamais réussi avec les chenilles de premier stade, une très forte mortalité, 93% a été observée quand ces petites chenilles ont été exposées à la tachinaire. Pour permettre l'introduction par le larvipositeur des asticots dans la chenille, la mouche perfore la cuticule de l'hôte avec un sclérite modifié; ainsi, une grande partie de la mortalité est provoquée vraisemblablement par le traumatisme dû au parasitoïde. Le succès du parasitisme a augmenté en fonction du développement de l'hôte du second stade (30%) au cinquième stade (95%), pour tomber à 63% dans les prénymphes. Cependant, aucune des prénymphes exposées aux mouches n'a été capable de donner des papillons. Les production moyennes de pupes et de mouches par chenille effectivement parasitée ont augmenté avec le stade de développement de l'hôte pouratteindre dans les prénymphes respectivement 14,5±1,33 et 10,6±1,02. Le taux sexuel des mouches obtenues a été très variable pour les différents stades de développement des chenilles, sans qu'aucune corrélation ait pu être mise en évidence. Une formule permettant de calculer un ‘indice d'adéquation de l'hôte’ est proposé. Cet indice permet une comparaison directe des impacts globaux et des potentiels reproducteurs des femelles de E. bryani attaquant des hôtes à différents stades.
    Notes: Abstract Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae) successfully parasitized 2nd through 5th instars and prepupal Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory. Percent successful parasitism (that which resulted in the production of adult parasitoid progeny) increased with host developmental state, reaching 95% in 5th instars, but fell to 63% in prepupae. While 25% of the exposed prepupae metamorphosed to pupae, none developed into adults. E. bryani maggots emerged from only 5% of H. zea pupae. The mean number of fly puparia and adults produced per successfully parasitized larva increased with host stadium, reaching 14.5±1.33 (SEM) and 10.6±1.02, respectively, in prepupae. The sex ratio of adult parasitoid progeny per host larval stadium was variable, and did not appear to follow a pattern. A formula for calculating a ‘host favorability index’ is presented. This index allows a direct comparison of the overall impact and reproductive potential of E. bryani attacking hosts of varying developmental states.
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    Response of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum to the sex pheromone of its host Heliothis zea (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Heliothis zea ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; egg parasitoid ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; host-community location ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences menées en olfactométrie avec le parasite oophage Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) et son hôte, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) donnent les résultats suivants. La présence de la phéromone sexuelle de l'hôte réduit de façon significative le nombre de passages entre les champs odorisés. De mème, les parasites visitent plus fréquemment le champ qui dispense l'odeur de la femelle en appel que le champ témoin placé à l'opposé. Par ailleurs, le temps passé dans le champ qui contient la phéromone sexuelle émise par les femelles vierges en appel est significativement supérieur à la durée de visite des champs témoins. Si l'on utilise comme source d'odeur des femelles vierges qui ne sont pas en appel, la réponse est inversée, les parasites sont alors repoussés par l'odeur de ces papillons et le nombre de visites est distribué de façon aléatoire entre les quatre champs. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le contexte de l'écologie du comportement de recherche chez les parasites oophages.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents results of olfactometer experiments with the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and its host the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The sex pheromone of the host significantly reduced the total number of border crossings between odour fields in the olfactometer. Also, female parasitoids made significantly more visits to the calling moth odour field than to the opposite control field in the olfactometer. Further, the wasps spent significantly more time in the olfactometer field containing the sex pheromone released by calling virgin moths, than in control fields. If non-calling virgin moths were used as odour source, the response was reversed and wasps were repelled by the odour of the moths, and the numbers of visits were evenly distributed over the four flow fields. These results are discussed in the context of foraging ecology of egg parasitoids.
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    Close-range behaviour of male pea moths, Cydia nigricana, responding to sex pheromone re-released via the substrate (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Cydia nigricana ; pea moth ; pheromone ; sex-attractant ; orientation ; anemotaxis ; substrate ; contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The close-range orientation behaviour of male pea moths, Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to a substrate contaminated with synthetic sex pheromone was studied in the field. The substrate was a sheet of polypropylene ‘grass’ on a 1 m diam arena, on the upwind edge of which a pheromone trap had been placed previously for 1 h. After removal of the trap, moths continued to be attracted to the arena and to the vacated trap position. Video-recorded tracks showed that the moths behaved anemotactically whilst on the arena. When the arena was revolved so that the vacated trap position was on the downwind edge, moths continued to fly upwind on the arena, even though they were flying away from the original trap position and down a concentration gradient.
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    Preservatives influence induction of feeding tolerance in Papilio demoleus larvae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: preference ; induction ; feeding ; Papilio demoleus ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La prise de nourriture par des chenilles néonates de P. demoleus est aussi élevée sur régime avec agents de conservation qu'en leur absence, bien qu'elle soit inférieure à celle qui est observée sur les feuilles de son hôte Citrus limettioides. Cependant, quand les chenilles ont été élevées jusqu'au 5ème stade sur des feuilles de C. limettioides, ou sur des régimes avec ou sans conservateurs, leur prise de nourriture sur feuilles de C. limettioides, et régime sans conservateur est aussi importante. Toutes les chenilles élevées sur régime avec conservateur ont consommé lorsqu'elles avaient été maintenues sur le même régime. Par contre, leurs réactions face à un régime contenant des conservateurs a entraîné une diminution de près de 20% après élevage sur un régime sans conservateur, et de près de 90% après élevage sur feuilles de C. limettioides. Les chenilles semblent manifester de l'aversion envers les conservteurs si elles ont été élevées en leur absence, aversion renforcée lorsqu'il y avait eu préalablement alimentation sur feuilles de C. limettioides.
    Notes: Abstract The feeding responses of newly hatched larvae of Papilio demoleus on the diet with preservatives were as high as on the diet without preservatives though less than those on the host lime leaves. However, when the larvae were reared upto the 5th instar on the host lime leaves or the diet with or without preservatives, their feeding responses towards host lime leaves and the diet without preservatives were equally high. The diet with preservatives reared larvae showed 100% response when tested on the same diet. But their response towards diet with preservatives declined to 80% when the larvae were reared on the diet without preservatives and to 10% when they were reared on the host lime leaves. The larvae seem to have an aversion against the preservatives if reared in their absence which was enhanced by their experience of feeding on the host leaves during their ontogeny.
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    Responses of Mamestra suasa male moths to synthetic pheromone compounds in a wind tunnel (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; wind tunnel ; sex attraction ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation et la comptabilisation des vols orientés et des atterrissages des mâles de Mamestra suasa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) sur une source de phéromone de synthèse ont mis en évidence un mélange attractif appelé mélange B et constitué par 100 ng de Z11-16: Ac et 1 ng de Z11-16: Ald. L'attraction et l'atterrissage sont sous la dépendance du mélange de ces 2 composés. Les variations de leurs proportions relatives affectent les différentes phases du comportement de vol des mâles. L'addition de 10 ng d'acétoxy-1 tetradécène-9 Z (Z9-14: Ac) diminue significativement les proportions de vols orientés et d'atterrissages par rapport aux réponses obtenues avec le mélange B seul. L'effet inhibiteur de cette molécule sur l'attractivité du mélange B et la présence chez M. suasa d'un récepteur spécialisé dans la perception de ce composé suggèrent que le Z9-14: Ac est impliqué dans la communication chimique entre M. suasa et d'autres espèces sympatriques. L'addition d'hexadécènol-11 Z (Z11-16: OH) au mélange B à la dose de 1 ou 10 ng ne modifie pas les réponses des mâles. Ce composé ne semble pas impliqué dans la communication chimique chez M. suasa.
    Notes: Abstract The upwind flight and landing responses of male Mamestra suasa (Den. & Schiff.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) to various synthetic chemicals were studied in a wind tunnel. A mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16: Ac) and (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16: Ald) elicited upwind flight responses past the midpoint of the wind tunnel, and both components were necessary for landing of the males to occur at the pheromone source point. The best response to the mixtures tested was to a ratio 100:1 (ng) of Z11-16: Ac and Z11-16: Ald (blend B). The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14: Ac) (10 ng) to blend B resulted in a significant decrease of upwind flight and landing responses. The inhibitory effect of this chemical when it is mixed with blend B, and the presence of a specific receptor for this compound in sensilla trichodea of male M. suasa, suggest that Z9-14: Ac is involved in the chemical communication between M. suasa and other sympatric species. The addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16: OH) (1 or 10 ng) to blend B had no effect on male upwind flight and landing responses. This compound does not seem to be involved in the chemical communication of this species.
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    Field trapping of threeEpinotia species with (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1389-1398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate ; (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol ; Epinotia silvertoniensis ; Epinotia criddleana ; Epinotia sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field survey of the geometrical isomers of 7,9-dodecadienyl alcohol, acetate, and aldehyde has resulted in attractants and inhibitors for three species of tortricid moths.Epinotia silvertoniensis and an undescribedEpinotia sp. were all attracted to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate. AnotherEpinotia sp. was attracted to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate and (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol. Electroantennogram data and inhibition patterns for one of theEpinotia sp. are also reported. In addition,E. criddleana was attracted to lures containing (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012139
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    Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenoids against larvae ofSpodoptera Littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1439-1445 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect antifeedant ; Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Clerodane diterpenoids ; Ajuga plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Antifeedant activities of nine clerodane diterpenoids, isolated in this laboratory from different species ofAjuga plants, have been studied against larvae of Egyptian cotton leafwormSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera) by application of the leaf disk method. Evaluation of activity was carried out by calculating, at different time intervals, the feeding ratio (FR) from the relationship between the consumed areas of treated disks (CTD) and control disks (CCD); for comparison purposes a FR50 defined as the FR at a CCD of 50% was established. Some compounds exhibited activity at a 0.01 μg/cm2 dose (0.3 ppm). Structure-activity relationships are discussed
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    Solvent effects on conformation of a sex pheromone ofCydia (Laspeyresia pomonella L.; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), codlemone (8,10-dodecadienol) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1497-1501 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Conformations ; solvent ; folded forms ; codlemone ; Cydia Laspeyresia pomonella L. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The conformations of codlemone (8,10-dodecadienol) and of a model analog have been studied by CNDO calculations. Stable conformations are found for the folded forms when the polarity of the solvent is taken into account.
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    Host-plant protein and phenolic resin effects on larval growth and survival of a butterfly (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1459-1467 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diplacus aurantiacus ; Scrophulariaceae ; Euphydryas chalcedona ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; flavonoid ; herbivory ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Euphydryas chalcedona prediapause larvae were reared on fertilized and control shrubs of the host plant,Diplacus aurantiacus. Larval growth was enhanced by high leaf nitrogen content and inhibited by high leaf phenolic resin content. Larvae fed less on leaves near the branch tip which contained a higher leaf resin content. The results agree with prior laboratory investigation that the dietary content of nitrogen andD. aurantiacus leaf resin are major determinants ofE. chalcedona larval growth and suggest that the phenolic leaf resin ofDiplacus may both deter and inhibit leaf herbivores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012192
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    Determining pheromone content of hairpencils from individual virgin males ofPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 207-215 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armyworm ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; hairpencils ; male response ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; scent brushes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of benzaldehyde recovered from virginPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) males were not influenced by (1) the time hairpencils remained in the solvent (1-72 hr), (2) anesthetization or agitation of males prior to excision of hairpencils, or (3) the time (photophase or scotophase) that hairpencils were excised. Thus the interindividual variability observed is not a methodological artifact. Most males had similar concentrations in both hairpencils, although in some cases only one hairpencil contained pheromone. In one case, a male with partially extruded hairpencils had no benzaldehyde at all. Neither pupal weight nor hairpencil length proved to be reliable indicators of pheromone content.
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    Consumption and utilization of experimentally altered corn by southern armyworm: Iron, nitrogen, and cyclic hydroxamates (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1469-1483 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Zea mays ; iron deficiency ; nitrogen deficiency ; armyworm feeding ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; DIMBOA ; cyclic hydroxamates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of differential leaf water, leaf nitrogen and cyclic hydroxamate (DIMBOA) concentrations in corn seedlings were analyzed for a polyphagous insect, the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania Cram.). Six different combinations of nutrients and allelochemicals [DIMBOA = 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy(2H)-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one] were generated using two corn genotypes (WF9 and CI3IA) and three fertility regimes (complete nutrient, Fe-deficient, and N-deficient solutions) in the University Biotron. Poorest larval growth was observed in the low-nitrogen treatments (1.2% and 1.7% leaf N) and was the result of both low consumption rates and high metabolic costs (low efficiency of conversion of digested food, ECD). Fastest growth rates were observed forthe larvae fed leaves from the high-nitrogen treatments (4.6% and 4.4% leaf N). It is noteworthy that these treatments also contained the highest concentration of cyclic hydroxamates, which are generally believed to be the primary defensive chemicals mediating resistance against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). If these hydroxamates do have any deleterious or costly effects (perhaps accounting for a large portion of metabolic expenditures), the high digestibility of the leaf tissue and the increased consumption rates more than compensate, resulting in rapid growth (growth rate = consumption rate × approximate digestibility × efficiency of conversion of the digested food). These studies illustrate that variation in key nutrients and allelochemicals within a single plant species (Zea mays L.) may have significantly different effects upon various potential leaf-chewing caterpillars, such as these armyworms versus corn borers (which cannot handle the cyclic hydroxamates, even if provided with young nutritious leaf tissues).
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    Effects of diterpene esters of tigliane, daphnane, ingenane, and lathyrane types on pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 191-206 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Growth-inhibitory agents ; insecticides ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Gelechiidae ; Lepidoptera ; diterpene esters ; croton oil ; Croton tiglium ; Euphorbiaceae ; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ; 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-decanoate ; daphnetoxin ; ingenol esters ; ingol esters ; mortality ; house mosquito ; Culex pipiens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty esters, representing the biogenetically related tigliane, daphnane, ingenane, and lathyrane series of diterpenes, were screened for growth-inhibitory and insecticidal effects on newly hatched larvae of the North American cotton pest,Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm). Among the tigliane derivatives tested, only 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-decanoate, of seven phorbol diesters isolated from croton oil by a new procedure involving droplet countercurrent chromatography, were active againstP.gossypiella as both growth inhibitors and insecticides. The effects of the former compound were not significantly diminished by acetylation of its C-20 primary hydroxy group. Three other croton oil phorbol diester constituents, as well as daphnetoxin and daphnetoxin-5,20-diacetate, exhibited activity as growth inhibitors, but not as insecticidal agents, at the doses used. None of the ingenane or lathyrane derivatives investigated was active in either respect. 12-0-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate was found to cause 100% mortality on second-stadium larvae ofCulex pipiens at 0.6 ppm, but exhibited less significant effects onOncopeltus fasciatus (second-stadium nymphs) andTribolium confusion (adults) when applied at higher doses.
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    Kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 781-791 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma evanescens ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Mamestra brassicae ; Noctuidae ; kairomone ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenylacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a four-armed airflow olfactometerTrichogramma evanescens Westwood females were attracted by a volatile substance(s) released by virgin females of the great cabbage white butterfly,Pieris brassicae L. Males or recently mated females did not cause attraction. Furthermore,T. evanescens was also attracted by volatiles released by calling virgin cabbage moths,Mamestra brassicae L. However, the parasites did not respond to (Z)-11-hex-adecenylacetate (the main component of the sex pheromone ofM. brassicae), a crude hexane extract of the sex pheromone gland, or to males or recently mated females.
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    Tests for induction of feeding preferences in larvae of eastern spruce budworm using extracts from three host plants (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 809-817 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eastern spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; host preference ; deterrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding preferences to extracts from three host plants were determined for sixth-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae reared on one of three hosts or on artificial diet. Preferences of foliage-reared larvae were compared to those of diet-reared, or naive, larvae. No effect of plant induction was found using amino acids and bases and chloroform extracts on test disks in three-choice experiments. Possible effects of habituation for sugars and glycosides from white spruce were shown. Organic acids contributed to a phenomenon of avoidance learning in larvae reared on all three hosts, showing that this fraction from balsam fir was the least deterrent, while that from black spruce was the most deterrent.
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    Orientation behavior of second-instar larvae of eastern spruce budwormChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a y-type olfactometer (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 837-845 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eastern spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; conifers ; Picea sp. ; Abies sp. ; host volatiles ; attraction ; larval olfaction ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A two-choice, wind-tunnel olfactometer was designed and contructed to determine whether second-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae,Christoneura fumiferana (Clem.), could detect and discriminate among host-plant volatiles. Volatiles of current year's growth ofPicea glauca were preferred over those ofP. rubens, P. mariana, or air.Abies balsamea was preferred overP. mariana or air.P. rubens andP. mariana were both preferred over air. Two-year-old growth ofP. glauca, A. balsamea, P. rubens, andP. mariana were all preferred over air. Current year's growth of these host evergreen species was usually preferred over former year's growth of the same species in each case.
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    Lack of effect of (−)-disparlure on orientation towards (+)-disparlure source in walking and flying gypsy moth males (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 885-894 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; sex pheromone ; disparlure ; enantiomers ; anemotaxis ; chemotaxis ; inhibitor ; flight orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to reveal the mechanism by which an inhibitory substance acts, orientation towards an attractant and attractant-inhibitor mixed source was studied in male gypsy moths. The inhibitory (−)-disparlure had no effect on the moth's ability to locate the attractant (+)-disparlure source while walking or flying in a laminar airstream. This absence of any inhibitory effect indicates that only very specific components of the moth's orientation behavior, as discussed, are distributed by the (−)-disparlure.
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    Monoterpene oviposition stimulants ofDioryctria amatella in volatiles from fusiform rust galls and second-year loblolly pine cones (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 943-952 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dioryctria amatella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; oviposition stimulants ; monoterpenes ; α-pinene ; myrcene ; limonene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles collected on Poropak Q from fusiform rust galls (Cronartium quercuum F. sp.fusiforme) of loblolly pine for 3 hr were better ovi-position stimulants forDioryctria amatella (Hulst) females than extracts of 8-hr collections. GLC analysis of these extracts showed no major differences in relative monoterpene composition, although 8-hr collections contained an unidentified compound not detected in the 3-hr collections. Comparison of volatiles from second-year loblolly pine cones with those from fusiform galls showed that both containeddl-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, myrcene, and (+)-limonene. Camphene was found in galls only, and relatively large quantities of β-phellandrene were identified only from cones. The five major monoterpenes found in the two host substrates were tested in an oviposition bioassay. Eighteen trials using different combinations of these terpenes showed that the combination of α-pinene, myrcene, and limonene was as attractive toD. amatella females as all other terpene combinations, including turpentine.
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    Sex pheromone of tobacco stem borer,Scrobipalpa heliopa (Lower) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 989-998 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco stem borer ; Scrobipalpa heliopa ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; (E)-3-tridecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major volatile component in the extract of the female sex pheromone gland ofScrobipalpa heliopa was shown to be (E)-3-tridecen-1-ol acetate (V). The identification was based on mass spectral analyses, comparison of retention times with those of synthetic compounds on polar, nonpolar, and liquid crystal gas chromatographic columns and microchemical studies. The latter included hydrolysis and reacetylation, and mass spectral studies of the derivatives formed by epoxidation and methoxymercuration-demercuration. Analysis of gland extracts by gas chromatography linked to electroantennography showed this component to be the only one with significant biological activity, similar to that of the synthetic compound. (E)-3-Tridecenyl acetate (V) attracted male moths to traps in the field while addition of theZ isomer (III) reduced the numbers of moths caught.
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    Influence ofAmaranthus hybridus L. allelochemics on oviposition behavior ofSpodoptera exigua andS. eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 609-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amaranthus hybridus ; Spodoptera eridania ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pigweed ; oviposition behavior ; oviposition deterrents ; allelochemics ; beet armyworm ; southern armyworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Common pigweed,Amaranthus hybridus L., is a favorite host of the beet army worm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua L. Chemicals extracted from homogenized pigweed with distilled water, ethanol, or dichloromethane and sprayed back on pigweed deterred oviposition by the BAW. Similarly, water extracts of frass from conspecific larvae or southern armyworm (SAW) larvae,S. eridania (Cramer), fed pigweed leaves and sprayed back on pigweed plants also deterred BAW oviposition, thus confirming that deterrence was due to plant allelochemics rather than specific compounds associated with the metabolic or excretory products of the larvae. Confirmation of the presence of oviposition-deterring chemicals in pigweed was used to explain a previously observed seasonal displacement of BAW by SAW on pigweed in the field.
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    Sex pheromones and reproductive isolation in four european small ermine moths (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 649-666 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; sex pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; gas chromatography ; tetradecenyl acetate ; tetradecenol ; hexadecenyl acetate ; ecological niches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reproductive isolation among four sympatric small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is analyzed in terms of niches in the sexual communication channel. Potential pheromone components were identified from pheromone gland secretions ofY. evonymellus,Y. cagnagellus,Y. padelius, andY. vigintipunctatus by gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detection and tested for behavioral activity in the field. The species were found to share (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14: OAc) in combination with varying proportions of theE isomer as primary sex pheromone components.Y. cagnagellus differs from the rest of the species by having only a small amount (1.5%) ofE isomer relative toZ isomer in its pheromone. The closely relatedY. padelius has a three-component pheromone including large amounts (ca. 400%) of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:OAc) in addition toZ11–14: OAc (100%) andE11–14: OAc (34%).Z11–16: OAc appears to reduce trap catches ofY. evonymellus andY. vigintipunctatus when added to the pheromone. Although these species are the two most distantly related European small ermine moths, they seem to share the same sex pheromone, i.e.,Z11–14∶OAc (+20%E) and (Z)-11-tetradecenol. Our interpretation is that this might have been the sex pheromone of the ancestor of today'sYponomeuta species.
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    Flavonoid pigments in marbled white butterfly (Melanargia galathea) are dependent on flavonoid content of larval diet (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1161-1179 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melanargia galathea ; Lepidoptera ; Satyridae ; marbled white butterfly ; Gramineae ; two-dimensional paper chromatography ; flavonoids ; flavonoid fingerprints ; larval food plant specificity ; insect-plant interactions ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of two-dimensional chromatographic flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different grass species have shown that the flavonoid pattern ofMelanargia galathea is dependent on the flavonoid content of the larval diet. This confirms the dietary origin of flavonoid pigments inM. galathea. The flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different grass species differ from each other and from the larval food plants;M. galathea reared on the same grass species have identical flavonoid patterns. Differences in the butterfly and larval food plant flavonoid patterns indicate that the ingested flavonoids are metabolized byM. galathea or its gut flora before sequestration. The distinct flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different larval food plants have been defined as the flavonoid fingerprint profiles for each grass species. Similarity between theFestuca rubra flavonoid fingerprint profile and the constant flavonoid pattern characteristic of wild-capturedMelanargia suggests thatMelanargia larvae are not generalist grass feeders, but are specific toF. rubra or toF. rubra and a few closely related grass species in the wild.
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    Behavioral responses of male turnip moths,Agrotis segetum, to sex pheromone in a flight tunnel and in the field (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1209-1221 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; decyl acetate ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; field tests ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of individual male turnip mothsAgrotis segetum was observed in a sustained flight tunnel to a mixture of decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in proportions similar to those found in gland extracts from virgin females (0.6: 1:5:2.5). Lures containing 3–30 μg (Z)-5-decenyl acetate proved to be maximally attractive, with approximately 60% of the males completing all behavioral steps from activation to copulation efforts. A 300-μg dosage caused significant arrestment of upwind flight. Peak response to synthetics, however, was significantly lower than to female glands. Omitting decyl acetate from the blend did not affect the activity, while omission of any of the three monounsaturated acetates caused a dramatic decrease in response. In the field maximum trap catches were achieved with 1- to 30-μg lures. The subtractive assay carried out in the field confirmed the neutrality of decyl acetate and the importance of the three monoenes. Adding 1% of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (earlier reported as an “inhibitor”) to the four-component mixture decreased the trap catch to about 50%, and increasing the amount of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate to 27% decreased the activity further to about 10%. (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate also decreased the number of successful flights in the flight tunnel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024109
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    Electronic Resource
    Components of female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer moth,Conopomorpha cramerella (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cocoa pod borer ; Conopomorpha cramerella ; Acrocercops cramerella ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; 4,6,10-hexadecatrienyl acetate ; 4,6,10-hexadecatrien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cocoa pod borer,Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is the most serious pest of cocoa in Southeast Asia. Analyses of ovipositor washings and entrained volatiles from virgin female moths by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography (EAG), and comparison of EAG responses from the male moth to synthetic compounds indicated the presence of theE,Z,Z andE,E,Z isomers of 4,6,10-hexadecatrienyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and of hexadecyl alcohol. Amounts of pheromone produced were less than 0.1 ng/female, and no peaks for the unsaturated components were observed on GC analysis. Extensive field testing of synthetic mixtures in Sabah, East Malaysia, showed that traps baited with a polyethylene vial impregnated with 1.2 mg of a mixture of the above five components in 40∶60∶4∶6∶10 ratio caught more maleC. cramerella moths than traps baited with a virgin female moth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045587
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