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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing age-adjusted incidence of hip fractures in Finland: The number and incidence of fractures in 1970–1991 and prediction for the future (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 342-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hip fracture ; Incidence ; Elderly ; Age-adjusted ; Age-specific ; Future prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hip fractures in the elderly are a worldwide epidemic, and aging of the populations is increasing the burden of these fractures on the health care systems. To improve the knowledge of whether the number of hip fractures is increasing even more repidly than can be accounted for by the demographic changes only, all patients who were admitted to Finnish hospitals in 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1988, and 1991 for primary treatment of first hip fracture were selected from the National Hospital Discharge Register. There was a steady, average 7.7% annual increase in the total number of hip fractures in Finland during this period so that the number of fractures was 2239 in 1970 and 6071 in 1991. The proportion of patients aged 60 years or more increased steadily from 75% in 1970 to 91% in 1991. In 1991, 74% of the patients were women. Across the study period, the age-adjusted total incidence of hip fractures also increased in both women and men 50 years of age and over. This increase was more pronounced in men. Thus, the increasing incidence of hip fractures in Finland was not only due to the fact that the population was aging but also due to the increasing age-adjusted incidence. We conclude that the number of hip fractures in Finland is increasing more rapidly than can be accounted for by the demographic changes only and this will seriously challenge the Finnish health care system in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299311
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Texture Models in Powder Diffraction Analysis (1998)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Materials science forum Vol. 278-281 (Apr. 1998), p. 184-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9752
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/03/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FMSF.278-281.184.pdf
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anharmonicity of atomic vibrations in magnesium by measurement of almost-forbidden reflections (1987)
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 43 (1987), S. 694-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-ray intensities of almost-forbidden reflections 301 and 303 in a single crystal of magnesium have been measured at 293 K. Effective monochromatization by appropriate electronics was utilized to increase the observability of these weak reflections. The data are interpreted in terms of atomic vibrations by application of a quantum-statistical one-particle formalism that allows anharmonic contributions to the atomic temperature factor. A value of -0.43 (3) eV Å-3 is obtained for the third-order anharmonic parameter, the negative sign being deduced from the coordination. This outcome is in accordance with earlier results concerning anharmonic vibrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767387098714
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correction for preferred orientation in Rietveld refinement (1989)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 22 (1989), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A new version of the Rietveld total-powder-pattern refinement method is introduced. The profile function is true Voigtian and the Gaussian and Lorentzian components include broadening due to instrumental effects, particle size and strain and wavelength dispersion. The code is applicable to neutron, synchrotron and conventional X-ray data when the incident radiation is essentially of one wavelength. The effects of preferred orientation are included by expanding the orientation distribution in spherical harmonics. The harmonics are picked according to the Laue class, and the coefficients are the parameters being refined simultaneously with other parameters. X-ray measurements on Ni, Mg and NaNO3 are used as test data. The actual preferred orientation corrections are known for Ni and Mg from earlier measurements of radial pole figures. The corrections from the refinement agree very closely with the measured values, and different samples yield consistent results when preferred orientation is included in the model. Only a few terms of the harmonic expansion are needed for an adequate fit. The largest correction factors exceed 2, and in such cases the refinements without allowance for preferred orientation fail totally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889889000725
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correction of integrated X-ray intensities for preferred orientation in cubic powders (1970)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 3 (1970), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented for correction of integrated X-ray intensities for preferred orientation in cubic powders. It is based upon examination of the polar axis density distribution, which describes the orientation of crystallites in the specimen, and upon the use of a cubic harmonic expansion in its representation. The method was tested on four specimens of aluminium, which showed different degrees of preferred orientation. The (111), (200) and (220) lattice plane normal distributions of the specimens were determined by measurement of the integrated intensities for various polar angles. Cylindrical symmetry was effected with a specimen spinner. The corrections to the Bragg reflections were derived from the orientation distribution obtained; they ranged from 0.5 to 12%. The final values were in agreement, to the extent of 1% or less, with those of a specimen in which the orientation distribution was random within the limits of experimental error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889870006350
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A texture correction for quantitative X-ray powder diffraction analysis of cellulose (1988)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 21 (1988), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A practical method to correct X-ray powder diffraction patterns for the effects of preferred orientation in the case of monoclinic crystals is presented. The method is based on the use of symmetrized harmonics to describe the preferred orientation. To obtain a texture-free result the diffraction pattern must be measured both in symmetrical transmission and in symmetrical reflection modes using a spinning sample. The method is tested by measuring pole figures for a cellulose powder sample. The analysis of the results shows that by averaging the measured intensities properly the effect of texture can be diminished by one order of magnitude. This accuracy is sufficient for applying the method, for example, in quantitative determination of crystallinity of cellulose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889888003371
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of symmetrized harmonics expansion to correction of the preferred orientation effect (1993)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 26 (1993), S. 525-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In powder diffraction measurements, the errors in integrated intensities caused by preferred orientation can be corrected by using some suitable analytical model as the representation of the orientation distribution of the crystallites. In this paper, a model based on symmetrized harmonics expansion is described in detail. The harmonic functions in different crystal symmetries are given and the influences of various diffraction geometries are examined. Applications of the method in quantitative phase analysis and particularly in the Rietveld method are described. The method is clarified using corundum as an example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889893001219
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Surface-Layer Texture Model for Correction of the Preferred-Orientation Effect (1995)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 28 (1995), S. 400-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A model where texture is supposed to concentrate in a surface layer of the sample is presented and tested by measurement of X-ray intensities from ammonium chloride powder samples. The orientation distribution of the rotating sample is represented by the expansion of the symmetrized harmonics. The parameters of the model are adjusted by fitting of the calculated intensities with the experimental data. The intensity variation (radial pole figures) of six reflections from four samples of different density are measured and fitted with the model. The results show that the surface-layer model describes well the texture of the samples. The experiments also outline some particular features of the orientation distribution of a powder sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S002188989500046X
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury of the Knee on Bone Mineral Density of the Spine and Affected Lower Extremity: A Prospective One-Year Follow-Up Study (1999)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 64 (1999), S. 357-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Anterior cruciate ligament injury — Bone mineral density — Bone loss — Knee distortions — Rehabilitation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this 1-year prospective follow-up study was to assess, with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the effect of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury of the knee on areal bone mineral density (BMD) of the injured extremity and lumbar spine in two separate patient groups: 21 surgically treated patients (group A) and 12 conservatively treated patients (group B). Clinical and functional status of the patients and BMD of the spine (L2–L4), dominant distal radius, femoral neck, trochanter area of the femur, distal femur, patella, proximal tibia, and calcaneus of both lower extremities were determined at the time of the injury and after 4, 8, and 12 months. A surgically treated, complete ACL rupture (group A) resulted in considerable and statistically significant bone loss to the affected knee (distal femur 21%, patella 17%, proximal tibia 14%; P 〈 0.001 in each), whereas the other sites were clearly less affected. Patients with a conservatively treated, complete or partial ACL injury (group B) had only a small but statistically significant bone loss at the patella (−3%; P= 0.005) and proximal tibia (−2%; P= 0.022) of the injured knee, and the other sites remained unchanged. The obvious differences between the groups A and B in the severity of the injury itself (complete or partial tear), its treatment (surgical or conservative), and subsequent rehabilitation (longer nonweight-bearing times in group A) explain these different BMD results, and the forthcoming years will show whether the considerable posttraumatic osteoporosis in the affected knee of group A patients will finally recover, and if so, to what extent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900632
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitamin D Receptor Alleles and Bone's Response to Physical Activity (1998)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 62 (1998), S. 413-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Vitamin D receptor — Physical activity — Osteoporosis — Bone mineral density.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this prospective controlled study was to determine whether the osteogenic response of bone to mechanical loading is dependent on the vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism. Thirty-five healthy premenopausal women took part in a progressive, high-impact exercise three times a week for a period of 18 months and 45 women served as nonexercising controls. The trainees were divided into three groups: bb (n = 12, 34%); Bb (n = 16, 46%); BB (n = 7, 20%) according to polymorphism at the gene encoding the VDR (BB representing subjects without the restriction enzyme BsmI sites on the two VDR gene alleles). Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at the lumber spine, proximal femur, knee, calcaneus, and dominant distal radius before the beginning of the exercise regimen and at 12 and 18 months of training using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). As an indicator of the total osteogenic effect of the training, ΣBMC was derived by summing up the BMC values of the loaded sites (i.e., the lower limb sites and the lumbar spine). The mean ΣBMC increased 2.0% in the bb group, 3.0% in the Bb group, and 2.8% in the BB group (P= 0.184 for the intergroup difference), but only 0.8% in the controls (exercisers versus controls, P 〈 0.001). Individuals with the BB genotype of the VDR gene, subjects with whom the BMC can be lower than normal and whose bones can be less responsive to pharmacological therapies than bones of the other individuals, seem to have as good osteogenic response to mechanical loading as subjects with other VDR genotypes. Thus, irrespective of the VDR genotype, physical activity seems to be beneficial for bones of premenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900453
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