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  • Immunohistochemistry  (147)
  • wheat  (144)
  • Springer  (291)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
  • 1985-1989  (291)
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Mayetiola destructor ; Cecidomyiidae ; oviposition ; host specificity ; wheat ; oats ; insect-plant interactions ; thresholds ; deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions de femelles préalablement accouplées de Mouches de Hesse ont été examinées en analysant le comportement de femelles isolées sur blé et sur avoine. Le répertoire comportemental de ces femelles comprenait: le vol, l'atterrissage sur feuille, la flexion du corps de sorte que l'extrémité de l'abdomen touchât la surface de la feuille, l'antennation, les mouvements de l'extrémité de l'abdomen sur la feuille à angle droit des nervures, le repos avec la tarière droite et encore dévaginée, le repos avec la tarière télescopée à l'intérieur du corps. Sur blé plus que sur avoine, les femelles après atterrissage ont présenté une fréquence plus élevée de passage de la flexion à l'antennation que de la flexion à l'abdomen droit. Durant les 5 premières minutes d'observation, les individus libérés dans des enceintes avec blé fléchirent et ‘antennèrent’ 2 à 3 fois plus que ceux libérés sur avoine. Les durées des différentes séquences différaient aussi: sur blé, pendant les 5 premières minutes, les femelles passèrent plus de 50% du temps à fléchir, tandis que sur avoine elles passèrent plus de 50% du temps en repos. Les femelles restèrent aussi plus longtemps sur les feuilles de blé et y pondirent 4 fois plus d'oeufs que sur avoine. Les femelles de M. destructor ont montré une plasticité du seuil d'acceptation. Pendant les premières heures de ponte, elles ont été très sélectives et refusèrent, ou ne pondirent que quelques oeufs sur avoine, mais acceptèrent volontiers le blé. La discrimination s'est poursuivie tant que les femelles ont eu accès au blé en même temps qu'à l'avoine. Cependant, quand les femelles ont été privées de blé pendant plusieures heures, l'acceptation de l'avoine a augmenté. Cet accroissement de l'acceptation a eu lieu à peu près au moment où les femelles sur blé pondaient leurs derniers oeufs.
    Notes: Abstract Responses of mated female Hessian flies were investigated by analysing the behaviour of individual flies in wheat and oats. The behavioural repertoire of such females included: flying, alighting on leaves, arching of the body so that the tip of the abdomen touched the leaf surface, antennation, movements of the tip of the abdomen across the leaf at right angles to leaf veins, sitting with the ovipositor straight but still extended, and sitting with the ovipositor telescoped into the body. After alighting, females on wheat showed a higher frequency of transitions from arching to antennation and a lower frequency of transitions from arching to abdomen straight than females on oats. During the first 5 min of observations, individuals released into arenas with wheat arched and antennated 2–3 times more frequently than females released into oats. Time allotted to behaviours also differed; during the first 5 min, females in wheat spent 50 percent more time arching, whereas females in oats spent 50 percent more time sitting. Females in wheat also stayed longer and laid 4 times more eggs than females in oats. Temporal changes in egglaying were monitored by quantifying hourly rates of egglaying in no-choice assays for several hours following mating at 9:00 am. During the first and second hours post-mating, egglaying occurred infrequently. However, during the third hour post-mating (11:00 am to noon) females on wheat laid 5 times more eggs than females on oats. Rates of egglaying decreased on wheat but increased on oats during the fourth hour, and then during the fifth hour, decreased on both wheat and oats. Changes in egglaying responses were also evident when behaviours of individual females were measured 1–3 h vs. 3–7 h post-mating. Females deprived of host plants and released into wheat or oats later in the day showed higher frequencies of arching and antennation and laid more eggs before leaving the arena.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; wheat ; egg laying ; larva ; adult ; vertical distribution ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; blé ; ponte ; larve ; adulte ; répartition spatiale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary At the beginning of spring, post-hibernating adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), larvae and nymphs are found on the lower part of wheat plants. In June, adults born in the field as well as their progeny are dispersed all over the plant and a significant proportion of them is found on the apical parts of plants. Most of the egg clutches are layed on soil lumps, stones and small wild plants which represent preferential sites. Variations in coccinellid distribution may be influenced by climatic conditions, especially the temperature, by the thermophilic nature of this species and by the repartition of the three main aphid species on the plants. These results are relevant for the selection of a sampling methods.
    Notes: Résumé Au début du printemps les adultes de Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) issus des sites d'hivernation, les larves et les nymphes qui en proviennent, fréquentent le sol et les parties basses du blé. En juin, les adultes nés dans le champ et leur descendance sont dispersés sur toute la hauteur des talles bien qu'une fraction non négligeable de leur population se rencontre à l'extrémité supérieure. La plupart des pontes sont déposées sous les mottes de terre, les pierres et les petites adventices qui constituent des sites privilégiés. Ces variations de la distribution de cette coccinelle peuvent être mises en relation avec le climat, en particulier la température, avec la thermophilie de cette espèce et avec la répartition sur les différentes parties des talles des 3 espèces de puceron qui se succèdent au cours de la saison. Ces observations sont importantes à considérer lors du choix ou de la mise au point d'une méthode d'échantillonnage.
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  • 3
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1173-1175 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; immunologic deficiency syndromes ; lymph nodes ; protease inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary One of two cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related persistent generalized lymphadenopathy revealed a profoundly altered pattern of dendritic reticulum cells as demonstrated by immunoreactive acid cysteine proteinase inhibitor. The alterations could be related to totally or partially destructed lymphoid secondary follicles.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hydroxamic acid ; cereals ; maize ; wheat ; aphids ; greenbug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 2-β-Glucosyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA-Glc), the main hydroxamic acid from maize and wheat, and its aglucone, decreased survival ofSchizaphis graminum reared on artificial diets. Both compounds were toxic for aphids and acted as feeding deterrents, at concentrations as low as 1 mM. The natural concentrations of glucosides of hydroxamic acids in wheat leaves reach up to 6 mmoles/kg fresh weight, thus falling within the range in which DIMBOA-Glc causes delecterious effects to diet-fed aphids.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Sitophilus ; S. oryzae ; S. zeamais ; rice weevil ; maize weevil ; geographical strains ; digestion ; amylase ; diet ; barley ; corn ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; amylase inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La transformation de rang des valeur d'activité spécifique de l'α-amylase de 4 souches de S. oryzae et de 4 souches de S. zeamais montre que les niveaux les plus élevés de ces enzymes prédominantes s'observent chez les adultes nourris d'orge mondé ou de riz brun á grains longs. Des niveaux intermédiaires d'activité ont été obtenus chez les insectes élevés sur maïs jaune, et les niveaux les plus faibles chez ceux élevés sur blé. Bien que les extraits préparés à partir d'orge présentent une activité inhibitrice de deux isoamylases purifiées de S. oryzae, les niveaux des inhibiteurs naturels α-amylase de ces deux enzymes sont environ respectivement 2,2 et 6,1 fois plus concentrés dans le blé. L'ingestion de ces inhibiteurs d'amylase et la formation d'un complexe enzyme inactive/inhibiteur avec l'amylase secrétée antérieurement, peut rendre compte de la plus faible activité de l'amylase chez les charançons consommant du blé. Le niveau d'amylase de S. oryzae est 2 fois plus élevé que celui de S. zeamais pour toutes les souches élevées sur un régime donné. Des niveaux d'activité significativement différents ont été trouvés suivant les souches pour chacune des deux espèces. Puisque l'amylase est la principale hydrolase digestive de ces espèces, l'intensité de la modification des teneurs en amylase par la consommation de céréales peut indiquer leur adéquation comme hôtes potentiels.
    Notes: Abstract Rank transformation of specific activity values of α-amylase across four strains of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and four strains of S. zeamais Motschulsky indicates that levels of these predominant enzymes are highest in adults feeding on hulled barley or long-grain brown rice. Intermediate activity levels are found in weevils feeding on yellow corn (maize) and lowest levels are found in wheat-fed weevils. Although extracts prepared from barley contain inhibitory activity against two purified isoamylases from S. oryzae, levels of the naturally-occurring α-amylase inhibitors against these two enzymes are about 2.2-fold and 6.1-fold, respectively, more concentrated in wheat. Ingestion of these amylase inhibitors and formation of an inactive enzyme:inhibitor complex with previously secreted amylase may account for the lower activity of amylase in weevils of both species feeding on wheat. Amylase levels across all strains feeding on a given diet are about 2-fold higher in S. oryzae than in S. zeamais. Significant differences in activity levels were also found between strains in both species. Since α-amylase is a predominant digestive hydrolase in these species, the degree to which cereal diets affect amylase levels may indicate their suitability as potential hosts.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: odors ; volatiles ; microflora ; fungi ; wheat ; seasonality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungal odor compounds 3-methyl-l-butanol, l-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were monitored in nine experimental bins in Winnipeg, Manitoba containing a hard red spring wheat during the autumn, winter and summer seasons of 1984–85. Quality changes were associated with seed-borne microflora and moisture content in both ventilated and non-ventilated bins containing wheat of 15.6 and 18.2% initial moisture content. All three odor compounds occurred in considerably greater amounts in bulk wheat in non-ventilated than in ventilated bins, particularly in those with wheat having 18.2% moisture content. The presence of these compounds usually coincided with infection of the seeds by the fungi Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus repens DeBarry, A. versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi, Penicillium crustosum Thom, P. oxalicum Currie and Thom, P. aurantiogriseum Dierckx, and P. citrinum Thom. High production of all three odor compounds in damp wheat stored in non-ventilated bins was associated with heavy fungal infection of the seeds and reduction in seed germinability. High initial moisture content of the harvested grain accelerated the production of all three fungal volatiles in non-ventilated bins.
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 201-218 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: relative effectiveness ; apatites ; wheat ; initial and residual effectiveness ; bicarbonate extractable phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The initial and residual agronomic effectiveness of six apatite rock phosphates from India, one from the USA (North Carolina) and one from Australia (Queensland) were evaluated in a pot trial with wheat on a lateritic soil. All of the Indian rock phosphates were very poor sources of phosphorus. Values of initial effectiveness relative to monocalcium phosphate ranged from 〈 0.0001 to 0.02 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.008 for measurements based on yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. The residual effectiveness relative to freshly applied monocalcium phosphate was determined by growing a second crop on the fertilized soils. The effectiveness of the Indian rock phosphates remained very low ranging from 〈 0.0001 to 0.002 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.0004 for yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. Queensland and North Carolina rock phosphates were much superior to the Indian sources with initial effectiveness values in terms of yield of 0.08 and 0.37 and residual effectiveness values of 0.02 and 0.15 respectively. For each crop there was a single relationship between yield and phosphorus uptake (i.e. internal efficiency) for all phosphorus sources showing that variations in yield response were due solely to differences in phosphorus availability. Sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus values for fertilized soils sampled shortly after fertilization were not predictive of yield unless different calibration curves were used for the different phosphorus fertilizers.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extractants ; critical levels ; semi-arid region soils ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To find critical tissue levels of Zn for wheat, and to evaluate various chemical extractants, a screen-house experiment was conducted on 21 diverse soils representing semi-arid regions in Haryana State, India. The extractants differed in the amounts of Zn extracted and the order was: 0.1 N HC1 〉 EDTA-NH4OAc 〉 EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 〉 DTPA + CaCl2. The amounts (mg kg−1) of extractable Zn associated with a yield reduction of 20% were: DTPA + CaCl2, 0.60; EDTA — (NH4)2CO3, 0.80; EDTA-NH4OAc, 0.92 and 0.1 N HCl, 1.20. The corresponding critical Zn concentration in ten weeks old plants was found to be 17 mg gm−1. The DTPA + CaCl2 method gave the best correlation (r = 0.85) between extracted Zn and Bray's per cent yield. It is recommended for assessing Zn status of soils of semi-arid region.
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  • 9
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: time of zinc application ; wheat ; zinc sulphate ; zinc oxide ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with wheat were conducted for two years on flood plain alluvial soils to study the effectiveness of soil application of zinc sulphate and zinc oxide at 0, 15, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing. Yield and zinc uptake of wheat increased significantly with the application of zinc. Delaying the application of both zinc sulphate and zinc oxide up to 45 days of sowing did not adversly affect the zinc nutrition of wheat. However, delaying the application for 75 or 90 days after sowing eliminated the response. Zinc sulphate, when applied within 60 days of sowing performed better than zinc oxide. In a laboratory study, zinc sulphate maintained a higher level of zinc in the soil solution than zinc oxide at least over a 3-week period.
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  • 10
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium-nitrate-potassium interaction ; accumulation of reduced nitrogen ; wheat ; nitrification inhibitor ; grain ; stover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment with wheat in 3L pots filled with a sandy loam soil in a factorial design was conducted to determine the effect of potassium on nitrogen utilization. Nitrogen was applied in three NH4-N/NO3-N ratios, 0/100, 25/75 and 50/50, at three levels: 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00gN/pot, and potassium was applied at three levels: 0, 0.5 and 1.0gK/pot. The higher levels of nitrate nitrogen with or without potassium reduced dry matter yields drastically, while the same levels of a NH4-N/NO3-N mixture of 50/50 with applied potassium reduced yields only slightly. Highest grain yield and total yield were obtained with a 25/75 mixture of ammonium/nitrate nitrogen with added potassium. Potassium addition to soil increased the utilization of nitrogen fertilizers, particularly when the ratio of ammonium to nitrate was increased. The highest uptake of reduced nitrogen was at the highest level of the ammonium to nitrate nitrogen ratio (50/50) when potassium was applied. Tillering was enhanced by an increased ammonium ratio in the nitrogen mixture, and by potassium.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; lupin ; chickpea ; wheat ; nodulation ; dry matter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the comparative growth and P uptake response following P fertilizer application in lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Chittick) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum cv. Tyson) compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Sunstar). Measurements of dry matter, phosphorus uptake and nodule numbers were made at 50 and 100 days after sowing. At the 50 day harvest, the two legume crops produced less dry matter and accumulated less plant P than wheat but no such species interactions were present at the 100 day harvest. Chickpeas showed strong positive responses in nodule numbers with increasing rates of P fertilizer while such effects were less and more variable with lupins.
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  • 13
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
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  • 14
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; nitrogen leaching ; denitrification ; time of N application ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticale ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grain yield, nitrogen (N) assimilation, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification and fertilizer N distribution were examined in three commercially grown cereal crops; two were sown into conventionally tilled fields, while the third was direct drilled into an untilled field. The crops were top dressed with urea at establishment, tillering or ear initiation. Crop yield and N assimilation were measured in 16 m by 2.5 m plots receiving 0, 35, 70, 105, 140 or 175 kg N ha−1. A mass balance micrometeorological technique was used to measure NH3 volatilization, and other fertilizer N transformations and transfers were studied using15N labelled urea in microplots. On the conventionally tilled sites application of urea increased the grain yield of wheat from 3.9 to 5.5 t ha−1, when averaged over the five application rates, three application times and two sites. There were no site or application time effects. However, on the direct drilled site, time of application had a significant effect on grain yield. When urea was applied at establishment, grain yield was not significantly increased and the mean yield (2.81 t ha−1) was less than that obtained from treatments fertilized at tillering or ear initiation (4.09 and 4.0 t ha−1, respectively). Much of the variation in grain yield at the no-till site could be ascribed to differences in NH3 volatilization. At the no-till site, NH3 losses were equivalent to 24, 12 and 1% of the N applied at establishment, tillering and ear initiation, respectively. Negligible volatilization of NH3 occurred at the other sites. The surface soil at the no-till site had the highest urease activity and the soil was covered with alkaline ash resulting from stubble burning. Plant recovery of fertilizer N did not vary with application time on conventionally tilled sites (mean 62%). However, plant recovery of15N applied to the no-till site at establishment (35% of the applied N) was significantly less than that from plots where the application was delayed (45% at tillering and 55% at ear initiation, respectively). Leaching of N to below 300 mm depth was minimal (0 to 5% of the applied N). The calculated denitrification losses ranged from 1% to 14% of the applied N. The results show that the relative importance of NH3 volatilization, leaching and denitrification varied with site and fertilization time. The importance of the various N loss mechanisms needs to be taken into account when N fertilization strategies are being developed.
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  • 15
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 6 (1985), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; phosphorus ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot study with four levels each P (control, 6.5, 13.0, 19.5 mg kg−1) and Cl− in irrigation water (control, 30, 60, 90me l−1) was carried out to test Cl− and P interaction on wheat. It has been found that optimum P nutrition alleviates the toxic effect of excess Cl−. Highest P rate resulted in a significant yield increase upto a Cl− level of 60me l−1. Cl− depressed P content in the plant only at a Cl− level of 90me l−1, while P rates had no major impact on the Cl− concentration in the plant. Lower Cl− concentration at higher P rates are rather a dilution effect than an antagonistic one. With optimum P supply higher Cl− contents in the plants were tolerated than with a low P supply.
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  • 16
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1985), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chickpea ; Egyptian clover ; field experiments ; K uptake ; mustard ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment on a potassium deficient Typic ustochrept soil of the University Farm at Pura, Kanpur compared the responses of wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover to added potassium for two consecutive years commencing in 1979–80. All the crops responded to potassium fertilization. Sensitivity of various crops to potassium deficiency was in the order: Egyptian clover 〉 chickpea 〉 wheat 〉 mustard. Higher sensitivity of Egyptian clover and chickpea compared to wheat was in agreement with their comparatively high root cation exchange capacity. Mustard by contrast showed higher root cation exchange capacity and exhibited least potassium sensitivity because of its higher potassium utilization efficiency. Leaf K content and total uptake of potassium by all crops was increased by applying potassium upto the highest level.
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  • 17
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1985), S. 173-178 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical limit of Mn ; highly permeable soils ; methods and rates of Mn ; Mn deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field experiments were conducted on Mn-deficient soils to evaluate the efficiency of rates, methods and time of MnSO4.H2 O application for wheat. Manganese sulphate was broadcast and mixed in soils at the rate of 5 to 50kg Mn ha−1 before seeding and 10 to 40 kg Mn ha−1 as top dress at 28 days — just before first irrigation. Three sprays of 1% MnSO4·H2O unneutralised solutions were applied, the first at 26 days — 2 days before first irrigation and the others afterward at weekly intervals. Both the methods caused a significant and marked increase in grain yield. Three foliar sprays were as effective as soil applications of 20 to 40 Kg Mn ha−1 before seeding. The difference in grain yield resulting from soil applications of Mn before seeding and applications at the first irrigation was not significant. The DTPA-Mn status of 20 fields, selected on the basis of varying degree of Mn deficiency, was related to grain yield (r = 0.77**). Also grain yield of all the experiments had a significant correlation with Mn content of grain (r = 0.55** to 0.82**) and straw (r = 0.77** to 0.82**). The critical limits calculated by statistical method were 1.25, 2.18 and 3.5 mg Mn kg−1 soil for severe deficiency, deficiency and latent deficiency respectively for wheat.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer P recovery ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Labelled Ca(H2PO4)2 · H2O was added to two soils (an Oxisol and a vertisol) at two rates, both as a point source and completely dispersed through the soil. The point source treatments included two spatial distributions at each of two percentages of soil volume fertilized. Total and fertilizer phosphorus uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown for 42 days were determined in a glasshouse experiment. Uptake of fertilizer phosphorus was not affected by spatial distribution, but declined in the Oxisol as percentage soil volume fertilized increased at the low application rate. The implications of these results in terms of the effects of cultivation on fertilizer availability are briefly discussed.
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  • 19
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 9 (1986), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop rotation ; fertilizers ; groundnut ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Investigations were carried out in a long term field experiment from 1976 to 1982, on a loamy sand soil to find out the fertilizer requirements of groundnut and wheat grown in fixed rotation. Application of 26 kgP/ha to wheat alone was found to be sufficient for both wheat and succeeding groundnut. Application of phosphorus to both wheat and groundnut did not result in extra beneficial effect over P application to wheat alone. However, application of 26 kg P/ha to groundnut alone was not sufficient for succeeding wheat. There was no response from K application (25 kg K/ha) in either of these two crops. Increasing the dose of N from 50–150 kg/ha to wheat significantly increased the grain yield of wheat but the pod yield of succeeding groundnut were markedly lowered. Response of wheat to 150 kg N/ha was more marked when P was also applied to wheat and response was less when P was applied to preceding groundnut alone. Zinc application at 6.25 kg/ha to wheat alone resulted in significant increase in grain yield of wheat and pod yield of succeeding groundnut.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Low-grade phosphate rock ; acid extracts ; P fertiliser ; available P ; wheat ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low grade phosphate rock (PR), containing high amounts of oxides of iron and aluminium is neither suitable for fertiliser production nor useful for direct application to annual crops. The fertiliser effectiveness of P extracted by H2SO4 from a low-grade phosphate rock, PR (Christmas Island C-grade PR) was evaluated for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a calcareous loam (pH 8.4) and a non-calcareous loam (pH 6.9) in field and glasshouse experiments. Superphosphate was used to compare the performance of the acid extracts of PR. In the non-calcareous loam soil, crop establishment and yield were significantly reduced by the acid extracts of PR due to increased acidity. In the calcareous soil, however, the acid extracts of PR performed as well as superphosphate; similar or even higher crop yields were obtained with the former, especially when applied near the seed. The acid extracts of low-grade PR may, therefore, have a role in calcareous soils, where the extract can be applied directly or added in the irrigation waters to supply P to crops.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 137-155 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; rock phosphate ; wheat ; oats ; barley ; field experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine soil tests for phosphate were evaluated for predicting the yield and P content of wheat, barley and oats grown on a sandy soil in Western Australia: Olsen, modified Olsen 1 (soil:solution ratio 1:5), modified Olsen 2 (soil:solution ratio 1:50), Colwell, Bray 1, Bray 2, modified Bray 2T (shaking time 10 minutes), modified Bray 2C (pH 3.7) and lactate. The soil had been fertilized 5 years previously with 20 levels each of superphosphate (OSP, range 0 to 400 kg P ha−1) and Queensland rock phosphate (QRP, range 0 to 20 000 kg P ha−1). For each species and fertilizer taken separately, all the tests, except for lactate, gave a good prediction of yield. When data for OSP and QRP were pooled, Bray 2 and modified Bray 2T tests were unsatisfactory predictors of both yield and P content. A linear relationship (P 〈 0.05) between mean soil tests value (χ) and the standard deviation (σ χ ) of the test value was observed for each soil test. For QRP, the results for lactate were the most variable (i.e.σχ/χ was greatest) followed by modified Olsen 2 〉 Bray 1 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Colwell. The order for OSP fertilized soil was Bray 1 〉 modified Bray 2T 〉 Bray 2 〉 Olsen 〉 Colwell 〉 modified Bray 2C 〉 modified Olsen 1 〉 lactate 〉 modified Olsen 2. For combined OSP and QRP data, the results of the Olsen 1 and Colwell extractions were the least variable. Errors in the prediction of yield (σ Y ) for all crops resulting from an error in soil test values (σχ) were calculated. For OSP-fertilized soil variability in values for the Bray-1 test provided the highest error (about 16%) in the prediction of the yield, followed by Bray 2 (12%) 〉 Bray 2T (10%) 〉 Olsen (8%) 〉 Colwell (7%) 〉 modified Bray 2C (6%) 〉 lactate (4%). Maximum error was at yields of about 65% of maximum yield. For soil fertilized with QRP, lactate provided the highest error (about 10%) in the prediction of yield, followed by the other tests (〈 6%). Maximum error was at yields of about 35% of maximum yield. The Colwell soil test gave the most accurate overall prediction of yield for both fertilizers.
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  • 22
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    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Tissue distribution of LDH5 ; Developing chicken embryos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distribution of A(M) subunits of lactate dehydrogenase (mainly LDH5) in developing muscle, heart, liver, lung, kidney and cartilage tissue of chicken embryos was examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Antibodies against porcine LDH5, purified by affinity chromatography, were used for this purpose. In special areas of newly formed myofibrils in somitic myoblasts fluorescence was already detected after 4 days of incubation, and located at the same place in muscle tissue of all advanced developmental stages examined. During the myotube stage of muscle development staining was also located in the peripheral thickened cytoplasma of the myotubes. The myocardium did not exhibit any fluorescent staining in the developmental stages examined. Endocardium, epicardium and pericardium, however, were fluorescent in young developmental stages. The liver showed fluorescence in 5- to 8-day embryos mainly in the endothelial cells of the blood sinusoids. In 9- to 12-day embryos the bile ducts became fluorescent. In lungs after 9- to 12-day development the epithelium and the surrounding tissues of bronchi exhibited strong immunofluorescence. The mesonephros exhibited faint granular fluorescence in tubule-forming cells and their membranes after 4–9 days of incubation. Advanced developmental stages only exhibited fluorescent blood cells. This latter staining is at least partly due to non-specific reactions of blood cell membranes with FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG. Cartilage is characterized by non-specific fluorescence, but in embryos older than 8 days strong granular fluorescence of chondrocytes and staining of the perichondrium distinguished sections treated with anti-LDH5 antibodies from control sections reacted only with FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG. In addition, strong fluorescent staining was detectable in certain areas of the 5-day neural tube and faint staining in the mucosa of the intestine from embryos older than 10 days.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; seed protein genes ; restriction-fragment length polymorphism, prolamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction enzyme digests of DNA from nullisomic-tetrasomic and intervarietal chromosome substitution lines of wheat were probed with a high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin cDNA. Three restriction endonucleases were used to investigate restriction-fragment differences among five wheat varieties. The results suggest that the hybridizing fragments contain single gene copies and permit the identification of the subunit encoded by each gene. Restriction-fragment variation associated with previously established allelic differences between varieties was observed. Also, there is a clear relationship between the electrophoretic mobility of a HMW subunit and the length of the central repetitive section of the gene encoding it. These results are discussed with reference to the evolution of the HMW glutenin gene family and the uses of restriction-fragment variation in plant breeding and genetics.
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 591-602 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: trypsin inhibitor ; homoeoloci ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aneuploids of Chinese Spring wheat have been used to locate the genes(Ti-2) coding for a novel series of trypsin inhibitors to the long arms of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes. Three allelic variants at the 5D locus were detected in a limited survey among wheat varieties, but no variation at the loci on either chromosome 5A or chromosome 5B was detected. Homoeoloci were found in a number of alien relatives, and in the majority of cases, these were present on the group 5 homoeologue. However, inAegilops umbellulata, theTi-U2 locus was located on a chromosome presumed to belong to homoeologous group 1. NoHordeum vulgare orH. chilense Ti-2 gene was expressed in a wheat background. This new marker will be especially useful as a screening mechanism for nullisomy of chromosome 5B in work aimed at introgression of alien chromatin into wheat.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadins ; gel electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gliadin composition of 78 spring durum wheat varieties has been studied by one-dimensional (Al-lactate,pH 3.1) and two-dimensional (first dimension, Al-lactate,pH 3.1; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel) electrophoresis. Analysis of hybrids has shown that all components of the α zone of gliadin spectra are inherited together as blocks and are, probably, coded for by a cluster of tightly linked genes located on chromosome 6A. Fourteen variants of gliadin blocks have been identified, which can be classified into five families on the basis of component composition. All families but one have analogues among chromosome 6A-controlled blocks of bread wheat. The results indicate that some of the genome A diploid genotypes that were ancestors of durum wheats were also ancestors of bread wheats and that polyploid wheats were produced by repeated allopolyploidization events, as has been suggested earlier.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadins ; gel electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic analysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gliadin composition of 78 spring durum wheat varieties has been studied by one-dimensional (Al-lactate,pH 3.1) and two-dimensional (first dimension, Al-lactate,pH 3.1; second dimension, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel) electrophoresis. Analysis of hybrids has shown that all components of the α zone of gliadin spectra are inherited together as blocks and are, probably, coded for by a cluster of tightly linked genes located on chromosome 6A. Fourteen variants of gliadin blocks have been identified, which can be classified into five families on the basis of component composition. All families but one have analogues among chromosome 6A-controlled blocks of bread wheat. The results indicate that some of the genome A diploid genotypes that were ancestors of durum wheats were also ancestors of bread wheats and that polyploid wheats were produced by repeated allopolyploidization events, as has been suggested earlier.
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    Plant molecular biology 10 (1988), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast gene ; monocot ; psbA ; transcription ; wheat ; 5′ end
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have mapped and cloned the wheat chloroplast gene (psbA) that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide of Photosystem II. The psbA gene is located in the large single copy region adjacent to one inverted repeat and is transcribed toward the latter. The sequence of the 5′ end of the wheat gene is homologous with dicot psbA genes. We have located the 5′ terminus of the wheat psbA RNA to a position 83 nt upstream of its coding region. The same psbA RNA species was capped in vitro by guanylyltransferase, establishing that its 5′ end is a transcription start site. Regions which resemble procaryotic -10 and -35 promoter elements are located immediately upstream of the wheat psbA transcription initiation site.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; triplet protein (triticin) ; legumin ; amino acid sequence homology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have obtained several amino acid sequences from purified polypeptides of a wheat endosperm storage globulin previously described as ‘triplet’ protein. The amino acid sequence data supported by immunochemical analysis using anti-oat 12S globulin antibodies, provide definitive evidence that the triplet protein is homologous to pea legumin and related seed storage proteins of oats, rice and several dicotyledonous species. Thus, it is now proposed that the triplet protein of wheat be renamed ‘triticin’. The oat globulin antibodies also cross-reacted strongly with the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits which have been implicated in bread-making quality.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; cytochrome b-559 ; photosystem II ; psbL ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 3.2 kDa photosystem II polypeptide is shown to be identical to that of a polypeptide encoded by an open reading frame of 38 codons (orf38) in wheat chloroplast DNA. Orf38 is located just downstream of the psbE and psbF genes for the polypeptides of cytochrome b-559. Analysis of the transcription of this region of chloroplast DNA shows that psbE, psbF and orf38 are co-transcribed to give a 1.1 kb polycistronic transcript which also contains another open reading frame of 40 codons. The orf38 and orf40 products are hydrophobic polypeptides which are both predicted to span the thylakoid membrane once. Orf38 and orf40 are highly conserved, and map to similar locations adjacent to psbE and psbF, in all organisms from which this region of DNA has been sequenced. We propose that orf38 is named psbL.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; cDNAs ; gene organisation ; polypeptides ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (WL : AGA.1) encoding wheat leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase has been isolated from a λgt11 expression library, by immunological screening with anti-spinach leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase serum. The WL : AGA.1 cDNA is 948 bp long and contains approximately 55% of the complete wheat leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase mRNA sequence, estimated from Northern blot experiments. A wheat endosperm cDNA library was subsequently constructed in λgt11 and six clones hybridising to the cDNA insert of clone WL : AGA.1 were isolated. The longest of these wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs, clone WE : AGA.7, is nearly full-length (1798 bp), indicated by Northern blot analysis of wheat endosperm mRNA and nucleotide sequence analysis. Southern hybridisation analysis and restriction enzyme mapping indicated that the wheat leaf and wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs and genes are members of two distinct gene families. In addition, restriction enzyme mapping revealed polymorphism in the wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs, indicating the existence of at least two wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene sub-families. Subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that there is approximately 55% identity between wheat leaf and wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs. In contrast, members of each sub-family of endosperm cDNA, represented by clones WE : AGA.3 and WE : AGA.7, are 96% identical.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aleurone ; barley ; protoplasts ; transient expression ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methods have been developed for the isolation of aleurone protoplasts from developing caryopses of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum in order to study transient expression of introduced genes. Chimaeric gene constructs were introduced into aleurone protoplasts by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Transient expression directed by the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) of the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) was detected in aleurone protoplasts from developing barley and wheat grains. Using a similar construct, CAT activity increased when the alcohol dehydrogenase intron 1 fragment from maize was ligated between the 35S promoter and the CAT coding region. The demonstration of transient expression in protoplasts from developing aleurone layers indicates that they may be useful for investigating tissue and developmental control of genes coding for cereal seed proteins.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; transfer RNA genes ; rearrangement ; recombination ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the course of isolating tRNA genes from wheat mtDNA, we have found the same tRNAPro gene in two different Hind III restriction fragments, H-P1 (0.7 kbp) and H-P2 (1.7 kbp). Sequences immediately flanking these duplicate genes are closely related, although not identical; sequence comparisons suggest that multiple rearrangements have occurred in the vicinity of the H-P2 tRNAPro gene, relative to the H-P1 version. The chimeric nature of H-P2 is emphasized by the presence of sequences that are also found upstream of the wheat mitochondrial 26S rRNA gene, as well as sequences derived from chloroplast DNA. Comparison of H-P2 with H-P1 plus upstream sequences provides some insight into possible molecular events that might have generated H-P2. In particular, such comparisons suggest a model in which the homologous sequences in H-P2 are seen to be derived from H-P1 plus upstream sequences as a result of an intragenomic, site-specific rearrangement event, followed by amplification of the product, its fixation in the mitochondrial genome, and subsequent sequence divergence (single base changes as well as insertions/deletions of up to 50 nucleotides). The results reported here implicate particular primary sequence motifs in certain of the rearrangements that characterize H-P2.
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    Plant molecular biology 10 (1988), S. 251-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: mitochondria ; mitochondrial DNA ; transfer RNA ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have begun a systematic search for potential tRNA genes in wheat mtDNA, and present here the sequences of regions of the wheat mitochondrial genome that encode genes for tRNAAsp (anticodon GUC), tRNAPro (UGG), tRNATyr (GUA), and two tRNAsSer (UGA and GCU). These genes are all solitary, not immediately adjacent to other tRNA or known protein coding genes. Each of the encoded tRNAs can assume a secondary structure that conforms to the standard cloverleaf model, and that displays none of the structural aberrations peculiar to some of the corresponding mitochondrial tRNAs from other eukaryotes. The wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences are, on average, substantially more similar to their eubacterial and chloroplast counterparts than to their homologues in fungal and animal mitochondria. However, an analysis of regions ∼ 150 nucleotides upstream and ∼ 100 nucleotides downstream of the tRNA coding regions has revealed no obvious conserved sequences that resemble the promoter and terminator motifs that regulate the expression of eubacterial and some chloroplast tRNA genes. When restriction digests of wheat mtDNA are probed with 32P-labelled wheat mitochondrial tRNAs, 〈20 hybridizing bands are detected, whether enzymes with 4 bp or 6 bp recognition sites are used. This suggests that the wheat mitochondrial genome, despite its large size, may carry a relatively small number of tRNA genes.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: F1F0 ATPase ; chloroplast coupling factor ; mitochondrial gene ; wheat
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 933-940 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gliadin ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; F1 monosomic analysis ; chromosomal assignment ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gliadin components from four bread wheat cultivars: Chinese Spring, Capelle Desprez, Holdfast and Pane-247 and their monosomic F1s for the chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 have been analyzed by two-dimensional (2-pH) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chromosomal location of gliadin genes and the allelic differences were well established by analyzing the different F1 monosomic hybrids, electrophoretical patterns and differences in relative staining intensity. A new gliadin encoded by a gene located on chromosome 6B in Chinese Spring is described. The two-dimensional patterns of gliadin in the other three varieties and the chromosomal location of their genes are reported for the first time. Relationships between gliadins in the two-dimensional patterns and the traditional system for their nomenclature are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frog skin ; Bombina orientalis ; Cutaneous gland ; Immunohistochemistry ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry were applied to the skin of the frog, Bombina orientalis, to detect the localization of bombesin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. The dermal layer contains three types (type 1, 2 and 3) of cutaneous glands but only the type-1 gland simultaneously contains bombesin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. This result suggests for the first time the coexistence of a bioactive peptide and monoamine in a cutaneous gland of the frog.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; CRF ; Hypothalamus ; Coturnix quail ; Adrenalectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the Japanese quail was studied by means of the peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) method. CRF-immunopositive perikarya of parvocellular neurons were observed mainly in the nucleus praeopticus medialis and nucleus paraventricularis. Additional perikarya were also detected in the nucleus hypothalamicus posterior medialis in the hypothalamus and in the non-hypothalamic nucleus accumbens, nucleus septalis lateralis and nucleus dorsomedialis and dorsolateralis thalami. No CRF immunoreaction was found to coexist with the vasotocin (Vt)-containing system in comparative examination of consecutive sections treated with anti-vasopressin (Vp) serum. The CRF-immunoreactive fibers were detected mainly in the external layer of the anterior median eminence but not in its posterior division. Unilateral adrenalectomy induced the marked reduction in number of the CRF immunopositive fibers in the anterior median eminence.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cell ; Pyloric mucosa ; Ontogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ontogenesis of gastrin cells was studied in the pyloroduodenal mucosa of the mouse using anti-human G17 serum, R-1301, and anti-human G34(1–15) serum, R-2703. R-1301-immunostained cells first appeared in the pyloric mucosa of 14-day-old fetuses. Cells stained with both R-1301 and R-2703 appeared immediately after birth, and gradually increased in number to the adult level. Most R-1301-reactive cells were also reactive to R-2703, whereas some cells that reacted with R-1301 exhibited very weak or no reaction with R-2703. The discrepancy between these two immunoreactivities is discussed. In the duodenum, a considerable number of R-1301-reactive cells were present from the perinatal stage and through out adult development. A few R-2703-reactive cells were seen in the duodenum of young mice but not of the adult.
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    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 53-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Salivary neurones ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurones in the suboesophageal ganglion of the locust Schistocerca gregaria were stained with an antiserum raised against gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). This ganglion consists of the fused mandibular, maxillary and labial neuromeres. Immunoreactive cell bodies of similar size and distribution occur in the lateral, ventral and middorsal regions of all three neuromeres. Approximately 200 cell bodies stain in both the mandibular and maxillary neuromeres and 270 in the labial neuromere. A few distinctly larger cells occur in the ventral groups and one large pair occurs in the lateral group of the maxillary neuromere. Dorsal commissures DCIV and DCV are composed mainly of stained fibres, while DCI–DCIII are largely unstained. A ventral commissure also stains in the maxillary neuromere. All longitudinal tracts contain both stained and unstained fibres. Many processes within the neuropil are also immunoreactive. A stained axon is found in the posterior tritocerebral commissure which enters the anterior dorsal region of the mandibular neuromere. The salivary branch of the 7th nerve contains one stained axon and two axons stain in nerve 8 which innervates neck muscles.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 271-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain macrophage ; Fetus ; Histogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Monoclonal antibody ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study on the localization of fetal and neonatal brain macrophages of mice from embryonic day 10 (E10) to postnatal day 21 (P21) was carried out immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody against a macrophage differentiation antigen (Mac-1) and the labeled avidin-biotin technique. In the central nervous system, the macrophages recognized first were mainly located in the choroid plexuses of the fourth and lateral ventricles at E14. Their number increased at E17–P3 and gradually decreased thereafter. In the cerebral parenchyma, a few macrophages appeared at E14 in the matrix cell layer. They were also detected in the migrating zone at E15, E17 and in the cortical plate at E19. Mapping of positive cells at the stage of neuroblast formation (E15, E17, E19) disclosed the precise distribution of cerebral macrophages. The macrophages that appeared first in the choroid plexuses at E15 may be derived from the subarachnoid vessels, which extend into the stroma of the choroid plexuses when the matrix cell layer invaginates into the lateral ventricle to form the choroid plexuses. Almost all of the macrophages recognized in the cerebral parenchyma disappeared at P9 when the cytoarchitecture seemed to be completed. In the cerebellum, which develops later than the cerebrum, macrophages appeared after birth and were located mainly in the internal granular layer. The brain macrophages always appeared in the regions where cell proliferation and brain remodeling are most active at each stage. These findings suggest that fetal and neonatal brain macrophages may play an important role in scavenging degenerated cells and cell debris during histogenesis of the central nervous system.
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    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 395-404 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epididymis ; Innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Substance P ; Vasoactive intestine polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the ductuli efferentes and seven zones of the guinea-pig epididymis was investigated using immunohistochemical, histochemical and electron-micro-scopical techniques. Nerve fibers were localized by use of antibodies against substance P (SP-IR), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IR) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH-IR). In the ductuli efferentes and all zones of the epididymal duct, SP-IR is consistently observed in the interstitial tissue and perivascular areas. Histochemistry reveals a significant amount of acetylcholinesterase-containing fibers in the interstitial, perivascular and periductal smooth muscles of the ductuli efferentes and zones V, VI and VII. In contrast to the homogeneous distribution of SP-IR within all zones of the epididymis, VIP-IR is seen only in zones VI and VII. Within these zones, VIP-IR is detected in large amounts in the subepithelial and muscular layers as is a sparse number of SP-IR varicosities. DBH-IR is also seen throughout all zones in the interstitial and perivascular regions with a tendency to increase in zones VI and VII. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals evidence of a cholinergic (agranular vesicles, AGV), adrenergic (small granular vesicles, SGV) and peptidergic (large granular vesicles, LGV) innervation throughout the interstitial connective tissue of the ductuli efferentes and all epididymal zones. Furthermore AGV are localized in the subepithelial layer, and also co-stored with LGV in the muscular layer of zones VI and VII. No nerve profiles were encountered within the epithelium. Correlation of immunohistochemical findings to TEM counterparts as well as their possible functional role are discussed.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular cells ; Renin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Movat silver impregnation ; Bufo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of renin was examined in the kidneys of some amphibians of the genus Bufo by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques with an antiserum to renin isolated from the submandibular gland of the mouse. Immunoreactivity could be demonstrated in the media cells of the afferent arterioles (juxtaglomerular cells) close to as well as at great distance from the glomeruli. Occasionally, media cells of larger arterial vessels were also stained. The immunohistochemical data seem to be in accordance with earlier results obtained with a modified silver impregnation technique (Movat's staining procedure) used for the visualization of juxtaglomerular cells in non-mammalian vertebrates. Mouse kidney tissue, studied for purposes of comparison, showed renin-immunoreactivity as described by earlier investigators, i.e., immunoreactive staining in the afferent arterioles near the glomeruli and in the proximal tubule cells.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal tract ; Gastric mucosa ; Gastrointestinal endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Suncus murinus (Insectivora)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the house musk shrew, Suncus murinus (Family Soricidae, Order Insectivora) was studied immunohistochemically. The hormones investigated were gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin, secretin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), motilin and neurotensin. In the gastric mucosa, gastrin and somatostatin cells were only found in the pyloric regions, and no other hormonal cell-types were observed. In the intestinal mucosa, the largest number of endocrine cells belonged to the gastrin and glucagon/glicentin cell-types, whereas CCK-33/39 and secretin cells were the least numerous. Numbers of other cell-types were intermediate between these two groups. The gastrin and GIP cells were mostly localized in the proximal portion of the intestine, decreasing in number towards the distal portion. The motilin and CCK-33/39 cells were restricted to the proximal half. The glucagon/glicentin and neurotensin cells were most abundant in the middle portion. The somatostatin and secretin cells, although only present in small numbers, were randomly distributed throughout the intestine. This characteristic distribution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells is discussed in comparison with the distribution patterns of other mammals.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-testis barrier ; Immune responses ; Tracer studies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood-testis barrier and its changes following immunization to testis material, were investigated by light- and electron microscopy in a teleost fish, the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, using horseradish peroxidase and bovine serum albumin as tracers. In the normal testis, histochemistry using horseradish peroxidase revealed that a barrier composed of junctional complexes connecting adjacent Sertoli cells existed around the central lumina of the seminal lobules, and also around the germ-cell cysts containing spermatids at the middle or late phase of chromatin condensation. By contrast, bovine serum albumin was prevented from passing through the basement membrane and could not penetrate any of the spermatogenetic cysts, indicating that the basement membrane may be an ion-selective barrier. In tilapia immunized with allogeneic testis homogenate emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, bovine serum albumin could penetrate the spermatogenetic cysts, and horseradish peroxidase was able to pass through the intercellular spaces between Sertoli cells to the region nearer the seminal lobule lumen, due to the junctional complexes becoming loosened. The results suggest that the blood-testis barrier, both junctional complexes and the basement membrane, are broken down during immune responses.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Retina ; Ciliary body ; Iris ; Human fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with the localization and development of S-100 protein-like immunoreactivity in the retina, ciliary body and iris of human fetuses. In the retina, numerous astrocytes, densely distributed in the nerve-fiber layer and ganglion-cell layer, were stained strongly with the S-100 antiserum. The first immunoreactive astrocytes occurred at the posterior pole of the retina and spread gradually outward and toward the ora serrata with increasing age. Müller cells were not immunoreactive for S-100 during development, except in the retina of the latest fetus examined. S-100 immunoreactivity was also found in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium and posterior epithelium of the iris, both of which are developed from the inner wall of the optic cup. On the other hand, the pigmented epithelium extending from retina to iris, derived from the outer layer of the optic cup, was free of S-100 immunoreactivity.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Ectopia ; GABA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intensely stained cells are found in the cerebellar white matter of the vermis and paravermis in adult rats after immunoreaction with an immune serum raised against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). The cells are similar in size to cortical Purkinje cells and three times the size of Golgi cells of the internal granule layer, and have a thick immunopositive cell process emerging from a welldefined cytoplasmic cone. In the cytoplasm, immunoprecipitates are more dense around the nucleus as in normally located Purkinje cells. The morphological appearance of the immunopositive cells suggests that they may be ectopically located Purkinje cells. The soma of the ectopic Purkinje cells is contacted by a few darkly stained terminal boutons. Data indicate that, in spite of the different cellular environment, ectopic Purkinje cells can develop not only the typical morphological pattern already described but also other intrinsic features, such as their typical inhibitory neurotransmitter.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing factor hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Hypothalamus ; Scyliorhinus canicula (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and localization of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the brain and pituitary of the elasmobranch fish Scyliorhinus canicula, were studied by means of specific radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry using the indirect immunofluorescence method. Brain and pituitary extracts showed a good cross-reactivity with the ovine CRF antiserum, but serial dilutions of tissue samples did not completely parallel the standard curve. Relatively high concentrations of CRF-like material were found within the pituitary, diencephalon, and telencephalon. CRF-like immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the preoptic nucleus and in the nucleus lateralis tuberis. Numerous immunoreactive cells appeared to be of the CSF-contacting type. CRF-like immunopositive fibers were seen to run through the hypothalamus within the ventro-medial floor of the infundibular region. A dense plexus of immunoreactive nerve endings terminated in the median eminence and the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. These results indicate that a neurosecretory system containing CRF-like immunoreactivity exists in the brain of elasmobranchs, a group of vertebrates which has diverged early from the evolutionary line leading to mammals. In addition, our data support the notion that a CRF-like molecule is involved in the regulation of corticotropic and melanotropic cell activity in this primitive species of fish.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammalian-like peptides ; Insect midgut ; Immunohistochemistry ; Endocrine-cell ultrastructure ; Peptidergic and serotoninergic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The midgut of Blaberus craniifer is principally made up of columnar epithelial cells which are derived from small regenerative cells found grouped in nidi. Between them, small sparsely granulated cells with clear cytoplasm can be observed lying on the basal lamina. Mainly based on the size, shape and texture of their secretory granules, at least ten types of such endocrine cells have been identified. Five cell types contain a uniform population of dense granules: (1) medium-sized, round to oval granules; (2) small elongated granules; (3) large irregular granules; (4) oval granules with a highly osmiophilic core; (5) oval, haloed granules. Five others are characterized by a heterogeneous population of granules: (6) small, round to oval, variably electron-dense granules; (7) oval medium-sized granules of variable electron density; (8) large irregular granules of variable electron density; (9) small dense granules and large vesicles with filamentous material; (10) small dense granules and very large pale vesicles. In addition, near the regenerative cells, large cells characterized by very large, irregular, dense granules (up to 4 μm), lack contact with the lumen, and reach the basal lamina only by slender cytoplasmic processes. Several antisera raised against mammalian peptides and amine were used to reveal axonal fibers and endocrine cells. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity is localized in a profuse innervation of the muscle layers that surround the epithelium, whereas cholecystokinin and methionine-enkephalin antisera stain a more moderate number of axonal fibers. Cholecystokinin-, methionine-enkephalin-, substance P-, vasoactive intestinal peptide-, somatoliberin-, and gonadoliberin-like immunoreactivities were detected in endocrine cells of the epithelium. While most of the cells appear pyramidal, oval, fusiform or bowl-shaped, and seem to lack contact with the lumen, cells reaching it have been detected reacting with antisera to cholecystokinin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatoliberin and gonadoliberin.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin (SRIF, GHR-IF) ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thalamus ; Retrograde tracing ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of the indirect immunofluorescence technique a small group of large somatostatin-positive neurons is described in the subependymal area of the anterior paraventricular thalamus of the male rat. Retrograde-tracing experiments suggest that they project to areas outside the blood-brain barrier.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Silver impregnation ; Combined microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify duodenal endocrine cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), chicken duodena were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same or consecutive sections. Our results show that: (1) Almost all the cells emitting yellow fluorescence by both the Falck-Hillarp and the Furness methods exhibit an immunohistochemical reaction with serotonin (5-HT) antiserum. (2) Almost all cells radiating yellow fluorescence by the Furness method stain with toluidine blue in Epon-embedded sections but, by high-voltage electron microscopy, can be subdivided into two types of cell containing either small round or polymorphous types of granules. (3) In the sections from which resin had been removed, all the cells emitting yellow FIF show argentaffinity by the Singh method, but not all cells display argyrophilia with the Grimelius method. (4) Cells exhibiting both argyrophil and argentaffin reactions in deresined serial sections are also separated into two types of cell, containing either small spherical or polymorphous types of granules by conventional electron microscopy in thin sections. Therefore, chicken enterochromaffin cells emit yellow FIF, store 5-HT, show both argentaffinity and argyrophilia, but are ultrastructurally classified into two types of granule-containing cells which may be related to polypeptides coexisting with 5-HT.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Non-ciliated tracheal cell ; Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochrome P-450 ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-ciliated SER-rich cells of the tracheal epithelium of normal, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically. The apical portion of these cells protrudes into the tracheal lumen, especially in the mice treated with the two compounds, and the apical cytoplasm is filled with numerous tubular elements of SER. Besides, the non-ciliated cells of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice show a strong positive reaction to the antiserum against microsomal cytochrome P-450 of liver. These findings support the concept that the non-ciliated tracheal cell may be involved in the metabolism of endogeneous and exogeneous chemical compounds.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF neurons ; Neurosecretory neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunoreactive CRF-neurons of the rat hypothalamus have been examined immunohistochemically employing anti-rat CRF serum. These neurons are confined to the paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial-lateral hypothalamic area, and suprachiasmatic nucleus, and are, respectively, also immunoreactive to anti-Met-enk, -alpha-MSH, and -VIP sera. Intraventricular administration of colchicine (50 μg/5 μl/rat) induces a dramatic enhancement of the immunostainability of the cell somata, and also accelerates the development of immunoreactivity of other stored peptides, especially in the paraventricular nucleus. The CRF-neurons respond to adrenalectomy by showing increased immunoreactivity and an increase in the number of cell bodies; in the dorsomedial-lateral area and suprachiasmatic nucleus, there is also an enhanced immunoreactivity for alpha-MSH and VIP, respectively. CRF-cells in the paraventricular nucleus become markedly hypertrophied, but do not show any enhanced immunoreactivity for Met-enk. Since the axons of the paraventricular neurons run to the median eminence, it is probable that they are involved with the endocrine control of hypophysial ACTH release. It is concluded that the CRF-containing neurons in rat hypothalamus consist of three types which are functionally and morphologically different.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 429-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroglobulin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nervous system ; Annelids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical studies were performed by use of specific rabbit antisera and purified antibodies to human Tg on cephalic and body sections of Eisenia foetida and on cephalic sections of Lumbricus terrestris. Secondary antisera, either fluorescein- or peroxidase-conjugated, were used to identify the immunoreaction. Immunoreactive perikarya and some immunoreactive nerve fibres were detected in both the cerebral ganglion and the ventral nerve cord of E. foetida. From 8 to 19 Tg-like positive neurons per frontal section were observed in the brain, mainly in the dorsal zone. From 2 to 4 positive perikarya per ganglion were found in sagittal sections of the ventral nerve cord with a repetitive distribution. Numerous positive neurons were also found in the cephalic segments of L. terrestris. The present results indicate that a substance immunologically related to mammalian Tg is synthesized in earthworms. This suggests that some conservative sequences of Tg structure arose very early in evolution and supports the idea of a common evolutionary origin for endocrine and nervous systems.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 242 (1985), S. 391-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development, ontogenetic ; Lymph nodes ; Non-lymphoid cells ; Lymphocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the various cell populations in the rat popliteal lymph node was investigated applying enzyme-histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. From birth, T-lymphocytes and interdigitating cells were demonstrable. During the development of the young lymph node, T-lymphocytes of the helper phenotype outnumbered the T-cells with a suppressor phenotype; they account for approximately 70% and 30% of all T-lymphocytes, respectively. At the very first day of postnatal life, post-capillary venules were already present. B-lymphocytes occurred later than T-cells during ontogeny; they were found on the second day after birth, most of them being IgM- or IgG-bearing lymphocytes. The first primary follicles occurred at day 18 and contained principally membrane-stained IgM cells and, to a lesser extent, membrane-stained IgG cells. The appearance of follicular dendritic cells correlated with the formation of primary follicles. With respect to the macrophages, it appeared that the ED1- and ED3-positive subpopulations were present with a similar distributional pattern as seen in adults, but in considerably lower numbers. The expression of ED2, however, showed a sudden increase in the third week of life. Findings of the present study are discussed in relation to those obtained in other investigations dealing with the ontogenetic development of lymphoid organs.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ca2+-binding protein ; Parvalbumin ; Retina ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular distribution of parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity (PA-LI) in normal retina of rat, monkey, and human was investigated by immunohistochemical peroxidase antiperoxidase methods, and the levels of PA-LI in normal rat retina and brain were measured by radioimmunoassay. The antibody, raised in rabbits using rat skeletal muscle parvalbumin, did not cross-react with other Ca2+-binding proteins such as calmodulin or S-100 proteins. In rat retina, PA-LI-containing cells are located in the proximal inner nuclear layer and send processes to the external half of the internal plexiform layer, suggesting that they are amacrine cells. In monkey and human retina, PA-LI positive cells exist in the outermost sublayer of inner nuclear layer, and PA-LI-containing fibers that extend horizontally are found in the internal zone of outer plexiform layer. The radioimmunoassay revealed that the rat retina contained 1710±91 ng PA-LI/mg protein, the levels of which were higher than that of brain (881±165 ng PA-LI/mg protein). These results show an additional location for PA-LI outside skeletal muscle and brain, and also provide information on the function of interneurons of retina, which are still poorly understood.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Cat ; Monkey (Macaca fuscata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the rat, cat, and monkey (Macaca fuscata) was studied by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and an antiserum against serotonin. In all three species, the pattern of fibers was denser in the ventral portion of the LGN (LGNv) than in the dorsal nuclear portion (LGNd). In the LGNd of rat, serotonin-immunoreactive fibers were evenly distributed in the form of a dense network, but in cat and monkey there were marked regional differences. Serotonin-immunoreactive elements were most numerous in the C complex and medial interlaminal nucleus of cat, and in the S layer and interlaminar zones of Macaca fuscata.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Met5-enkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8 ; Enkephalin ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; Opioid peptides ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and characterization of the opioid octapeptide met5-enkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8 (met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8) within the gastrointestinal tract of the rat has been determined by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay by use of a newly developed antibody to met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8. With both techniques, met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8-immunoreactivity (met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8IR) was detected in all regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract except the esophagus. The highest concentration of immunoreactive met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8 was observed in the colon, while intermediate concentrations were found in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Immunostained somata were observed chiefly in the myenteric plexus; immunostained processes were present primarily in the myenteric plexus and the circular muscle layer. This distribution pattern is similar to that previously observed with antiserum to met5-enkephalin-arg6-phe7 (met5-enk-arg6phe7). Chromatographic analysis of met5-enk-arg6-gly7leu8-immunoreactive peptides extracted from the GI tract revealed the presence of an immunoreactive peptide of high molecular weight which accounted for approximately three-quarters of met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8-IR in both stomach and colon. These findings suggest a role for peptides related to the octapeptide met5-enk-arg6-gly7-leu8 in the regulation of GI function.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Atrial-specific granules ; Atrial natriuretic polypeptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Impulse-conducting system ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study of atrial natriuretic polypeptides was carried out on embryonic, fetal and neonatal rat hearts, using an antiserum raised against α-human atrial natriuretic polypeptide (α-hANP). Weakly immunoreactive cells were seen in both atrial and ventricular walls at 11 days post coitum (pc). After this stage, the immunoreactive cells became more intensely stained in both atrial and ventricular walls. The immunoreactivity during the prenatal period was stronger in the superficial cell layer beneath the endocardium, than in the deep cell layer of the atrial wall. The cells in the trabecular meshwork also had an apparent, but weak, immunoreactivity, which showed a greater intensity in the left ventricle than in the right one. It is suggested that these immunoreactive cells in the ventricle may differentiate, in situ, into the cells of the impulse-conducting system during the further development of the heart.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topography of oxytocin (OT)- and vasopressin (VP)-containing axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system was studied in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) by means of immunohistochemistry. Compared with other mammalian species, the neurohypophysis of Phodopus shows some peculiarities. Accumulations of OT-immunoreactivity around the distal vessels of the primary portal plexus can be observed in the distal median eminence and neural stem. This staining pattern indicates that OT is secreted into portal blood. In the neural lobe, OT- and VP-immunopositive fibers terminate in different areas. The vast majority of the OT-containing axons is distributed in the dorsal part of the neural lobe. In contrast, VP-containing axons are mainly found in the centre of the neural lobe up to the pars intermedia.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anglerfish islet ; Oxytocin ; Insulin ; Innervation ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent reports indicate that oxytocin exerts direct effects on the release of insulin and glucagon from the endocrine pancreas of the rat. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oxytocin-like immunoreactivity is present in the anglerfish islet, and if it is associated with subsets of hormone-producing cells. Antisera against oxytocin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, and the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide were applied to serial 5 μm sections of pancreatic islets. The antiserum to the 200 — kd neurofilament polypeptide labeled nerve bundles and axons, some of which were also stained with the oxytocin antiserum. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was observed in large nerves that branched into varicose fibers. These fibers were consistently associated only with clusters of insulin-producing cells. Successive application of oxytocin and insulin antisera to the same section provided additional verification of this relationship. Oxytocin-labeled nerves were not associated with cells immunoreactive to glucagon, somatostatin, or neuropeptide Y (anglerfish peptide Yg). The results demonstrate that oxytocin or an oxytocin-like peptide is located in fibers that surround only insulin-producing cells in the anglerfish islet. Although the functional significance of this observation remains to be determined, the results imply that oxytocin, or an oxytocin-like peptide, may affect the synthesis or release of insulin from anglerfish islets.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Dental pulp ; Periodontium ; Neurofilament protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve fibers in molars, periodontal ligament and gingiva of the rat shows a complex pattern. Decalcified material including the alveolar bone was sectioned in three different planes and stained by means of immunohistochemistry for detection of the neurofilament protein (NFP); the immunoreactive neural elements were clearly visualized in three-dimensional analyses. NFP-positive nerve fibers formed a subodontoblastic plexus in the roof area of the dental pulp; some of them entered the predentin and dentin directly through the dentinal tubules. This penetration was found mainly in the pulp horn, and was limited to a distance of about 100 μm from the pulpo-dentinal junction. In the periodontal ligament, NFP-positive nerve fibers were found densely distributed in the lower half of the alveolar socket. Two types of nerve terminals were recognized in the periodontal ligament: free nerve endings with tree-like ramifications, and expanded nerve terminals showing button- or glove-like shapes. The former tapered among the periodontal fibers, some even reaching the cementoblastic layer. The latter were located, frequently in groups, within the ligament restricted to the lower third of the alveolar socket. A well-developed plexus of NFP-positive nerves was revealed in the lamina propria of the free gingiva, the innervation being denser toward the epithelium of the gingival crevice. The characteristic distribution of NFP-immunoreactive nerve fibers revealed in this study is discussed in relation to region-specific sensations in the teeth and surrounding tissues.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Branched histiocytic cells ; T-zone histiocytes ; Intraepithelial histiocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Branched histiocytic cells of the epidermis, the oral and anal mucosa, the tonsillar crypt epithelium, the thymus and of the T-cell-dependent areas of lymph node, spleen, and tonsil were examined with immunohistochemical single- and double-staining techniques. The markers used were a monoclonal anti-T6-antibody, a monoclonal anti-HLA-DR-antibody, heteroantiserum to S-100 protein and peanut agglutinin. Anti-HLA-DR and peanut agglutinin reacted with a considerable number of branched histiocytic cells, whereas anti-T6 and anti-S-100 protein only stained relatively small subpopulations. Concerning the population of branched histiocytic cells, double-staining revealed that the tissue distributions of all the markers used overlapped each other to various degrees; this was demonstrated by the different numbers of double-stained cells obtained in the experiments using all six possible combinations of primary reagents. The number of branched histiocytic cells co-expressing the markers varied depending upon marker combinations, types of tissue and microenvironment. We suggest that much of the immunologic phenotype of branched histiocytic cells is dynamic rather than static.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Extracellular matrix ; Collagen fibers and filaments ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology, composition, and function of struts that interconnect the lateral surfaces of cardiomyocytes were examined in the hearts of rats and hamsters. Methods included brightfield and fluorescent light microscopy, secondary and backscatter scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with silver stain, cationic dye, and antibody to type-I collagen. These studies reveal a twisted, beaded appearance and a complex substructure of collagen fibrils embedded in a ground substance that has a positive reaction with cationic dye. A hierarchy of patterns of branching and attachment was seen among intercellular struts ranging in diameter from 0.1 μm to several urn. The hypothesis that struts tether not only the surfaces but the contractile lattices of laterally adjacent myocytes is supported by the following: (a) the attachments of struts to the collagen weave of the sarcolemma, often lateral to the level of Z bands, (b) the presence of collagen type I in a composite material arrangement, (c) the relative dispositions and configurational changes of struts and myocyte surfaces in various physiological states and induced, non-physiological perturbations of cardiac muscle, (d) the corrugated sarcolemmas with infoldings near Z bands, and (e) the continuity of intracellular filaments from Z bands to the inner aspect of the sarcolemma in relaxed and contracted myocytes. Implications of struts acting as tethers and sites for storage of energy in the motions of myocytes during the cardiac cycle are discussed.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 459-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Schwann cells ; Neurilemoma ; Human foetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary From approximately 7 weeks gestational age in developing human peripheral nerve, as in adult nerve, S-100 protein was found to be expressed solely and uniformly by Schwann cells associated with axons. In embryos younger than 7 weeks S-100 was much less constant and many cells did not show clear staining. The trigger for the initial appearance of the protein at around this age remains unclear although a relationship of S-100 expression in Schwann cells to close axonal contact is suggested. The value of S-100 protein in distinguishing Schwann cells from perineurial cells in normal nerves and nerve sheath tumours remains unclear.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mucosa ; Lymphoid tissue ; Nose ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study concerns the development of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue in the rat, using immuno- and enzyme-histochemical staining techniques on cryostat sections. Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue is present at birth as a small accumulation of mainly T lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells; B cells are rare. Distinct areas of T and B cells appear at 10 days after birth; by that time high endothelial venules are also observed. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes are present, most of them being T-helper cells. ED1+ macrophages are seen throughout the tissue. The proportion of ED1+cells does not change during ontogeny. ED2+cells (tissue macrophages) are present predominantly at the border between the lymphoid tissue and the surrounding connective tissue, in all age-groups. ED3+mononuclear cells are scattered throughout the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue of young animals. Later on, the ED3+ cells migrate into the border-area between lymphoid and connective tissue. Ia+ non-lymphoid cells in the nasal lymphoid tissue increase in number during ontogeny. Only a few of them show acid phosphatase activity, indicating that the proportion of classical scavenger macrophages is low. Some of them may be antigen presenting (dendritic) cells. Ia+ dendritic cells also occur between the epithelial cells. Moreover, some epithelial cells express the Ia marker.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: Brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; Natural killer cells ; Monocytes ; Granulocytes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study reports a specific cross-reactivity of the three anti-human-hematopoetic-cell monoclonal antibodies, anti-Leu-7 (HNK-1), anti-Leu-11a (NKP-15), and anti-Leu-M1 (MMA), with different epitopes in the brain of the adult rat. The distribution of these epitopes in rat brain is determined by means of immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded frontal serial sections. The reaction pattern of anti-Leu-11a monoclonal antibody is very similar to that of polyclonal antibodies against the myelin basic protein. Both antisera give a specific reaction with myelinated fibers. Immunoreaction products with the anti-Leu-7 monoclonal antibody are found as diffuse, mostly punctiform material in the neuropil and even more evident as small granules coating the cell surface of many neurons. In the white matter anti-Leu-7 reveals a moderate reactivity, which occurs predominantly as spots and fine-stranded material within the myelinated fiber tracts. Anti-Leu-M1 immunoreactivity is present between myelinated fiber bundles of the white matter, where it has a reticulate appearance, and as fine-granulated material within the grey matter of the cortex and the nuclei. The characteristic feature in the grey matter is that of irregularly shaped immunopositive plaques, which are often located around small blood vessels. The cytoplasm of glial and neuronal cells appeared negative with this MAB. The exact topographical distribution of the Leu-7 and Leu-M1 epitopes throughout the rat brain is described. The present hypotheses concerning the nature of this shared antigenicity between hematopoetic cells and nervous tissue are discussed.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Brain ; Neurohypophysis ; Pineal body ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lampetra japonica (Cyclostomata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of molluscan cardio-excitatory tetrapeptide Phe—Met—Arg—Phe—NH2 (FMRFamide) was determined by means of immunohistochemistry in the brain and neurohypophysis of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Many FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons were found in the periventricular nuclear region and in a region near the mammillary recess. Neurons situated in the former region were larger. The immunoreactive cell groups were shown to be located at sites differing from those of the AF-positive cell groups. The fibers of immunoreactive neurons extended in all directions within the brain and towards the spinal cord, some reaching the third ventricle and capillaries. Thus, FMRFamide-like immunoreactive peptides appear to function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and possibly also as neurohormones. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive material was rarely observed in the posterior neurohypophysis (neural lobe), but was noted to be present to a limited extent in the caudal part of the anterior neurohypophysis (median eminence). It would thus follow that FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons may not necessarily be related to the hypothalamo-neural lobe system, but may possibly be associated with the hypothalamoadenohypophysial system. The pineal body showed no FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 585-592 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal retrograde tracing ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Methionine-enkephalin ; Septum ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the cells giving rise to the methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk)-ergic innervation of the lateral septal nucleus has been investigated in the rat by combining immunohistochemistry and retrograde axonal tracing. Small volumes (0.06 μl) of apo-horseradish peroxidase (Apo-HRP) conjugated to wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and coupled with colloidal gold particles (WGA-ApoHRP-gold) were injected into the lateral septum. The retrogradely labeled cell bodies were visualized by silver intensification of the gold particles on Vibratome sections that were subsequently processed for immunohistochemistry for Met-Enk. Cells labeled with WGA-ApoHRP-gold were observed in the septal area, throughout the hypothalamus (mainly in the perifornical and lateral nuclei) and in the mesencephalon. The localization of Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells was as previously described. With the exception of a few septal cells close to the injection site, doubly labeled cells were found only in the perifornical nucleus of the hypothalamus. Almost all perifornical magnocellular cells were doubly labeled ipsilateral to the injection site, whereas on the opposite side, only about 25% of the Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells contained WGA-ApoHRP-gold. Other brain regions containing retrogradely labeled or Met-Enk-immunoreactive cells (particularly the raphe nuclei) did not show double-labeled neurons. This study demonstrates, using a new and sensitive technique for specific neurochemical tracing of tracts, that the origin of the Met-Enk-ergic innervation of the rat lateral septal nuclei lies in the magnocellular perifornical nuclei of the hypothalamus. The precise involvement of this pathway in limbic functions remains to be determined.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Light microscopy ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Neuropeptides ; Columba livia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of VIP- and TRH-immunoreactivity in neurons and processes within the hypothalamus of the pigeon was investigated with light-microscopic immunocytochemical techniques. Most of the VIP-containing neurons are concentrated in the middle and caudal parts of the hypothalamus, with the greatest concentration of perikarya occurring in the medial and lateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the infundibular nucleus. These cells give rise to axons that seem to extend into the median eminence. An extensive network of VIP-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities occupy the external layer of the median eminence. The majority of TRH-containing neurons is found in the anterior hypothalamus with the greatest concentration of cells in the magnocellular preoptic, medial preoptic, suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei. TRH-immunoreactive fibers and varicosities form a dense arborization in the external layer of the median eminence. Lactation seems to induce substantial changes in VIP as well as in TRH-immunostaining in the median eminence and other hypothalamic regions as compared to control, sexually active animals. Furthermore, TRH-immunoreactivity decreased in the median eminence following 60-min exposure to cold. These results suggest that VIP- and TRH-containing pathways in the pigeon hypothalamus are involved in the mediation of neuroendocrine responses.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Opioid peptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Annelida: Hirudinea ; Theromyzon tessulatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera directed against met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, dynorphin or α-neoendorphin, immunoreactive structures were visualized in the central nervous system and proboscis of the leech Theromyzon tessulatum. Their distribution in the various compartments of the supra- and subesophageal ganglia was mapped. No correspondence could be established between the neurons containing met- or leu-enkephalin-like substances and the different types of neurosecretory cells classically described in Hirudinea. Successive localization of leu- and met-enkephalin on the same section revealed that these two peptides occur in different neurons. Only one cell located in compartment 6 of the supraesophageal ganglion was both dynorphin- and leu-enkephalin-positive. The other dynorphinimmunoreactive cells were not stained with the anti-leuenkephalin serum. The α-neoendorphin-immunopositive cells were leu-enkephalin immunonegative and vice versa.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 99-106 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; Glutamic acid decarboxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Auditory system ; Chicken (White Leghorn)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in nuclei of the higher auditory pathway of the chicken was investigated by immunocytochemical methods employing antisera to the rate-limiting enzyme of GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and to GABA. In the mesencephalic auditory center (MLD) about 20% of the cells reveal immunoreactivity. In contrast, the thalamic relay station nucleus ovoidalis is devoid of immunostained somata. This nucleus contains a high density of punctate immunoreactive structures presumed to be GABAergic axon terminals. In the auditory forebrain center field L and the auditory portions of the hyperstriatum ventrale, up to 8% of the cells were immunopositive. These neurons were significantly smaller than estimated from measurements of the overall cell population in these nuclei. From the two-dimensional arrangement of immunopositive neurons it is suggested that the GABAergic system in the avian auditory telencephalon consists of two separate groups of neurons: one subgroup mediating local inhibitory interactions, the other responsible for lateral inhibition between different frequency representations.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 657-660 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Intermediate lobe follicles ; Immunohistochemistry ; α-MSH ; Agranular cells ; Meriones unguiculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) contains abundant follicles throughout the intermediate lobe (IL) of the pituitary gland in the adult animal. The mode of follicle formation, the nature of the follicle building cells and the distribution of follicles were investigated in semithin sections of the gerbil IL. The sections were stained conventionally, or immunohistochemically with antibodies directed against α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α- MSH). Follicular cells were constantly α-MSH-negative, and resembled the marginal cells lining the hypophyseal cleft with regard to their cytological and immunohistochemical properties. Moreover, follicular cells appeared to be derived from strands of marginal cells that regularly invaginated deep into the IL. Both follicular and marginal cells often made up cellular clusters. This process coincided with follicle formation and the generation or transport of the colloidal content found inside follicles and the hypophyseal cleft. Although the non-secretory cells of the IL obviously constituted one major source of pituitary colloid in the gerbil, α-MSH-positive secretory cells, which occasionally were found to be discharged into the cleft cavity, might contribute to the colloidal contents.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Organ culture ; Adenohypophysial primordium ; LH cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Effect of LHRH ; Fetal rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aims of this study were to investigate the differentiating capacity of adenohypophysial LH cells in a serum-free culture medium and to test whether cytogenesis is affected by synthetic LHRH. The adenohypophysial primordia of fetal rats were isolated on days 11.5 and 12.5 of gestation and cultured without serum for 10 and 9 days, respectively, in synthetic Medium 199 or αMEM. Immunohistochemical examination using the PAP method revealed that most culture expiants, apart from a few degenerate ones, contained LH cells. In comparison with Medium 199, which has been widely used as a culture medium for hypophysial explants, aMEM gave far better results and the primordia cultured in this medium showed better tissue growth and contained a greater number of LH cells. Administration of synthetic LHRH (10 ng/ml) on the first day of culturing had no effect on the number of LH cells, no matter whether or not the culture medium was supplemented with insulin, transferrin or thyroxine. These results suggest that at the early developmental stage LHRH is not essential for the differentiation and/or proliferation of LH cells.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuronal markers ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Heart innervation ; Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation and myocardial cells of the human atrial appendage were investigated by means of immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques using both tissue sections and whole mount preparations. A dense innervation of the myocardium, blood vessels and endocardium was revealed with antisera to general neuronal (protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin) and Schwann cell markers (S-100). The majority of nerve fibres possessed neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and were found associated with myocardial cells, around small arteries and arterioles at the adventitial-medial border and forming a plexus in the endocardium. Subpopulations of nerve fibres displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. In whole-mount preparations of endocardium, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivities were found to coexist in the same varicose nerve terminals. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of numerous varicose terminals associated with myocardial, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was localised to large electron-dense secretory vesicles in nerve terminals which also contained numerous small vesicles. Atrial natriuretic peptide immunoreactivity occurred exclusively in myocardial cells where it was localised to large secretory vesicles. The human atrial appendage comprises a neuroendocrine complex of peptidecontaining nerves and myocardial cells producing ANP.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Interneurons ; Flight ; Immunohistochemistry ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transmitter content of identified inhibitory interneurons in the flight system of the locust, Locusta migratoria, has been characterized using antibodies raised against protein-conjugated gamma aminobutyric acid. Identified flight neurons were filled with the fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow. Serial sections of dye-filled neurons were incubated with an antibody to gamma aminobutyric acid which was subsequently tagged with a fluorescent marker. Excitatory motoneurons to wing muscles and 13 flight interneurons (3 excitatory, 7 inhibitory, and 3 with unknown synaptic effect) were examined. Neither the moto-neurons nor any of the 3 excitatory interneurons contained immunoreactive material. Six of the 7 inhibitory interneurons did contain immunoreactive material. All the neurons which contained immunoreactive material and whose synaptic effect is known were inhibitory. We conclude that most of the inhibitory flight interneurons which have been described use gamma aminobutyric acid as their transmitter. Interestingly, at least 1 set of interneurons known to be inhibitory does not use gamma aminobutyric acid. We predict that the 2 interneurons which do contain immunoreactive material and whose synaptic effect is not yet known will be found to have inhibitory roles in the operation of the flight circuitry.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Entorhinal cortex ; Non-pyramidal neurons ; Interstitial neurons ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells and processes throughout the human entorhinal region and subjacent white matter was examined either by the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method or by the avidin-biotin method. The brain slices were obtained at autopsy with a short post-mortem delay. The majority of somatostatin immunoreactive nerve cells was found in the inner principal layer and subjacent white matter. In addition, individually scattered immunoreactive neurons were observed in both the outer principal layer and lamina dissecans. The immunoreactive perikarya varied in shape and ranged in size from 10 to 30 μm. Without exception the neurons could be classified as belonging to the group of non-pyramidal neurons. Each neuron gave rise to a few thick dendrites and a thin axon with a beaded appearance. In the adult human brain, the pattern formed by lipofuscin granules deposited in the nerve cells can be considered characteristic for the type of the neuron. Therefore, immunoreactive perikarya were documented, destained of chromogen and restained to demonstrate lipofuscin pigment and basophilic substance. It became evident from these studies that the previously immunoreactive cells were characterized by a large rounded and eccentrically located nucleus, sparse basophilic substance and, in most cases, a lack of lipofuscin granules. A few of the immunoreactive cells were laden with coarse pigment granules. The findings permit classification of entorhinal somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons as either non-pigmented or pigment-laden non-pyramidal neurons.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect nervous system ; Cholecystokinin-like peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Aeschna cyanea (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastrin/cholecystokinin (gastrin/CCK)-like immunoreactivity has been detected in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion and corpora cardiaca of the larva of Aeschna cyanea by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, by use of two antisera raised against the sulfated (CCK-8S) and the unsulfated form (CCK-8NS) of the carboxyl terminal octapeptide. Numerous immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in the protocerebrum (exclusive of optic lobes) and suboesophageal ganglion where 20 and 15 symmetrical clusters of reactive cells, respectively, were observed. Immunoreactive cells also occurred in the tritocerebrum, the optic lobes and the frontal ganglion. In the corpora cardiaca, gastrin/CCK-like material was found both within intrinsic cells and axon terminals. RIA measurements support the immunohistochemical results in so far as large amounts of gastrin/CCK-like material were detected in the brain, corpora cardiaca and suboesophageal ganglion complex. Both boiling water-acetic acid- and methanol-extraction procedures were performed. Comparisons of the results lead to the conclusion that a large part of the gastrin/CCK-like material occurs as small molecules. Immunohistochemical procedures performed on material fixed in a solution of picric acid-paraformaldehyde demonstrated differences in the immunoreactivity of the tested antisera. First, the immunohistochemical reaction was always more pronounced when the CCK-8NS antiserum was used instead of the CCK-8S antiserum, which may be interpreted by a lower affinity of the latter. In the second place, some neurons strongly stained by the CCK-8NS antiserum were only very faintly if at all stained by the CCK-8S antiserum, which may mean that different peptides or at least distinct forms of the same precursor are detected.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Substance P ; Cardiovascular system ; Central nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mapping ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of substance P-immunoreactivity (SP-IR) in the brainstem and spinal cord of normal and colchicine-pretreated cats was analysed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. Numerous SP-IR fibers are present in the nucleus solitarius, nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, various parts of the formatio reticularis, substantia grisea centralis mesencephali, locus coeruleus and nucleus parabrachialis. SP-IR perikarya occur in the substantiae gelatinosa and intermedia of the spinal cord, the nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini-pars caudalis, the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, and the nucleus solitarius, as well as in the adjacent formatio reticularis and the medullary nuclei of the raphe. In addition, SP-IR cell bodies are located in the nuclei raphe magnus and incertus, ventral and dorsal to the nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (Gudden), nucleus raphe dorsalis, substantia grisea centralis mensencephali, locus coeruleus, nucleus parabrachialis and colliculus superior. The results indicate that SP-IR neurons may be involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions both at the central and peripheral level. A peripheral afferent portion seems to terminate in the nucleus solitarius and an efferent part is postulated to originate from the nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi and from the area of the nuclei retroambiguus, ambiguus and retrofacialis.
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 351-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Metamorphosis ; Biliary atresia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Petromyzon marinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-microscopic immunohistochemistry was used to localize insulin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells within developing endocrine pancreatic tissue of metamorphosing lampreys, Petromyzon marinus. The extrahepatic common bile duct and a portion of the intrahepatic bile duct develop into the caudal portion of the endocrine pancreas. The cranial pancreas is composed of follicles originating in the intestinal and diverticular epithelia, thus following the method of formation of pancreatic follicles from gut epithelium in larvae. In both the cranial and caudal portions, and in an intermediate cord of isolated follicles which connect these two major masses, insulin-immunoreactive cells appear first and are followed by cells showing somatostatin-immunoreactivity. In all stages of metamorphosis individual endocrine cells demonstrate immunoreactivity to a single hormone. Biliary atresia in lamprey may have some adaptive significance in providing cells that produce a caudal endocrine pancreas.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Enteric nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gut motility ; Necturus maculosus (Urodele)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and distribution of regulatory peptides in nerves and endocrine cells of the stomach, intestine and rectum of a urodele amphibian, the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus, was studied immunohistochemically in sections or whole-mount preparations of the gut wall. The effect of the occurring peptides on gut motility was studied in isolated strip preparations of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle from different parts of the gut. Bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like immunoreactivity was present in abundant nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of both stomach, intestine and rectum. Single fibres or bundles were present in the circular muscle layer and in a well-developed deep muscular plexus in the intestine and rectum. Immunoreactive nerve cells were found in the myenteric plexus of the stomach, intestine (neurotensin only) and rectum. Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity was observed only in a few fibres in stomach and rectum. Endocrine cells containing bombesin-, met-enkephalin-, gastrin/CCK-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- or substance P- like immunoreactivity were present in the mucosa. The effect of bombesin was an inhibition of the rhythmic activity in circular muscle preparations and in longitudinal muscle from the rectum, while longitudinal muscle from the stomach usually responded with a weak increase in tonus. Neurotensin, like bombesin, was inhibitory on the spontaneous rhythmic activity of circular muscle throughout the gut, while the effect on longitudinal muscle was an increase in tonus. Met-enkephalin and substance P increased the tonus of all types of preparations, and often, in addition, initiated a rhythmic activity superimposed on this maintained tonus. VIP had a general inhibitory effect on the preparations, decreasing tonus and/or abolishing rhythmic activity. It is concluded that bombesin-, neurotensin-, substance P- and VIP-like peptides are present in nerves throughout the urodele gut and may have physiological functions in regulating the motility of the gut. The gastrin/CCK-like peptide present in nerves of the stomach and rectum may affect the function of these parts of the gut. The regulatory peptides present in endocrine cells may, perhaps with the exception of the somatostatin-like peptide, affect the motility humorally.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Melanotropins ; Insects ; Pro-opiomelanocortin ; Nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of well characterized antisera in the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, we were able to demonstrateαMSH andβMSH immunoreactive cells and nerve fibres within the nervous system of adults and larvae ofLocusta migratoria and 3-, 5- and 8-day-old adultSarcophaga bullata. In neither of these insect species, any immunoreaction was obtained with aγ 3MSH-antiserum. Double immuno-histochemical stainings revealed thatαMSH-like andβMSH-like substances are located in different cells. These cells show no immunoreactivity to a number of antisera against other POMC-derivatives (anti-βlipotropin, anti-βendorphin, anti-ACTH1–24); thus they appear to containαMSH- orβMSH-like material in a specific way. The function of the immunologically detected peptides remains to be demonstrated. The distribution of the immunoreactive material suggests that, like in amphibians and other lower vertebrates, the synthesis or release of melanotropins might be under the influence of external stimuli. The present observations support the recently developed concept that even some of the smallest neuropeptides, the melanotropins, have been highly conserved during a long period of evolution.
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pancreas ; Insulin secretion ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The intrapancreatic localization and the effects on basal and stimulated insulin secretion of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were investigated in the mouse. Immunocyto-chemistry showed NPY to be confined to intrapancreatic nerve fibers mainly associated with blood vessels. Fine varicose NPY fibers were also detected in the exocrine parenchyma and occasionally also within the islets. Double-staining experiments with the use of antisera for both NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) indicated that most of the NPY fibers were nonadrenergic in nature. Only a population of the NPY fibers occurring around blood vessels showed TH immunoreactivity. Under in vivo conditions, NPY was found to elevate plasma insulin levels slightly when injected intravenously at the high dose level of 8.5 nmol/kg. At lower dose levels, NPY did not affect basal plasma insulin levels, but instead inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion. Thus, the glucose-induced increment in plasma insulin levels, which was 120±7μU/ml in controls, was reduced to 87 ±5 μU/ml by NPY at 4.25 nmol/kg (p〈0.01) and to 98±6μU/ml by NPY at 1.06 nmol/kg (p〈0.05). In contrast, the insulin secretory response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol was not affected by NPY. We conclude that NPY nerve fibers occur in the mouse pancreas and that most of these NPY nerve fibers are nonadrenergic. Furthermore, in the mouse, NPY enhances basal plasma insulin levels at high dose levels and inhibits glucose-induced, but not cholinergically induced insulin secretion at lower dose levels under in vivo conditions.
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Circadian rhythms ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Molluscs ; Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) FMRF-amide ; Bulla gouldiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Like several other opisthobranch molluscs, the marine snailBulla gouldiana possesses two circadian pacemakers, one in each eye. The two ocular pacemakers are mutually coupled such that: (1) the circadian rhythms of spontaneous electrical activity recorded from the optic nerve are normally synchronous and; (2) if experimentally desynchronized the rhythms will return to the synchronized state. This coupling of the pacemakers is mediated by efferent fibers in the optic nerve, terminating in neuropil adjacent to the basal retinal neurons (BRNs), the putative circadian pacemaker cells. Attempts to identify neurotransmitters in efferent terminals that may be involved in the coupling process have failed. In the present study we demonstrate axons in the optic nerve and axon terminals adjacent to the BRNs that exhibit FMRF-amide- (molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide) and NPY-like (neuropeptide-Y) immunoreactivity. The pattern of immunoreactivity to both antisera is identical. Blocking studies indicate that both antisera are recognizing the same site, most likely the arginine-phenylalanine-amide terminus of FMRF, or an FMRF-like molecule. We conclude that FMRF is a candidate for the chemical mediator involved in the interaction between the two ocular pacemakers inBulla gouldiana.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Female reproductive tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptide tyrosine ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Substance P ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Location, distribution and density of nerve fibers immunoreactive to neuropeptide tyrosine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P were studied in the reproductive tract of the female rat and compared with acetylcholinesterase-positive (“cholinergic”) and noradrenergic nerves. Plexuses of all types of fibers were present in the vagina, uterine cervix, uterine horn and oviduct. In the tubular reproductive organs all of these types of nerve fibers appeared to innervate vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle and nearly all types of fibers formed plexuses subjacent to the epithelium lining the organs. Individual fibers of all classes appeared to innervate fascicles of smooth muscle in the mesometrium of the uterine horn. A few acetylcholinesterase-positive and substance P-immunoreactive fibers were present in the ovary but no vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves were observed. Noradrenergic and neuropeptide tyrosine-immunoreactive nerves were numerous in the ovary where they were seen in the interstitial gland tissue and associated with follicles and blood vessels. It is suggested that these nerves may influence hemodynamic events and non-vascular smooth muscle in such functions as transport of sperm and ova and parturition. Substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers are likely to be sensory fibers that could have roles in neurohormonal reflexes.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 683-687 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars anterior (distalis) ; Thyrotrophs ; Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) on pituitary thyrotrophs was investigated in Snell dwarf mice (dw/dw) that are genetically deficient in thyrotrophin (TSH) and in normal animals of the same strain. The normal animals were treated with either saline or 10 μg TRH per day for 2 weeks, while the dwarf mice were given daily injections of saline, 10 μg TRH for 2 weeks or 10 μg for 6 weeks. At the end of each experimental period, the pituitary glands were removed and fixed for light-microscopic analysis using immunocytochemistry, or for transmission electron-microscopic study. Compared to thyrotrophs observed in the pituitary glands of untreated normal mice, thyrotrophs in TRH-treated normal mice appeared to be more numerous by immunocytochemistry and showed signs of stimulation by electron microscopy. In contrast, immunostainable thyrotrophs could not be identified in the pituitary glands of untreated or TRH-treated dwarfs. However, a few cells exhibiting ultrastructural features of stimulated thyrotrophs, were noticeable in the dwarfs following TRH administration. Thus, while failing to induce the synthesis of immunoreactive TSH under the applied experimental conditions, exogenous TRH appeared to elicit differentiation of thyrotroph precursors into ultrastructurally recognizable thyrotrophs. The discrepancy between the immunocytochemical and ultrastructural findings remains unresolved; more work is required to clarify the question as to why ultrastructural maturation of thyrotrophs was unaccompanied by the production of immunoreactive TSH.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone ; Teleosts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuroendocrine control ; Reproduction ; Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of Gn-RH systems in the brain of teleosts has been investigated previously by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against the mammalian decapeptide which differs from the teleostean factor. Here, we report the distribution of immunoreactive Gn-RH in the brain of goldfish using antibodies against synthetic teleost peptide. Immunoreactive structures are found along a column extending from the rostral olfactory bulbs to the pituitary stalk. Cell bodies are observed within the olfactory nerves and bulbs, along the ventromedial telencephalon, the ventrolateral preoptic area and the latero-basal hypothalamus. Large perikarya are detected in the dorsal midbrain tegmentum, immediately caudal to the posterior commissure. A prominent pathway was traced from the cells located in the olfactory nerves through the medial olfactory tract and along all the perikarya described above to the pituitary stalk. In the pituitary, projections are restricted to the proximal pars distalis. A second immunoreactive pathway ascends more dorsally in the telencephalon and arches to the periventricular regions of the diencephalon. Part of this pathway forms a periventricular network in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamus, whereas other projections continue caudally to the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord. Lesions of the ventral preoptic area demonstrate that most of the fibers detected in the pituitary originate from the preoptic region.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 51-56 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Penis ; Urethra ; Serotonin-immunoreactive cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study deals with endocrine-like cells in the urethra of human penis. A large number of basal-granulated cells immunoreactive for serotonin were dispersed in the urethral epithelium. No cellular elements were stained positively with antisera against bioactive peptides. The serotonin-immunoreactive cells consisted of a small oval perikaryon and slender processes, and resembled neurons in shape. An apical process reached the urethral lumen. The basal processes frequently branched out in a dendritic fashion, some running laterally for a considerable distance. The number of cells immunoreactive for serotonin was remarkably reduced in subjects over 60 years of age.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; Spinal cord ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive (VIP-IR) neurons in the lower medulla oblongata and the spinal cord has been analyzed in guinea pigs. This study includes results obtained by colchicine treatment and transection experiments. In the spinal cord, numerous VIP-IR varicosities were observed in the substantia gelatinosa of the columna dorsalis; some were also found in the substantia intermedia and the columna anterior. The spinal VIP-IR nerve fibers were mainly of intraspinal origin and oriented segmentally. VIP-IR nuclei in the spinal cord extended dorsally into corresponding regions of the caudal medulla oblongata, namely from the substantia intermedia medialis and lateralis into the vagus-solitarius complex and from the nucleus spinalis lateralis into the area of the nucleus reticularis lateralis. Additional VIP-IR perikarya were observed in the pars caudalis of the nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini. The VIP-IR nuclei within the caudal medulla oblongata probably form a continuous system with those localized within the spinal cord. They may be involved functionally in the modulation of cardiovascular and respiratory regulation in the guinea pig.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblast ; Calbindin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Teeth ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts was studied by use of specific antibodies raised against chick duodenal 28 kDa calbindin, in immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase, and electron-microscopic labelling experiments. The calbindin-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of odontoblast cell bodies, in their processes and occasionally in their nuclei. Correspondingly, at the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive material was associated with the cytosol, microfilaments and cilia. These findings suggest that human odontoblasts express a 28 kDa vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, unlike those of rats and mice in which ameloblasts are the only cells immunoreactive for the protein.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin-D 28K (CaBP-28K) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Growth cartilage ; Vitamin D ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of the vitamin-D dependent calcium-binding protein (Calbindin-D 28K) (CaBP-28K) in the tibial growth plate cartilage of the rat has been studied immunohistochemically using an antibody raised against rat renal CaBP-28K. The protein was detected mainly in the nuclei of chondrocytes and occasionally in the juxta-nuclear cytoplasm. The distribution was not uniform throughout the growth plate, but concentrated in the proliferatively active chondrocytes of the resting and proliferative zones. These findings raise the possibility that CaBP-28K may be involved in the mitotic activity of the chondrocytes, acting as a regulator of the proliferative process, perhaps via intranuclear calcium.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Pituicytes ; Neurohypophysis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glialfilaments ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and distribution of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; an astrocytic marker protein associated with glial filaments) in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) were investigated immunohistochemically. Our study revealed characteristic GFAP-staining patterns within the median eminence, infundibular stem and neural lobe. In the whole neurohypophysis, few glial cells showed immunoreactivity. In the neural lobe, immunopositive pituicytes appeared preferentially in the periphery. At the ultrastructural level, we found some pituicytes containing filaments, most notably in their processes. We thus demonstrated that, in contrast to the GFAP-immunoreactivity of cultured pituicytes, pituicytic GFAP-expression in vivo coincides with the presence of electron-microscopically detectable filaments.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoamines ; Annelids ; Bioluminescence ; Immunohistochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Harmothoe imbricata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Elytra of the scale-worm Harmothoe imbricata were examined for the presence of monoamine-like immunoreactivities and radioautographic reactions. Serotonin (5-HT)-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed among the cellular constituents of the elytra, being present in epithelial cells including photocytes, in elytral nerves, clear cells and the loose neuronal plexus of the middle compartment. The distribution of [3H]5-HT labelling coincided with that of the immunoreactivity except for an additional reactive band extending through the upper cuticle layer. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity was detected in epithelial cells, sensory papillae and elytral ganglion and nerves, with little or no staining in clear cells and plexus neurons of the middle compartment. Radioautographic labelling with [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]adrenaline overlaid many epithelial cells, elytral nerves and sensory papillae, but not the loose neuronal plexus or, apparently, clear cells. It is concluded that monoaminergic systems are widely distributed and that they must play important roles as neuroactive and/or paracrine substances in the elytral neuroectoderm. The distribution of [3H]5-HT label in photocytes also suggests the involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in luminescence control, luminescence being the only known effector activity of elytra.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudal neurosecretory system ; Urotensin ; Neuropeptides ; Teleosts ; Elasmobranchs ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In three species of teleosts — carp Cyprinus carpio; grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella; and crucian carp Carassius auratus — the caudal neurosecretory system displays small, medium-sized and large neurons. Urotensin I (UI)-immunoreactive and UI-nonreactive neurons were found in all three groups; in general, the number of the latter neurons exceeded that of the former. Noteworthy are: (i) UI-immunoreactive fibers in the caudal spinal cord and (ii) dense accumulations of UI-immunoreactive product around the capillaries of the urophysis. In two species of elasmobranchs — cat shark Heterodontus japonicas and swell shark Cephaloscyllium umbratile — neurosecretory neurons decreased in size in rostro-caudal direction. Most of the neurosecretory perikarya, their axons and the corresponding neurohemal areas were UI-immunoreactive, but a small number of secretory neurons was devoid of immunoreaction. Oxytocin, arginine vasopressin, substance P, somatostatin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and gastrin-releasing peptide were not detected in the caudal neurosecretory system of the carp.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 7B2 polypeptide ; Gastro-intestinal tract ; Endocrine cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity to the polypeptide designated “7B2” recently isolated from human and porcine pituitary glands, appears to be consistently confined to neuroendocrine and endocrine cells in various tissues. In rat gut, immunoreactive 7B2 was found in endocrine-paracrine cells. Highly labeled cells were found in the antrum of the stomach and, cells with lower concentrations, in the fundus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Except for a few cells which were simultaneously positive for 5-hydroxytryptamine, and a few others showing Grimelius's reaction, “7B2” cells do not exhibit argentaffin and/or argyrophil character. The 7B2 polypeptide seems to be distributed amongst several different types of endocrine cells in the gut.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Releasing factor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Pituitary stalk ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like immunoreactivity in the human hypothalamus was studied by light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. With antibodies that we developed against synthetic human pancreatic GRF (hpGRF), we localized GRF immunoreactivity in neuronal cell bodies that were observed only in the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus. Immunostained nerve fibers were found in large numbers in the neurovascular zone of the median eminence, in the proximal portion of the pituitary stalk and in periventricular areas. These localizations are in agreement with those of studies recently performed in other species and strongly suggest that GRF can be released into the capillaries of the pituitary portal plexus to reach the anterior pituitary gland. The projections of GRF neurons in extra-infundibular regions suggest that GRF can also act as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 453-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Noradrenergic fibers ; Serotonin ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Monkey, Macaca fuscata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoaminergic nerve fibers were studied in the pineal organ of the monkey, Macaca fuscata, by use of fluorescence and immunohistochemical procedures. Abundant formations of noradrenergic nerve fibers were observed in the pineal organ. They entered the parenchyma in the form of several coarse bundles via the capsule in the distal portion of the organ and spread throughout the organ after branching into smaller units. The density of the autonomic innervation decreased gradually toward the proximal portion of the organ. In the distal portion, numerous nerve fibers formed perivascular plexuses around the blood vessels and some fibers ran as bundles unrelated to the blood vessels in the stroma. Fine varicose fibers and bundles derived from these plexuses penetrated among the pinealocytes. However, only a few intraparenchymal fluorescent fibers were detected in the proximal third of the gland. With the use of serotonin antiserum serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were clearly restricted to the ventroproximal part of the pineal organ. Although the somata of the pinealocytes showed intense immunoreactivity, their processes were not stained. In one exceptional case, clusters of pinealocytes displaying very intense immunoreactivity were found in an area extending from the distal margin of the ventral portion of the pineal stalk to the proximal portion of the pineal organ proper; these cells were bipolar or multipolar and endowed with well-stained processes.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transplantation ; Serotonin ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Immunohistochemistry ; Leptomeninges ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pieces of fetal midbrain raphe containing serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons were transplanted into the leptomeningeal tissue (see Fig. 3) of adult host rats that had previously been denervated by treatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. One, 2 and 5 months after transplantation, the rate of neuronal survival in the grafted tissue and the extent of axonal outgrowth into the host brain were studied by use of serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. The survival rate of the grafts in the 1-month group was approximately 70%. Neurons containing either serotonin or catecholamine were demonstrated by means of immunocytochemical procedures in the grafts. Two and 5 months after transplantation, serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers were densely distributed throughout the graft tissue, while TH-immunoreactive fiber elements were restricted to an area near the somata of TH-positive neurons. Numerous serotonin-immunoreactive fibers derived from the transplant were found in the leptomeningeal tissue surrounding the graft, on the wall of neighboring blood vessels, and also in the adjacent parenchyma of the host brain. Outgrowing TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were not observed in the host brain, although such elements occurred in the leptomeningeal tissue and the wall of the larger blood vessels. These results suggest that the serotonergic and catecholaminergic (dopaminergic) neurons located in transplants of the raphe nuclei show different patterns when reinnervating the host tissue.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 645-648 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammosomatotropes ; Adenohypophysis ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (SMA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of mammosomatotropes (MS), the small-granule and vesicle-granule MS, were detected in mouse adenohypophysis by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Both cell-types were immunoreactive to prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) antisera. The small-granule MS contained small, round, solid secretory granules about 100 nm in diameter, and were smaller than the classical GH and PRL cell-types. The vesicle-granule MS contained secretory granules like cored vesicles, and were larger than classical GH and PRL cells. Small-granule MS were immunoreactive to both PRL and GH antisera in the same region of the cell cytoplasm; the vesicle-granule MS, however, were immunoreactive to only PRL antiserum in most cytoplasmic areas, and a positive response to both PRL and GH antisera was confined to only certain small areas.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Neuronal types ; Substance P ; Immunohistochemistry ; Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Restricted numbers of substance P-like-immuno-reactive (SPL-IR) neurons were demonstrated in the photosensory pineal organ of the rainbow trout. The small parapineal organ of this teleost species receives a distinct SPL-IR innervation via the habenular nuclei, but displays no intrinsic SPL-IR neurons. Intrapineal SPL-IR neurons were located in the rostral portion of the pineal end-vesicle. Neuronal somata were found in a lateral position with smooth axonal processes extending mediad. Immunoreactive somata and axonal processes were observed intraparenchymally as well as in the pineal lumen. The pattern of immunoreactivity was not changed in excised pineal organs that had been incubated in tissue culture medium in the dark for 18 h. The possibility that the intrapineal SPL-IR neurons are not part of the neural circuitry involved in the transduction of photic information, but may have other functions, is discussed.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoperiod ; Pituitary gland, Pars tuberalis ; TSH ; Immunohistochemistry ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Certain secretory cells in the hypophysial pars tuberalis of the Djungarian hamster display marked circannual structural alterations. The present investigation deals with the immunohistochemical properties of this cell group. A distinct TSH-like immunoreactivity was found in secretory cells of this type in the pars tuberalis of animals exposed to long photoperiods, whereas under short photoperiods the TSH-like immunoreactivity was nearly absent. In the pars distalis, the number and distribution of TSH-positive cells did not differ significantly between animals maintained under long and under short photoperiods. LH-and FSH-positive cells could not be detected in the pars tuberalis, but they are clearly present in the pars distalis of both groups of hamsters. Our immunocytochemical results suggest that photoperiodic stimuli influence the secretory activity of TSH-like immunoreactive cells in the pars tuberalis. A connection with the neuroendrocrine-thyroid axis is discussed.
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