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  • Elsevier  (5,804,783)
  • Oxford University Press  (428,982)
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  • 101
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    Frictional power dissipation in a seismic ancient fault (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: The frictional power per unit area (product of frictional traction τ and slip rate in MW m−2) dissipated during earthquakes triggers fault dynamic weakening mechanisms that control rupture nucleation, propagation and arrest. Although of great relevance in earthquake mechanics, cannot, with rare exceptions, be determined by geophysical methods. Here we exploit theoretical, experimental and geological constraints to estimate dissipated on a fault patch exhumed from 7-9 km depth. According to theoretical models, in polymineralic, silicate rocks the amplitude (〈 1 mm) of the grain-scale roughness of the boundary between frictional melt (pseudotachylyte) and host rock decreases with increasing . The dependence of grain-scale roughness with is due to differential melt front migration in the host rock minerals. This dependence is confirmed by friction experiments reproducing seismic slip where pseudotachylytes were produced by shearing tonalite at ranging from 5 to 25 MW m−2. In natural pseudotachylytes across tonalites, the grain-scale roughness broadly decreases from extensional to compressional fault domains where lower and higher are expected, respectively. Analysis of the natural dataset calibrated by experiments yields values in the range of 4-60 MW m−2 (16 MW m−2 average value). These values, estimated in small fault patches, are at the lower end of broad estimates of (3-300 MW m−2) obtained from frictional tractions (30-300 MPa) and fault slip rates (0.1-1 m/s) assumed as typical of upper crustal earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118057
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 102
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    Vertical seismic ground shaking in the volcanic areas of Italy: prediction equations and PSHA examples (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: This work introduces a new Ground Motion Model (GMM) to predict the horizontal and vertical components of PGA, PGV and acceleration response spectra up to 5s for the volcanic events in Italy. The model updates the GMM for the horizontal components, recently developed by Lanzano & Luzi [1], and shows relevant amplitudes in near-source and a frequency content richer in intermediate-to-low frequencies. The comparison with an event not used for the calibration and belonging to another volcanic district in Italy is promising for the extension of the model to other areas. Finally, we present a case study of a site, in the proximity of Mount Etna in eastern Sicily region, which allows us to evaluate the impact of these models in the framework of a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA).
    Description: Published
    Description: 108228
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 103
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    Enhancing detection of volcanic ash clouds from space with convolutional neural networks (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Volcanic ash cloud detection is a crucial component of volcano monitoring and a valuable tool for investigating ash cloud dispersion, which is paramount for enhancing the safety of human settlements and air traffic. The latest generation of high-resolution satellite sensors (e.g., EUMETSAT MSG Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager, SEVIRI) provides radiometric estimates for monitoring volcanic clouds on a global scale efficiently and timely. However, these radiometric intensities are not always discriminative enough to detect volcanic ash clouds due to the spectral limitations of these instruments and the complex nature of some volcanic clouds, such as low concentration resulting in an averaged detected radiometric estimate comparable to the background. Here, we evaluate the ability of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to detect and track the dispersion of volcanic ash clouds into the atmosphere, exploiting a variety of spatial and spectral intensity information mainly coming from SEVIRI Ash RGB images. We train a deep CNN model through transfer learning, and demonstrate that the trained models overcome the limitations of algorithms based solely on pixel intensity, whether traditional or machine learning, resulting in increased performance compared to other methods. We illustrate the operation of this model using the paroxysmal explosive events that occurred at Mt. Etna between 2020 and 2022.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108046
    Description: OSV3: Sviluppo di nuovi sistemi osservazionali e di analisi ad alta sensibilità
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcano explosive eruptions ; satellite remote sensing ; volcanic ash clouds ; machine learning ; deep learning ; Etna volcano ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 104
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    A review of plagioclase growth rate and compositional evolution in mafic alkaline magmas: Guidelines for thermometry, hygrometry, and timescales of magma dynamics at Stromboli and Mt. Etna (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Mafic alkaline magmas, such as those feeding the persistent eruptive activity of Stromboli and Mt. Etna volcanoes in Italy, are dominated by the crystallization of plagioclase via cooling and degassing phenomena related to the dynamics of shallow crustal reservoirs and eruptive conduits. Because plagioclase textures and compositions are extremely sensitive to the changes of intensive variables in subvolcanic plumbing systems, the phenomenological variability of erupted crystals preserves detailed evidence of complex growth histories. From this point of view, we reappraise the textural maturation and compositional complexity of plagioclase by allying thermodynamic and kinetic principles to natural and experimental observations, with the purpose of drawing up guidelines for reconstructing magma dynamics in mafic alkaline volcanic settings. A multifaceted statistical method is adopted to parameterize the decay of crystal growth rate with increasing crystallization time, as relaxation kinetics prevails over melt supersaturation effects. This model parameterization is combined with the textural analysis of natural plagioclase crystals to quantify the residence time of phenocrysts in equilibrium with magmas at Stromboli and Mt. Etna and/or the timescale of rapid microlite growth during disequilibrium ascent of magmas within the conduit. The role played by temperature and melt-water content on plagioclase components and major cation substitution mechanisms is also evaluated under both isobaric-isothermal and decompression conditions. The emerging paradigm is that the influence of dissolved water on anorthite-albite exchange between plagioclase and melt is overwhelmingly mitigated by changes in temperature at conditions of P = 30–300 MPa, T = 1050–1150 °C, fO2 = NNO + 1.9-NNO + 2.3, and melt-H2O = 0.6–4.4 wt%. As a corollary, anorthite and albite melt activities are almost fully encapsulated in the variation of anhydrous melt components as the crystallization of plagioclase proceeds during magma cooling. Following this line of reasoning, we propose an integrated modeling approach to decipher complex zoning patterns in natural plagioclase phenocrysts from mafic alkaline eruptions. Key findings from our re-assessment of equilibrium, thermometric, and hygrometric models indicate that temperature and dissolved water can be iteratively estimated for different plagioclase textural patterns if crystals are sufficiently strongly zoned and probability-based criteria are applied to determine the maximum probability distribution from kernel density analysis.
    Description: Natural Environment research Council UK grant NE/T009292/1; INGV Progetti Ricerca Libera 2019 Grant #52/2020; INGV Departmental Strategic Project UNO; PRIN MIUR Grant #2017J277S9_004.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104399
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mafic alkaline magmas ; Plagioclase growth rate parameterization ; Plagioclase-based thermometry and hygrometry ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 105
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    High frequency attenuation of S waves in alluvial deposits of the central Po Plain (northern Italy) (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: Estimation of local seismic response plays a key role in assessing local seismic hazard and particularly in the design of shaking scenarios. Modelling local seismic response involves knowing of the shear wave velocity (Vs) and quality factor (Qs) profiles for the site in question. The many techniques that have been developed to assess Vs in surface deposits produce reliable measurements of Vs , but these rarely correspond to direct measurements of Qs . The latter is often considered through damping measures from laboratory tests on small-scale soil samples, which can provide information primarily on intrinsic attenuation, neglecting the contribution of scattering effects. In this paper, using seismic recordings obtained at the surface and in boreholes at 100 m depth, we estimate an average value of Qs of some characteristic alluvial deposits of the Po Plain (northern Italy). Data come from a microseismic network which sampled an almost uniform lithology in the central Po Plain and consisted of three surface and four borehole stations with an interstation distance of about 2 km. The average value of Qs of the shallowest 100 m of the sedimentary strata, Qs100, is estimated by considering: (1) the high-frequency attenuation of seismic waves due to propagation through the corresponding stratigraphy and (2) the interference between incident and surface-reflected waves observed at borehole stations. We parametrize the first through k0_100, the difference between the values of the spectral decay parameter kappa (k) estimated at the surface and at the boreholes depth, respectively. We use the second in order to compute Vs100, the time-averaged Vs referred to the uppermost 100 m stratigraphy. We obtain: k0_100 = (11 ± 3) ms, Vs100 = (309 ± 11) m s −1 and Qs100 = 31 ± 10. At the surface, the estimated values of the site-specific kappa, k0, are found to range from 75 to 79 ms. As expected, these results are in good agreement with studies performed in other sites characterized by sandy or clayey lithologies, and can be usefully used in site response analysis at sites where the rigidity is mainly controlled by lithostatic pressure.
    Description: Comune di Minerbio (grant: “Sperimentazione ILG Minerbio”; grant number: 0913.010).
    Description: Published
    Description: 2075–2094
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake ground motions ; Seismic attenuation ; Site effects ; Wave propagation ; Wave scattering and diffraction ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    Sources and distribution of dissolved organic matter and inorganic nitrogen in waters of the southern Patagonian shelf and northern Drake Passage (51–56°S, 64–69°W) (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Marine Systems, Elsevier, 241, pp. 103893-103893, ISSN: 0924-7963
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a crucial role in the biogeochemistry of coastal ecosystems, particularly nutrient cycling and distribution. Little is known about these processes in the highly productive Southern Patagonian shelf. This study was conducted to better understand the sources, composition, and behavior of DOM and inorganic nutrients in the sector between 51 and 56°S and 64–69°W with particular emphasis on inorganic nitrogen and DOM fractions. Surface water samples taken during late austral summer from the Beagle Channel (BCW), Subantarctic (SAW), Subantarctic Shelf (SASW), Grande Bay (GBW) and Tierra del Fuego Waters (TFW) and were analyzed for properties of fluorescent DOM (FDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic nutrients. Data were related to hydrographic and plankton conditions. Highest values of ammonium, DOC, humic-like FDOM (FDOMC and FDOMM peaks) and humification index (HIX) were found in BCW, and the lowest in SAW, suggesting that terrigenous input is a main source of ammonium and refractory carbon in this region, which is supported by a highly significant inverse correlation of these parameters with salinity. In contrast, nitrate, phosphate, silicate and the fluorescence index (FI) were positively correlated with salinity, pointing to the contribution of autochthonous FDOM from the saltier and nutrient-rich Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the Southern Patagonian shelf. In TFW and GBW, high nitrite concentrations, accompanied by elevated values of BIX (biological activity index of DOM), circulation patterns and high particle residence times computed from model results suggest the occurrence of regeneration processes that deserve further investigation of the poorly known dynamics of the nitrogen-rich water in this region.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 107
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    Coupled surface to deep Earth processes: Perspectives from TOPO-EUROPE with an emphasis on climate- and energy-related societal challenges (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Understanding the interactions between surface and deep Earth processes is important for research in many diverse scientific areas including climate, environment, energy, georesources and biosphere. The TOPO-EUROPE initiative of the International Lithosphere Program serves as a pan-European platform for integrated surface and deep Earth sciences, synergizing observational studies of the Earth structure and fluxes on all spatial and temporal scales with modelling of Earth processes. This review provides a survey of scientific developments in our quantitative understanding of coupled surface-deep Earth processes achieved through TOPO-EUROPE. The most notable innovations include (1) a process-based understanding of the connection of upper mantle dynamics and absolute plate motion frames; (2) integrated models for sediment source-to-sink dynamics, demonstrating the importance of mass transfer from mountains to basins and from basin to basin; (3) demonstration of the key role of polyphase evolution of sedimentary basins, the impact of pre-rift and pre-orogenic structures, and the evolution of subsequent lithosphere and landscape dynamics; (4) improved conceptual understanding of the temporal evolution from back-arc extension to tectonic inversion and onset of subduction; (5) models to explain the integrated strength of Europe's lithosphere; (6) concepts governing the interplay between thermal upper mantle processes and stress-induced intraplate deformation; (7) constraints on the record of vertical motions from high-resolution data sets obtained from geo-thermochronology for Europe's topographic evolution; (8) recognition and quantifications of the forcing by erosional and/or glacial-interglacial surface mass transfer on the regional magmatism, with major implications for our understanding of the carbon cycle on geological timescales and the emerging field of biogeodynamics; and (9) the transfer of insights obtained on the coupling of deep Earth and surface processes to the domain of geothermal energy exploration. Concerning the future research agenda of TOPO-EUROPE, we also discuss the rich potential for further advances, multidisciplinary research and community building across many scientific frontiers, including research on the biosphere, climate and energy. These will focus on obtaining a better insight into the initiation and evolution of subduction systems, the role of mantle plumes in continental rifting and (super)continent break-up, and the deformation and tectonic reactivation of cratons; the interaction between geodynamic, surface and climate processes, such as interactions between glaciation, sea level change and deep Earth processes; the sensitivity, tipping points, and spatio-temporal evolution of the interactions between climate and tectonics as well as the role of rock melting and outgassing in affecting such interactions; the emerging field of biogeodynamics, that is the impact of coupled deep Earth – surface processes on the evolution of life on Earth; and tightening the connection between societal challenges regarding renewable georesources, climate change, natural geohazards, and novel process-understanding of the Earth system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104140
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 108
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    Soil CO2 emission and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O) of CO2 and calcites reveal the fluid origin and thermal energy in the supercritical geothermal system of Krafla, Iceland (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Krafla geothermal system is located within a volcanic center that periodically erupts basaltic lavas, and has recently attracted an economic interest due to supercritical fluids forming near a shallow magma intrusion (~ 2 km depth). Here, we discuss new soil CO2 flux and stable isotope data of the CO2 efflux (δ13C) and hydrothermal calcites (δ13C, δ18O) of drill cuttings to estimate both the current magmatic outgassing from soils and the thermal flows in the geothermal system. Soil CO2 emission is controlled by tectonics, following the NNE-SSW fissure swarm direction and a WSW-ENE trend, and accounts for ~62.5 t/d. While the δ18O of the H2O in equilibrium with deep calcites is predominantly meteoric, both the δ13C of the soil CO2 efflux and of the fluids from which calcite precipitated have a clear magmatic origin, overlapping the δ13C estimated for the Icelandic mantle (–2.5 ± 1.1 ‰). Estimates based on the soil CO2 emission from the southern part of the system show that these fluxes might be sustained by the ascent and depressurization of supercritical fluids with a thermal energy of ~800 MW. Such significant amount of energy might reach 1.5 GW if supercritical conditions extended below the whole investigated area. Finally, we report an increase in the soil CO2 emission of about 3 times with respect to 14 years ago, likely due to recent changes in the fluid extracted for power production or magmatic activity. Pairing the soil CO2 emission with stable isotopes of the efflux and calcite samples has important implications for both volcano monitoring and geothermal exploration, as it can help us to track magmatic fluid upflows and the associated thermal energy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108032
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 109
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    Modelling CO2 dispersion in the air during potential limnic eruption at the lake Pavin (France) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Risk mitigation in long-dormant volcanic provinces is a challenge due to the absence of collective memory of past disasters as well as the scarcity, and subtlety, of unrest signals that can be monitored. In this study, the impact of a potential limnic eruption is assessed at the 92-m-deep lake Pavin (French Massif Central). The lake is hosted in a maar crater formed during the last eruptive event in metropolitan France (∼7 ka) and contains dissolved CO2 in the deepest water layer, below 60 m. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions measured at the lake surface (0.44 km2) reach up to 10.1 tons/day during the winter. Beyond this (limited) continuous degassing of the lake, the current CO2 budget in the monimolimnion layer (at a depth of 60 m to 92 m) was estimated at 1750 tons, of which about 450 tons are available for release in case of overturn of the lake. Scenarios for CO2 dispersion in the lower atmosphere were simulated with the DISGAS and TWODEE-2 models by varying (i) meteorological conditions, (ii) the amount of CO2 released, (iii) and the mechanisms of degassing during a potential limnic eruption. The simulations allowed identification and delimitation of areas potentially impacted by hazardous CO2 levels in the air down-valley from the lake and directly around the lake. The spatio-temporal evolution of the potential CO2 cloud raises issues regarding the impacts of such a hypothetical event in the close vicinity of the lake and, given the area is populated and highly visited, needs to be considered in future risk mitigation strategies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108024
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
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    The structure of sedimentary basins of Antarctica and a new three-layer sediment model (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: We use geophysical data together with a recent subglacial bedrock map (BEDMACHINE model) to obtain and investigate a new three-layer sediment model for Antarctica that locally improves the global sediment model. We provide a combined, continuous, sediment model for Antarctica and surrounding oceans by joining such improved continental sedimentary model with an existing global one (GlobSed). Our results reveal large differences between sedimentary basins for Antarctica due to their age and origin. The maximum thickness of sediments is reached under Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf and off the Weddell Sea coast (10–12 km); further offshore, towards the ocean, the thickness of sediments drops to 4–5 km. We divide the sediment cover into three layers to distinguish material with different velocities. The lower sediment layer (deeper than 7 km) with high P-wave velocities (4.0–4.9 km/s) is found only for Lambert Rift and Filchner-Ronne basin. The middle layer (2–7 km) has large variations for different sedimentary basins: 3.5–3.7 km/s for Lambert Basin; 4.0–4.3 km/s for Ross, Byrd and Bentley basins; 3.3–4.0 km/s for Filchner-Ronne Basin. The upper sediment layer (0–2 km) has large velocity variations, from 2.0 km/s for Ross and Lambert basins (young sediments) to 4.7 km/s for Dronning Maud Land basins. We suggest that P-wave velocities larger than 4 km/s represent old, compacted sediments which belong to the Beacon Supergroup; about 3 km/s refer to Mesozoic (rifted?) sediments; and less than 3 km/s relate to young Cenozoic sediments. According to this criterion, Dronning Maud Land, Bentley and Byrd basins belong to the Beacon Supergroup, while more complex and thicker Ross, Lambert and Filchner-Ronne basins contain sediments from Beacon Supergroup in the middle or lower layer, respectively. Other sedimentary basins with more moderate velocities possibly belong to the East Antarctic Rift System which formed later during Gondwana breakup.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229662
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 111
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    Volcanism in Antarctica: An assessment of the present state of research and future directions (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Over the past decades, significant efforts have been made to understand the nature, dynamics and evolution of volcanic systems. In parallel, the continuous demographic expansion and extensive urbanization of volcanic areas have increased the exposure of our society to these natural phenomena. This increases the need to improve our capacities to accurately assess projected volcanic hazards and their potential socioeconomic and environmental impact, and Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands are no exception. More than a hundred volcanoes have been identified in Antarctica, some of which are entirely buried beneath the ice sheet and others as submarine volcanoes. Of these, at least eight large (basal diameters 〉 c. 20-30 km) volcanoes are known to be active and pose a considerable threat to scientific and ever-increasing tourism activities being carried out in the region. Despite the scientific and socioeconomic interest, many aspects of the past volcanic activity and magmatic processes in Antarctica, and current volcanic hazards and risks, remain unknown. Moreover, many of Antarctica’s volcanoes preserve a remarkable history of the eruptive environment, from which multiple parameters of past configurations of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) can be deduced. Given the critical role that the AIS plays in regulating Earth’s climate, Antarctica’s volcanoes therefore can be regarded as the ground truth for current models of past climates derived from modelling and studies of marine sediments. Here, we provide a succinct overview of the evolution of volcanism and magmatism in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region over the past 200 million years. Then, we briefly review the current state of knowledge of the most crucial aspects regarding Antarctica’s volcanic and magmatic processes, and the contributions volcanic studies have made to our understanding of ice sheet history and evolution, geothermal heat flow, as well as present-day and future volcanic hazard and risk. A principal objective is to highlight the problems and critical limitations of the current state of knowledge and to provide suggestions for future potential directions of volcanic-driven investigations in Antarctica. Finally, we also discuss and assess the importance and scope of education and outreach activities specifically relating to Antarctic volcanism, and within the context of broader polar sciences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107941
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 112
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    Cryptotephras in the marine sediment record of the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea: Implications for the volcanology and tephrochronology of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: We present the results of the tephrochronology study of a 14.49 m long marine sediment core (TR 17–08) collected in the Edisto Inlet, Ross Sea (Antarctica). The core contains four cryptotephra layers at 55–56, 512–513, 517–518, and 524–525 cm of depth, which have been characterised by a detailed description of the texture, mineral assemblage, and single glass shards major and trace element geochemistry. The age model of the investigated sedimentary sequence, based on radiocarbon dating, indicates that the topmost cryptotephra correlates with the widespread 1254 CE tephra erupted by a historical eruption (696 ± 2 cal yrs BP) of Mount Rittmann, in northern Victoria Land. Deeper cryptotephra layers were derived from previously unknown explosive eruptions of Mount Melbourne volcano and were emplaced between 1615 cal yrs BP and 1677 cal yrs BP, e.g. between the 3rd and 4th centuries CE. This discovery demonstrates that the Mount Melbourne volcanic complex has been highly active in historical times allowing significant progress in the current understanding of regional eruptive history. Moreover, from a tephrochronological point of view, the detected cryptotephra provide new regional isochron markers to facilitate high-precision correlations and help stratigraphically constrain changes in environmental and climatic conditions that are identified by multidisciplinary studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100079
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 113
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    Warming increases the compositional and functional variability of a temperate protist community (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 926, pp. 171971-171971, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: Phototrophic protists are a fundamental component of the world's oceans by serving as the primary source of energy, oxygen, and organic nutrients for the entire ecosystem. Due to the high thermal seasonality of their habitat, temperate protists could harbour many well-adapted species that tolerate ocean warming. However, these species may not sustain ecosystem functions equally well. To address these uncertainties, we conducted a 30-day mesocosm experiment to investigate how moderate (12C) and substantial (18C) warming compared to ambient conditions (6C) affect the composition (18S rRNA metabarcoding) and ecosystem functions (biomass, gross oxygen productivity, nutritional quality – C:N and C:P ratio) of a North Sea spring bloom community. Our results revealed warming-driven shifts in dominant protist groups, with haptophytes thriving at 12 C and diatoms at 18 C. Species responses primarily depended on the species' thermal traits, with indirect temperature effects on grazing being less relevant and phosphorus acting as a critical modulator. The species Phaeocystis globosa showed highest biomass on low phosphate concentrations and relatively increased in some replicates of both warming treatments. In line with this, the C:P ratio varied more with the presence of P. globosa than with temperature. Examining further ecosystem responses under warming, our study revealed lowered gross oxygen productivity but increased biomass accumulation whereas the C:N ratio remained unaltered. Although North Sea species exhibited resilience to elevated temperatures, a diminished functional similarity and heightened compositional variability indicate potential ecosystem repercussions for higher trophic levels. In conclusion, our research stresses the multifaceted nature of temperature effects on protist communities, emphasising the need for a holistic understanding that encompasses trait-based responses, indirect effects, and functional dynamics in the face of exacerbating temperature changes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 114
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    On the fractal pattern of the current structure at ion scales in turbulent space plasmas (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: The recent ability to investigate the features of magnetic field fluctuations at ion/sub-ion scales employing both measurements and simulations has clearly demonstrated how, at these scales, the current has a filamentary structure, i.e., it is not a compact structure. This points toward the idea that the current and the dissipation field may have a fractal structure. An intriguing question immediately arises: is there a relationship between the fractal topology of currents at ion/sub-ion scales and the observed spectral features at the same scales? The goal of this work is to investigate the fractal topology of currents at the Low-end of MHD inertial domain and at ion scales using Hall-MagnetoHydroDynamics and Hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell simulations. The results show a clear relationship between the fractal dimension of the current pattern and the spectral features at ion scales. The relevance of this link is discussed in connection with the dynamics of coherent plasma structures at these scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 114253
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 115
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    Thermal transient PDC behavior induced by topographic drops: A test case at Mt. St. Helens, USA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Topography plays an important yet uncertain role in modulating the temporal and spatial evolution of the in- ternal structure of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Understanding such changes is critical to characterize PDC transport regimes and their hazard. Here we combine paleomagnetic data from PDC deposits of the 18 May 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption with numerical outcomes to capture spatio-temporal temperature variations induced by topography. We show that emplacement temperatures along the northwest flank of the volcano are ≃ 100◦C colder than those recorded along the northeast flank in response to proximal topographic drops. We further report that such vertical drops lead to an initial transient regime where the PDC internal temperature, velocity, and concentration stratification is altered for periods of time that are proportional to the ratio between the drop height and the square root of the current thickness. The topographic control on PDC dynamics is attenuated moving away from the drops or when a stationary phase is attained. Collectively, our results highlight that topographic regions promoting the flow separation/reattachment process are associated with vigorous entrainment of ambient air in the lower portion of PDCs. Low temperature variability is observed in the absence of such topographic irregularities. Based on our findings, we propose a local sedimentation rate of ≃ 150 ± 100 mm s−1 for PDC deposits in a proximal reattachment region. This investigation demonstrates the importance of transient processes in PDC dynamics, introducing a new methodology to measure sedimentation rates, and highlighting that flow-topography feedbacks should be considered to assess hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118441
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 116
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    Automatic seismic source modeling of InSAR displacements (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In this work we describe the implementation of a processing chain for a fully automatic modeling of the seismic source parameters and its slip distribution through the inversion of the InSAR displacements generated from the EPOSAR service. This processing chain consists of a suite of procedures and algorithms handling a sequence of steps: selection of the highest quality InSAR datasets, definition of the area of interest, image sampling, nonlinear and linear inversions to get, respectively, the source geometry and its slip distribution. A set of side procedures and interfaces also allows an interactive refinement and the publication of results, consisting of scientific data and graphical outputs. The whole procedure has been developed, tested and validated by considering 100 events with magnitudes between 5.5 and 8.2, worldwide distributed and covering an exhaustive range of mechanisms and tectonic contexts. Main aim of this work is describing the implementation of the automatic modeling procedures, used to produce solutions in real time, already during the emergency phase. These sources, validated by experts before their publication, can be a reference for operational purposes and initial scientific analyses. The creation of this repository sets also the framework to store, out of the emergency time, more sophisticated solutions, manually revised and/or with peer-review quality.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103445
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 117
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    Crustal root shapes the plumbing system of a monogenetic volcanic field as revealed by magnetotelluric data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: The plumbing systems of subduction-zone volcanoes consist of magma reservoirs with different degrees of evolution at multiple depths. The geometries of plumbing system of intraplate monogenetic volcanic fields are generally characterized by basaltic magma ascending from the mantle and/or a shallower reservoir along dikes. However, the shape and vertical extent of these plumbing systems are largely unknown due to the rareness of robust geophysical data. The possible role of faults and mountain chains in controlling the geometry of magma reservoirs is also poorly understood. To address these limitations, we present a three-dimensional resistivity structure beneath the Holocene Jingpohu Monogenetic Volcanic Field (JMVF) in the Zhangguangcai Range (ZGC), northeastern China. The resistivity model was derived from the magnetotelluric data in a dense net-like array. We identified an inverted cone-shaped high-resistivity (~10,000 Ω m) anomaly below the ZGC. This anomaly traverses almost the entire crust. We interpret this high-resistivity anomaly to be the stiff basement of the ZGC. At the base of the resistive volume, we resolved a sill-like, low-resistivity anomaly that occurs at the top of the lithospheric mantle. Sheet-like low-resistivity anomalies surrounding the high-resistivity body depart from the lithospheric mantle. We interpret these sill- and sheet-like anomalies as a trans-crustal saucer-shaped magma plumbing system beneath the JMVF. This system involves multi-level magma reservoirs, including basaltic magma at its base, basaltic dikes/sills swarms in the middle and sill intrusions in the upper crust. We propose that the stiff crustal root and the topographic loading of the ZGC work together to deflect the upward magma propagation towards the edges of the ZGC. The magma ascent to the surface is probably controlled by preexisting, lithospheric faults. Our data show how mountain chains, together with the crustal structure, play a key role in controlling the geometry of multi-level plumbing systems of intraplate monogenetic volcanic fields.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118523
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 118
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    A lithostratigraphic reappraisal of a Permian-Triassic fluvial succession at Allan Hills (Antarctica) and implications for the terrestrial end-Permian extinction event (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Between Permian to Triassic, the Earth experienced climatic and biotic crises, included the greatest mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary. These climatic and biological changes are reflected in both marine and terrestrial depositional systems. Over this time span, the Gondwana supercontinent hosted numerous large basins that may preserve the paleoenvironment response to global changes in the sedimentary record. This study provides a lithostratigraphic reappraisal of the latest Paleozoic-Mesozoic alluvial Beacon Supergroup at Allan Hills (Convoy Range), which is one of the most complete sedimentary sequences in Antarctica. Fieldwork stratigraphic-lithological observation, facies analysis, and petrographic characterization of sedimentary rocks allow the identification of six depositional units. The investigations point out for a conformable relationship between depositional and lithostratigraphic units, characterized by changes in the fluvial style. The reconnaissance of a “transitional interval” showing intermediate features between the Permian Weller Coal Measures and the Triassic Feather Conglomerate strengthen the conformable nature of the sequence across the Permian-Triassic boundary in this region. The lithological features of such interval strongly resemble those observed in the coeval deeply studied Eastern Australia successions crossing the Permian-Triassic boundary as well as the end-Permian extinction. More precisely, the uppermost coal occurrence, just above a glossopterid macroflora-bearing carbonaceous mudstone within the “transitional interval”, marks the disappearance of coal-peat forming Permian vegetation which corresponds with the terrestrial end-Permian extinction, thus representing one of the few end- Permian extinction records in Antarctica.
    Description: Published
    Description: 111741
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gondwana ; Southern Victoria ; Land Stratigraphy ; Permian-Triassic boundary ; Beacon ; Supergroup ; Allan Hills
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 119
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    On floating point precision in computational fluid dynamics using OpenFOAM (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Thanks to the computational power of modern cluster machines, numerical simulations can provide, with an unprecedented level of details, new insights into fluid mechanics. However, taking full advantage of this hardware remains challenging since data communication remains a significant bottleneck to reaching peak performances. Reducing floating point precision is a simple and effective way to reduce data movement and improve the computational speed of most applications. Nevertheless, special care needs to be taken to ensure the quality and convergence of computed solutions, especially when dealing with complex fluid simulations. In this work, we analyse the impact of reduced (single and mixed compared to double) precision on computational performance and accuracy for computational fluid dynamics. Using the open source library OpenFOAM, we consider incompressible, compressible, and multiphase fluid solvers for testing on relevant benchmarks for flows in the laminar and turbulent regime and in the presence of shock waves. Computational gain and changes in the scalability of applications in reduced precision are also discussed. In particular, an ad hoc theoretical model for the strong scaling allows us to interpret and understand the observed behaviours, as a function of floating point precision and hardware specifics. Finally, we show how reduced precision can significantly speed up a hybrid CPU–GPU implementation, made available to OpenFOAM end-users recently, that simply relies on a GPU linear algebra solver developed by hardware vendors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-16
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 120
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    Along-strike variations of strain partitioning within the Apennines determined from large-scale multi-temporal InSAR analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In the Apennine Mountains of the Italian Peninsula, GPS data display 3–4 mm/yr of divergent motion oriented N50°E between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian coastlines. However, the mechanisms driving this extension remain debated and along-strike variations of extension within the actively deforming belt remain poorly constrained. Here, we derived the first large-scale extensional and vertical velocity field for the Apennines by multi-temporal InSAR analysis of 7 years of Sentinel-1 data at the scale of the entire range, improving the spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of existing GPS measurements. The results reveal along-strike variations of extensional rates and gradients, with extension concentrated on single fault systems in the north, consistent with the loci of seismicity and recent moderate earthquakes, and distributed throughout the central Apennines, where the range is widening. Vertical surface displacements do not resolve any active long-wavelength uplift of the orogenic belt and, on average, show more subsidence than uplift relative to the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts. This work provides the first InSAR-based geodetic map of differential extension and uplift within the Italian Peninsula. Our results are compatible with a pure shear extensional model of the crust, driven by both boundary and gravitational forces.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230076
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.07. Tectonophysics
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  • 121
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    Deterministic and stochastic chaos characterize laboratory earthquakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: We analyze frictional motion for a laboratory fault as it passes through the stability transition from stable sliding to unstable motion. We study frictional stick-slip events, which are the lab equivalent of earthquakes, via dynamical system tools in order to retrieve information on the underlying dynamics and to assess whether there are dynamical changes associated with the transition from stable to unstable motion. We find that the lab seismic cycles characteristics of a low-dimensional system with average dimension similar to that of natural slow earthquakes ($〈$5). We also investigate local properties of the attractor and find maximum instantaneous dimension $\gtrsim$10, indicating that some regions of the phase space require a high number of degrees of freedom (dofs). Our analysis does not preclude deterministic chaos, but the lab seismic cycle is best explained by a random attractor based on rate- and state-dependent friction whose dynamics is stochastically perturbed. We find that minimal variations of 0.05\% of the shear and normal stresses applied to the experimental fault influence the large-scale dynamics and the recurrence time of labquakes. While complicated motion including period doubling is observed near the stability transition, even in the fully unstable regime we do not observe truly periodic behavior. Friction's nonlinear nature amplifies small scale perturbations, reducing the predictability of the otherwise periodic macroscopic dynamics. As applied to tectonic faults, our results imply that even small stress field fluctuations ($\lesssim$150 kPa) can induce coefficient of variations in earthquake repeat time of a few percent. Moreover, these perturbations can drive an otherwise fast-slipping fault, close to the critical stability condition, into a mixed behavior involving slow and fast ruptures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117995
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 122
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    Determination of the oxidation state of primary melts using two proxies (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Although many studies have demonstrated that arc magmas are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and oceanic island basalts (OIB), the oxidation state of their mantle source is still debated. This ongoing debate is mainly due to contradictory fO2 values obtained from different proxies (e.g., Fe3+/ΣFe of olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses; Zn/ΣFe, V/Sc, V/Ga of lavas). On the one hand, some studies using V/Sc, V/Ga and Zn/ ΣFe of lavas tend to show that the oxidation state of the mantle beneath arcs cannot be distinguished from that of the MORB mantle. On the other, Fe3+/ΣFe of glasses and olivine-hosted melt inclusions suggest that the sub-arc mantle is more oxidized than the mantle beneath ridges. Here, we estimate the oxygen fugacity of high-Mg olivine-hosted melt inclusions from various mid-ocean ridges and arcs, from one hot spot (Reunion Island) and Mount Etna using two fO2 proxies: the Fe3+/ΣFe of melts and the partition coefficient of V between olivine and melt (Dv Ol/Melt). After assessing the role of secondary processes such as volatile degassing and fractional crystallization on the fO2 of melts and reconstructing primary melt compositions, we show that (1) fO2 values derived from Fe3+/ΣFe and Dv Ol/Melt are comparable and (2) arc and Mount Etna primary melts are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge and Reunion Island primary melts. We then demonstrate, from Zr/Nb, that the observed variability in primary melt fO2 is not due to chemical variability of the mantle source. Finally, the correlations between incompatible trace element ratios such as Th/La, Ba/La, Ba/Th and La/Yb and the fO2 of primary melts reveal a link between the oxidized nature of arc and Mount Etna primary magmas to slab fluid and/or sediment melt influence. Our arc dataset displays a variety of subduction influences, from fluid-dominated (Aoba and Mount Meager) to sediment melt-dominated (La Sommata) influences. The origin of the oxidation of Mount Etna magmas is more complicated to identify and the nature of the oxidized metasomatic fluids that likely percolated through the mantle source before magma generation is yet to be determined. 1.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121701
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
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    A new perspective in radon risk assessment: Mapping the geological hazard as a first step to define the collective radon risk exposure (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Radon is a radioactive gas and a major source of ionizing radiation exposure for humans. Consequently, it can pose serious health threats when it accumulates in confined environments. In Europe, recent legislation has been adopted to address radon exposure in dwellings; this law establishes national reference levels and guidelines for defining Radon Priority Areas (RPAs). This study focuses on mapping the Geogenic Radon Potential (GRP) as a foundation for identifying RPAs and, consequently, assessing radon risk in indoor environments. Here, GRP is proposed as a hazard indicator, indicating the potential for radon to enter buildings from geological sources. Various approaches, including multivariate geospatial analysis and the application of artificial intelligence algorithms, have been utilised to generate continuous spatial maps of GRP based on point measurements. In this study, we employed a robust multivariate machine learning algorithm (Random Forest) to create the GRP map of the central sector of the Pusteria Valley, incorporating other variables from census tracts such as land use as a vulnerability factor, and population as an exposure factor to create the risk map. The Pusteria Valley in northern Italy was chosen as the pilot site due to its well-known geological, structural, and geochemical features. The results indicate that high Rn risk areas are associated with high GRP values, as well as residential areas and high population density. Starting with the GRP map (e.g., Rn hazard), a new geological-based definition of the RPAs is proposed as fundamental tool for mapping Collective Radon Risk Areas in line with the main objective of European regulations, which is to differentiate them from Individual Risk Areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169569
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Collective Radon Risk Areas; Geogenic Radon Potential; Machine learning; Pusteria Valley; Radon risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 124
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    Spatial migration of temporal earthquake clusters driven by the transfer of differential stress between neighbouring fault/shear-zone structures (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Uncertainty concerning the processes responsible for slip-rate fluctuations associated with temporal clustering of surface faulting earthquakes is a fundamental, unresolved issue in tectonics, because strain-rates accommodated by fault/shear-zone structures are the key to understanding the viscosity structure of the crust and seismic hazard. We constrain the timing and amplitude of slip-rate fluctuations that occurred on three active normal faults in central Italy over a time period of 20–30 kyrs, using in situ 36Cl cosmogenic dating of fault planes. We identify five periods of rapid slip on individual faults lasting a few millennia, separated time periods of up to 10 millennia with low or zero slip-rate. The rapid slip pulses migrated across the strike between the faults in two waves from SW to NE. We replicate this migration with a model where rapid slip induces changes in differential stress that drive changes in strain-rate on viscous shear zones that drive slip-rate variability on overlying brittle faults. Earthquakes increase the differential stress and strain-rate on underlying shear zones, which in turn accumulate strain, re-loading stress onto the overlying brittle fault. This positive feedback produces high strain-rate episodes containing several large magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake clusters), but also reduce the differential stress on the viscous portions of neighbouring fault/shear-zones slowing the occurrence of large-magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake anticlusters). Shear-zones on faults experiencing anticlusters continue to accumulate viscous strain at a lowered rate, and eventually this loads the overlying brittle fault to failure, initiating a period of rapid slip through the positive feedback process described above, and inducing lowered strain-rates onto neighbouring fault/shear-zones. We show that these patterns of differential stress change can replicate the measured earthquake clustering implied by the 36Cl data. The stress changes are related to the fault geometry in terms of distance and azimuth from the slipping structure, implying that (a) strain-rate and viscosity fluctuations for studies of continental rheology, and (b) slip-rates for seismic hazard purposes are to an extent predictable given knowledge of the fault system geometry.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105096
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active Faults ; Central Apennines ; Fault interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 125
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    Potential dust sources for loess deposits in Central Italy: A geochemical case study from the Loess-Paleosol-Sequence of Ponte Crispiero (Marche) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Identifying potential dust sources of Loess-Paleosol-Sequences (LPS) is important to understand past climatic and environmental conditions. For loess deposits of Central Italy different hypothesis on particle sources have been proposed, but none of them has been tested using a comprehensive geochemical approach yet. Here we present geochemical, mineralogical and grain-size data from selected deposits of a LPS situated at Ponte Crispiero (Marche, Central Italy) to obtain first insights on the provenance of particles deposited here. Loess deposits within the Ponte Crispiero succession are rather coarse (mostly coarse silt and fine sand) indicating a dominance of proximal dust sources. Applied geochemical indices suggest the alluvial plains of the Po River (Northern Italy) and its discharging area as major particle sources. According to these findings, the so-called “Great Po Plain” hypothesis, that claims the presence of a vast alluvial landscape related to the sea-level drop of the Adriatic Sea during the Pleniglacial (i.e. Marine Isotope Stage MIS 4–2), may be considered as a realistic scenario. Such a considerable alluvial plain would have the potential as major source for silt and sand particles not only for the Ponte Crispiero LPS, but also for the loess on the Adriatic side of Central Italy. The main geochemical characteristics of Ponte Crispiero loess are the low concentrations of Zr and Hf and the high contents of carbonate and transition elements compared to the Upper Continental Crust and other European loess sections. Overall, this study contributes towards a better understanding of the provenance and origin of Italian loess. However, for further testing the “Great Po Plain” hypothesis, more (geochemical) investigations need to be conducted, especially in the surrounding areas of the Po plain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107064
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 126
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    Evaluation of light traps for sampling lobster larvae in the German Bight, North Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Sea Research, Elsevier, 199, pp. 102497-102497, ISSN: 1385-1101
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Biological monitoring of planktonic animals is greatly dependent on the deployment of traps. A variety of specialized traps have been designed for surface plankton and vertebrates. However, certain groups, such as planktonic larvae of benthic marine invertebrates remain underrepresented in sampling efforts. Catching them has proven to be more challenging because of their size, swimming ability, location, and abundance. In the present study a successful light trap for sampling American lobster larvae in New Brunswick, Canada, is evaluated on the island of Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). Our results showed the traps were successful in catching larvae in laboratory experiments but were unable to catch European lobster larvae in the field. Traps deployed in the field were successful in capturing other benthic and pelagic zooplankton predominantly consisting of crustaceans from the orders: Cumacea, Amphipoda, Mysida and Isopoda. The low density of lobster larvae, the island's topography, and their unique photactic response possibly limited the success rate of the light traps. Future research is needed to construct a specialized trap to sample Helgoland's lobster larvae and provide information on the current larval fitness and population numbers.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Seasonal variations of a coastal fish community in relation to environmental parameters - A case study of the Sylt-Rømø Bight, southeastern North Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, 300, pp. 108723-108723, ISSN: 0272-7714
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: The Wadden Sea is a transition area between land, rivers, and the North Sea. It is of great ecological importance for a wide range of fish species that use it in the course of their life cycle for various purposes. It is a highly dynamic environment and is subject to strong seasonal patterns and annual variations in abiotic conditions. The Sylt-Rømø Bight (SRB) is a semi-enclosed tidal basin in the northern Wadden Sea between the islands of Sylt (Germany) and Rømø (Denmark). Monthly monitoring data of juvenile fish taken in the SRB from 2007 to 2019 were analyzed to determine the changes in species composition in comparison to previous monitoring programs (1989–1995). The long-term trends, common patterns, and potential effects of environmental parameters (sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, chlorophyll a, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) winter indices) were determined. In total, 55 species were recorded and only 22 of these together accounted for more than 95% of the total abundance for the entire monitoring. Results showed a changed species composition as we did not find two boreal, one Lusitanian, and one circum-temperate species recorded in the previous programs. Instead, one boreal, six Lusitanian, and one Atlantic species were observed for the first time. The fish community was dominated by high seasonal fluctuations of abundance with either dome-shaped, increasing, or decreasing trends. Dynamic Factor Analysis (DFA) partitioned the fish community into three seasonal assemblages based on SST preferences. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed that environmental parameters explained 29 % of the variations in the fish community. These variances were partly a result of the spring immigration of Lusitanian species and the emigration of boreal species and vice versa in autumn. The absence of four previously reported species and the addition of eight new species support the hypothesis that warm-adapted species are increasing in the Wadden Sea. The inclusion of these seasonal variations into conservation and management practices is critical to the sustainable management of marine and coastal ecosystems covering spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 128
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    Comparison between alarm-based and probability-based earthquake forecasting methods (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: In a recent work, we applied the every earthquake a precursor according to scale (EEPAS) probabilistic model to the pseudo-prospective forecasting of shallow earthquakes with magni- tude M 5.0 in the Italian region. We compared the forecasting performance of EEPAS with that of the epidemic type aftershock sequences (ETAS) forecasting model, using the most recent consistency tests developed within the collaboratory for the study of earthquake predictabil- ity (CSEP). The application of such models for the forecasting of Italian target earthquakes seems to show peculiar characteristics for each of them. In particular, the ETAS model showed higher performance for short-term forecasting, in contrast, the EEPAS model showed higher forecasting performance for the medium/long-term. In this work, we compare the performance of EEPAS and ETAS models with that obtained by a deterministic model based on the occur- rence of strong foreshocks (FORE model) using an alarm-based approach. We apply the two rate-based models (ETAS and EEPAS) estimating the best probability threshold above which we issue an alarm. The model parameters and probability thresholds for issuing the alarms are calibrated on a learning data set from 1990 to 2011 during which 27 target earthquakes have occurred within the analysis region. The pseudo-prospective forecasting performance is as- sessed on a validation data set from 2012 to 2021, which also comprises 27 target earthquakes. Tests to assess the forecasting capability demonstrate that, even if all models outperform a purely random method, which trivially forecast earthquake proportionally to the space–time occupied by alarms, the EEPAS model exhibits lower forecasting performance than ETAS and FORE models. In addition, the relative performance comparison of the three models demonstrates that the forecasting capability of the FORE model appears slightly better than ETAS, but the difference is not statistically significant as it remains within the uncertainty level. However, truly prospective tests are necessary to validate such results, ideally using new testing procedures allowing the analysis of alarm-based models, not yet available within the CSEP.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1541–1551
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Computational seismology ; Earthquake interaction, forecasting and prediction ; Statistical seismology ; Comparison betwee earthquake forecasting methods
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    Low-strength shear zone in the western Makran subduction zone, southeastern Iran: insights from a receiver function analysis (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: To understand the seismic hazard of a subduction zone, it is necessary to know the geometry, location and mechanical characteristics of the interplate boundary below which an oceanic plate is thrust downward. By considering the azimuthal dependence of converted P-to-S (Ps) amplitudes in receiver functions, we have detected the interplate boundary in the Makran subduction zone, revealing significant seismic anisotropy at the base of the accretionary wedge above the slab before it bends down beneath the Jaz Murian basin. This anisotropic feature aligns with a zone of reduced seismic velocity and a high primary/secondary wave velocity ratio (Vp/Vs), as documented in previous studies. The presence of this low-velocity highly anisotropic layer at the base of the accretionary wedge, likely representing a low-strength shear zone, could possibly explain the unusually wide accretionary wedge in Makran. Additionally, it may impact the location and width of the locked zone along the interplate boundary.
    Description: Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF)
    Description: Published
    Description: 64-74
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake hazards, Seismic anisotropy, Crustal structure, Subduction zone processes ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Basin-scale interaction between post-LGM faulting and morpho-sedimentary processes in the S. Eufemia Gulf (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The integrated interpretation of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, seismic profiles and backscatter data in the S. Eufemia Gulf (SEG; Calabro-Tyrrhenian continental margin, south-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea) documents the relationship between postglacial fault activity and morpho-sedimentary processes. Three systems of active normal faults that affect the seafloor or the shallow subsurface, have been identified: 1) the S. Eufemia fault system located on the continental shelf with fault planes mainly oriented N26E-N40E; 2) the offshore fault system that lies on the continental slope off Capo Suvero with fault planes mainly oriented N28E-N60E; 3) the Angitola Canyon fault system located on the seafloor adjacent to the canyon having fault planes oriented N60E- N85E. The faults produce a belt of linear escarpments with vertical displacement varying from a few decimeters to about 12 m. One of the most prominent active structures is the fault F1 with the highest fault length (about 9.5 km). Two main segments of this fault are identified: a segment characterised by seafloor deformation with metric slip affecting Holocene deposits; a segment characterised by folding of the seafloor. A combined tectono- stratigraphic model of an extensional fault propagation fold is proposed here to explain such different deformation. In addition to the seabed escarpments produced by fault deformation, in the SEG, a strong control of fault activity on recent sedimentary processes is clearly observed. For example, canyons and channels frequently change their course in response to their interaction with main tectonic structures. Moreover, the upper branch of the Angitola Canyon shows straight flanks determined by fault scarps. Tectonics also determined different sediment accumulation rates and types of sedimentation (e.g., the accumulation of hanging wall turbidite deposits and the development of contourite deposits around the Maida Ridge). Furthermore, the distribution of landslides is often connected to main fault scarps and fluids are locally confined in the hanging wall side of faults and can escape at the seabed, generating pockmarks aligned along their footwall.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108775
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High-resolution mapping ; Active faults ; Submarine landslides ; Tectonic geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Application of the EEPAS earthquake forecasting model to Italy (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: The Every Earthquake a Precursor According to Scale (EEPAS) forecasting model is a space– time point-process model based on the precursory scale increase (ψ ) phenomenon and associated predictive scaling relations. It has been previously applied to New Zealand, Cal- ifornia and Japan earthquakes with target magnitude thresholds varying from about 5–7. In all previous application, computations were done using the computer code implemented in Fortran language by the model authors. In this work, we applied it to Italy using a suite of computing codes completely rewritten in Matlab. We first compared the two software codes to ensure the convergence and adequate coincidence between the estimated model parameters for a simple region capable of being analysed by both software codes. Then, using the rewritten codes, we optimized the parameters for a different and more complex polygon of analysis using the Homogenized Instrumental Seismic Catalogue data from 1990 to 2011. We then perform a pseudo-prospective forecasting experiment of Italian earthquakes from 2012 to 2021 with Mw ≥ 5.0 and compare the forecasting skill of EEPAS with those obtained by other time in- dependent (Spatially Uniform Poisson, Spatially Variable Poisson and PPE: Proximity to Past Earthquakes) and time dependent [Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS)] forecasting models using the information gain per active cell. The preference goes to the ETAS model for short time intervals (3 months) and to the EEPAS model for longer time intervals (6 months to 10 yr).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1681–1700
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Computational seismology ; Earthquake interaction ; forecasting and prediction ; Statistical seismology ; Earthquake forecasting
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 132
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    Faulting, sediment loading, and flow of underlying ductile units: A case study from the Western Ionian Basin Offshore Eastern Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Tectono-stratigraphic analysis coupled with digital 3D surface modelling derived from high-resolution seismic profiles is performed along a narrow turbidite basin offshore E-Sicily in order to increase understanding on the processes that contributed to the shaping of the Western Ionian Basin. Seismic-reflector patterns of the identified Pliocene-Quaternary sequence point to syn-depositional deformation during the Pliocene associated with the simultaneous activity of regional faults and underlying ductile units. Long-wavelength sediment fanning results from the extensional activity of the Malta Escarpment faults. Conversely, internal reflector architecture and lateral terminations indicate localized subsidence associated with the growth of uprising structures in the easternmost part of the basin. Lateral shifting of basin depocenters is in line with withdrawal effects observed in basins floored by ductile units (salt or shale). 3D modelling of time-reference surfaces highlights sub-circular depressions associated with nearby structural culminations. This pattern is similar to salt-withdrawal mini- basins commonly reported in evaporite-floored basins. Accordingly, salt migration/flow triggered by sediment loading, locally enhanced by fault activity, is proposed as the process controlling basin evolution during the Pliocene in the Western Ionian Domain. Nevertheless, the possibility of shale/mud tectonics as the ductile source of deformation cannot be discounted
    Description: Published
    Description: 104932
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Syn-depositional deformation ; Ductile flow ; Turbidite basin ; Western Ionian Basin
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diffuse degassing areas: Interstitial soil gases as message bearers from deep hydrothermal reservoirs (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in interstitial soil gases from hydrothermal areas is commonly shaped by both deep hydrothermal conditions (e.g., temperature, redox, sulfur fugacity) and shallow secondary processes occurring near the soil-atmosphere interface. Caldara di Manziana and Solfatara di Nepi, i.e., two hydrothermal systems characterized by diverse physicochemical conditions located in the Sabatini Volcanic District and Vicano-Cimino Volcanic District, respectively (Central Italy), were investigated to evaluate the capability of VOCs in soil gases to preserve information from the respective feeding deep fluid reservoirs. Hierarchical cluster analyses and robust principal component analyses allowed recognition of distinct groups of chemical parameters of soil gases collected from the two study areas. The compositional dissimilarities from the free-gas discharges were indeed reflected by the chemical features of soil gases collected from each site, despite the occurrence of shallow processes, e.g., air mixing and microbial degradation processes, affecting VOCs. Four distinct groups of VOCs were recognized suggesting similar sources and/or geochemical behaviors, as follows: (i) S-bearing compounds, whose abundance (in particular that of thiophenes) was strictly dependent on the sulfur fugacity in the feeding system; (ii) C4,5,7+ alkanes, n-hexane, cyclics and alkylated aromatics, related to relatively low-temperature conditions at the gas source; (iii) C2,3 alkanes, benzene, benzaldehyde and phenol, i.e., stable compounds and thermal degradation products; and (iv) aliphatic O-bearing compounds, largely influenced by shallow processes within the soil. However, they maintain a chemical speciation that preserves a signature derived from the supplying deep-fluids, with aldehydes and ketones becoming more enriched after intense interaction of the hypogenic fluids with shallow aquifers. Accordingly, the empirical results of this study suggest that the chemical composition of VOCs in soil gases from hydrothermal areas provides insights into both deep source conditions and fluid circulation dynamics, identifying VOCs as promising geochemical tracers for geothermal exploration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169047
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Central Italy; Geochemical tracers; Hydrothermal reservoirs; Soil gases; VOCs
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A global lithospheric magnetic field model between ± 65° latitude derived from CSES satellite scalar data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) was launched successfully in February 2018. It is China's first satellite to measure geophysical fields with scientific goals in both space and solid earth physics. In this work, we used CSES scalar magnetic data to derive a global lithospheric magnetic field model between ±65° geographic latitudes. The nightside data from March 2018 to November 2022 under quiet space weather conditions were selected. Then, the core and external fields were removed with the CHAOS-7 model. After further data quality control, the data were used to build a lithospheric magnetic field model using a spherical harmonic analysis. The obtained CSES model was compared with the CHAOS-7, CM6, and MF7 models in terms of power spectra and anomaly details, which confirmed that the CSES scalar data had good quality and could provide a reliable lithospheric magnetic field model up to degree 42.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107036
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Hydrogeochemistry of trace and rare earth elements in the Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex is one of the most studied active volcanic systems in the South American Andean range, and yet little research has focused on trace and rare-earth elements of waters, especially during an eruptive cycle. In this study, we sampled and investigated natural waters from 23 sites (involving the crater lake, hot springs, streams, rivers, and bubbling pools) in two campaigns in 2017 and 2018, using physi cochemical parameters, major, trace and rare-earth elements concentrations. With this novel dataset, it was possible to identify, characterize and compare three groups of waters with distinctive hydrofacies. Indeed, the normalization of water compositions against host rock concentrations showed a particular trace element pattern for each group of waters. Although the absolute concentrations of the elements in each sampling site changed from 2017 to 2018, the normalized patterns did not. Boron, As, Cd, Tl, Se, and Te, commonly recognized as volatile, are the main trace elements that magmatic gases supply to the system headwaters, whereas elements such as Ca, K, and Ba are affected by precipitation of secondary minerals (gypsum, anhydrite, barite, jarosite, and alunite). Furthermore, the main river draining the summit volcano shows a steep decrease in As, Cr, and V concentrations correlated to the precipitation of Fe and Al hydroxysulfates (schwertmannite and basaluminite, respectively). Moreover, it is the first time that a comparison between the different water groups is made using the patterns of the rare-earth elements, allowing us to identify and separate depletion patterns due to dilution processes from those due to precipitation processes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121602
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Copahue volcano ; Hydrological system ; Geothermal ; Trace elements ; Rare earth elements
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    New biostratigraphic and paleoecologic data on the Pliocene-Pleistocene paleogeographic evolution of the northeastern coastal area of the central Tyrrhenian sea (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: In this work, we present new biostratigraphic and paleoecological data from the Mignone River valley, located in the central sector of the Tyrrhenian Sea margin and part of the wider Tarquinia basin, and cores in the area of Rome. By combining the new paleontological information with a review of the extant literature, we re-examine the stratigraphic architecture of the Pliocene succession in the central sector of the northwestern Tyrrhenian Sea margin, spanning the Zanclean (MPl1; 5.33–5.08 Ma) through the early Piacenzian (MPl4b; 3.57–3.31 Ma), and of the following Pleistocene transgressive-regressive sequence, comprising the Gelasian (MPl6; 2.59–1.81 Ma) through the Santernian (MPl1; 1.81–1.5 Ma). We propose a revision of the paleogeographic evolution of the central Tyrrhenian Sea basins throughout the Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene interval, by coherently framing it within the chronology of the volcanic phases that occurred in this region. In particular, our reconstruction points toward the presence of a single Transgressive- Regressive (T-R) sequence starting with the Zanclean reflooding of the Mediterranean after the Messinian Salinity Crisis and ending in the Piacenzian, as opposed to the previously proposed occurrence of two depositional T-R sequences separated by an erosional phase affecting part of the Globorotalia puncticulata biozone.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-20
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pliocene ; Pleistocene ; Biostratigraphy ; Tyrrhenian sea margin ; Paleoenvironments ; Depositional T-R sequence
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    Particle classification in the LAGO water Cherenkov detectors using clustering algorithms (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-16
    Description: The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is a ground-based observatory studying solar or high-energy astrophysics transient events. LAGO takes advantage of its distributed network of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) in Latin America as a tool to measure the secondary particle flux reaching the ground. These secondary particles are produced during the interaction between the modulated cosmic rays flux and the atmosphere. The LAGO WCDs are sensitive to secondary charged particles, high energy photons through pair creation and Compton scattering, and even neutrons thanks to, e.g., the deuteration of protons in the water volume. The pulse shape generated by these particles depends on several factors, such as the detector geometry, the water purity, the sensor response, or the reflectivity and diffusivity of the inner coating. Due to the decentralized nature of LAGO, these properties are different for each node. Additionally, the pulse shape depends on the convolution between the response of the central photomultiplier (PMT) to individual photons and the time distribution of the Cherenkov photons reaching the PMT. Typically, a WCD gives pulses with a sharp rise time ( 10 ns) and a longer decay time ( 70 ns). In this work, the WCD data used is acquired using the original LAGO data-acquisition system that digitizes pulses at a sampling rate of 40 MHz and 10 bits resolution on time windows of 400 ns. Here, we apply unsupervised machine learning techniques to find patterns in the WCDs data and subsequently create groups, through clustering, that can be used to provide particle separation. We use data acquired from an individual WCD, showing that density-based clustering algorithms are suitable for automatic particle separation producing good candidate groups. Improved separation would help LAGO to reconstruct in situ the properties of primary cosmic rays flux. These results open the possibility to deploy machine learning-based models in our distributed detection network for onboard data analysis as an operative prototype, allowing detectors to be installed at very remote sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 168557
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
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    Physical and chemical characterization of the Pomici di Avellino ashes (3.9 ka) from Somma-Vesuvius volcano for future health hazard assessment (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: Volcanic ashes can threaten the human respiratory system through inhalation. In this study we investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic ashes from the Pomici di Avellino (PdA) eruption, an Early Bronze Age (ca. 3.9 ka) Plinian event from Somma-Vesuvius volcano, southern Italy, whose wide dispersal affected most of the Italian peninsula. In particular, we analysed particle size, shape, composition, and surface reactivity of samples from both proximal and distal locations. Our results indicate that some tephra layers north of Rome have a phonolitic composition and match that of PdA eruption; they reach grain-sizes 〈2 μm (~13.5%), thus having the potential to enter the deep respiratory system. Furthermore, the reactivity in free radical generation makes these products potentially able to cause oxidative stress within cells. While commonly no volcanic hazard assessment is made in areas far from active volcanoes, this study highlights that fine ashes from future similar large eruptions, producing high amount of highly fragmented material, can pose a health hazard even in remote, non-volcanic areas, hundreds of km away from the vent, suggesting that further studies on ash toxicity (e.g., in vitro toxicity studies) are required.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107826
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Statistical retrieval of volcanic activity in long time series orbital data: Implications for forecasting future activity (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: Several high spatial resolution thermal infrared (TIR) missions are planned for the coming decade and their data will be crucial to constrain volcanic activity patterns throughout pre- and post-eruption phases. Foundational to these patterns is the subtle (1−2 K) thermal behavior, which is easily overlooked using lower spatial resolution data. In preparation for these new data, we conducted the first study using the entire twenty-two-year archive of higher spatial, lower temporal resolution TIR data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor. This archive presents a unique opportunity to quantify low-magnitude temperature anomalies and small plumes over long time periods. We developed a new statistical algorithm to automatically detect the full range of thermal activity and applied it to 〉5000 ASTER scenes of five volcanoes with well-documented eruptions. Unique to this algorithm is its ability to use both day and night data, account for clouds, quantify accurate background temperatures, and dynamically scale depending on the anomaly size. Results improve upon those from the more commonly used lower spatial resolution data, despite the less frequent temporal coverage of ASTER, and show that high spatial resolution TIR data are equally as effective. Significantly, the smaller, subtle thermal detections served as precursory signals in ∼81% of eruptions, and the algorithm's results create a framework for classifying future eruptive styles.
    Description: Published
    Description: 113704
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Tectonically-determined distribution of monogenetic volcanoes in a compressive tectonic regime: An example from the Pannonian continental back-arc system (Central Europe) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: This paper presents the results from a geographic information systems (GIS) workflow, which was used to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of volcanoes in the Mio-Pleistocene monogenetic Bakony- Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF), located in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Volcanism occurred during the tectonic inversion in a back-arc setting and a compressive/transpressive tectonic regime on the hottest and thinnest lithosphere of continental Europe. The main goal of this study is to clarify the effect of the pre-existing structure of the upper lithosphere in the distribution of the volcanic centers across the volcanic field using an innovative GIS methodology. Orientation of the volcanic field was compared to the orientation of the faults in the BBHVF, and in its larger vicinity, which resulted in correspondence, suggesting the dominance of the SW-NE direction. The directions of the volcanic lineaments fit well to the two main fault directions. The fault-volcano proximity analysis suggests that the fault plane of a thrust fault was an important structural feature during the lifespan of the volcanism. All results suggest that the fault plane of a regionally significant Cretaceous thrust fault (Lit ́er Fault) might have served as a temporary pathway for the ascending magma, whereby (similarly to other, smaller faults) redirecting the magmas causing clustering of the volcanoes. This highlights the importance of major upper crustal structural heterogeneities for magma transport in a compressive tectonic system, espe- cially in the case of active, monogenetic volcanic fields from a volcanic hazard perspective. The present GIS workflow can be effective in analyzing the spatial patterns of the volcanism and its connection with crustal structures at monogenetic volcanic fields worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107940
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Equatorial plasma bubble intensities across longitudinal sectors of the globe using GNSS observations (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: We present the first investigation of Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) intensities across longitudinal sectors of the globe using observations from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. GNSS data from a total of 93 receiver stations located within ±20 degrees of the geomagnetic equator across the globe were used. The data covered periods of years 2014 and 2019 which are respectively years of high and low solar activity in solar cycle 24. We define a parameter known as the Standard deviation of Residual TEC (SRT) to characterize the EPB intensities. The EPB occurrence was defined by day-night differences of the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI). We observed a high correlation (r ∼ 0.80) between the magnitudes of the SRT and ROTI during the EPB occurrence, but the correlation is low (r ∼ 0.37) during non occurrence of EPB. The EPB intensities are greater during seasons with high occurrence rates. The EPB intensities and occurrence rates are also greater during the high solar activity. We found that the post-sunset intensities are greatest in the Atlantic region, followed by the African region, then the American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order. The post-midnight intensities are greatest in the African region, followed by the Atlantic, American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106097
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 01.02. Ionosphere
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    High-resolution spatial analysis of temperature influence on the rainfall regime and extreme precipitation events in north-central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: In the last few years, several works have analyzed rainfall regime changes with the increase of temperature as a result of global warming. These changes, documented mainly in northern Europe, still need to be clarified in the Mediterranean area. Many studies have identified sometimes contradictory trends according to the type of data used, the methodology, and the daily or subdaily types of events. Therefore, an in-depth investigation of the Mediterranean area is required for the definition of more certain future scenarios. In this study, we examined a very large database including 〉1000 raingauges and thermometers in northern and central Italy to analyze the relationship between temperature and rainfall using the relation Clausius-Clapeyron. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between temperature and extreme precipitation events (EPEs, defined as the events higher than the 95th percentile) calculating the temperature anomalies occurred during these events. This large database covers a low rainfall accumulation period (RAP) that allowed us to study the relationship between temperature and rainfall and to distinguish rapid from long events related to rainfall intensity. The results show different relationships between rainfall and temperature in relation to seasons, RAPs, rainfall intensity, and geographical factors. The high spatial density of the database made it possible to identify spatial clusters with homogenous characteristics mainly influenced by geographical factors. With an increase in temperature, the wet season is characterized by a general increase in rainfall with a higher surge for intense and fast events. Instead, the dry season shows a general rainfall decrease for less intense and longer events, but an increase in rapid and more intensive rainfall events. This outcome has further implications involving a future decrease in water availability and an increase of the EPEs, causing an extremization of the climate during the dry season for northern and central Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 163368
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Current global warming; Extreme precipitation events; Italy; Mediterranean; Temperature increase
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Dynamics of the 2021 unrest at Changbaishan Tianchi volcano from ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and seismic data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-10
    Description: The Changbaishan Tianchi intraplate volcano is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes of NE Asia, characterized by a summit caldera formed after the 946 CE ‘Millennium’ Plinian eruption. From December 2020 to June 2021, the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes at Tianchi were significantly higher than during background periods, with hundreds of earthquakes (46 events per month in average) and reaching a local magnitude of ML 3.1. This study reports a comprehensive deformation analysis and geophysical inversion scheme aimed to unveil the dynamics of this period. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis results of 32 ALOS-2 images from 2018 to 2022 show that the surface deformation is a combination of seasonal fluctuations (± 25 mm in average, with a maximum ± 45 mm) and a long-term positive component. The least squares linear regression of the deformation time series and temperature data, isolates the seasonal fluctuations, revealing a clear upliftsubsidence process from June 2020 to July 2021 in the caldera area. To constrain the Tianchi plumbing system dynamics, a combined inversion scheme consisting of three deformation sources is designed. The inversion results and the seismic records indicate that Tianchi volcano has experienced a low-level unrest episode from December 2020 to June 2021. The shallower plumbing system, located at about 5–9 km depth and modelled by pressurized spheroids, underwent a cumulative volume increase of 26 × 106 m3 from November 2018 to April 2021, followed by a volume decrease of 9 × 106 m3 from April to July 2021. This suggests magma uprising from the 14 km deep storage zone to the shallower plumbing system, followed by depressurization of the plumbing system due to the escape of fluids. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the magma and fluid migration dynamics within the Tianchi multi-level plumbing system for the first time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103775
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Gravimetry and hydrologic data to constrain the hydrodynamics of a karstic area: The Škocjan Caves study case (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: In this paper we employ a combination of gravity and hydrologic data to constrain a hydraulic model of the Škocjan Caves, an allogenic dominated karstic system in Slovenia. The gravity time-series recorded by a spring-based gravimeter, are carefully analyzed to remove tidal and non-tidal effects and unveil the local hydrologic contribution, which is influenced by the temporary accumulation of water in the cave system during the flood events of the Reka river. We make use of a combined analysis of three large flood events with peak river discharge of about 200, 230 and 300 m3/s, that caused significant water level and gravity variations sensed by the pressure transducer and by the gravimeter. By the integration of hydraulic modelling we study the different coupled gravimetric-hydrologic responses to these flood events: we show that, depending on the peak discharge and duration of the event, different flow conditions are present in the cave system. In addition to the information provided by the pressure transducer, the gravimeter is sensitive to the flow dynamics in a different sector of the cave due to the choice of its location; this configuration helps to better constrain the hydraulic model. Moreover, we find that the autogenic recharge by percolating water can significantly affect the gravity time-series and must be considered in related models. By inclusion of both the hydraulic model outcomes and of the modelling of the autogenic recharge, we are able to better explain the gravity transients during the two smaller magnitude events. In particular, during such events the autogenic contribution produces a transient gravity signal, which is about 4 times larger than the allogenic one, while during the largest flood the allogenic contribution drastically overcomes the autogenic effect by a factor 20. By discussing this case, we prove the potential of terrestrial gravity observation to depict the hydro-dynamics of these complex karstic systems as well as the potential of gravimetry to remotely monitor these storage units.
    Description: Published
    Description: 130453
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Hydrological and volcano-related gravity signals at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius from ∼20 yr of time-lapse gravity monitoring: implications for volcano quiescence (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: We report on about 20 yr of relative gravity measurements, acquired on Mt. Somma–Vesuvius volcano in order to investigate the hydrological and volcano-tectonic processes controlling the present-day activity of the volcano. The retrieved long-term field of time gravity change (2003–2022) shows a pattern essentially related to the subsidence, which have affected the central part of the volcano, as detected by the permanent GNSS network and InSAR data. After reducing the observations for the effect of vertical deformation, no significant residuals are found, indicating no significant mass accumulation or loss within the volcanic system. In the north-western sector of the study area, at the border of the volcano edifice, however, significant residual positive gravity changes are detected which are associated to ground-water rebound after years of intense exploitation of the aquifers. On the seasonal timescale, we find that stations within the caldera rim are affected by the seasonal hydrological effects, while the gravity stations at the base of the Vesuvius show a less clear correlation. Furthermore, within the caldera rim a multiyear gravity transient is detected with an increase phase lasting about 4 yr followed by a slower decrease phase. Analysis of rain data seem to exclude a hydrological origin, hence, we hypothesize a deeper source related to the geothermal activity, which can be present even if the volcano is in a quiescent state. We infer the depth and volume of the source by inverting the spatial pattern of the gravity field at the peak of the transient. A volume of fluids of 9.5 × 107 m3 with density of 1000 kg m−3 at 2.3 km depth is capable to fit reasonably well the observations. To explain the gravity transient, simple synthetic models are produced, that simulate the ascent of fluids from a deep reservoir up to the depth of 2.3 km and a successive diffusion within the carbonate aquifer hosting the geothermal system. The whole process appears to not significantly affect the seismicity rate and the deformation of the volcano. This study demonstrates the importance of a 4-D gravity monitoring of a volcano to understand its complex gravity signals that cover different spatial and temporal scales. Discriminating the different contributions that mix up in the observed gravity changes, in particular those due to hydrologic/anthropogenic activities form those due to the geothermal dynamics, is fundamental for a complete and reliable evaluation of the volcano state.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1565–1580
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 146
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    28th September 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Supershear Earthquake, Indonesia: Ground effects and macroseismic intensity estimation using ESI-2007 scale (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: The 28th September 2018 Sulawesi Supershear earthquake (MW 7.5) was one of the deadliest earthquakes in the recent history of Indonesia causing ∼4000 causalities. The earthquake caused a ∼ 177 km long surface rupture along the Palu-Karo fault. Apart from surface rupture, the earthquake caused extensive earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the Palu-Donggala area of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, which includes tsunami, coastal landslide, liquefaction, ground cracks and more than 7300 landslides in hilly areas. Initial post-event analysis and reports assigned a Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of VII to VIII in Palu City and the surrounding area. Building damage and ground effects caused by the earthquake suggested that seismic intensity was understated. Here we applied the EEEs information from field survey data, published reports, and remote sensing tools to determine macroseismic intensity using the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) Scale. The ESI-07 intensity derived from the ground effects suggests the maximum intensity of X-XI, which is 3–4° higher than the traditional intensity estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). ShakeMaps were generated considering the ESI-07 values. The ShakeMap was compared with the instrumentally derived ShakeMap for the Palu earthquake, which proves that the ShakeMap prepared from the instrumental data or structural damage data is underrated. We argue that proper documentation of the EEEs is necessary for such damaging earthquakes for future earthquake hazard mapping and planning in the study area and other earthquakes in Indonesia. In addition, this will help in defining the on-fault and off-fault damage zone towards reducing the seismic risk of the Palu Donggala area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107054
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sulawesi Earthquake ; Indonesia ; EEEs ; ESI-07 ; ShakeMap ; Seismic Hazard
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  • 147
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    Sound velocities and single-crystal elasticity of hydrous Fo90 olivine to 12 GPa (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: Nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) may contain significant amounts of water and constitute an important reservoir for mantle hydrogen. The colloquial term ‘water’ in NAMs is related to the presence of hydroxyl-bearing (OH􀀀 ) point defects in their crystal structure, where hydrogen is bonded to lattice oxygen and is charge-balanced by cation vacancies. This hydrous component may therefore have substantial effects on the thermoelastic parameters of NAMs, comparable to other major crystal-chemical substitutions (e.g., Fe, Al). Assessment of water concentrations in natural minerals from mantle xenoliths indicates that olivine commonly stores ~0–200 ppm of water. However, the lack of samples originating from depths exceeding ~250 km coupled with the rapid diffusion of hydrogen in olivine at magmatic temperatures makes the determination of the olivine water content in the upper mantle challenging. On the other hand, numerous experimental data show that, at pressures and temperatures corresponding to deep upper mantle conditions, the water storage capacity of olivine increases to 0.2–0.5 wt%. Therefore, determining the elastic properties of olivine samples with more realistic water contents for deep upper mantle conditions may help in interpreting both seismic velocity anomalies in potentially hydrous regions of Earth’s mantle as well as the observed seismic velocity and density contrasts across the 410-km discontinuity. Here, we report simultaneous single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Brillouin scattering experiments at room temperature up to 11.96(2) GPa on hydrous [0.20(3) wt% H2O] Fo90 olivine to assess its full elastic tensor, and complement these results with a careful re-analysis of all the available single-crystal elasticity data from the literature for anhydrous Fo90 olivine. While the bulk (K) and shear (G) moduli of hydrous Fo90 olivine are virtually identical to those of the corresponding anhydrous phase, their pressure derivatives K′ and G′ are slightly larger, although consistent within mutual uncertainties. We then defined linear relations between the water concentration in Fo90 olivine, the elastic moduli and their pressure derivatives, which were then used to compute the sound velocities of Fo90 olivine with higher degrees of hydration. Even for water concentrations as high as 0.5 wt%, the sound wave velocities of hydrous and anhydrous olivines were found to be identical within uncertainties at pressures corresponding to the base of the upper mantle. Contrary to previous claims, our data suggest that water in olivine is not seismically detectable, at least for contents consistent with deep upper mantle conditions. In addition to that, our data reveal that the hydration of olivine is unlikely to be a key factor in reconciling seismic velocity and density contrasts across the 410-km discontinuity with a pyrolitic mantle.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107011
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 148
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    A multi-step approach to evaluate the sustainable use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The rapid decline in both quality and availability of freshwater resources on our planet necessitates their thorough assessment to ensure sustainable usage. The growing demand for water in industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors poses significant challenges to managing both surface and groundwater resources. This study tests and proposes a hybrid evaluation approach to determine Groundwater Quality Indices (GQIs) for irrigation (IRRI), seawater intrusion (SWI), and potability (POT), finalized to the spatial distribution of groundwater suitability involving water quality indicator along with hydrogeological and socio-economic factors. Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) and Information Gain Ratio (IGR) were used to state the importance of chosen factors such as level of groundwater above the sea, thickness of the aquifer, land cover, distance from coastline, silt soil content, recharge, distance from river and lagoons, depth to water table from ground, distance from agricultural wells, hydraulic conductivity, and lithology for each quality index, separately. The results of both methods showed that recharge is the most important parameter for GQIIRRI and GQIPOT, while the distance from the coastline and the rivers, are the most important for GQISWI. The spatial modelling of GQIIRRI and GQIPOT in the study area has been achieved applying three machine learning (ML) algorithms: the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), the Random Forest (RF), and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Validation results showed that RF has the highest prediction for GQIIRRI, while the SVM model has the highest prediction for the GQIPOT index. It is worth to mention that the future utilization and testing of new algorithms could produce even better results. Finally, GQIIRRI and GQIPOT were combined and compared using two combine and overlay methods to prepare a hybrid map of multi-GQIs. The results showed that 69% of the study area is suitable for irrigation and potable use, due to both geogenic and anthropogenic activities which contribute to make some water resources unsuitable for either use. Specifically, the northern, western, and eastern portions of the study area are in the "very high and high quality" classes while the southern portion shows "very low and low quality" classes. In conclusion, the developed map and approach can serve as a practical guide for enhancing groundwater management, identifying suitable areas for various uses and pinpointing regions requiring improved management practices.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119041
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Groundwater suitability ; Quality index ; Vulnerability map
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  • 149
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    Aseismic creep and gravitational sliding on the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna: Insights from the 2002 and 2022 fault rupture events between Santa Venerina and Santa Tecla (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: Fault creep along the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano has been documented since the end of the 19th century and significantly contributes to the surface faulting hazard in the area. On 29 October 2002, during a seismic swarm related to dyke intrusions, two earthquakes caused extensive damage and surface faulting in an area between the Santa Venerina and Santa Tecla villages. On the same day after the two earthquakes, an episodic aseismic creep occurred along the Scalo Pennisi Fault close to the Santa Tecla coastline. On 8 February 2022, during another aseismic creep event along the Scalo Pennisi Fault, we observed the reopening of the pre existing 2002 ground ruptures mostly as pure dilational fractures. We mapped the 2002 and 2022 surface ruptures, and collected data on displacement, length, and pattern of ground breaks. Ground ruptures affected structures located along the activated fault segments, including roads, walls and buildings. The 2002 surface faulting propagation can be ascribed to a sliding of the Mt. Etna eastern flank toward the SE, as also suggested by the related shallow seismicity, and InSAR and geodetic data between 2002 and 2005. For the 2022 event, dif ferential InSAR data, acquired in both descending and ascending views, allowed us to decompose Line of Sight (LOS) displacement into horizontal and vertical components. We detect a ~ 700 m long and ~ 500 m wide deformation zone with a downward and eastward motion (max displacement ~1,5 cm) consistent with a normal fault. We inverted the InSAR–detected surface deformation using a uniform-slip fault model and obtained a shallow detachment for the causative fault, located at ~300 m depth, within the volcanic pile. This is the first in depth study along the Scalo Pennisi Fault to suggest a shallow faulting that accommodates Mt. Etna E flank gravitational sliding.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229829
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna ; Aseismic creep ; Earthquake ; Surface faulting ; Volcano-tectonic deformation ; InSAR
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  • 150
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    On the length and intensity of the West African summer monsoon during the last interglacial African humid period (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 328, pp. 108542-108542, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: The increase in summer monsoon precipitation over western Africa during the last interglacial (LIG) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) is well documented, but it is uncertain whether this increase is due to larger rainfall rate alone, an extension of the summer monsoon season or a combination of the two. Due to different orbital config- uration, the boreal summer of the LIG was warmer but shorter than the PI, potentially influencing the summer monsoon duration. In this study, we employ a newly developed isotope-enabled climate model, AWI-ESM-wiso to investigate the intensity and length of the West African Summer Monsoon (WASM) for both LIG and PI time periods. Our model results indicate that, despite an intensification in summer insolation and an enhanced hydro-logical cycle, WASM season in the LIG is 9 days shorter compared to the PI. During the LIG, increased insolation in late spring and early summer strengthens the Saharan heat low (SHL) and its associated sub-systems, facilitating a faster accumulation of potential instability and an earlier WASM onset. However, a substantial earlier withdrawal of the WASM is also detected, driven by an earlier southward shift of insolation maximum. More- over, our findings are further supported by models participating in the 4th phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 151
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    Mapping hydrothermal and supergene alteration zones associated with carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits by using PRISMA satellite imagery supported by field-based hyperspectral data, mineralogical and geochemical analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Delineating hydrothermal alteration and supergene caps is fundamental for mineral exploration of sulfide ores. The aim of this study is to apply a multi-scale workflow based on hyperspectral remote and proximal sensing data in order to delineate hydrothermal dolomitization and supergene alteration associated with the Mississippi Valley-Type Zn-Pb(-Ag) deposit of Jabali (Western Yemen). The area was investigated through hyperspectral images derived from the new launched Italian Space Agency’s PRISMA satellite, which has a higher spectral resolution compared to multispectral sensors and covers the mineral-diagnostic wavelength regions (such as the 2100 nm to 2300 nm range) with a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ≥ 100. Spectral mineral maps were produced through the band ratios method using specific feature extraction indices applied to the hyperspectral satellite data. The results were validated by using Visible Near InfraRed (VNIR) to Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) reflectance spectra, mineralogical (XRPD) and geochemical (ICP-ES/MS) analyses on rock samples collected in the Jabali area. The dolomites footprint was mapped using a PRISMA Level 2C image, by enhancing the spectral differences between limestones and dolomites in the SWIR-2 region (major features centered at 2340 nm and 2320 nm, respectively). Gossans were detected due to the Fe3+ absorption band in the VNIR region at 900 nm. The Zn-Pb mineralized area, extended for approximately 25 km2, was thus identified by recognizing gossan occurrences in dolomites. The study demonstrates that the PRISMA satellite is effective in identifying Zn-Pb mineralized outcrops in sedimentary basins.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105244
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 152
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    Double dare: Climate change and volcanic activity threatens local populations of Meta menardi (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) and M. bourneti Simon, 1922 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) are ubiquitous inhabitants of the twilight zone of most hypogean sites across Europe. The two species are broadly distributed in Italy, including Sicily, where they show a remarkable segregation along the altitudinal gradient of Mount Etna. Thanks to our recent sampling activities in this area, we create a georeferenced dataset allowing the application of Species Distribution Modelling aiming at evaluating the current and the future habitat in light of the impacts caused by climate change on the local populations. We predicted a relatively wide suitable area for M bourneti, ranging from the sea level up to 1100 m a.sl., whereas for M. menardi the suitable area encompasses a narrow mid altitude strip, extending halfway between the areas suitable for M. bourneti, and the highly unsuitable volcanic uplands, heavily disturbed by the volcanic activity. The averaged future predictions for 2070 under RCP 8.5 scenario, show that M. bourneti will expand its range upwards, in areas that are now suitable for M. menardi. In turn, predictions for M. menardi indicate an extreme reduction of the current strip of suitable habitat, likely determining its local extinction. Our findings are further corroborated by the analysis of the bioclimatic niche of the two species assessed via multidimensional Hutchinsonian hypervolume, being much smaller in M. menardi compared to of M. bourneti. In light of our results, it seems likely that having wider climatic preference, M. bourneti will substitute M. menardi in most of its current range in Sicily. Future interventions aiming at the conservation of M. menardi on Mount Etna are strongly advised.
    Description: Published
    Description: e02699
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cave-dwelling spiders ; Mount Etna ; Lava caves ; Climate change ; Niche segregation ; Species distribution modelling
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  • 153
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    Exploring the tidal responses of ocean worlds with PyALMA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Observations of the tidal response of celestial bodies quantified by the Love numbers are highly relevant in planetary geophysical investigations because they provide unique insight into the interior structures. For example, the high sensitivity of tidal deformations to the properties of the oceans detected beneath the icy surfaces of some moons is of paramount importance for investigations of their habitability. We present here PyALMA3, a software framework developed in Python devoted to the computation of planetary Love numbers. PyALMA3 is based on ALMA3, a previous version developed in Fortran. Conversion to Python significantly improves the accessibility and portability of the software. We tested PyALMA3 by applying it to the exploration of the tidal responses of Europa and the other Galilean moons. We show that accurate modeling of effects such as the viscoelastic deformations of ice and the water density gradient in the ocean (variations of 2–3% on the real part of k2) will be important in the context of geophysical investigations that will be conducted by future missions targeting icy moons, such as Europa Clipper and JUICE.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116120
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Galilean satellites ; Tides ; Planetary interior ; Ocean planets
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  • 154
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    Spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from a finite difference approximation of elliptic operators (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: When approximating elliptic problems by using specialized approximation techniques, we obtain large structured matrices whose analysis provides information on the stability of the method. Here we provide spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from the approximation of the Laplacian via ad hoc finite differences. The analysis involves several tools from matrix theory and in particular from the setting of Toeplitz operators and Generalized Locally Toeplitz matrix-sequences. Several numerical experiments are conducted, which confirm the correctness of the theoretical findings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 10-43
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Toeplitz matrix ; Generating function and spectral symbol ; Approximation of differential operators
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  • 155
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    Need for harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring of African Great Lakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multilake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101988
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Erosion
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  • 156
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    Geochemical characteristics of natural springs within the Lenglongling fault zone related to the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022, NW China (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Geofluids from natural springs connect with the crust and/or mantle in many cases, and their geochemical anomalies could be significant for the study on faults activity and even earthquakes. Several natural springs are distributed along the Lenglongling fault zone (LLLFZ) in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where the Ms 6.9 Menyuan earthquake occurred on January 8th, 2022. Based on chemical and isotopic compositions (δD, δ18O, δ13C, and 3He/4He) of water and gas samples, the origin of geofluids and their potential correlation with fault activity even including earthquakes are preliminarily assessed in this paper. The δ13CCO2 values and 3He/4He ratios showed that the gas originating from the crust was associated with the metamorphism of carbonate rocks, whereas the δ18O and δD values of water samples indicated that the natural springs were predominantly infiltrated with precipitations from local mountains ranging 3.7 - 5.5 km in height. Obvious changes of Ca2+ and HCO3􀀀 concentrations in SZK spring waters in the surface rupture zones were observed in a short period (about three months) after the main shock, in contrast to those of the GSK springs far from the surface rupture zones. Such variations might be correlated with the stress increase prior to the 2022 Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake. The mechanical fracturing of surrounding limestone rocks during the slipping movement of LLLF could facilitate the water-rock interactions. Compared to three-month observations after the main shock, relatively higher concentrations of HCO3􀀀 and heavier δ18OH2O values of the LHG springs were also observed in the short-term period. The shallow stored formation water might be squeezed along the cracks and rose to the surface during earthquake tremors, causing a sandblasting water phenomenon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105767
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Menyuan earthquake ; Natural spring ; Fluid geochemistry ; Lenglongling fault ; Tibetan plateau
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  • 157
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    The effects of hot and pressurized fluid flow across a brittle layer on the recent seismicity and deformation in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: The influence of the hydrothermal circulation on seismicity and uplift observed at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) is a topic of great interest to the scientific community. Recently, Thermo-Poro-Elastic (TPE) inclusions were proposed as likely deformation sources. They are suitable to explain the mechanical effects induced by hot and pressurized hydrothermal fluids, possibly exsolved from underlying magma, and pervading an overlying brittle layer. Recent works show that a TPE inclusion located at approximately 2 km depth below the Campi Flegrei caldera significantly contributed to the large and rapid soil uplift observed during the ‘82-’84 unrest phase. In the present work we demonstrate that such a source of deformation is likely playing a role even in the current unrest phase, which is characterized by a much lower uplift-rate with respect to the one occurred in the previous unrest phase. We will show that the time-series of soil uplift observed in the last 18 years can be reproduced by assuming the reactivation of the same deformation source responsible of the ‘82-’84 unrest located within a shallow brittle layer at about 2 km depth. The presence of a brittle layer has been evidenced in the past by tomographic studies and is confirmed by a sharp variation of the b-value at the corresponding depth.We believe that our results provide very important insights and evidences, supporting the existence and the importance of an active thermo-poro-elastic deformation source, which can be useful for understanding the unrest of the Campi Flegrei caldera, from both a scientific and geohazard perspective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107930
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; Hydrothermal fluids ; Caldera ; Uplift ; Induced seismicity ; Deformation source
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  • 158
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    No distinct local cuisines among humpback whales: A population diet comparison in the Southern Hemisphere (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 931, pp. 172939-172939, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: Southern hemisphere humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae, SHHW) breeding populations follow a high-fidelity Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) diet while feeding in distinct sectors of the Southern Ocean. Their capital breeding life history requires predictable ecosystem productivity to fuel migration and migration-related behaviours. It is therefore postulated that populations feeding in areas subject to the strongest climate change impacts are more likely to show the first signs of a departure from a high-fidelity krill diet. We tested this hypothesis by investigating blubber fatty acid profiles and skin stable isotopes obtained from five SHHW populations in 2019, and comparing them to Antarctic krill stable isotopes sampled in three SHHW feeding areas in the Southern Ocean in 2019. Fatty acid profiles and δ13C and δ15N varied significantly among all five populations, however, calculated trophic positions did not (2.7 to 3.1). Similarly, fatty acid ratios, 16:1ω7c/16:0 and 20:5ω3/22:6ω3 were above 1, showing that whales from all five populations are secondary heterotrophs following an omnivorous diet with a diatom-origin. Thus, evidence for a potential departure from a high-fidelity Antarctic krill diet was not seen in any population. δ13C of all populations were similar to δ13C of krill sampled in productive upwelling areas or the marginal sea-ice zone. Consistency in trophic position and diet origin but significant fatty acid and stable isotope differences demonstrate that the observed variability arises at lower trophic levels. Our results indicate that, at present, there is no evidence of a divergence from a high-fidelity krill diet. Nevertheless, the characteristic isotopic signal of whales feeding in productive upwelling areas, or in the marginal sea-ice zone, implies that future cryosphere reductions could impact their feeding ecology.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 159
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    Insights into the explosive eruption history of the Campanian volcanoes prior to the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: The Campanian Volcanic Zone (CVZ) comprises multiple active volcanoes and includes the highly productive Campi Flegrei and Ischia caldera systems. These caldera volcanoes have produced probably the largest eruptions in Europe in the past 200 ka, such as the Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT; Ischia) at ca. 56 ka and the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI; Campi Flegrei) at ca. 40 ka, which form widespread isochrons across the Mediterranean region. These closely-spaced volcanic centres erupt phonolitic to trachytic glass compositions that are similar, and thus it can be challenging to correlate tephra deposits to specific volcanic sources. Here we present a detailed tephrostratigraphy for pre-CI eruption activity using the units preserved within a sequence at the coastal Acquamorta outcrop, on the western side of the CI caldera rim. Both the MEGT and CI units are present in the section, and they bracket twelve eruption units that were logged and sampled. New major and trace element glass chemistry data have been acquired for these Acquamorta tephra deposits. Three eruption deposits from Ischia and nine from Campi Flegrei are identified, which helps constrain the tempo of volcanic activity of these centres between the large caldera-forming eruptions. The three Ischia tephra deposits between the MEGT and the CI are indistinguishable based on both major and trace element glass chemistry and cannot be correlated to a specific or known eruption in this interval, such as the Schiappone tephra. The compositional variations between the Campi Flegrei eruptions reveal temporal shifts in the composition of the tephra deposits that reflect changes in the magmatic system prior to the CI eruption. These deposits indicate that there were at least nine eruptions at Campi Flegrei within 16 ka of the enormous CI eruption, and suggest that there was no significant period of repose before the caldera generating eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107915
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 160
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    Impacts of volcanic hazards on rural communities and adaptative strategies: A case study of the Virunga Volcanic Province (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Active volcanoes are a continuous threat for several regions worldwide and cause socio-economic and environmental issues, including the Virunga Volcanic Province (D.R. Congo). There, more than 2 million people are permanently exposed to the hazards of the most active volcanoes in Africa: Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira. However, there is a clear lack of information regarding the impacts of these hazards and how they may be affected by social vulnerability. In this study, a household survey based on semi-structural interviews was performed for rural communities in Virunga. This research aims to (i) investigate the impacts of volcanic hazards on rural communities facing distinct levels of social vulnerability, (ii) understand the adaptive strategies developed by these communities to address these impacts, and finally (iii) identify the main grievances with respect to volcanic hazards raised by these rural communities. The most vulnerable households are those directly affected by volcano-tectonic hazards such as lava flows, mazukus, volcanic gases, ash fallout, and seismic activity. Indirect dangers related to water and food contamination by volcanic emissions are also stronger for the most vulnerable households. Respondents reported that most edible plants and waters are strongly affected by direct volcanic emissions. Drinking waters, which come from traditional drainage, rainfall, and streams, are generally not suitable for human consumption in the study area. Community suggestions for addressing issues related to volcanic-tectonic hazards include efforts to improve water and food quality, enhancement of the sanitary system, timely information on the volcanic activity, volcano monitoring, and capacity building for volcanologists.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103566
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcanic hazards ; Social vulnerability ; Risks perception ; Nyiragongo ; Nyamulagira
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 161
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    Fault rupture and aseismic creep accompanying the December 26, 2018, Mw 4.9 Fleri earthquake (Mt. Etna, Italy): Factors affecting the surface faulting in a volcano-tectonic environment (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: On December 26, 2018 (2:19 UTC), during a volcanic eruption on the Mt. Etna eastern flank (Sicily, southern Italy), the largest instrumental earthquake ever recorded in the volcano ruptured the Fiandaca Fault, with epicenter between Fleri and Pennisi villages (hypocenter at ca. 300 m a. s. l., Mw 4.9). This was the mainshock of an earthquake swarm and it was accompanied by widespread surface faulting and extensive damage along a narrow belt near the fault trace. Few hours after the mainshock, an episodic aseismic creep event occurred along the Aci Platani Fault, a SE extension of the Fiandaca Fault, which caused several damages in the Aci Platani village. We surveyed and mapped the coseismic and aseismic ground ruptures, and collected structural data on their geometry, displacement, and fault zone fabric. We compared the mapped surface ruptures with topography, lithology, and morphology of the buried top of the sedimentary basement. We conclude that the geometry of the volcanic pile influenced the surface expression of faulting during the December 26, 2018 event. The top surface of the marly clay basement should be considered as a detachment surface for shallow sliding blocks. The earthquake occurred on top of a depression of the sedimentary basement forcing the sliding eastward, causing at surface the re-arrangement of the fault strand pattern and deformation style, switching from shear faulting to a tensile failure. The Fleri earthquake therefore provides an unprecedented dataset for 1) understanding active faulting in the European largest onshore volcano, 2) modeling its complex dynamics, and 3) contributing to a more refined surface faulting hazard assessment at Mt. Etna. Results from this investigation might be useful for characterizing capable faulting in similar volcano-tectonic settings worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25-41
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 2018 Fleri earthquake ; Mt. Etna ; Surface faulting ; Geological hazards ; Aseismic creep
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 162
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    Hydrothermal alteration and physical and mechanical properties of rocks in a volcanic environment: A review (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: Volcanic rocks are the prominent host rocks in geothermal and volcanic systems in general, displaying heterogeneity. Although various external factors such as temperature, pressure, time, fluid chemistry, and subsurface geology have been thoroughly researched regarding the source of hydrothermal minerals in geothermal fields, the effect of hydrothermal alteration on volcanic hosts is still controversial in the literature. This review compiles data on the physical and mechanical properties of the host rocks composing volcanic environments exhibiting hydrothermal alteration or remaining unaltered. The considered data is originated from hydrothermal areas from Kuril-Kamchatka (Russia), Los Humeros (Mexico), Ngatamaraki, Rotokawa, Kawerau and Ohakuri geothermal fields and Mt. Ruapehu, Mt. Taranaki, and Whakaari volcanoes (New Zealand), Solfatara (Italy), Reykjanes, Nesjavellir, and Theistarereykir geothermal fields (Iceland), La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Caribbean) volcano, and Merapi volcano (Indonesia). Analysis of average values displayed in several graphical representations and correlations finds that dense rocks (such as lavas and intrusive rocks) exhibit greater competence and lower porosity than fragmental rocks. However, altered dense rocks display greater variability in mechanical properties compared to pyroclastic rocks, primarily influenced by mineral dissolution leading to rock weakening. Exceptions occur for high-temperature hydrothermal alteration, such as advanced silicification and propylitic alteration, with the latter influenced by minor types of alteration. Fragmental rocks have diverse behaviour with the extent of hydrothermal alteration and welding/compaction. According to the compiled data, an overall strengthening of pyroclastic rocks develops as hydrothermal alteration increases, regardless of the type of hydrothermal alteration. The complexity of hydrothermal systems, the variability shown by different hydrothermal settings and histories in terms of temperature, fluid chemistry and secondary mineral assemblage, and the variety of rock materials with different microstructures contribute to moderate correlations between properties compared to those established in an unaltered state. However, the same trends (linear, nonlinear, positive, negative) are preserved along hydrothermal alteration. This review emphasizes the significance of the type and degree of hydrothermal alteration, along with the rock type and pre-existence of fractures, in shaping the development of alteration in volcanic environments and modifying the properties of host rocks. The relevance of the review relies on the fact that these properties are considered to enhance the productivity of geothermal fields and improve the assessment of volcanic hazards. Future research is expected to expand on this groundwork.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104754
    Description: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrothermal alteration ; physical properties ; degree of hydrothermal alteration ; mechanical properties ; hydrothermal alteration facies ; intrusion-related geothermal systems ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 163
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    A ticket to where? Dwindling snow cover impacts the winter tourism sector as a consequence of climate change (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: Climate change affects human activities, including tourism across various sectors and time frames. The winter tourism industry, dependent on low temperatures, faces significant impacts. This paper reviews the implications of climate change on winter tourism, emphasising challenges for activities like skiing and snowboarding, which rely on consistent snowfall and low temperatures. As the climate changes, these once taken-for-granted conditions are no longer as commonplace. Through a comprehensive review supported by up-to-date satellite imagery, this paper presents evidence suggesting that the reliability of winter snow is decreasing, with findings revealing a progressive reduction in snow levels associated with temperature and precipitation changes in some regions. The analysis underscores the need for concerted efforts by stakeholders who must recognize the reality of diminishing snow availability and work towards understanding the specific changes in snow patterns. This should involve multi-risk and multi-instrument assessments, including ongoing satellite data monitoring to track snow cover changes. The practical implications for sports activities and the tourism industry reliant on snow involve addressing challenges by diversifying offerings. This includes developing alternative winter tourism activities less dependent on snow, such as winter hiking, nature walks, or cultural experiences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120554
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Climate change ; Adaptation ; Tourism losses ; Winter sport ; Multi-date satellite imagery ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 164
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    Validation of the IRI-2020 topside ionosphere options through in-situ electron density observations by low-Earth-orbit satellites (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: The topside ionosphere extends from the F2-layer peak, where the electron density reaches its absolute maximum in the ionosphere, to the overlying plasmasphere and magnetosphere. In the topside ionosphere, the electron density decreases with height with a vertical variation rate strongly dependent on height itself. The last version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, i.e., IRI-2020, describes this complex behavior through four topside options based on different sub-models (i.e., options) developed from the 1970s to the present. All these options have in common the F2-layer peak as an anchor point, while they differ in their topside electron density profile and/or plasma effective scale height formulations. In this work, we perform a validation of the accuracy of the four IRI-2020 topside options based on the comparison against in-situ electron density observations by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F15 low-Earth-orbit satellites. Datasets used in this study encompass observations recorded from 1999 to 2022, covering different diurnal, seasonal, and solar activity conditions, on a global basis and for the height range 400–850 km above the ground. The nearly two solar cycles dataset facilitated the evaluation of IRI-2020 topside options ability to reproduce the spatial and time variations of the topside ionosphere for different solar activity conditions. The weaknesses and strengths of each IRI-2020 topside option are highlighted and discussed, and suggestions on how to improve the modeling of the challenging topside ionosphere region within the IRI model are provided for future reference.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Topside ionosphere modeling ; International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model ; In-situ electron density observations ; Low-Earth-Orbit satellites ; 01.02. Ionosphere
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  • 165
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    Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Elsevier, 16 p., ISBN: 9780124095489
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Yedoma is a permafrost deposit widely distributed across the Arctic and found exclusively within the unglaciated regions in northern Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon, which are the core regions of Beringia. Yedoma deposits accumulated during the late Pleistocene Stage and are characterized by their predominantly fine-grained texture and association with syngenetic perma-frost formation. The very high ground ice content is most commonly present as pore ice and wedge ice that formed contemporaneously with sediment deposition. In the last decade, research has transitioned from debates about the origin of the Yedoma deposits towards increasing attention on the large carbon and nitrogen pools in Yedoma, their vulnerability to thaw, and increasing mobilization as the climate has warmed across the Arctic. In addition to classical cryolithological and sedimentological research, new methods such as stable isotope paleoclimate reconstruction and ancient sedimentary DNA studies have been more widely applied to better understand the characteristics of Yedoma deposits and helped emphasize their value as archives of Quaternary climate and paleoecological conditions during Ice Age Beringia.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 166
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    Simulated radiocarbon cycle revisited by considering the bipolar seesaw and benthic 14C data (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 640, pp. 118801-118801, ISSN: 0012-821X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Carbon cycle models used to calculate the marine reservoir age of the non-polar surface ocean (called Marine20) out of IntCal20, the compilation of atmospheric C, have so far neglected a key aspect of the millennial-scale variability connected with the thermal bipolar seesaw: changes in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) related to Dansgaard/Oeschger and Heinrich events. Here we implement such AMOC changes in the carbon cycle box model BICYCLE-SE to investigate how model performance over the last 55 kyr is affected, in particular with respect to available 14C and CO2 data. Constraints from deep ocean 14C data suggest that the AMOC in the model during Heinrich stadial 1 needs to be highly reduced or even completely shutdown. Ocean circulation and sea ice coverage combined are the processes that almost completely explain the simulated changes in deep ocean 14C age, and these are also responsible for a glacial drawdown of ∼60 ppm of atmospheric CO2. We find that the implementation of abrupt reductions in AMOC during Greenland stadials in the model setup that was previously used for the calculation of Marine20 leads to differences of less than ±100 14C yrs. The representation of AMOC changes therefore appears to be of minor importance for deriving non-polar mean ocean radiocarbon calibration products such as Marine20, where atmospheric carbon cycle variables are forced by reconstructions. However, simulated atmospheric CO2 exhibits minima during AMOC reductions in Heinrich stadials, in disagreement with ice core data. This mismatch supports previous suggestions that millennial-scale changes in CO2 were probably not driven directly by the AMOC, but rather by biological and physical processes in the Southern Ocean and by contributions from variable land carbon storage.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 167
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    Modeling the crystallization conditions of clinopyroxene crystals erupted during February–April 2021 lava fountains at Mt. Etna: Implications for the dynamic transfer of magmas (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: In the period February–April 2021, seventeen energetic hours-long episodes of intense lava fountaining occurred at Mt. Etna, producing lava flows and ash plumes followed by heavy fallout. Clinopyroxene mesocrysts from these paroxysms show complex sector and concentric zoning patterns, with juxtaposition of Si-Mg-rich (Al-Ti-poor) and Si-Mg-poor (Al-Ti-rich) crystal layers. Clinopyroxene-based equilibrium thermobarometry and hygrometry define an overall crystallization path in the range of ~170–480 MPa, ~1060–1110 °C, and ~ 1.2–2.7 wt% H2O, with a main magma storage region estimated at depths of ~11–15 km. From this perspective, we observe that 2021 lava fountains were fed by hotter magmas of deeper origin with respect to those feeding 2011–2012 paroxysms. Zoning patterns of 2021 clinopyroxene mesocrysts formed in a vertically-extended plumbing system upon the effect of mixing phenomena and crystal recycling caused by recurrent inputs of fresh magmas into interconnected mushy reservoirs. Kinetic growth modeling constrains the formation of 2021 clinopyroxene mesocrysts over timescales of ~30–90 h and small degrees of undercooling ≤28 °C. Fesingle bondMg diffusion chronometry confirms that the time elapsed between the formation of clinopyroxene rim and magma eruption is utterly related to growth kinetics caused by pre-eruptive dynamic transfer of magma at crustal depths. Kinetic effects are exacerbated for clinopyroxene microlites/microcrysts forming at the syn-eruptive stage, when magma decompression, degassing, and cooling become more effective in the last 1.5 km below the vent of Mt. Etna. Kinetic growth modeling reveals that eruption dynamics within the conduit promote an exceptionally rapid disequilibrium growth of clinopyroxene microlites/microcrysts in only ~0.4–3.3 min upon large degrees of undercooling 〉60 °C. The resulting ascent velocity of 2021 magmas within the conduit is ~8–63 m/s, a factor of ~3 higher than the less energetic 2011–2012 paroxysms.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106710
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Magma dynamics at Mt. Etna ; Clinopyroxene zoning patterns ; P-T-H2O magma crystallization histories ; Magma ascent velocities ; petrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 168
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    The efficacy of high frequency petrological investigation at open-conduit volcanoes: The case of May 11 2019 explosions at southwestern and northeastern craters of Stromboli (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Petrological studies of active volcanoes typically focus on eruptive phenomena occurring over long timescales of the order of days to years, aiming at identifying major changes in the physico-chemical state of magma during ascent towards the surface. Exceptionally, we present results from an integrated petrological and statistical approach based on the compilation of ∼5300 major and trace element data for glass and crystals, in combination with volcanological data on eruptive events occurred over timescales of minutes at Stromboli volcano (Sicily). On May 11, 2019, we had the rare opportunity to collect individual fresh fallout ash products from eighteen mostly consecutive explosions, erupted in a 2-h time span and, at the same time, to acquire continuous high frequency (50 Hz) infrared thermal data of the same explosions. Through video analysis, we observe that explosions were more frequent and ash-dominated at the southwestern crater area (SCA, 8–10 events/h) than at the northeastern crater area (NCA, 3–5 events/h), where coarser material was ejected. The statistical analysis of glass and plagioclase compositions reveals differences in the products erupted from the two crater areas. SCA explosions tapped less differentiated magmas (Mg#∼42–46, ∼257–365 LaN, ∼0.7–0.9 Eu/Eu*) in equilibrium with more anorthitic plagioclase cores (An∼72–88), whereas NCA area explosions are more differentiated (Mg#∼40–44, ∼286–387 LaN, ∼0.6–0.8 Eu/Eu*) and in equilibrium with less anorthitic plagioclase cores (An∼68–82). Thermometric calculations based on major and trace element clinopyroxene-plagioclase-melt equilibrium modeling highlight that the SCA explosions were statistically fed by hotter magmas in comparison to NCA explosions. Plagioclase-based diffusion modeling also indicates longer timescales for the dynamic ascent of NCA magmas, leading to preferential groundmass crystallization at the conduit walls and transition from sideromelane to tachylite groundmass textures. The final emerging picture is that in May 2019, concurrent normal eruptions from different crater areas at Stromboli were heralds of compositionally and thermally diverse magmas rising at different rates within the uppermost branched part of the conduit region. High frequency petrological investigations aided by statistical treatment of data have the potential to constrain dynamic conduit processes related to transient, explosive eruptions in persistently active volcanoes, thereby offering new insights on the interplay between magma dynamics, ascent timescales, and eruptive behavior.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107255
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High-temporal resolution petrology ; Stromboli volcano ; Thermobarometry ; Eruptive timescales ; Plumbing, conduit and eruptive dynamics ; Petrology
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  • 169
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    Effect of undercooling on clinopyroxene crystallization in a high K basalt: Implications for magma dynamics at Stromboli volcano (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: We present undercooling (∆T) experiments aimed at investigating the effect of growth kinetics on the textural and compositional evolution of clinopyroxene crystals growing from a high-K basalt erupted during the 2003 paroxysm of Stromboli volcano (Italy). The experiments were performed at P = 350 MPa, T = 1050–1210 °C, H2Omelt = 0–3 wt%, and fO2 = Ni-NiO + 1.5 buffer. An initial stage of supersaturation was imposed to the melt under nominally anhydrous (∆Tanh = 10–150 °C) and hydrous (∆Thyd = 25–125 °C) conditions. Afterwards, this supersaturation state was mitigated by melt relaxation phenomena over an annealing time of 24 h. Results show that plagioclase is the liquidus mineral phase of the high-K basalt at ∆Tanh = 10 °C and dominates the phase assemblage as the degree of undercooling increases. Conversely, clinopyroxene and spinel co-saturate the melt at ∆Thyd = 25 °C, followed by the subordinate formation of plagioclase. At ∆Tanh/hyd ≤ 50 °C, the textural maturation of clinopyroxene produces polyhedral crystals with {−111} (hourglass) and {hk0} (prism) sectors typical of a layer-by-layer growth mechanism governed by an interface-controlled crystallization regime. At ∆Tanh/hyd ≥ 75 °C, the attainment of dendritic and skeletal morphologies testifies to the establishment of diffusion-limited reactions at the crystal-melt interface. 3D reconstructions of synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomographic data reveal a composite growth history for clinopyroxene crystals obtained at ∆Tanh/hyd ≥ 95 °C. The early stage of melt supersaturation produces rosette-like structures composed of dendritic branches of clinopyroxene radiating from a common spinel grain, which acts as surface for heterogeneous nucleation. As diffusive relaxation phenomena progress over the annealing time, the elongate dendrites that constitute the inner crystal domain are partially infilled by the melt and develop skeletal overgrowths in the outer domain. With the increasing degree of undercooling, TAl and M1Ti cations are progressively incorporated in the lattice site of clinopyroxene at the expense of TSi and M1Mg cations. Because of the effect of H2Omelt on the liquidus depression and melt depolymerization, crystals obtained at ∆Thyd are also more enriched in TAl and M1Ti and depleted in TSi and M1Mg than those growing at ∆Tanh. The emerging picture is that the morphological and geochemical evolution of clinopyroxene is mutually controlled by the combined effects of melt supersaturation and relaxation phenomena. A new empirical relationship based on the cation exchange reactions in the lattice site of clinopyroxene is finally proposed to estimate the degree of undercooling governing the crystallization of augitic phenocrysts erupted during normal and violent explosions at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107327
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Clinopyroxene ; Undercooling ; Hourglass ; Crystallization ; Microtomography ; Stromboli ; Experimental Petrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 170
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    The Influence of Undercooling and Sector Zoning on Clinopyroxene–Melt Equilibrium and Thermobarometry (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Thermobarometry provides a critical means of assessing locations of magma storage and dynamics in the lead-up to volcanic eruptions and crustal growth. A common approach is to utilise minerals that have compositions sensitive to changes in pressure and/or temperature, such as clinopyroxene, which is ubiquitous in mafic to intermediate magmas. However, clinopyroxene thermobarometry may carry significant uncertainty and require an appropriate equilibrium melt composition. In addition, the degree of magma undercooling (ΔT) affects clinopyroxene composition and zoning, with common sector zoning potentially obfuscating thermobarometry results. Here, we use a set of crystallisation experiments on a primitive trachybasalt from Mt. Etna (Italy) at ΔT = 25–233 °C, P = 400–800 MPa, H2O = 0–4 wt % and fO2 = NNO + 2, with clinopyroxene crystals defined by Al-rich zones (prisms and skeletons) and Al-poor zones (hourglass and overgrowths) to assess common equilibrium models and thermobarometric approaches. Under the studied conditions, our data suggest that the commonly applied Fe–Mg exchange (cpx-meltKdFe–Mg) is insensitive to increasing ΔT and may not be a reliable indicator of equilibrium. The combined use of DiHd (CaMgSi2O6 + CaFeSi2O6) and EnFs (Mg2Si2O6 + Fe2Si2O6) models indicate the attainment of equilibrium in both Al-rich and Al-poor zones for almost all investigated ΔT. In contrast, CaTs (CaAl2SiO6) and CaTi (CaTiAl2O6) models reveal substantial deviations from equilibrium with increasing ΔT, particularly in Al-rich zones. We postulate that this reflects slower diffusion of Al and Ti in the melt compared with Ca and Mg and recommend the concurrent application of these four models to evaluate equilibrium between clinopyroxene and melt, particularly for sector-zoned crystals. Thermobarometers calibrated with only isothermal–isobaric experiments closely reproduce experimental P–T at low ΔT, equivalent to natural phenocrysts cores and sector-zoned mantles. Models that also consider decompression experiments are most accurate at high ΔT and are therefore suitable for outermost phenocryst rims and groundmass microlites. Recent machine learning approaches reproduce P–T conditions across all ΔT conditions. Applying our experimental constraints to sector-zoned microphenocrysts and groundmass microlites erupted during the 1974 eccentric eruption at Mt. Etna, we highlight that both hourglass and prism sectors are suitable for thermobarometry, given that equilibrium is sufficiently tested for. The combination of DiHd, EnFs, CaTs and CaTi models identifies compositions closest to equilibrium with the bulk melt composition, and results in smaller differences in P–T calculated for hourglass and prism sectors compared with applying only DiHd and EnFs equilibrium models. This provides a framework to assess crystallisation conditions recorded by sector-zoned clinopyroxene crystals in mafic alkaline settings.
    Description: Published
    Description: egad074
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Experimental Petrology ; Petrology ; Clinopyroxene ; Thermobarometry ; Experimental Petrology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 171
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    New chronology for submerged relict paleoshorelines and associated rates of crustal vertical movements offshore the Marzamemi village, Sicily (Southern Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: We investigated the Late Pleistocene-Holocene crustal vertical movements off the coast of Marzamemi village in SE Sicily, Italy. By using a Synchronous Correlation Approach (SCA), we analysed terraced landforms that characterize a submerged sector within one of Southern Italy's most seismically active regions. In this area, the emerging portion of the NE-SW oriented bulge of the African foreland structurally shapes the coastal and marine regions off Marzamemi village. Based on a newly created 17 km2 high-resolution bathymetric map generated from a Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) survey conducted in June 2021, we identified and examined four main paleo-shorelines identifying four submerged terraces. Terraced landforms play a crucial role in reconstructing Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages, offering insights into associated sea level fluctuations. Through the application of the SCA, our goal is to refine the chronology of these recently mapped and submerged marine terraces off the Marzamemi village, thereby contributing to the calculation of associated rates of crustal vertical movements. We demonstrate that these rates persist constantly throughout the Late Pleistocene-Holocene epoch, suggesting overall tectonic stability, with a slight and likely local fault-related subsidence. We explore a few chronology scenarios, raising questions about whether these submerged marine terraces are indeed recording the Late Pleistocene-Holocene limit or not. This research contributes to a better understanding of the geological dynamics in this region and sheds light on the potential factors influencing coastal landscape development over time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107326
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Submarine geomorphology ; Submerged marine terraces ; Marine terraces chronology ; Late Quaternary ; Sea Level Change ; Crustal vertical movements
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Mekong River Basin : Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-17
    Description: The Mekong River Basin: Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast, Volume Three presents real facts, data and predictions for quantifying human-induced changes throughout the Mekong watershed, including its estuaries and coasts, and proposes solutions to decrease or mitigate the negative effect and enable sustainable development. This is the first work to link socio–ecological interaction study over the whole Mekong River basin through the lens of ecohydrology. Each chapter is written by a leading expert, with coverage on climate change, groundwater, land use, flooding drought, biodiversity and anthropological issues. Human activities are enormous in the whole watershed and are still increasing throughout the catchment, with severe negative impacts on natural resources are emerging. Among these activities, hydropower dams, especially a series of 11 dams in China, are the most critical as they generate massive changes throughout the system, including in the delta and to the livelihoods of millions of people and they threaten sustainability.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 173
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    Is tree planting an effective strategy for climate change mitigation? (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: The world's forests store large amounts of carbon (C), and growing forests can reduce atmospheric CO2 by storing C in their biomass. This has provided the impetus for world-wide tree planting initiatives to offset fossil-fuel emissions. However, forests interact with their environment in complex and multifaceted ways that must be considered for a balanced assessment of the value of planting trees. First, one needs to consider the potential reversibility of C sequestration in trees through either harvesting or tree death from natural factors. If carbon storage is only temporary, future temperatures will actually be higher than without tree plantings, but cumulative warming will be reduced, contributing both positively and negatively to future climate-change impacts. Alternatively, forests could be used for bioenergy or wood products to replace fossil-fuel use which would obviate the need to consider the possible reversibility of any benefits. Forests also affect the Earth's energy balance through either absorbing or reflecting incoming solar radiation. As forests generally absorb more incoming radiation than bare ground or grasslands, this constitutes an important warming effect that substantially reduces the benefit of C storage, especially in snow-covered regions. Forests also affect other local ecosystem services, such as conserving biodiversity, modifying water and nutrient cycles, and preventing erosion that could be either beneficial or harmful depending on specific circumstances. Considering all these factors, tree plantings may be beneficial or detrimental for mitigating climate-change impacts, but the range of possibilities makes generalisations difficult. Their net benefit depends on many factors that differ between specific circumstances. One can, therefore, neither uncritically endorse tree planting everywhere, nor condemn it as counter-productive. Our aim is to provide key information to enable appropriate assessments to be made under specific circumstances. We conclude our discussion by providing a step-by-step guide for assessing the merit of tree plantings under specific circumstances.
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  • 174
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    Seaweed farming environments do not always function as CO2 sink under synergistic influence of macroalgae and microorganisms (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-29
    Description: Seaweed farming contributes substantial amounts of organic carbon to the ocean, part of which can be locked for a long term in the ocean and perform the function of ocean carbon sequestration, and the other part can be converted into inorganic carbon through microbial mineralization and aerobic respiration, affecting the pCO2, pHT and dissolved oxygen of seawater. It is generally believed that seaweed farming will cause the seawater to become a sink of CO2 due to carbon fixation by macroalgal photosynthesis. However, little attention has been paid to the fact that seaweed farming environment may sometimes become a source rather than a sink of CO2. Here, through in-situ mesocosm cultivation experiments and eight field investigations covering different kelp growth stages in an intensive farming area in China, we found that compared with the surrounding seawater without kelps, the seawater at the fast-growth stage of kelp was a sink of CO2 (pCO2 decreased by 17−73 μatm), but became a source of CO2 at the aging stage of kelp (pCO2 increased by 20−37 μatm). Concurrently, seawater pHT experienced a transition from increase (by 0.02−0.08) to decline (by 0.03−0.04). In-situ mesocosm cultivation experiments showed that the positive environmental effects (i.e., pCO2 decrease and pHT increase) induced by kelps at the early growth stage could be offset within only 3 days at the late-growth and aging stages. The release of dissolved organic carbon by kelps at the late growth stage increased significantly, supporting the enhancement in microbial abundance and respiration, which was manifested by the remarkable decrease in seawater dissolved oxygen, ultimately leading to CO2 release exceeding photosynthetic CO2 absorption. This study suggests that mature farmed kelps should be harvested in time to best utilize their carbon sink function and environmental benefits, which has guiding significance for the rational management of seaweed farming.
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  • 175
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    Epiphytic and endophytic microbiome of the seagrass Zostera marina: Do they contribute to pathogen reduction in seawater? (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-06
    Description: Highlights: • Inhibitory potential of eelgrass microbiome against aquatic and fecal pathogens • Isolation of epiphytes and endophytes associated with eelgrass leaves and roots • Particularly leaf epibiotic bacteria exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. • Rich secondary metabolite composition by untargeted metabolomics • Potential involvement of eelgrass microbiome in seagrass ecosystem services Seagrass meadows provide crucial ecosystem services for coastal environments and were shown to reduce the abundance of waterborne pathogens linked to infections in humans and marine organisms in their vicinity. Among potential drivers, seagrass phenolics released into seawater have been linked to pathogen suppression, but the potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome has not been investigated. We hypothesized that the microbiome of the eelgrass Zostera marina, especially the leaf epiphytes that are at direct interface between the seagrass host and the surrounding seawater, inhibit waterborne pathogens thereby contributing to their removal. Using a culture-dependent approach, we isolated 88 bacteria and fungi associated with the surfaces and inner tissues of the eelgrass leaves (healthy and decaying) and the roots. We assessed the antibiotic activity of microbial extracts against a large panel of common aquatic, human (fecal) and plant pathogens, and mined the metabolome of the most active extracts. The healthy leaf epibiotic bacteria, particularly Streptomyces sp. strain 131, displayed broad-spectrum antibiotic activity superior to some control drugs. Gram-negative bacteria abundant on healthy leaf surfaces, and few endosphere-associated bacteria and fungi also displayed remarkable activities. UPLC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analyses showed rich specialized metabolite repertoires with low annotation rates, indicating the presence of many undescribed antimicrobials in the extracts. This study contributes to our understanding on microbial and chemical ecology of seagrasses, implying potential involvement of the seagrass microbiome in suppression of pathogens in seawater. Such effect is beneficial for the health of ocean and human, especially in the context of climate change that is expected to exacerbate all infectious diseases. It may also assist future seagrass conservation and management strategies.
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  • 176
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    Variability of total alkalinity in coastal surface waters determined using an in-situ analyzer in conjunction with the application of a neural network-based prediction model (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Total alkalinity (TA) is an important variable of the ocean carbonate system. In coastal oceans, carbonate system dynamics are controlled by a range of processes including photosynthesis and respiration, calcification, mixing of water masses, continental inputs, temperature changes, and seasonal upwelling. Assessments of diel, seasonal and interannual variations in TA are required to understand the carbon cycle in coastal oceans. However, our understanding of these variations remains underdeveloped due to limitations in observational techniques. Autonomous TA measurements are therefore required. In this study, an in situ TA analyzer (ISA-TA) based on a single-point titration with spectrophotometric pH detection was deployed in Tong'an Bay, Xiamen, China, over a five-month period in 2021 to determine diel and seasonal TA variations. The TA observations were combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) model to construct TA prediction models for this area. This provided a simple method to investigate TA variations in this region and was applied to predict surface water TA between March and April 2021. The in situ TA observations showed that TA values in Tong'an Bay varied within a range from 1931 to 2294 μmol kg−1 over the study period, with low TA in late winter, early summer and late summer, and high TA in early winter. The TA variations in late summer and early winter were mainly controlled by mixing of water bodies. The diel variations of TA were greatly determined by tides, with a diel amplitude of 9 to 247 μmol kg−1. The ANN model used temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen to estimate TA, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of ∼14 μmol kg−1, with salinity as the input variable with the greatest weight. The approach of combining ISA-TA observations with an ANN model can be extended to study the carbonate system in other coastal regions.
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  • 177
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    The transition between coastal and offshore areas in the North Sea unraveled by suspended particle composition (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: Highlights • SPM concentration and organic fractions are analyzed in coastal-offshore gradients • Diagnostic model of SPM allows separating fresh, labile from less reactive PON • Analysis of PON fractions reveals a characteristic area, the transition zone • There, particle settling is enhanced, fostering their transport back to the coast, which controls the fate of organic matter • The transition zone is generally confined to water depths below 20 m Abstract Identifying the mechanisms that contribute to the variability of suspended particulate matter concentrations in coastal areas is important but difficult, especially due to the complexity of physical and biogeochemical interactions involved. Our study addresses this complexity and investigates changes in the horizontal spread and composition of particles, focusing on cross-coastal gradients in the southern North Sea and the English Channel. A semi-empirical model is applied on in situ data of SPM and its organic fraction to resolve the relationship between organic and inorganic suspended particles. The derived equations are applied onto remote sensing products of SPM concentration, which provide monthly synoptic maps of particulate organic matter concentrations (here, particulate organic nitrogen) at the surface together with their labile and less reactive fractions. Comparing these fractions of particulate organic matter reveals their characteristic features along the coastal-offshore gradient, with an area of increased settling rate for particles generally observed between 5 and 30 km from the coast. We identify this area as the transition zone between coastal and offshore waters with respect to particle dynamics. Presumably, in that area, the turbulence range and particle composition favor particle settling, while hydrodynamic processes tend to transport particles of the seabed back towards the coast. Bathymetry plays an important role in controlling the range of turbulent dissipation energy values in the water column, and we observe that the transition zone in the southern North Sea is generally confined to water depths below 20 m. Seasonal variations in suspended particle dynamics are linked to biological processes enhancing particle flocculation, which do not affect the location of the transition zone. We identify the criteria that allow a transition zone and discuss the cases where it is not observed in the domain. The impact of these particle dynamics on coastal carbon storage and export is discussed.
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  • 178
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    Spatial structure and biodiversity of macrofauna around marine munition dumpsites – A case study from the Baltic Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Coastal German waters contain about 1.6 million tons of dumped munition, mostly left after World Wars. This study investigated the benthic macrofauna around the 'Kolberger Heide' munition dumpsite (Baltic Sea). A total of 93 macrofauna grab samples were obtained in the proximity of the munition dumpsite and in reference areas. Environmental variables analysed included the latitude/longitude, depth, terrain ruggedness, sediment grainsize distribution, TNT concentration in the bottom water and distance to the centre of munition dumpsite. The overall abundance, biomass and diversity varied among these groups, though demonstrated no clear differences regarding the proximity to munition and modelled near-bottom dissolved TNT. Among individual taxa, however, a total of 16 species demonstrated significant correlation with TNT concentration. Moreover, TNT may serve as a predictor for the distribution of three species: molluscs Retusa truncatula, Varicorbula gibba and polychaete Spio goniocephala. Possible reasons for the species distribution including their biological traits are discussed.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 179
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    Widespread slab melting in modern subduction zones (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Highlights • Global primitive arc lavas (Mg# ≥60) display notable δ49/47Ti heterogeneity. • Residual rutile imposes high δ49/47Ti of 0.24 ± 0.06 ‰ on hydrous, silicic slab melts. • Primitive Aleutian rhyodacites have the same δ49/47Ti as predicted for slab melts. • A variably diluted signature of slab melts is found in all eight subduction zones. • A slab melt component is required to generate silicic primitive arc lavas. Abstract It is still a matter of intense debate to what extent partial melting of the subducting slab contributes to arc magmatism in modern subduction zones. In particular, it is difficult to differentiate between silicate melts formed by partial melting of the slab, and aqueous fluids released during subsolidus dehydration as the main medium for slab-to-mantle wedge mass transfer. Here we use δ49/47Ti (the deviation in 49Ti/47Ti of a sample to the OL-Ti reference material) as a robust geochemical tracer of slab melting. Hydrous partial melting of subducted oceanic crust and the superjacent sedimentary layer produces silicic melts in equilibrium with residual rutile. Modelling shows that such silicic slab melts have notably higher δ49/47Ti (+0.24 ± 0.06 ‰) than their protolith due to the strong preference of rutile for the lighter isotopes of Ti. In contrast, even highly saline fluids cannot carry Ti from the slab and hence hydrous peridotite partial melts have δ49/47Ti similar to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB; ca. 0 ‰). Primitive (Mg# ≥60) arc lavas from eight subduction zones that are unaffected by fractional crystallisation of Fe-Ti oxides show a more than tenfold larger variation in δ49/47Ti than found in MORB. In particular, primitive arc lavas display a striking correlation between SiO2 content and δ49/47Ti that ranges from island arc basalts overlapping with MORB, to primitive rhyodacites with δ49/47Ti up to 0.26 ‰ erupted in the western Aleutian arc. The elevated δ49/47Ti of these primitive arc lavas provides conclusive evidence for partial melts of the slab as a key medium for mass transfer in subduction zones. The Aleutian rhyodacites represent a rare example of slab melts that have traversed the mantle wedge with minimal modification. More commonly, slab melts interact with the mantle wedge to form an array of primary arc magmas that are a blend of slab- and peridotite-derived melt. We identify primitive arc lavas with a clearly resolvable slab melt signature in all eight subduction zone localities, confirming that slab melting is prevalent in modern subduction zones.
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  • 180
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    Lithostratigraphy of the ignimbrite-dominated Miocene Bükk Foreland Volcanic Area (Central Europe) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Highlights • An event-scale, complete lithostratigraphic column for the Miocene BFVA was created through extensive field volcanology. • Field volcanology was supplemented by volcanic glass geochemistry to separate the eruptions. • An example is presented how to undertake lithostratigraphy-based classification in poorly preserved, deeply eroded volcanic terrains. • In the ancient BFVA landscape, sea cover during eruptions and terrestrial deposition is evident. Abstract This study documents the volcanic evolution of the Miocene silicic Bükk Foreland Volcanic Area (BFVA), Northern Hungary (Central Europe) at an event-scale. The BFVA is a deeply eroded and dissected volcanic field dominated by multiple, several 10-m thick, valley-filling silicic ignimbrite units, which are chemically and texturally very similar to each other. Hence, establishing lateral correlation is a real challenge due to the sporadic and small-scale outcrops and lack of stratotypes. Detailed field observations allowed us to identify eleven lithological members including fourteen eruption events and establish a nearly complete lithostratigraphic correlation between fifteen outcrops across the BFVA. Primary pyroclastic material of each member was sampled, and volcanic glass was geochemically analyzed for major and trace element composition. The geochemical results confirm the field-based classification of the members and enable the correlation of distinct outcrops. The major and trace element composition of the glassy pyroclasts of each member of the BFVA served as basis to create a field-wide chemical reference database for regional correlational studies. Here, a new lithostratigraphic classification scheme (consisting of one lithostratigraphic formation and eleven members) is presented, which reflects the challenges unraveling the stratigraphy of ancient volcanic terrains. The field-based event-scale lithostratigraphy of the BFVA suggests a wet, partly sea-covered depositional environment in the close vicinity of the eruption centers providing favorable conditions to ‘fuel’ silicic explosive phreatomagmatism. On the contrary, paleosol horizons formed after almost each major eruption event or sequence suggests an overall near-coast terrestrial environment for the BFVA, where the emplacement of the pyroclastic material occurred.
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  • 181
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    Governance pathway for coastal eutrophication based on regime shifts in diatom–dinoflagellate composition of the Bohai and Baltic Seas (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Regime shifts in the diatom–dinoflagellate composition have occurred in the Baltic Sea (BS) and Bohai Sea (BHS) under eutrophication and have affected the entire coastal ecosystem, damaging the regulatory, provisioning, cultural, and supporting service functions of marine ecosystems. Therefore, finding a solution to restore the balance of phytoplankton community composition and mitigate eutrophication is of utmost importance. In this study, the Driver (per capita gross domestic product)-Pressure (terrestrial inputs)-State (seawater environmental parameters)-Impact (proportions of diatoms and dinoflagellates)-Response (eutrophication governance projects) framework served as a guide for our analysis of the causal relationship among various environmental components in the coastal system. The relevant data in BS and BHS spanning from the 1950s to the 2010s were collected and used to construct a diatom–dinoflagellate composition single index, which allowed us to identify the shifts in regimes (mutation points and phases) of the diatom–dinoflagellate composition and environmental factors using sequential t-test analysis. We also identified key environmental factors that moderated the diatom–dinoflagellate composition using redundancy analysis and analyzed the partial effects of the main environmental factors on the diatom–dinoflagellate composition using a generalized additive model. Finally, the regulation of the eutrophication governance investment on diatom–dinoflagellate composition was investigated. We found that (1) BS is a “time machine,” with coastal eutrophication governance and regime shift of diatom–dinoflagellate composition and environmental factors two decades earlier than that in BHS; (2) in BS, the key moderation factor of diatom proportion is SiO3-Si and those of dinoflagellates are sea surface salinity and N:P ratio; in BHS, the key moderation factors of diatom proportion are PO4-P and Si:N ratio and those of dinoflagellate are dissolved inorganic nitrogen and N:P and Si:P ratios; (3) it is projected that BHS will enter its recovery phase from eutrophication after mid-2020s. In summary, the N/P/Si stoichiometric relationships should be given greater consideration, with the exception of the “dose-response” relationship in both sea areas. Our results indicate an urgent need for an improved mechanistic understanding of how phytoplankton biodiversity changes in response to changes in nutrient load and how we should ultimately deal with the challenges that arise.
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    Ascending phase of solar cycle 25 tilts the current El Niño–Southern oscillation transition (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: A La Niña condition in the equatorial Pacific began in the early summer of 2020 and has lasted more than two and a half years (referred to as the 2020 La Niña hereafter). Predicting its temporal evolution had attracted a lot of attention. Considering the possible phase-locked impact of the 11-year solar cycle on the tropical Pacific variability, in this study the authors present the possible modulations by the solar cycle 25 (SC25) started from December 2019, on the future temporal evolution of the 2020 La Niña. Based on statistical features of historical solar cycles, the authors propose three possible scenarios of the timing of the SC25 maximum year and discuss its possible impacts on the temporal evolution of the 2020 La Niña in the next two years. The ongoing ascending phase of SC25 dampens the development of a super El Niño condition to some extent in 2023.
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  • 183
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    Spatial distribution and habitat relationship of sea urchin assemblages (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Hong Kong waters (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Highlights: • Change in sea urchin species composition from RBC and NRBC habitats. • Sand coverage is an important factor that influences the sea urchin species composition. • The relationship between sea urchins and their habitat is species-specific. Sea urchins are important components of marine ecosystems and can act as bioindicators, reflecting the health of reefs. The spatial patterns of sea urchins are largely shaped by the type of habitat. In Hong Kong, coral communities are divided into two distinct types: reef -building coral habitats and non -reef -building coral habitats. In summer 2020, a qualitative survey was conducted using SCUBA at 56 sites across eastern and western waters, recording a total of 11 species from 6 families of sea urchins. Out of these 56 sites, 14 were selected for a quantitative survey to investigate the relationship between sea urchin assemblages and the two types of coral habitat. We found that the species composition of sea urchins differed significantly between the two habitats, and the presence of sand was a critical factor influencing the species composition of sea urchins. Sand coverage had a positive effect on Salmasic sphaeroides abundance but a negative effect on the abundance of Diadema setosum and Heliocidaris crassispina. The distribution of sea urchins across different degrees of sand coverage may be associated with food availability or species -specific adaptive behaviour, likely due to niche preferences.
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  • 184
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    Effects of global warming and Tibetan Plateau uplift on East Asian climate during the mid-Cretaceous (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Highlights • East Asian climate evolution was dependent on the latitude of the proto-Tibetan Plateau in the deep past; • Global warming induced wetting at mid-latitude East Asian in the mid-Cretaceous; • The proto-Tibetan Plateau uplift led to drying in the subtropical East Asian in the mid-Cretaceous. Abstract Sedimentary records indicate that subtropical and mid-latitude East Asia exhibited considerable drying and wetting, respectively, during the mid-Cretaceous, which is considered to be relevant to much higher atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) concentrations and/or proto-Tibetan Plateau (proto-TP) uplift. In order to explore and compare their roles on the East Asian climate evolution, we conducted simulations of the mid-Cretaceous climate system with different atmospheric pCO2 levels and varying topographies. The results show that both factors had significant influences on the East Asian climate. As the increase in atmospheric pCO2 levels from ∼560–1120 ppmv to ∼1120–2240 ppmv, the precipitation increases considerably over mid-latitude East Asia, but only small changes in the subtropical portion of East Asia occur. Simultaneously, the effects of the proto-TP uplift are opposite to those of global warming trend during that period. Generally, it leads to a precipitation decrease over subtropical East Asia, but rather minor changes over mid-latitude East Asia. These changes are qualitatively consistent with the deduction based on the geological records, but the magnitudes of the modeled precipitation changes are relatively smaller. Therefore, we can conclude that the subtropical East Asian drying during the mid-Cretaceous can be partly explained by the proto-TP uplift, while the mid-latitude East Asian wetting was partly due to global warming. However, additional factor(s) also played a significant role in the East Asian climate evolution during the mid-Cretaceous.
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    An earth system governance research agenda for carbon removal (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) – the creation, enhancement, and upscaling of carbon sinks – has become a pillar of national and corporate commitments towards Net Zero emissions, as well as pathways towards realizing the Paris Agreement's ambitious temperature targets. In this perspective, we explore CDR as an emerging issue of Earth System Governance (ESG). We draw on the results of a workshop at the 2022 Earth System Governance conference that mapped a range of actors, activities, and issues relevant to carbon removal, and refined them into research questions spanning four intersecting areas: modeling and systems assessment, societal appraisal, policy, and innovation and industry. We filter these questions through the five lenses of the ESG framework and highlight several key ‘cross-cutting’ issues that could form the basis of an integrated ESG research agenda on CDR.
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  • 186
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    Distribution of copper-binding ligands in Fram Strait and influences from the Greenland Shelf (GEOTRACES GN05) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Highlights • Cu complexation was measured for the first time in the Fram Strait region. • Cu-binding ligand concentrations and binding strength varied longitudinally in the Fram Strait. • More than 99 % of dCu was organically complexed by strong ligands. • On the Greenland shelf the Transpolar Drift and the coastal processes were the main sources of Cu ligands. Abstract The Fram Strait represents the major gateway of Arctic Ocean waters towards the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and is a key region to study the impact of climate change on biogeochemical cycles. In the region, information about trace metal speciation, such as copper, is scarce. This manuscript presents the concentrations and conditional stability constants of copper-binding ligands (LCu and log KcondCu2+L) in the water column of Fram Strait and the Greenland shelf (GEOTRACES cruise GN05). Cu-binding ligands were analysed by Competitive Ligand Exchange-Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) using salicylaldoxime (SA) as competitive ligand. Based on water masses and the hydrodynamic influences, three provinces were considered (coast, shelf, and Fram Strait) and differences were observed between regions and water masses. The strongest variability was observed in surface waters, with increasing LCu concentrations (mean values: Fram Strait = 2.6 ± 1.0 nM; shelf = 5.2 ± 1.3 nM; coast = 6.4 ± 0.8 nM) and decreasing log KcondCu2+L values (mean values: Fram Strait = 15.7 ± 0.3; shelf = 15.2 ± 0.3; coast = 14.8 ± 0.3) towards the west. The surface LCu concentrations obtained above the Greenland shelf indicate a supply from the coastal environment to the Polar Surface Water (PSW) which is an addition to the ligand exported from the central Arctic to Fram Strait. The significant differences (in terms of LCu and log KcondCu2+L) between shelf and coastal samples were explained considering the processes which modify ligand concentrations and binding strengths, such as biological activity in sea-ice, phytoplankton bloom in surface waters, bacterial degradation, and meltwater discharge from 79NG glacier terminus. Overall, the ligand concentration exceeded those of dissolved Cu (dCu) and kept the free copper (Cu2+) concentrations at femtomolar levels (0.13–21.13 fM). This indicates that Cu2+ toxicity limits were not reached and dCu levels were stabilized in surface waters by organic complexes, which favoured its transport to the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic Ocean and the development of microorganism.
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    Innovative aquaculture cage “Flow2Vortex” ensures a sustainable biomass delivery for low trophic level aquaculture (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: The increasing global demand for seafood, coupled with the limitations of current fish stocks and aquaculture practices, requires the development of sustainable aquaculture solutions. In this context, this study explores the potential of a novel cage technology - Flow2Vortex - for the cultivation of jellyfish, a low-trophic-level organism with increasing market demand. The unique cage design creates a laminar and circular water flow, providing optimal conditions for cultivating fragile planktonic species. Indoor experiments demonstrated the successful growth of jellyfish in the cage, with growth rates of up to 11.6% per day. In addition, field tests in open waters confirmed the cage's ability to maintain a diffuse and controlled flow inside, even under strong external currents. The cage also maintained significantly higher zooplankton concentrations than the surrounding environment, offering a consistent food source for the cultivated jellyfish. These findings highlight the potential of the Flow2Vortex cage for scalable indoor and outdoor cultivation of low-trophic-level organisms, such as jellyfish, contributing to the diversification and sustainability of aquaculture practices.
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    Genetic diversity and population structure of farmed and wild Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Uganda: The potential for aquaculture selection and breeding programs (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
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    Corrigendum to “Oceanic seismotectonics from regional earthquake recordings: The 4–5°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge” [de Melo, G. W., Mitchell, N. C., Zahradnik, J., Dias, F., & do Nascimento, A. F. (2021). Tectonophysics, 819, 229063]. (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 190
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    Economic impact disharmony in global biological invasions (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Description: Highlights • More diverse non-native taxa generally include more economically costly species. • Chordates, nematodes and pathogens are among significantly over-represented taxa. • Monetary cost magnitude links positively to numbers of costly invasive species. • Costs are biased towards a few ‘hyper-costly’ invasive species groups. • Future invasion rates will continue to harbour new economically costly species. Abstract A dominant syndrome of the Anthropocene is the rapid worldwide spread of invasive species with devastating environmental and socio-economic impacts. However, the dynamics underlying the impacts of biological invasions remain contested. A hypothesis posits that the richness of impactful invasive species increases proportionally with the richness of non-native species more generally. A competing hypothesis suggests that certain species features disproportionately enhance the chances of non-native species becoming impactful, causing invasive species to arise disproportionately relative to the numbers of non-native species. We test whether invasive species with reported monetary costs reflect global numbers of established non-native species among phyla, classes, and families. Our results reveal that numbers of invasive species with economic costs largely reflect non-native species richness among taxa (i.e., in 96 % of families). However, a few costly taxa were over- and under-represented, and their composition differed among environments and regions. Chordates, nematodes, and pathogenic groups tended to be the most over-represented phyla with reported monetary costs, with mammals, insects, fungi, roundworms, and medically-important microorganisms being over-represented classes. Numbers of costly invasive species increased significantly with non-native richness per taxon, while monetary cost magnitudes at the family level were also significantly related to costly invasive species richness. Costs were biased towards a few ‘hyper-costly’ taxa (such as termites, mosquitoes, cats, weevils, rodents, ants, and asters). Ordination analysis revealed significant dissimilarity between non-native and costly invasive taxon assemblages. These results highlight taxonomic groups which harbour disproportionately high numbers of costly invasive species and monetary cost magnitudes. Collectively, our findings support prevention of arrival and containment of spread of non-native species as a whole through effective strategies for mitigation of the rapidly amplifying impacts of invasive species. Yet, the hyper- costly taxa identified here should receive greater focus from managers to reduce impacts of current invasive species.
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  • 191
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    The Pauzhetka tephra (South Kamchatka): A key middle Pleistocene isochron for the Northwest Pacific and Okhotsk Sea sediments (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Highlights: • Ca. 418 ka Pauzhetka tephra from South Kamchatka was found in 11 marine sediment cores. • New major and trace element analyses allow identification of tephra glasses. • K/Ti and K/Fe maxima mark the Pauzhetka tephra presence in marine sediments. • The tephra occurs at Marine Isotope Stages 12 to 11c and below the Bermuda excursion. • The revised ash dispersal covers vast areas in the NW Pacific and Okhotsk Sea. Abstract: The distal Pauzhetka tephra, formed by a large caldera-forming volcanic eruption in South Kamchatka, has been identified in eleven recently recovered marine sediment cores based on major and trace element compositions of tephra glass. Ten SO264 cores form a transect along the Emperor Seamount Chain (ESC) in the Northwest (NW) Pacific between ∼50.3° and ∼45°N, 800–1200 km southeast of the Pauzhetka caldera. One additional core LV28-41-4 was retrieved in the Okhotsk Sea, ∼600 km west of the caldera. The Pauzhetka tephra glass shards have a characteristic medium-K rhyolite composition and trace element content compatible with the rear-arc position of the source volcano that ensures their identification. In the NW Pacific SO264 cores, the tephra is preserved as layers in cores 33, 47, 49, 53, 55, 56 and 62, as a lens in core 45, and as cryptotephra in cores 57 and 66. It forms a cryptotephra in the Okhotsk Sea core LV28-41-4. Distinctively high XRF-retrieved K/Ti and K/Fe ratios compared to those for the host sediments help identify the Pauzhetka tephra. According to our refined stable oxygen isotope (δ18O)- and magneto-stratigraphy of two studied and two reference cores, the Pauzhetka tephra occurs within a local δ18O maximum during a transition from marine isotope stage 12 to 11c (Termination V) and below a paleointensity minimum referred to as the Bermuda excursion, at ca. 418 ka. Using the tephra age as an isochron, we show that average linear sedimentation rates decrease southward along a transect of the SO264 cores, except in core 55. It partially reflects an intensification of mid-depth currents causing winnowing, erosion or non-deposition along the ESC over the past 418 kyr. An increased linear sedimentation rate in core 55, recovered from the southern leeward side of the Minnetonka Seamount, appears to record the pelagic accumulation protected from the mid-depth current influence. Our findings expand the former ash dispersal area farther southeast in the NW Pacific and southwest in the Okhotsk Sea. The new data on the tephra thickness supports the axis direction of the fallout zone southeast of the Pauzhetka caldera. Our results suggest the Pauzhetka tephra as a key middle Pleistocene isochron for the stratigraphy and correlation of the NW Pacific and Okhotsk Sea sediments.
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  • 192
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    An Amphibole Perspective on the Recent Magmatic Evolution of Mount St. Helens (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Compositional variations of amphibole stratigraphically recovered from multiple eruptions at a given volcano have a great potential to archive long-term magmatic processes in its crustal plumbing system. Calcic amphibole is a ubiquitous yet chemically and texturally diverse mineral at Mount St. Helens (MSH), where it occurs in dacites and in co-magmatic enclaves throughout the Spirit Lake stage (last ~4000 years of eruptive history). It forms three populations with distinct geochemical trends in key major and trace elements, which are subdivided into a high-Al (11–14.5 wt% Al2O3), a medium-Al (10–12.5 wt% Al2O3), and a low-Al (7.5–10 wt% Al2O3) amphibole population. The oldest investigated tephra record (Smith Creek period, 3900–3300 years BP) yields a bimodal amphibole distribution in which lower-crustal, high-Al amphibole cores (crystallized dominantly from basaltic andesite to andesite melts) and upper-crustal, low-Al amphibole rims (crystallized from rhyolitic melt) document occasional recharge of a shallow silicic mush by a more mafic melt from a lower-crustal reservoir. The sudden appearance of medium-Al amphiboles enriched in incompatible trace elements in eruptive periods younger than 2900 years BP is associated with a change in reservoir conditions toward hotter and drier magmas, which indicates recharge of the shallow silicic reservoir by basaltic melt enriched in incompatible elements. Deep-crystallizing, high-Al amphibole, however, appears mostly unaffected by such incompatible-element-enriched basaltic recharge, suggesting that these basalts bypass the lower crustal reservoir. This could be the result of the eastward offset position of the lower crustal reservoir relative to the upper crustal storage zone underneath the MSH edifice. Amphibole has proven to be a sensitive geochemical archive for uncovering storage conditions of magmas at MSH. In agreement with geophysical observations, storage and differentiation have occurred in two main zones: an upper crustal and lower crustal reservoir (the lower one being chemically less evolved). The upper crustal silicic reservoir, offset to the west of the lower crustal reservoir, has captured compositionally unusual mafic recharge (drier, hotter, and enriched in incompatible trace elements in comparison to the typical parental magmas in the region), resulting in an increased chemical diversity of amphiboles and their carrier intermediate magmas, in the last ~3000 years of MSH’s volcanic record.
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  • 193
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    Introduction of isotopically light barium from the Rainbow hydrothermal system into the deep Atlantic Ocean (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-29
    Description: Highlights • Negligible Ba removal observed in the Rainbow hydrothermal system. • Insignificant modification of Ba isotope composition of the vent fluid endmember. • Rainbow vent introduces isotopically light Ba (−0.17) to the deep Atlantic Ocean. • Hydrothermal inputs contribute 4.6 ± 2.2 Gmol/yr Ba to the ocean. Abstract The marine barium (Ba) cycle is closely connected to the short-timescale carbon cycle, and Ba serves as a valuable paleo proxy for export production, ocean alkalinity, and terrestrial inputs. However, the marine Ba budget is poorly constrained, particularly regarding the fluxes of hydrothermally sourced Ba, which hinders our understanding of the Ba cycle and use of Ba-based proxies. Recent studies have suggested a modern source-sink imbalance of Ba isotopes in the global ocean, with sources being overall isotopically heavier than the sinks, and the hydrothermal Ba inputs were considered isotopically heavy sources. In this study, we present the first investigation of Ba and its isotopes in a non-buoyant hydrothermal plume based on dissolved and particulate samples collected from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Our data reveal strong hydrothermal signals at near-field stations, as evidenced by helium isotopes, accompanied by elevated concentrations of dissolved and particulate Ba. Dissolved Ba isotope compositions (δ138Ba) in hydrothermally influenced deep waters (∼0.3 ) are lighter than at similar depths of far-field stations (∼0.45 ) in the Atlantic Ocean. The concentrations and isotopic compositions of dissolved and labile particulate Ba in the non-buoyant hydrothermal plume can be explained by conservative mixing between a Ba-enriched hydrothermal component and North Atlantic Deep Water. By extrapolating the correlations to the vent fluid endmember, our results suggest that there is negligible removal of Ba, and insignificant modification of Ba isotopic signatures, from the vent fluid endmember to the non-buoyant hydrothermal plume. This indicates that the Rainbow hydrothermal system introduces isotopically light Ba (−0.17 ± 0.05 ) to the deep Atlantic Ocean. We estimate that global hydrothermal inputs of Ba are 4.6 ± 2.2 Gmol/yr. These observations highlight the potential of hydrothermal Ba to be an isotopically light source component of the marine Ba isotope budget.
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  • 194
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    The effects of primary and secondary bacterial exposure on the seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) immune response (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Highlights: • Transcriptomic immune response assessments in seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). • Seahorses exposed in two phases to heat-killed Vibrio and Tenacibaculum strains. • Adaptive immune memory evidence (double-exposed) and increased naivety to Tenacibaculum. • Upregulated gene expression pertaining to potential innate ‘trained immunity’. • Trained immunity potential compensator for deduced MHC II loss of function. Evolutionary adaptations in the Syngnathidae teleost family (seahorses, pipefish and seadragons) culminated in an array of spectacular morphologies, key immune gene losses, and the enigmatic male pregnancy. In seahorses, genome modifications associated with immunoglobulins, complement, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) pathway components raise questions concerning their immunological efficiency and the evolution of compensatory measures that may act in their place. In this investigation heat-killed bacteria (Vibrio aestuarianus and Tenacibaculum maritimum) were used in a two-phased experiment to assess the immune response dynamics of Hippocampus erectus. Gill transcriptomes from double and single-exposed individuals were analysed in order to determine the differentially expressed genes contributing to immune system responses towards immune priming. Double-exposed individuals exhibited a greater adaptive immune response when compared with single-exposed individuals, while single-exposed individuals, particularly with V. aestuarianus replicates, associated more with the innate branch of the immune system. T. maritimum double-exposed replicates exhibited the strongest immune reaction, likely due to their immunological naivety towards the bacterium, while there are also potential signs of innate trained immunity. MHC II upregulated expression was identified in selected V. aestuarianus-exposed seahorses, in the absence of other pathway constituents suggesting a possible alternative or non-classical MHC II immune function in seahorses. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted prominent angiogenesis activity following secondary exposure, which could be linked to an adaptive immune process in seahorses. This investigation highlights the prominent role of T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses in seahorses when exposed to sequential foreign bacteria exposures. If classical MHC II pathway function has been lost, innate trained immunity in syngnathids could be a potential compensatory mechanism.
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  • 195
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    The rise, fall and rebirth of ocean carbon sequestration as a climate 'solution' (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: Highlights • Solutions to the climate crisis are not ahistorical. • Both social and technical processes explain their rise (or fall) on the agenda. • Thinking about ocean CDR closely co-evolved with scientific understandings of global climate change. • Ocean CDR methods have followed cycles of hype, controversy and disappointment. • Key sociotechnical configurations and narrative changes explain the new hype around ocean CDR. Abstract While the ocean has long been portrayed as a victim of climate change, threatened by ocean warming and acidification, it is now increasingly framed as a key solution to the climate crisis. In particular, the promising carbon sequestration potential of the ocean is being emphasised. In this paper, we seek to historicise the practices, discourses and actors that have constructed the ocean as a climate change solution space. We conceptualise the debate about the mitigation potential of the ocean as a contested site of governance, where varying actors form alliances and different sociotechnical narratives about climate action play out. Using an innovative quali-quantitative methodology which combines scientometrics with document analysis, observational fieldwork, and interviews, we outline three historical phases in the history of ocean carbon sequestration that follow recurring cycles of hype, controversy and disappointment. We argue that the most recent hype around ocean carbon sequestration was not triggered by a technological breakthrough or a reduction in scientific uncertainty, but by new socio-technical configurations and coalitions. We conclude by showing that how climate change solutions are put on the agenda and become legitimised is both a scientific and political process, linked to how science frames the climate crisis, and ultimately, its governance.
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    Co-occurrence of native and invasive macroalgae might be facilitated under global warming (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-04
    Description: Climate change is driving compositional shifts in ecological communities directly by affecting species and indirectly through changes in species interactions. For example, competitive hierarchies can be inversed when competitive dominants are more susceptible to climate change. The brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus is a foundation species in the Baltic Sea, experiencing novel interactions with the invasive red seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla, which is known for its high tolerance to environmental stress. We investigated the direct and interactive effects of warming and co-occurrence of the two algal species on their performance, by applying four climate change-relevant temperature scenarios: 1) cooling ) 2 °C below ambient – representing past conditions), 2) ambient summer temperature (18 °C), 3) IPCC RCP2.6 warming scenario (1 °C above ambient), and 4) RCP8.5 warming (3 °C above ambient) for 30 days and two compositional levels (mono and co-cultured algae) in a fully-crossed design. The RCP8.5 warming scenario increased photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrients' uptake rates of mono- and co-cultured G. vermiculophylla while growth was reduced. An increase in photosynthesis and essential nutrients' uptake and, at the same time, a growth reduction might result from increasing stress and energy demand of G. vermiculophylla under warming. In contrast, the growth of mono-cultured F. vesiculosus significantly increased in the highest warming treatment (+3 °C). The cooling treatment (−2 °C) exerted a slight negative effect only on co-cultured F. vesiculosus photosynthesis, compared to the ambient treatment. Interestingly, at ambient and warming (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios) treatments, both F. vesiculosus and G. vermiculophylla appear to benefit from the presence of each other. Our results suggest that short exposure of F. vesiculosus to moderate or severe global warming scenarios may not directly affect or even slightly enhance its performance, while G. vermiculophylla net performance (growth) could be directly hampered by warming.
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  • 197
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    Characterization and future projection of marine heatwaves under climate change in the South China Sea (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-08
    Description: Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are widely recognized as prolonged periods of significantly elevated sea surface temperatures, leading to substantial adverse impacts on marine ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics and potential changes under climate change in the South China Sea (SCS, 0 ∼ 25°N, 105 ∼ 125°E) remains insufficient. Here, utilizing the OISST V2.0 reanalysis dataset, our study first examines MHW characteristics and their trends in the SCS during the historical period (1982 ∼ 2014). Then, in accordance with the criteria established in this study, GFDL-ESM4, EC-Earth3-Veg, NESM3, EC-Earth3, and GFDL-CM4 are identified from the CMIP6 ensemble of 19 models for their enhanced simulations of historical MHW characteristics. Moreover, considering that the fixed and sliding threshold methods offer distinct perspectives on the future evolution of MHWs, we employ both approaches to evaluate MHW characteristics under projected scenarios for the future period (2015 ∼ 2100) and subsequently compare the disparities between the two methodologies. The outcomes obtained using these methods consistently indicate that MHWs in the SCS are anticipated to intensify and persist for longer durations in the future. Besides, addressing seasonal variability, the peak intensity of MHWs falls in May during both the historical period and the four projected future scenarios. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of MHWs in the SCS within the context of climate change, underscoring the urgency of adopting effective mitigation strategies. Especially, the use of two definition methods provides a more comprehensive set of information for understanding the future changes of MHWs in the SCS.
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  • 198
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    Niche width and overlap of benthic invertebrates in surf zones increase with distance from the estuarine source of organic matter (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Highlights: • Microphytobenthos contributed to the particulate organic matter in both beaches. • Allochthonous materials provide relevant contributions to the POM in surf zones. • Estuarine subsidies' availability determines changes in consumers' isotopic niches. • Higher estuarine trophic subsidies resulted in narrower niches of dominant species. Abstract: Benthic invertebrates in the surf zone of exposed sandy beaches represent important links for energy circulation between benthic and pelagic food webs. This work assesses the trophic ecology of co-occurring epi- and hyper-benthic invertebrates inhabiting the surf zone of sandy beaches located close to an estuarine mouth. It illustrates that different sources of organic matter induce changes in resource utilization. The trophic positions, and the niche width and overlap of species were described using δ13C and δ15N stable isotope analysis. The contribution of different sources to the particulate organic matter was quantified through stable isotopes analysis and fatty acids profiles. Shifts in the trophic niches of dominant species reflected a decrease in the contribution of estuarine carbon to the diets along the coast. This change in contribution of estuarine carbon also influenced trophic niche properties: more diverse resources availability resulted in narrower niches without overlap while less diverse resources resulted in broad isotopic niches and a highest overlap. Results show that spatial variations in the availability of resources can modify carbon pathways and trophic interactions in coastal food webs. Whenever resources are abundant, species display a more specialized diet while food scarcity leads to broader diets, a pattern consistent with the optimal foraging theory. This resource maximization behavior commonly observed in nature is also occurring in surf zone ecosystems.
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  • 199
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    Spatial and temporal variations in the micronutrient Fe across the Peruvian shelf from 1984-2017 (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: High dissolved iron (dFe) concentrations of the order of 10-100 nmol L-1 are a feature of waters influenced by sedimentary inputs in oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). However, the temporal development of dFe concentrations is poorly defined due to a general reliance on snapshot cross-shelf sections to study marine trace metal dynamics. Multiple cruise campaigns since the 1980s have investigated Fe dynamics over the Peruvian shelf, particularly between 9-17°S where the shelf is broad, extremely productive and known to feature benthic dFe effluxes which are amongst the highest measured globally. This extensive long-term dataset uniquely allows us to study the interannual variability in dFe concentrations and their response to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. By combining data from 11 cruises during the period 1984-2017 we are able to evaluate dFe dynamics on interannual timescales in a major OMZ. The region where average dFe concentrations are sensitive to variations in ENSO is confined to a subsurface layer at depths between 50-150 m, particularly in the narrow coastal region within 50 km of the coastline. Subsurface dFe concentrations were generally low during El Niño events (0.7-15.4 nmol L-1) and relatively high with a wider range of variability during the cold ENSO phase (1.1-52.1 nmol L-1). Inverse relationships between wind speed and surface/subsurface dFe were evident. In the subsurface layer, this may be attributable to enhanced dFe offshore transport along isopycnals when upwelling-favorable winds relax in accordance with previously outlined theories. Surface layer (〈40 m) dFe variability was likely associated with a dilution and/or oxidation effect depending on the strength of wind driven water column mixing. Upwelling brings macronutrient-rich water into the euphotic zone, but its intensity had a limited impact on upper layer dFe concentrations possibly due to the influence of an onshore geostrophic flow. Interannual variability in surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) was found to correlate with dFe concentration in the offshore zone of northern Peru. This is consistent with bioassay experiments and climatological residual nitrate concentrations which both indicate proximal Fe limitation of phytoplankton growth over and beyond the northern Peruvian shelf. Overall, our work highlights the importance of physical factors driving short-term variations in Fe availability in one of the world’s most economically important fishery regions and suggests that, despite pronounced spatial and temporal variability in dFe concentrations, the ENSO phase has an impact on dFe availability.
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    Advanced underwater image restoration in complex illumination conditions (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Underwater image restoration has been a challenging problem for decades since the advent of underwater photography. Most solutions focus on shallow water scenarios, where the scene is uniformly illuminated by the sunlight. However, the vast majority of uncharted underwater terrain is located beyond 200 meters depth where natural light is scarce and artificial illumination is needed. In such cases, light sources co-moving with the camera, dynamically change the scene appearance, which make shallow water restoration methods inadequate. In particular for multi-light source systems (composed of dozens of LEDs nowadays), calibrating each light is time-consuming, error-prone and tedious, and we observe that only the integrated illumination within the viewing volume of the camera is critical, rather than the individual light sources. The key idea of this paper is therefore to exploit the appearance changes of objects or the seafloor, when traversing the viewing frustum of the camera. Through new constraints assuming Lambertian surfaces, corresponding image pixels constrain the light field in front of the camera, and for each voxel a signal factor and a backscatter value are stored in a volumetric grid that can be used for very efficient image restoration of camera-light platforms, which facilitates consistently texturing large 3D models and maps that would otherwise be dominated by lighting and medium artifacts. To validate the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted extensive experiments on simulated and real-world datasets. The results of these experiments demonstrate the robustness of our approach in restoring the true albedo of objects, while mitigating the influence of lighting and medium effects. Furthermore, we demonstrate our approach can be readily extended to other scenarios, including in-air imaging with artificial illumination or other similar cases.
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