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  • Articles  (450)
  • taxonomy  (226)
  • photosynthesis  (224)
  • Springer  (450)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1995-1999  (450)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selektive Partnerwahl der Aaskrähe (Corvus corone) in der Hybridisierungszone von Rabenkrähe (C. c. corone) und Nebelkrähe (C. c. cornix) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: mate choice ; taxonomy ; phenotypic hybrids ; fitness ; decision rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die als Unterarten klassifizierten europäischen Formen der Aaskrähe, Rabenkrähe und Nebelkrähe, besiedeln verschiedene, aneinandergrenzende Verbreitungsgebiete und hybridisieren in der Kontaktzone. Die Nachkommen von Mischpaaren sind fruchtbar und können sowohl mit anderen Hybriden als auch mit Raben- und Nebelkrähen erfolgreich brüten. Trotzdem kommt es zu keiner völligen Vermischung der Formen und/oder Verlagerung der Verbreitungsgebiete. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchten wir die Partnerwahl von Aaskrähen in der Hybridisierungszone auf der nordfriesischen Insel Amrum und stellten fest, daß Partner gleichen Phänotyps häufiger miteinander verpaart waren, als stochastisch zu erwarten gewesen wäre. Unsere Daten bestätigen vergleichbare Studien aus Hybridisierungszonen in Italien und Sibirien. Wir schließen daraus, daß phänotypisch selektive Partnerwahl bei der Aaskrähe ein allgemeines Phänomen sein könnte und diskutieren, warum dieses Verhalten anfitness-relevante Parameter gekoppelt sein sollte. Um welche es sich dabei handeln könnte, wurde bisher nicht hinreichend untersucht und muß deshalb offen bleiben.
    Notes: Summary Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow are regarded as subspecies of the Crow. They show frequent hybridisation along the adjacent borders of their distribution. Mixed pairs produce fertile offspring which are able to breed successfully with both hybrids and mates of either phenotype. However, hybridisation does not lead to phenotypic changes of Carrion and Hooded Crows in general nor in their distinct distribution. We studied the mating behaviour of Crows in the hybrid zone on the Island of Amrum (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) and found evidence that Crows may prefer mates of the same phenotype. Our data confirm previous studies which reported assortative mating with respect to plumage coloration from hybrid zones in Italy and Siberia. We discuss why this behaviour should be related tofitness traits which in our opinion have not yet been studied adequately nor identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01651226
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Taxonomy of Evolutionary Algorithms in Combinatorial Optimization (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of heuristics 5 (1999), S. 145-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: evolutionary algorithms ; genetic algorithms ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how evolutionary algorithms can be described in a concise, yet comprehensive and accurate way. A classification scheme is introduced and presented in a tabular form called TEA (Table of Evolutionary Algorithms). It distinguishes between different classes of evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms, ant systems) by enumerating the fundamental ingredients of each of these algorithms. At the end, possible uses of the TEA are illustrated on classical evolutionary algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009625526657
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identity of Fusarium nygamai isolates with long and short microconidial chains from millet, sorghum and soil in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 140 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Africa ; Fusarium ; F. moniliforme ; grain ; Lesotho ; mating population ; Nigeria ; taxonomy ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several Fusarium species have been found associated with millet and sorghum in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Amongst these, some isolates were originally identified as short- and long-chained types of F. nygamai. However, there was some question as to the correct identification of the long chained types. This study reclassified some of the isolates with long microconidial chains as F. moniliforme. Morphologically, these strains do not produce chlamydospores like F. nygamai, but produce swollen hyphal cells or resistant hyphae. The isolates in this study were crossed with the mating-type tester strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (F. moniliforme and G. nygamai (F. nygamai). Of the isolates with long chains of microconidia and other characteristics of F. moniliforme, 36% crossed with mating population ''A'' of G. fujikuroi. Of the isolates with characteristics of F. nygamai, 65% crossed with the testers used to produce the teleomorph of F. nygamai. Mating tests support the separation of the sample population into F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. The results of this study show that genetics can be an aid in resolving some problems in fungal taxonomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006863825469
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Candida novakii, sp. nov. a new anamorphic yeast species of ascomycetous affinity (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71 (1997), S. 375-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Candida novakii ; taxonomy ; yeasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of an undescribed species of the genus Candida were isolated from decaying wood of Quercus sp. A description of the new species Candida novakii is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000238205640
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verrucomicrobia div. nov., a new division of the Bacteria containing three new species of Prosthecobacter (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: phylogeny ; prosthecobacter ; taxonomy ; Verrucomicrobia ; Verrucomicrobiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of nonmotile, prosthecate bacteria were isolated in the 1970s and assigned to the genus Prosthecobacter. These strains were compared genotypically by DNA/DNA reassociation and 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analyses. Genotypic comparisons were complemented with phenotypic characterizations. Together, these studies clearly indicate each Prosthecobacter strain represents a novel species of bacteria. We propose three new species of Prosthecobacter, P. dejongeii strain FC1, P. vanneervenii strain FC2, and P. debontii strain FC3; P. fusiformis is reserved for the type strain of the genus, strain FC4. Additionally, we propose the genera Prosthecobacter and Verrucomicrobium, currently members of the order Verrucomicrobiales, to comprise a novel higher order taxonomic group, the division Verrucomicrobia div. nov. and the class Verrumicrobiae class nov. Many novel members of the Verrucomicrobia, as revealed by molecular ecology studies, await isolation and description.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000348616863
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Studies on keratinophilic fungi. Ix: Neoarachnotheca gen. nov. and a new species of Nannizziopsis (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: keratinophilic fungi ; Neoarachnotheca ; Neoarachnotheca keratinophila ; Nannizziopsis tropicalis ; Onygenales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Neoarachnotheca is proposed as a new genus of Onygenales. The outstanding generic characteristics are white, spherical ascomata with a wall formed by a network of hyphae and spherical, subhyaline ascospores with an irregular sheath. Nt. keratinophila, the type species, characterized by wavy peridial hyphae has been isolated from marine and river sediments and Myriodontium keratinophilum is its anamorph. Nannizziopsis tropicalis is proposed as a new species based on a strain isolated from soil in Burundi. RFLPs analysis of ITS and 5.8S rDNA support these proposals. The differences with related genera are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000394118040
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum: Genomic characterization (1998)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74 (1998), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Dipodascus capitatus ; D.spicifer ; Geotrichum clavatum ; yeast ; taxonomy ; DNA heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The G+C contents of 25 strains of Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum were found to be heterogeneous on basis of derivative graphs of the melting profiles. Strains showing similar derivative graphs of the melting curve exhibited high levels of DNA homology (80-100%); strains showing dissimilar derivative graphs exhibited low levels of DNA homology (5 to 45%). Being considered separate taxa on basis of these parameters, D. capitatus, D. spicifer and G. clavatum could be identified by a combination of the key characteristics growth on xylose, cellobiose, salicin and arbutin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001762024710
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Taxa in the Genus shape Beta using ITS1 Sequence Information (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: allele-specific PCR ; Beta ; ITS1 ; plant identification ; rDNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequence variation in the ITS1 locus of the nuclear ribosomal DNA in beets has previously been used to reconstruct phylogeny of the species in the genus Beta. We have developed protocols that allow the identification of Beta taxa by use of taxon-specific primers. Beta sections, species and subspecies can be identified. Differences within the ITS1 region of a single base can be exploited for species identification. The results from this study not only provide effective methods for wild beet identification, but also indicate the potential use of the techniques in other crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007416817736
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The taxonomic impediment in orthopteran research and conservation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; biodiversity ; taxonomy ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is estimated that only 10–15% of the world's insect fauna has been described and named. Efforts to inventory insect biodiversity are hampered by this taxonomic impediment, which is compounded by the logistical problems of an insufficient taxonomic workforce and their remote location in museums thousands of miles from the areas of highest biodiversity. Compared to most other invertebrate groups however, the taxonomic impediment is relatively benign in the order Orthoptera. This is a small to medium-sized order (approximately 20 000 described species) which is well known taxonomically, owing to the group's agricultural importance worldwide. Furthermore, orthopteran taxonomists are now fortunate to have a published up-to-date catalogue of all known species, which has just become accessible as a regularly updated database on the World Wide Web. Whilst new information technology, in the form of e-mail networks, World Wide Web sites and CD-ROM information archives, is already enhancing communication between specialists and helping to reduce the logistical problems of documenting orthopteran biodiversity, a major reinvestment in basic taxonomic research is needed if we are to reduce the existing taxonomic impediment significantly. There is general agreement that an internationally coordinated approach will be necessary and priorities must be set to tackle the biodiversity/systematics crisis. In the future, the Orthoptera can make an important contribution to invertebrate faunal surveys and have potential as an indicator taxon. Furthermore, the Orthoptera Species File establishes a taxonomic framework which could be readily enlarged to include geographic data and phenology of species from existing museum specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009633811789
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field measurements of gas exchange in Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (1998)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: conductance ; mangrove ; photosynthesis ; productivity ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diurnal gas exchange characteristics were measured simultaneously in two mangrove species, Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, over 7 d in summer (February–March), to compare their productivity. The study was undertaken in the Beachwood Mangroves Nature Reserve, Durban, South Africa, using fully expanded leaves of young and mature trees at the top of the canopy. Gas exchange was strongly influenced by photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), leaf temperature and the accompanying leaf to air vapour pressure deficit (Δ w). Carbon dioxide exchange was saturated at a PPFD of about 600 μmol m-2s-1 in B. gymnorrhiza compared to 800 μmol m-2s-1 in A. marina. Maximal CO2 exchange occurred between 12h00 and 14h00 and was consistently greater in A. marina (8.8 μmol m-2s-1) than in B. gymnorrhiza (5.3 mu;mol m-2s-1). Mean internal CO2 concentrations ( ci) were 260 μl l-1 in A. marina and 252 μl l-1 in B. gymnorrhiza. Photorespiratory activity was 32% in A. marina and 30% in B. gymnorrhiza. Mean water use efficiency (WUE) was 8.0 μmol mmol-1 in A. marina and 10.6 μmol mmol-1 in B. gymnorrhiza. Diurnal leaf water potentials ranged from –0.8 to –3.5 MPa and were generally lower in A. marina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009939523164
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  • 11
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    Biological control of pigweeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, L. A. Powellii, S. Watson and A. bouchonii Thell.) with phytophagous insects, fungal pathogens and crop management (1997)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 2 (1997), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Biological control ; insects ; pathogens ; germination ; taxonomy ; genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.) are of economic importance worldwide. In Europe, Amaranthus retroflexus is one of the ten weed species of greatest economic importance. It is a serious problem weed in several field crops (e.g. maize), as well as in vegetables, orchards and grape vines. It is an annual spreading by seeds which have a long viabilityand are dispersed principally by wind and water, but also by machinery. There is great variability in seed germination which renders control with post-emergence herbicides difficult. In addition, triazine herbicide-resistant populations occur in ten European countries. The aim of this subproject of COST action 816 is to investigate the possibilities of classical and inundative biological control of Amaranthus spp., to characterize potentialbiological control agents and to develop methods for their integration with current phytosanitary measures in the target crops. The project was initiated with an extended literaturesurvey followed by field surveys for insects and pathogens associated with Amaranthus spp. in several European countries. Promising isolates of fungal pathogens have been tested ondetached leaves and whole plants, and initial studies on the application of pathogens causing damping off in seedlings have been made. Further, the variability of different provenances ofAmaranthus spp. in response to fungal attack has been investigated
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018480429706
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Mangrove forest productivity and biomass accumulation in Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: canopy ; Hinchinbrook ; leaf area index ; mangrove ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on stand structure and rates of photosynthesis were used to estimate net canopy carbon fixation and carbon accumulation as living biomass in mangrove forests in Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia. Total annual canopy net carbon fixation was estimated to be about 29 t C ha−1 yr−1. This equates to about 204,000 t C yr−1 for all mangrove forests in Hinchinbrook Channel. Of this, only about 12% was stored as living plant biomass. Although it is not yet possible to present a robust carbon balance for mangrove trees, the remainder is presumably lost through plant respiration, litter fall, root turnover and exudation of organic compounds from roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009979610871
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  • 13
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    Gas exchange characteristics of the tropical mangrove, Pelliciera rhizophoreae (1999)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: conductance ; gas exchange ; mangrove ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics were investigated in the geographically isolated and restricted mangrove species, P.rhizophoreae. Gas exchange measurements were made on two to seven years old hydroponically grown plants maintained in 10%, 50% and 100% seawater. CO2 exchange in the 50% and 100% seawater treatments was reduced by 10% and 26%, respectively, compared to the 10% seawater treatment. CO2 response curves indicated that carboxylation efficiency was greater in 10% than in 50% seawater, while stomatal limitation increased from 11% to 16% as salinity increased from 10% to 50% seawater. Carbon losses via photorespiration (31% and 41%) and CO2 compensation point (67 and 81 μ11−1) were greater in 50% than in the 10% seawater treatment. Maximal CO2 exchange occurred at 30 °C with no differences among the salinity treatments. The results indicate that P. rhizophoreae exhibits many gas exchange characteristics previously reported for other mangroves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009943408779
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  • 14
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    Taxonomy and the Personal Equation: The Historical Fates of Charles Girard and Louis Agassiz (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 509-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: Louis Agassiz ; Spencer Baird ; Charles Girard ; reputation ; taxonomy ; ichthyology ; Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Smithsonian Institution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract The reputations of scientists among their contemporaries depend not only on accomplishment, but also on interactions affected by influence and personality. The historical lore of most fields of scientific endeavor preserve these reputations, often through the identification of founders, innovators, and prolific workers whose contributions are considered fundamental to progress in the field. Historians frequently rely on the historical lore of scientists to guide their studies of the development of ideas, exhibiting justifiable caution in reassessing reputations in the light of current knowledge. However, the transmission of historical lore can obscure the relative importance of accomplishment, influence and personality in shaping contemporary reputations, leaving the historian to either accept reputations at face value or attempt to reconstruct the context in which they were created. The science of taxonomy, because of its rules of priority, leaves a relatively accurate record of historical accomplishment through the persistence of taxa in catalogues and faunal guides. These records allow the modern historian an unbiased means to assess the relative accomplishments of historical figures and therefore a means to critically reassess reputations independent of personality and influence. In the historical lore of North American ichthyology, Louis Agassiz at Harvard and Spencer Baird at the Smithsonian emerge as central figures in the early development of the field during the mid-1800s, contributing not only through the quality and quantity of their science, but also through their roles as institutional leaders and mentors to workers who followed. Charles Girard, originally a student of Agassiz's and later a coworker with Baird, receives little notice in the history of ichthyology, and his reputation is that of a minor player in the initial description of the North American fish fauna, and one whose work appears to have been flawed or even careless when compared to his contemporaries. However, a review of both contemporary and modern taxonomic works reveals that Girard's productivity far exceeded that of either Agassiz or Baird. Furthermore, an examination of the tendency of Girard and his contemporaries to introduce synonymous names into the literature, which might reflect careless or uncritical work, suggests that Girard was among the more accomplished workers of hisera, including Agassiz and Baird. Girard's low ranking in the folklore of North American ichthyology, therefore, can not be attributed to discernible shortcomings in his scientific work, but rather to a public and private campaign of criticism waged by Agassiz after Girard's departure from Harvard. While Agassiz's dispute with Girard stemmed from their personal interactions, he expressed them as criticisms of Girard's work, and thus helped shape Girard's scientific reputation as it has been transmitted through the lore of ichthyology. This case study reveals how scientific reputation may not always rest on accomplishment, but can be influenced by personal interactions obscured by time but nonetheless important to history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004784904703
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  • 15
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    The impact of elevated CO2 on growth and photosynthesis in Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii adapted to contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 110 (1997), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Agrostis canina ; CO2 vents ; photosynthesis ; lignification ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to characterise growth and photosynthetic capacity in plants adapted to long-term contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C a). Seeds of Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii were collected from a natural CO2 transect in central-western Italy and plants grown in controlled environment chambers at both ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol−1) in nutrient-rich soil. Seasonal mean C a at the source of the plant material ranged from 610 to 451 μmol CO2 mol−1, derived from C4 leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C). Under chamber conditions, CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth of all populations. However, plants originating from elevated C a exhibited higher initial relative growth rates (RGRs) irrespective of chamber CO2 concentrations and a positive relationship was found between RGR and C a at the seed source. Seed weight was positively correlated with C a, but differences in seed weight were found to explain no more than 34% of the variation in RGRs at elevated CO2. Longer-term experiments (over 98 days) on two populations originating from the extremes of the transect (451 and 610 μmol CO2 mol−1) indicated that differences in growth between populations were maintained when plants were grown at both 350 and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Analysis of leaf material revealed an increase in the cell wall fraction (CWF) in plants grown at elevated CO2, with plants originating from high C a exhibiting constitutively lower levels but a variable response in terms of the degree of lignification. In vivo gas exchange measurements revealed no significant differences in light and CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis and carboxylation efficiency between populations or with CO2 treatment. Moreover, SDS-PAGE/ LISA quantification of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed no difference in Rubisco content between populations or CO2 treatments. These findings suggest that long-term adaptation to growth at elevated CO2 may be associated with a potential for increased growth, but this does not appear to be linked with differences in the intrinsic capacity for photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050146
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  • 16
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    Biodiversity of freshwater fungi (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 17 (1996), S. 328-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: hyphomycetes ; ascomycetes ; taxonomy ; ecology ; stream biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract There are more than 600 species of freshwater fungi with more known from temperate, as compared to tropical regions. These includeca 340 ascomycetes, 300 deuteromycetes, and a number of lower fungi which are not discussed here.Aniptodera, Annulatascus, Massarina, Ophioceras andPseudohalonectria are common freshwater ascomycetes, which appear to be well adapted for this lifestyle either in their ascospore types or their competitive-degradative characters. The most common genera of wood-inhabiting deuteromycetes includeCancellidium, Dactylaria, Dictyosporium andHelicomyces. They are categorized into four groups depending on their form and life style: the ingoldian hyphomycetes; the aero-aquatic hyphomycetes; the terrestrial-aquatic hyphomycetes; and the submerged-aquatic hyphomycetes. The adaptations of aquatic fungi for their dispersal and subsequent attachment to new substrates are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01574764
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  • 17
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    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477187
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  • 18
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    Influence of Taxonomy, Ecology, and Seasonality in River Stage on Fish Contamination Risks in Floodplain Swamps of the Lower Mississippi River (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: contamination risks ; fish ; Mississippi River ; ecological factors ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared contamination levels in fish from contaminated and uncontaminated floodplain swamps of the lower Mississippi River to assess differences in contamination risks between swamps, across different taxonomic and ecological groupings of fishes within and between swamps, and with seasonality in river stage. Fish tissue levels of inorganic contaminants were substantially lower than environmental levels in both swamps, suggesting either that fish were not uptaking these contaminants, or they were effectively eliminating the contaminants from their bodies. Tissue levels of organic contaminants were high relative to environmental levels, suggesting that these contaminants were bioaccumulating. Organic contaminants were significantly higher in fish from the contaminated swamp (Devil's Swamp) than in fish from a reference swamp up river (Tunica Swamp). Because the organic contaminants were largely confined to sediments, we expected bottom-oriented fishes to have higher concentrations than pelagic fishes. Assuming that uptake was primarily through the food chain, we expected top predators to exhibit higher concentrations than low-level consumers. We also expected year- round swamp residents to exhibit higher accumulations than more transitory users of backswamp habitat. However, organic contaminant levels did not differ in the directions expected for any of these groupings. We did observe differences in organic contaminant levels within and between swamps for different taxonomic groupings of fishes (species and genera). Some taxa occupying low to middle positions in the food web (e.g., gizzard shad, Lepomis spp.) exhibited higher concentrations than taxa near the top of the food web. Within Devil's Swamp, organic contaminant levels were significantly higher at low river stage, when fish were confined to the swamp, than at high river stage, when fish were free to move between the river and the swamp. We caught more species and more fish per unit effort in Devil's Swamp than in Tunica Swamp, contrary to expectations if contaminants in the former were negatively impacting population and community structure. Species richness differences between swamps were a consequence of catch differences, with higher catch corresponding to inclusion of more rare species. The lower catch in Tunica Swamp may have resulted from physical modifications of its waterways to support agriculture and hunting. The results of this study underscore the importance in factoring information on the taxonomy and ecology of organisms, and seasonal changes in environmental conditions, into assessments of contamination risks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811713427
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    Novel aspects of the regulation of a cDNA (Arf1) from Chlamydomonas with high sequence identity to animal ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 567-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cell cycle ; circadian clock ; green alga ; GTP-binding proteins ; light regulation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) is a highly conserved, low molecular mass (ca. 21 kDa) GTP-binding protein that has been implicated in vesicle trafficking and signal transduction in yeast and mammalian cells. However, little is known of ARF in plant systems. A putative ARF polypeptide was identifed in subcellular fractions of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, based on [32P]GTP binding and immunoblot assays. A cDNA clone was isolated from Chlamydomonas (Arf1), which encodes a 20.7 kDa protein with 90% identity to human ARF1. Northern blot analyses showed that levels of Arf1 mRNA are highly regulated during 12 h/12 h light/dark (LD) cycles. A biphasic pattern of expression was observed: a transient peak of Arf1 mRNA occurred at the onset of the light period, which was followed ca. 12 h later by a more prominent peak in the early to mid-dark period. When LD-synchronized cells were shifted to continuous darkness, the dark-specific peak of Arf1 mRNA persisted, indicative of a circadian rhythm. The increase in Arf1 mRNA at the beginning of the light period, however, was shown to be light-dependent, and, moreover, dependent on photosynthesis, since it was prevented by DCMU. We conclude that the biphasic pattern of Arf1 mRNA accumulation during LD cycles is due to regulation by two different factors, light (which requires photosynthesis) and the circadian clock. Thus, these studies identify a novel pattern of expression for a GTP-binding protein gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020985
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    Over-production of the D1:2 protein makes Synechococcus cells more tolerant to photoinhibition of photosystem II (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 467-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; photosynthesis ; protein turnover ; psbA ; tac promoter ; D1 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over-expression of the psbAIII gene encoding for the D1 protein (form II; D1:2) of the photosystem II reaction centre in the Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 was studied using a tac promoter and the lacI Q system. Over-expression was induced with 40 μg/ml IPTG in the growth medium for either 6 or 12 h at growth irradiance (50 μmol photons m-2 s-1). This treatment doubled the amount of psbAII/III mRNA and the D1:2 protein in membranes but decreased the amount of psbAI messages and the D1:1 protein. The total amount of both heterodimeric reaction centre proteins, D1 and D2, remained constant under growth light conditions, indicating that the number of PSII centres in the membranes was not affected, only the form of the D1 protein was changed from D1:1 to D1:2 in most centres. When the cells were photoinhibited either at 500 or 1000 μmol photons m-2 s-1, in the presence or absence of the protein synthesis inhibitor lincomycin, the D1:2 protein remained at a higher level in cells in which over-expression had been induced by IPTG. These cells were also less prone to photoinhibition of PSII. It is suggested that the tolerance of cells to photoinhibition increases when most PSII reaction centres contain the D1:2 protein at the beginning of high irradiance. This tolerance is further strengthened by maintaining psbAIII gene over-expression during the photoinhibitory treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00049325
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    Effects of altered phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities on transgenic C3 plant Solanum tuberosum (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 831-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antisense ; Corynebacterium glutamicum ; Escherichia coli ; Flaveria trinervia ; overexpression ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) genes from Corynebacterium glutamicum (cppc), Escherichia coli (eppc) or Flaveria trinervia (fppc) were transferred to Solanum tuberosum. Plant regenerants producing foreign PEPC were identified by Western blot analysis. Maximum PEPC activities measured in eppc and fppc plants grown in the greenhouse were doubled compared to control plants. For cppc a transgenic plant line could be selected which exhibited a fourfold increase in PEPC activity. In the presence of acetyl-CoA, a known activator of the procaryotic PEPC, a sixfold higher activity level was observed. In cppc plants grown in axenic culture PEPC activities were even higher. There was a 6-fold or 12-fold increase in the PEPC activities compared to the controls measured in the absence or presence of acetyl-CoA, respectively. Comparable results were obtained by transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts. PEPC of C. glutamicum (PEPC C.g.) in S. tuberosum leaf extracts displays its characteristic K m(PEP) value. Plant growth was examined with plants showing high expression of PEPC and, moreover, with a plant cell line expressing and antisense S. tuberosum (anti-sppc) gene. In axenic culture the growth rate of a cppc plant cell line was appreciably diminished, whereas growth rates of an anti-sppc line were similar or slightly higher than in controls. Malate levels were increased in cppc plants and decreased in antisense plants. There were no significant differences in photosynthetic electron transport or steady state CO2 assimilation between control plants and transformants overexpressing PEPC C.g. or anti-sppc plants. However, a prolonged dark treatment resulted in a delayed induction of photosynthetic electron transport in plants with less PEPC. Rates of CO2 release in the dark determined after a 45 min illumination period at a high proton flux density were considerably enhanced in cppc plants and slightly diminished in anti-sppc plants. When CO2 assimilation rates were corrected for estimated rates of mitochondrial respiration in the light, the electron requirement for CO2 assimilation determined in low CO2 was slightly lower in transformants with higher PEPC, whereas transformants with decreased PEPC exhibited an appreciably elevated electron requirement. The CO2 compensation point remained unchanged in plants (cppc) with high PEPC activity, but might be increased in an antisense plant cell line. Stomatal opening was delayed in antisense plants, but was accelerated in plants overexpressing PEPC C.g. compared to the controls.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020481
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    Site-directed mutagenesis of the basic residues 321K to321 G in the CP 47 protein of photosystem II alters the chloride requirement for growth and oxygen-evolving activity in Synechocystis 6803 (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 34 (1997), S. 455-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: photosystem II ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll-binding protein ; Synechocystis ; oxygen evolution ; oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CP 47, a component of photosystem II (PSII) in higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria, is encoded by the psbB gene. Site-specific mutagenesis has been used to alter a portion of the psbB gene encoding the large extrinsic loop E of CP 47 in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. Alteration of a lysine residue occurring at position 321 to glycine produced a strain with altered PSII activity. This strain grew at wild-type rates in complete BG-11 media (480 µM chloride). However, oxygen evolution rates for this mutant in complete media were only 60% of the observed wild-type rates. Quantum yield measurements at low light intensities indicated that the mutant had 66% of the fully functional PSII centers contained in the control strain. The mutant proved to be extremely sensitive to photoinactivation at high light intensities, exhibiting a 3-fold increase in the rate of photoinactivation. When this mutant was grown in media depleted of chloride (30 µM chloride), it lost the ability to grow photoautotrophically while the control strain exhibited a normal rate of growth. The effect of chloride depletion on the growth rate of the mutant was reversed by the addition of 480 µM bromide to the chloride-depleted BG-11 media. In the presence of glucose, the mutant and control strains grew at comparable rates in either chloride-containing or chloride-depleted media. Oxygen evolution rates for the mutant were further depressed (28% of control rates) under chloride-limiting conditions. Addition of bromide restored these rates to those observed under chloride-sufficient conditions. Measurements of the variable fluorescence yield indicated that the mutant assembled fewer functional centers in the absence of chloride. These results indicate that the mutation K321G in CP 47 affects PSII stability and/or assembly under conditions where chloride is limiting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005826411702
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  • 23
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    Loss of chloroplast transcripts for proteins associated with photosystem II: an early event during heat-bleaching in Euglena gracilis (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 317-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplasts ; gene expression ; heat bleaching ; photosynthesis ; transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A shift in the ratio of chlorophyll (Chl) a and Chl b is an early indicator of heat bleaching in Euglena gracilis. This observation prompted us to consider whether or not changes in steady-state levels of chloroplast transcripts and in transcriptional activity could limit the synthesis of Chl a-binding proteins in bleaching plastids. We found that the mature transcripts for CP47 and CP43, the Chl a-binding apoproteins of the proximal antenna of photosystem II, decline sharply very early during bleaching. Our study also shows that transcription of psbB and psbC, the chloroplast genes encoding CP47 and CP43, remains essentially unchanged during the same interval. We conclude that posttranscriptional events, such as mRNA stability, could play a major role in initiating an irreversible loss of chloroplast function in Euglena at a moderately elevated temperature. Lack of these transcripts would eventually impair the assembly of photosystem II in thylakoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020186
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    Characterization of the single psbA gene of Prochlorococcus marinus CCMP 1375 (Prochlorophyta) (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 1189-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; gene copy number ; light regulation ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II reaction center ; polymerase chain reaction ; psbA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA sequence, copy number, expression and phylogenetic relevance of the psbA gene from the abundant marine prokaryote P. marinus CCMP 1375 was analyzed. The 7 amino acids near the C-terminus missing in higher plant and in Prochlorothrix hollandica D1 proteins are present in the derived amino acid sequence. P. marinus contains only a single psbA gene. Thus, this organism lacks the ability to adapt its photosystem II by replacement of one type of D1 by another, as several cyanobacteria do. Phylogenetic trees suggested the D1-1 iso-form from Synechococcus PCC 7942 as the next related D1 protein and place P. Marinus separately from Prochlorothrix hollandica among the cyanobacteria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020892
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    Light-dependent chlorophyll a biosynthesis upon chlL deletion in wild-type and photosystem I-less strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 933-945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chlorophyll synthesis ; cyanobacteria ; chlorophyl-binding proteins ; photosynthesis ; thylakoid membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Part of the chlL gene encoding a component involved in light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction was deleted in wild type and in a photosystem I-less strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In resulting mutants, chlorophyll biosynthesis was fully light-dependent. When these mutants were propagated under light-activated heterotrophic growth conditions (in darkness except for 15 min of weak light a day) for several weeks, essentially no chlorophyll was detectable but protochlorophyllide accumulated. Upon return of the chlL - mutant cultures to continuous light, within the first 6 h chlorophyll was synthesized at the expense of protochlorophyllide at a rate independent of the presence of photosystem I. Chlorophyll biosynthesized during this time gave rise to a 685 nm fluorescence emission peak at 77 K in intact cells. This peak most likely originates from a component different from those known to be directly associated with photosystems II and I. Development of 695 and 725 nm peaks (indicative of intact photosystem II and photosystem I, respectively) required longer exposures to light. After 6 h of greening, the rate of chlorophyll synthesis slowed as protochlorophyllide was depleted. In the chlL - strain, greening occurred at the same rate at two different light intensities (5 and 50 μE m-2s-1), indicating that also at low light intensity the amount of light is not rate-limiting for protochlorophyllide reduction. Thus, in this system the rate of chlorophyll biosynthesis is limited neither by biosynthesis of photosystems nor by the light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction. We suggest the presence of a chlorophyll-binding ‘chelator’ protein (with 77 K fluorescence emission at 685 nm) that binds newly synthesized chlorophyll and that provides chlorophyll for newly synthesized photosynthetic reaction centers and antennae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014967
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    Random chemical mutagenesis of a specific psbDI region coding for a lumenal loop of the D2 protein of photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; random mutagenesis ; sodium bisulfite ; thylakoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To identify amino acid residues of the D2 protein that are critical for functional photosystem II (PS II), sodium bisulfite was utilized for in vitro random mutagenesis of the psbDI gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Sodium bisulfite reacts specifically with cytosine in single-stranded regions of DNA and does not attack double-stranded DNA. Using a hybrid plasmid that was single-stranded in the region to be mutagenized and that was double-stranded elsewhere, mutations were targeted to a specific psbDI region coding for the lumenal A-B loop of the D2 protein. Several mutants were isolated with a total of 15 different amino acid changes in the loop. The majority of these mutations did not result in a loss of photoautotrophic growth or in significantly altered PS II function. However, mutation of Glu-69 to Lys, Ser-79 to Phe, and Ser-88 to Phe were found to influence photosystem II activity; the importance of the latter two residues for proper PS II function was unexpected. Cells carrying the double mutation S79F/S88F in D2 did not grow photoautotrophically and had no functionally active PS II centers. The single mutant S79F was also incapable of photoautrophic growth, but displayed reasonably stable oxygen evolution, while PS II function in the single mutant S88F appeared to be close to normal. Because of the more pronounced phenotype of the S79F/S88F strain as compared to the single mutants, both Ser residues appear to affect stable assembly and function of the PS II complex. The mechanism by which the S79F mutant loses photoautotrophic growth remains to be established. However, these results show the potential of targeted random mutagenesis to identify functionally important residues in selected regions of proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020111
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    Ground cover, photosynthetic rate and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops from seed tubers with different physiological age modified by foliar applications of plant growth regulators (1998)
    Springer
    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 175-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: benzylaminopurine ; gibberellic acid ; senescence ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The modifying effects of applying the plant growth regulators (PGRs) benzylaminopurine (BAP), gibberellic acid (GA3) and BAP+GA3 on physiological age were studied. Two experiments with two cultivars, differing in rate of physiological ageing (medium-early Pampeana, medium-late Huinkul) and two storage systems were performed during 1988/89 and 1989/90 in two different potato areas of Argentina. In both seasons seed tubers stored in heaps reached an advanced physiological age at planting, compared with tubers from the cold store. Seed tubers of cv. Pampeana were older than those of Huinkul. compared with control crops, those sprayed with BAP maintained ground cover and photosynthesis for longer, and those sprayed with GA3 for a shorter period. Consequently tuber yield was decreased by GA3 in 1988/89, but in 1989/90 all crops treated with PGRs outyielded the control. BAP could overcome effects of advanced physiological age on crop senescence and tuber yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358440
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    Wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm collecting expedition to Mexico in 1993, with special reference toSolanum bulbocastanum Dunal andS. cardiophyllum Lindley (1995)
    Springer
    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: subspecies ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A joint Mexico/United States expedition collected wild potato (Solanum sect.Petota) germplasm in Mexico between August 1–31, 1993. The purpose of the expedition was to expand germplasm and herbarium collections ofS. bulbocastanum andS. cardiophyllum. Collections were made from west-central to southern Mexico, and comprised 19 true seed and 37 tuber collections (45 collections in total) of 9 species and two putative natural hybrids.
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    Yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen uptake in potato: influence of drought stress (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: water stress ; photosynthesis ; stress index ; dry matter partitioning ; tuber quality ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A lysimeter experiment was performed to study the optimal allocation of limited water supply in potatoes. Irrigation regimes equal to 40, 60 and 80% of maximum evapotranspiration (ET) were evenly applied over the crop cycle. Other treatments involved withholding 80 mm of irrigation, based on ET, beginning at each of three designated growth stages (tuber initiation, early and late tuber growth). An irrigated control treatment, restoring the entire ET, was included for comparison. Continuous drought stress reduced photosynthesis as irrigation volumes were reduced. Plant biomass and tuber yield decreased almost proportionally to water consumption, so that WUE was roughly constant. N uptake was highest in the control and in 80% ET treatment. Withholding water during tuberisation severely hindered plant physiological processes and penalized tuber yield. Reductions in photosynthesis, total biomass and yield were the greatest when drought was imposed during tuber initiation. The earliest stress resulted in the lowest WUE and N uptake. A new crop water stress index (SI) was proposed, which combines atmospheric demand for water and canopy temperature.
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    Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov., a new amphisphaeriaceous ascomycete inhabiting senescent and fallen leaves of mangrove (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza ; ecology ; Lanceispora amphibia ; mangrove ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lanceispora amphibia gen. et sp. nov. in the Amphisphaeriaceae is described from senescent and fallen leaves ofBruguiera gymnorrhiza in mangrove forests in the Southwest Islands, Japan. The fungus produces immersed ascomata in leaf tissue, cylindrical asci with an apical ring staining blue with iodine, and oblanceolate ascospores with a septum above the middle. Studies on the fungal succession on the mangrove leaves revealed thatL. amphibia infects senescent leaves on the tree and inhabits intertidal fallen leaves, showing the highest frequency of occurrence at the late stage of decomposition. In culture the optimal conditions for hyphal growth were 20 ppt salinity and 30°C, and those for sexual reproduction were 10 ppt salinity and 25°C. Growth at 0 ppt (fresh water) was depressed. The fungus has amphibious habits, growing on the tree and in intertidal water; and it is adapted to the high osmotic conditions in leaf tissues of the mangrove tree and to the subtropical, brackish water environment of mangrove forests.
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    Taxonomical studies on ovariicolous ustomycetes on caryophyllaceae I.Ustilago jehudana andUstilago moenchiae-manticae (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 323-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Bauhinus ; Microbotryum ; taxonomy ; Ustilago ; ustomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of the type specimen ofUstilago jehudana resulted in the correction of the diagnosis. The sori are localized in the host gynoecium but not in the anthers. Morphological characters of the sori and ustospores of the later describedU. moenchiae-manticae are identical with these ofU. jehudana. Ustilago moenchiae-manticae is reduced here to a synonym ofU. jehudana. The smut is reported as new to Bulgaria on a new host, viz.,Moenchia erecta. A new combination,Bauhinus jehudanus, is proposed.
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    Morphology and molecular phylogeny ofTretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Aphyllophorales ; ribosomalDNA ; synnematous hyphomycete ; taxonomy ; Tretopileus sphaerophorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities was newly isolated from the decaying petiole and peduncle ofCocos nucifera collected in Depok, Indonesia. The species produced first a bulbil as a propagule on the top of a synnema. After the bulbil had fallen, the synnema proliferated about seven times to produce new bulbils, each time making conspicuous nodes at the upper part. By careful morphological observation, clamp connections were confirmed on the hyphae in the specimens and culture. In culture, each hyphal cell with or without a clamp was found to be dikaryotic by DAPI nuclear staining. Germination of the bulbils occurred first from projecting hyphal tips on their upper surface, which have been treated as germ pores. The inner structure of the bulbils, the hyaline mucus of the bulbils, and conidium-like hyphal fragments were also examined. Phylogenetically,T. sphaerophorus was inferred to be related to the Aphyllophorales based on the nuclear encoded small subunit (18S) rDNA using the homology search system (FASTA) and the neighbour-joining method.
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    The order phyllachorales: Taxonomic review (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 97-104 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Loculoascomycetes ; phyllachoraceae ; phyllachorales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The order Phyllachorales contains ascomycetous fungi of considerable economic importance. The group is represented mostly by foliar parasites which produce perithecia under a clypeus, inside a stroma, or do not produce any stromatic tissue. A major taxonomic problem with this order is the lack of reliable morphological characters that clearly delimit the entire group. The main purpose of this review is to provide a clear picture of the taxonomic relationships of the order Phyllachorales, along with a key to the most important genera in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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    Mycena auricoma, a new species ofMycena sectionRadiatae from Japan, andMycena spinosissima, a new record in Japan (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycena auricoma ; Mycena sect.Radiatae ; Mycena spinosissima ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata.
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    Macrocyst formation in three dictyostelid species,Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 359-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cellular slime molds ; dictyostelids ; macrocyst ; mating system ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrocyst formation in the sexual cycle was found in three dictyostelid species:Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum. Mating tests suggested thatD. monochasioides andP. pseudocandidum were heterothallic andP. candidum was homothallic. The primary walls of macrocysts had partially or fully degenerated, while the inner walls, believed to be tertiary walls, showed an undulate structure.
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    Atkinsiella dubia and its related species (1995)
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    Mycoscience 36 (1995), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Atkinsiella dubia ; Halocrusticida ; Japan ; marine fungus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atkinsiella dubia, isolated from the mantle of abalone (Haliotis sieboldii), is described and illustrated as a new record from Japan. The fungus was also obtained from the gills of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Six other species of the genusAtkinsiella have hitherto been reported from various aquatic animals. The fungus is distinguished from the other six species by the morphology of its mycelia and the process of zoospore production. The most distinctive feature is that zoospores in the first motile stage ofA. dubia encyst in zoosporangia, unlike the other species. We therefore proposeHalocrusticida gen. nov. (Lagenidiales, Haliphthoraceae) for the other six species ofAtkinsiella. A key to species of the genusHalocrusticida is provided.
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    Mycosyrinx and other pair-spored Ustilaginales (1996)
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    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 173-185 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Geminago ; Geminago nonveilleri ; Mycosyrinx ; taxonomy ; Ustilaginales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The revision of the genusMycosyrinx resulted in the recognition of three species, all on Vitaceae:M. cissi (type onCissus sicyoides), M. arabica (type onCissus quadrangularis), andM. microspora (type onCissus afzelii), and in the description of a new genus. After a short historical review, the genusMycosyrinx is characterized and descriptions, synonyms, ilustrations, and a key are given for the three recognizedMycosyrinx species.Mycosyrinx globosa (nomen nudum, onCissus sp.) is considered to be immatureM. microspora. Lectotype is selected forSchizonella colemani (=M. arabica). A short characterization is given for the generaSchizonella andUstacystis and they are compared withMycosyrinx andSchroeteria. ForM. nonveilleri (type onTriplochiton scleroxylon, Sterculiaceae) a new genus,Geminago, is proposed. A key to the pair-spored genera of Ustilaginales is given.Mycosyrinx osmundae (type onOsmunda regalis, Pteridophyta, Osmundaceae) and its var.cinnamomae are excluded fromMycosyrinx.
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    A new species ofLasiobolidium from Californian soil (1996)
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    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 255-259 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cleistothecial ascomycete ; Lasiobolidium gracile ; soil fungus ; taxonomy ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lasiobolidium gracile isolated from a soil sample collected from California, USA is described as a new species. This species is characterized by yellowish brown to reddish brown, nonostiolate ascomata with numerous, long straight appendages and a translucent peridium, subglobose to broadly clavate asci, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, ellipsoidal ascospores. It differs from the other species ofLasiobolidium in the straight and narrow appendages and the large ascospores. A key is presented separating the seven known species.
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    Chaetomidium heterotrichum from Venezuela, with a key to species and cladistic analysis of the genusChaetomidium (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 261-267 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Chaetomidium ; Chaetomidium heterotrichum ; cladistic analysis ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A species of the genusChaetomidium was isolated from fallen leaves of an unknown tree during a mycofloral survey of materials from the ‘Gran Sabana’ region in Southeastern Venezuela. The species was identified asC. heterotrichum. Identification was based on the perithecium lacking a neck and ostiole, the peridium being composed of textura angularis cells, the perithecium being covered with hairs and setae at the apex, and by 4-spored asci containing uniporate ascospores. The anamorph was intermediate betweenChalara andAcremonium sect.Chaetomioides. This is the first report of this species in Venezuela and only the second timeC. heterotrichum has been found. An illustrated description ofC. heterotrichum and a key to eight recognized species ofChaetomidium, based on morphological characters in the literature, are provided. The results of a cladistic analysis of 12 available morphological characters of the genus revealed two main groups, each based on the two characters ‘ascospore shape’ and ‘peridial wall type’. The ascomatal hairs had little influence on the species grouping. With the exception ofC. heterotrichum, the remaining species ofChaetomidium were monophyletically supported in 73% of the bootstrap replicates.Chaetomidium heterotrichum was the basal ingroup taxon and formed a sister group to the other species in the genus.
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    A synopsis of the genusScleromitrula (=Verpatinia) (Ascomycotina: Helotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 55-69 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: discomycetes ; ITS rDNA phylogeny ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The systematics ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia of the family Sclerotiniaceae is reevaluated on the basis of morphological, cultural and molecular criteria.Scleromitrula shiraiana, Verpatinia species andCiborinia candolleana share gross morphological, microanatomical and cultural features which clearly distinguish them from the closely relatedCiborinia andRutstroemia species. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S gene) of nuclear ribosomal DNA demonstrate that the stipitate-capitate specimens ofScleromitrula andVerpatinia species plus the stipitate-cupulateCiborinia candolleana constitute a monophyletic clade separate from a clade including the type species ofCiborinia. Scleromitrula is emended to includeS. shiraiana, the new speciesS. rubicola, C. candolleana, and specimens formerly assigned toVerpatinia. A key to the accepted species ofScleromitrula is provided.
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    Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. (Ceratobasidiales) from Iriomote Island, Japan (1997)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 71-73 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Ceratobasidiaceae ; Japan ; taxonomy ; Ypsilonidium bananisporum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ypsilonidium bananisporum sp. nov. belonging to Ceratobasidiales is described and illustrated. This fungus has all the characteristics of the genusYpsilonidium including reticulate-hypochnoid basidiomes, broad hyphae branching at right angles, broadly clavate basidia with two sterigmata, and basidiospores germinating by repetition. It differs from all hitherto known species in the genus by producing suballantoid to banana-shaped basidiospores, measuring 19.5–22×5.5–6 μm.
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    Myxomycetes from Israel IV (1997)
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 87-89 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Israel ; Mycomycetes ; Physarales ; Stemonitales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten taxa of myxomycetes growing mainly withEucalyptus, oak and pine are described. They were found in Upper Galilee, Mt. Carmel and Central parts of the country and all are new to Israel.
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    Mycoleptodiscus terrestris from black pepper roots in the Dominican Republic (1997)
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 91-94 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: hyphomycetes ; identification ; taxonomy ; Tuberculariaceae ; Tuberculariales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mycoleptodiscus terrestris from black pepper roots in the Dominican Republic is described together with some notes and photomicrographs.
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    Microsphaeropsis rugospora, a new species from Japanese soil (1997)
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    Mycoscience 38 (1997), S. 429-431 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: coelomycete ; Japan ; Microsphaeropsis rugospora ; soil fungus ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In an exploratory survey of soil-borne mitosporic fungi as producers of secondary metabolites useful to the pharmaceutical industry, a pale yellow pycnidial coelomycete was encountered and isolated on potato-dextrose agar. The fungus was characterized as follows: rapid growth on common media, conidiomata which are non-pulvinate, semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, glabrous, with a slightly papillate ostiole; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; discrete, ampulliform, monophialidic conidiogenous cells; and onecelled, dark brown, globose, thick-walled, rugose conidia which germinate very easily. In accordance with this profile, our isolate is included in the genusMicrosphaeropsis Höhnel. (Morgan-Jones, 1974a, b; Sutton, 1977, 1980; Morgan-Jones and White, 1987; Heiny et al., 1992; Katumoto, 1992). However, it proved to be sufficiently different from all described species ofMicrosphaeropsis to warrant its description as a new species.
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofMicrosphaeropsis (Sphaeropsidales, Coelomycetes),M. rugospora, is described and illustrated. This fungus is characterized by its rapid growth on common media such as oatmeal and potato-carrot agars; semi-immersed to immersed, nearly globose, papillate pycnidias; pale yellowish brown, translucent, membranaceous peridium; monophialidic, ampulliform conidiogenous cells; and one-celled, dark brown, globose conidia ornamented with distinct tubercles. The holotype was isolated from the cultivated soil in Tanegashima Island, southern Japan.
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    On some species ofMycogloea (1998)
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    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycogloea ; Platygloea ; Platygloeaceae ; Platygloeales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new species ofMycogloea are described and illustrated; they are:M. amethystina from Canada,M. nipponica, from Japan, andM. bullata from Thailand.Mycogloea tahitiensis is reported from Japan and additional undescribed taxa in the genus are briefly noted. Some characteristics of the genus are discussed, and a key is provided for six species recognized at this time.
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    Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. occurring onJanetia synnematosa (1999)
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    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 189-191 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: bamboo fungus ; hyperparasitism ; hyphomycetes ; mycoparasites ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a single collection attached to a synnematous fungus,Janetia synnematosa, from a dead bamboo culm. It differs from other species ofCryptophiala in having spherical to subspherical conidia and a cerebroid layer of phialides. The overall morohology of this species is smaller than that of previously described species.
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    Electrophoretic seed albumin patterns and species relationships inVicia sect.Faba (Fabaceae) (1995)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 179-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia sect.Faba ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of seed albumins (PAGE) covered 173 accessions representing nine species ofVicia sect.Faba. The number of albumin bands recorded in particular species varied from three inV. eristaloides to 23 inV. faba; in total, 38 bands were distinguished in the investigated material. The examined species, exceptV. eristalioides, showed intraspecific variation with respect to the number and relative staining intensity of albumin bands; individual variation was especially marked inV. faba and inV. narbonensis. Hierarchical clustering of the investigated taxa was based onBhattacharyya distances calculated from the electrophoretic data. The taxa grouped in three main clusters.Vicia faba and the rather remotely relatedV. kalakhensis formed one cluster. The second cluster was composed ofV. narbonensis distantly related toV. hyaeniscyamus. The third cluster comprised three subgroups: 1.V. johannis, V. galilaea andV. serratifolia, 2.V. eristalioides, and 3.V. bithynica. The obtained results are discussed with reference to taxonomic relationships inVicia sect.Faba.
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    Nutlet sculpturing inScutellaria sect.Resinosa (Lamiaceae) and its taxonomic utility (1996)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 109-120 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Scutellaria sect.Resinosa ; SEM ; nutlet sculpturing ; micromorphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutlet sculpturing of 22 taxa ofScutellaria sect.Resinosa, representing 18 of its 19 species, and the monotypic genusSalazaria was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nutlets of sect.Resinosa, while remarkably variable among themselves, differed from hypothetically closely related sections in lacking circumferential banding and sessile glands. Species could be grouped by surface sculpturing into seemingly meaningful phenetic clusters.Scutellaria potosina var.platyphylla was sufficiently distinct micromorphically so as to be elevated to specific status asScutellaria platyphylla comb. and stat. nov. The significance of nutlet microcharacters within sect.Resinosa is discussed, especially as compared to closely related sections. The genusSalazaria had nutlet sculpturing quite different from all taxa belonging to sect.Resinosa.
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    The taxonomy and morphological and anatomical differentiation of populations ofLeiothrix crassifolia (Eriocaulaceae) (1996)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 243-258 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Eriocaulaceae ; Leiothrix crassifolia (L. nubigena, L. obtusifolia) ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of ‘campos rupestres’ ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphological and anatomical leaf and scape differentiation ofLeiothrix crassifolia is analysed and classified into seven types (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campo rupestre of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Variation in the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.L. nubigena andL. obtusifolia are included inL. crassifolia.
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    Different levels of morphometric variation in three heterogamous dogrose species (Rosa sect.Caninae, Rosaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 204 (1997), S. 207-224 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rosaceae ; Rosa sect.Caninae ; Systematics ; taxonomy ; genetic variation ; hemisexual ; apomixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Difficulties in delimiting well-defined entities in the dogroses (Rosa sect.Caninae) has resulted in very variable taxonomic treatments. The present study was undertaken to provide a background for taxonomy as well as plant breeding. Morphometric diversity was analysed on seedlings obtained from field collections in South Sweden of three species,Rosa dumalis, R. rubiginosa andR. villosa. A canonical variates analysis showed that the three species are relatively distinct whereas two subspecies ofR. dumalis were less well discriminated. Analyses of variance demonstrated that intraspecific variation is pronounced inR. dumalis and, to a lesser extent, inR. villosa.
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    Anchusella, a new genus ofBoraginaceae from the Central-Eastern Mediterranean (1997)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 205 (1997), S. 241-264 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Boraginaceae ; Boragineae ; Anchusella ; A. variegata ; A. cretica ; Lycopsis ; Anchusa ; Mediterranean flora ; macromorphology ; micromorphology ; karyology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two closely related speciesLycopsis variegata andAnchusa cretica, formerly placed inAnchusa subg.Rivinia, were compared with the type species ofLycopsis andAnchusa, on the basis of a set of macro and microcharacters. The presence of only two fertile stamens as well as other peculiar characters in flower structure, androecium, gynoecium, pollen and fruit, supports the institution of the new genusAnchusella, consisting ofA. variegata andA. cretica. Karyological and eco-chorological aspects are consistent with morphological data in pointing to the autonomy of this genus, which appears characterized by autapomorphic, advanced traits.
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    Comparative HPLC analysis of seed albumins fromVicia faba andV. kalakhensis (Fabaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; V. kalakhensis ; Seed albumins ; HPLC ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously reported electrophoretic seed albumin data have shown an unexpected association ofVicia faba withV. kalakhensis. In the present work, seed albumins ofV. faba (subsp.paucijuga and subsp.faba) were compared with those ofV. kalakhensis using ionexchange (IE) and reversed-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two subspecies ofV. faba displayed similar seed albumin profiles. On the other hand, seed albumin profiles ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis showed no major protein peak in common either in IE-HPLC or RP-HPLC chromatograms. The reported differences in seed albumin composition ofV. faba andV. kalakhensis are consistent with other taxonomical data showingV. faba to be genetically distant from the wild relatives.
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    Electrophoretic seed albumin patterns inVicia species of sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae (Fabaceae) (1997)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 208 (1997), S. 239-248 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia ; sect.Hypechusa ; sect.Peregrinae ; Electrophoresis ; seed albumins ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This work is a continuation of electrophoretic investigations aimed at revealing a wild relative ofVicia faba. Electrophoretic analysis (PAGE) of seed albumins covered 52 accessions representing eightVicia species of sect.Hypechusa and two species of sect.Peregrinae. Most of the examined species showed an intraspecific variation due to differences between accessions and/or individual variation within accessions. In spite of the intraspecific variation, marked interspecific differences were recorded. However, none of the investigated species displayed electrophoretic seed albumin patterns similar to those reported earlier forV. faba. Contribution of the obtained results to characterization of the examined taxa is discussed.
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    Phylogenetic relationships betweenVicia faba (Fabaceae) and related species inferred from chloroplasttrnL sequences (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 212 (1998), S. 247-259 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; trnL intron ; PCR-sequencing ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplasttrnL intron from 46 differentVicia accessions, representing five of the nine sections of the genusVicia subg.Vicia sensuMaxted (1991a) were amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers homologous to conserved regions intrnL. The products fell into two distinct groups; those of approximately 250 nt and those of around 450 nt in length. Of these, products from 17 differentVicia species were cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. Multiple alignments were assembled and phylogenetic trees constructed by the weighted least-squares distance method. ALathyrus latifolius trnL intron sequence was used as an outgroup. The resulting trees clearly group and separate the sectt.Narbonensis, Bithynica andFaba species but were less able to distinguish species from sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. Based on these sequence data,V. faba appears to be more distant from sect.Narbonensis than sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. The results are in general agreement with a recent treatment ofVicia subg.Vicia (Maxted 1993) and lend further support to placingV. faba in the monospecific sect.Faba.
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    Isoenzyme variation in the wild relatives ofVicia faba (Fabaceae) (1998)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 213 (1998), S. 173-186 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia ; sect.Bithynicae ; sect.Narbonensis ; Allozymes ; genetic diversity ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophoretic analysis of five enzyme systems, LAP, PGI, SKDH, SOD and 6-PGDH, among 102Vicia accessions representingV. bithynica and seven species of theV. narbonensis complex, namelyV. eristalioides, V. kalakhensis, V. johannis, V. galilaea, V. serratifolia, V. narbonensis andV. hyaeniscyamus, has been performed. The recorded variation was tentatively assigned to 41 allelic genes at eight loci; intraspecific variation was observed in all species except forV. eristalioides. The results obtained were compared with the corresponding data reported earlier forV. faba. Hierarchical grouping of the investigated taxa, includingV. faba, was based onNei's genetic identities calculated from the allozyme frequency data.Vicia faba andV. bithynica were shown to be most distantly related to one another and to the remaining species investigated.Vicia serratifolia appeared to be a peripheral member of theV. narbonensis complex. The results are discussed with reference to genetic diversity and taxonomic relationships of the species under study.
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    A molecular phylogeny of bryophytes based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrialnad5 gene (1999)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 179-192 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Bryophyta ; Mitochondria ; nad5 gene ; group I intron ; molecular phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to animals, the slowly evolving mitochondrial nucleotide sequences of plants appear well suited to investigate phylogenetic relations between old taxonomic groups. Analysis ofnad5 gene sequences in 47 bryophytes, the living representatives of very early land plants, confirm this assessment. Statistically reliable phylogenetic trees are obtained with different mathematical approaches. A group I intron sequence conserved in thenad5 gene of all 30 mosses and 15 liverworts investigated supports a sister group relationship of the two classes. The intron sequence adds phylogenetic information for fine resolution on top of the conserved exon sequences down to the level of classically defined orders or families, respectively. This intron is not present in the hornwortsAnthoceros husnotii andA. punctatus. The results allow statements on diverging taxonomic interpretations and support the monophyly of the liverworts, mosses, Jungermanniidae, Marchantiidae and Bryidae, and allow recognition of subclasses like Hypnanae and Dicrananae. Among the mosses, the derived orders (subclass Bryidae) are confidently set apart from the Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Polytrichales and Tetraphidales with Buxbaumiales occupying a mediating position. Among the liverworts, full support is found for the classic separation of simple (jungermanniid) and complex thalloid (marchantiid) species with a strikingly low mitochondrial sequence divergence among the latter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089226
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    Drought-dependent responses of photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of Japanese cypress and Japanese red pine seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of forest research 1 (1996), S. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1610-7403
    Keywords: Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. ; photosynthesis ; Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. ; stomatal conductance ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the potential for modifying drought tolerance of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) and Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.). Three-year-old seedlings were controlled for five-months at three different soil water potentials ({ie73-1}). Japanese cypress exposed to high {ie73-2} was able to maintain higher photosynthesis (Phn), transpiration (Tr) and stomatal conductance to H2O (gH2O) in comparison to low {ie73-3} pretreatments, however, there was no significant difference in Phn for Japanese red pine. Soil water potential at the threshold from the maximum to limited Phn was higher in high {ie73-4} pretreatments than in low {ie73-5} pretreatments. Net photosynthesis, Tr and gH2O decreased more rapidly in high {ie73-6} pretreatments than in low {ie73-7} pretreatments. Transpiration decreased more significantly than Phn, thus, resulted in increased water use efficiency. All these factors are likely to result in significant improvements in the drought tolerance. Japanese red pine seems more drought-tolerant than Japanese cypress. Japanese cypress is suitable to soil of −0.05 MPa water potential, and Japanese red pine is suitable to −0.16 MPa and even dryer soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348307
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    Simultaneous measurements of quantum yield and CO2 uptake for the assessment of non-assimilative electron flow in tree leaves (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of forest research 1 (1996), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1610-7403
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; electron transport ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; quantum yield ; tree
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using attached and detached leaves ofAcer palmatum Thunb. andRhaphiolepsis umbellata Makino, pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and CO2 exchange were measured. Quantum yield of photosynthesis was determined from the fluorescence parameter(Fm′−Fs)/Fm′, where (Fm′−Fs) was defined as the difference between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) elicited by a saturating light pulse. The rate of electron transport through photosystem II (total electron flow) was calculated from the product of quantum yield andA (PFD), whereA is the rate of absorbed photons as given by leaf absorptance, and PFD is the photon flux density at the leaf surface. The rate of electron transport dependant on CO2 uptake (assimilative electron flow) was calculated from the gross photosynthetic rate in a leaf. The difference between the rates of total and assimilative electron transport was denoted as the rate of non-assimilative electron transport which depends on photorespiration and oxygen reduction. Available data provided quantitative information on the rate of non-assimilative electron flow in intact leaves. When leaf photosynthesis ofA. palmatum was measured under sunlight, the rates of total and assimilative electron transport were determined to be approximately 900 and 150 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h, respectively. The difference (750 μmol equiv. e/mg Chl·h) was attributed to the activity of non-assimilative electron flow. The ratio of total to assimilative electron flow was found to increase gradually with rising in irradiance. The results suggest that non-assimilative electron flow occurred at much higher rate than assimilative electron flow at high irradiance. Implications of the results are briefly discussed in relation to photosynthesis limitation in tree leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348308
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    Estimation of phytoplankton photosynthesis and nutrient limitation in the Eastern Scheldt estuary using variable fluorescence (1999)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 101-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; nutrient limitation ; phytoplankton ; photosynthesis ; quantum efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009900124650
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    Fortnightly light and temperature variability in estuarine intertidal sediments and implications for microphytobenthos primary productivity (1999)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 235-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: intertidal areas ; photosynthetically active radiation ; photosynthesis ; Tagus estuary ; tides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature were measured continuously at the surface of estuarine intertidal sediments in the Tagus estuary, Portugal, along two spring-neap tidal cycles. PAR and temperature were strongly conditioned by the periodic tidal inundation, with large and abrupt variations occurring during flooding and ebbing. PAR levels reaching the sediment surface decreased very rapidly to zero or very low values during most of the daytime immersion. Inundation during high tide had the general effect of attenuating the amplitude of daily temperature fluctuation, with the incoming water usually warmer than the sediment during the night or early morning and cooler during the day. The daily progression of tidal emersion resulted in a clear fortnightly variation in total daily PAR reaching the sediment surface, while both daily mean temperature and mean temperature of diurnal low tide periods failed to exhibit a well-defined fortnightly periodicity. The obtained results indicate that the estuarine intertidal environment is dominated, at sub-seasonal time scales, by fortnightly periodicity in irradiance and temperature conditions favourable for benthic photosynthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009989229098
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    Effect of thiobencarb on growth and photosynthesis of the soil alga Protosiphon botryoides (Chlorophyta) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 547-554 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: herbicide ; green alga ; growth ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; it Protosiphon botryoides ; respiration ; Thiobencarb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the herbicide thiobencarb (Saturn) were tested on the growth and physiology of the chlorophyte Protosiphon botryoides isolated from an Egyptian paddy. Assays were conducted using 16-day batch cultures. Chlorophyll and dry weight biomass yields were significantly reduced at 2–3 mg L-1 thiobencarb, and dark respiration increased and protein decreased significantly at 3 mg L-1. Reductions in exponential specific growth rate (μ) were generally small, but in some cases significant. Thiobencarb also slightly, but significantly, reduced the 77 K fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, an indicator of maximum photosynthetic efficiency. No consistent dose-dependent changes occurred in chlorophyll per unit dry weight, total carbohydrate or gross photosynthetic capacity. Whereas half of the added thiobencarb was recovered from control (uninoculated) medium, it was largely absent from cells and culture medium after sixteen days, indicating biodegradation by the alga or associated bacteria. P. botryoides recovered fully within sixteen days following subculture in thiobencarb-free medium. Independently varying phosphate and nitrate nine-fold had no clear effect on the sensitivity of P. botryoides to thiobencarb.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008092826338
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    An evaluation of characters obtained from life history studies for distinguishing New Zealand Porphyra species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 411-419 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Bangiales ; Porphyra life history ; culture ; conchocelis ; conchosporangia ; spores ; neutral conchospores morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since 1992, as part of a study to circumscribe the genus Porphyra in New Zealand, an extensive culture programme has been developed at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. This collection currently houses more than 800 cultures and 150strains. We currently recognise at least 20 species in New Zealand, most of which are undescribed. Close observation of reproduction and the development of conchocelis-phase filaments grown in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature, irradiance and photoperiod, has enabled the recognition of characters that can assist in species separation. The comparative taxonomic value of a range of such characters is discussed, including reporting a novel reproductive mode.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008175226816
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    Distribution and population dynamics of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in the southern Western Cape, South Africa (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 429-436 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: distribution ; harvesting ; Porphyra ; recruitment ; seasonality ; South Africa ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although Porphyra is commercially farmed in many countries, in South Africa only small harvests of wild populations for sale as nori have been carried out. The discovery that Porphyra improves growth of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) farmed inland-based tanks has led to increased pressure to harvest wild populations. This paper reports on a survey of the distribution and seasonality of Porphyra in the southern Western Cape. Porphyrawas present at all sites surveyed, and showed considerable temporal variation. A significant amount of the Porphyra present is in reserves and therefore protected from harvesting. Close rexamination of one site revealed seasonal populations of Porphyra that occupied different niches dependent on season. Recruitment peaked in spring and autumn, leading to dense summer and winter populations. Summer populations generally grew lower in the eulittoral than winter populations. No pattern in the mortality of larger thalli wasde tected, though sporeling mortality was high following recruitment peaks. Although it seems that most sites in the southern Western Cape are suitable for harvesting, the taxonomy of the genus in the region urgently needs revision if populations are to be appropriately managed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008173321969
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    Effects of increased atmospheric CO2 and N supply on photosynthesis, growth and cell composition of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 461-469 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Spirulina platensis ; Arthrospira ; CO2 ; organic carbon ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; batch culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The consequences of the addition of CO2 (1%) in cultures of S. platensis are examined in terms of biomass yield, cell composition and external medium composition. CO2 enrichment was tested under nitrogen saturating and nitrogen limiting conditions. Increasing CO2 levels did not cause any change in maximum growth rate while it decreased maximum biomass yield. Protein and pigments were decreased and carbohydrate increased by high CO2, but the capability to store carbohydrates was saturated. C:N ratio remained unchanged while organic carbon released to the external medium was enhanced, suggesting that organic carbon release in S. platensis is an efficient mechanism for the maintenance of the metabolic integrity, balancing the cell C:N ratio in response to environmental CO2 changes. CO2 affected the pigment content: Phycocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced in around 50%, but the photosynthetic parameters were slightly changed. We propose that in S. platensis CO2 could act promoting degradation of pigments synthetised in excess in normal CO2 conditions, that are not necessary for light harvesting. Nitrogen assimilation was significantly not affected by CO2, and it is proposed that the inability to stimulate N assimilation by CO2 enrichment determined the lack of response in maximum growth rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008090402847
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    Improvement of microalgal photosynthetic productivity by reducing the content of light harvesting pigment (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 195-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: dense algal suspension ; light-harvesting pigment ; photosynthesis ; productivity ; cyanobacterium ; Synechocystis PCC 6714
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microalgal productivity was examined using both a wild type and a phycocyanin-deficient mutant of Synechocystis PCC 6714 (PD-1). The culture was conducted at various light intensities under low and high cell densities in a continuous culture system. At low light intensity, photosynthetic productivity was almost the same for both low and high cell densities. However, at higher light intensities photosynthetic productivity was higher in mutant PD-1 than in the wild type. At 2000 μmol photon m−2 s−1 the productivity was 50% higher in mutant PD-1. This result is consistent with our first report (Nakajima & Ueda, 1997), which showed that photosynthetic productivity can be improved by reducing the light harvesting pigment content in high cell density cultures at high light intensities. It is concluded that the technology for reducing LHP content is a useful method for improving photosynthetic productivity in algal mass production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008015224029
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    Molecular genetics of the cyanobacteriumSynechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Principles and possible biotechnology applications (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 263-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: molecular biology ; mutagenesis ; photosynthesis ; protein engineering ; respiration ; thylakoid membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cyanobacteriumSynechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is readily amenable to targeted mutagenesis: Foreign DNA is taken up spontaneously, and after uptake DNA can be integrated into the organism's genome by homologous recombination. Using appropriate DNA constructs for transformation, specific genes in the organism can be interrupted, deleted, or replaced by modified gene copies. The organism can grow under a number of different conditions, ranging from photoautotrophic to fully heterotrophic modes, making genetic modifications that alter fundamental processes such as photosynthesis and/or respiration feasible. For example, deletion of photosystem I leads to an obligate (photo)heterotrophic strain in which photosystem II-generated electrons appear to be consumed by respiratory processes, whereas deletion of photosystem II leads to an obligate (photo)heterotrophic strain in which cyclic electron flow around photosystem I appears to remain active. A major advantage ofSynechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is that its entire genome has been sequenced (by S. Tabata and co-workers), opening many avenues to address basic and applied research problems. For example, genes can be introduced, modified or deleted, and hypotheses regarding the function of an open reading frame can be tested by deletion of this open reading frame. Methods to modify genes are numerous. In addition to site-directed mutagenesis, novel molecular genetic approaches including ‘targeted random mutagenesis’, combinatorial mutagenesis and introduction of hybrid genes have come of age and have proven to be very powerful tools in protein engineering. These approaches have been utilized primarily in this strain to study photosynthesis, but applications of this technology, including pathway engineering, alterations of substrate specificity of enzymes and introduction of tolerance to a variety of stresses, are equally feasible in relation to more applied aims. For optimal utilization of the potential of theSynechocystis sp. PCC 6803 system, however, an increased emphasis toward understanding the biochemistry and molecular physiology of cyanobacteria will also be critically important.
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    In situ monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the synergistic effect of low temperature and high irradiance stresses inSpirulina cultures grown outdoors in photobioreactors (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: fluorescence ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; Spirulina ; photobioreactor ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A chlorophyll fluorescence technique was applied to anin situ study on the effects of low temperature and high light stresses onSpirulina cultures grown outdoors in controlled tubular photobioreactors at high (1.1 g L−1) and low (0.44 g L−1) biomass concentrations. Diurnal changes in PSII photochemistry (F v/F m) after 15 min of darkness, or in the light (dF/F′ m), and non-photochemical (qN) quenching were measured using a portable, pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometer. The depression of theF v/F m ratio ofSpirulina cultures grown outdoors at 25°C (i.e. 10°C below optimum for growth) and 0.44 g L−1, reached 30% at the middle of the day. At the same time of the day thedF/F′ m ratio showed a reduction of up to 52%. The depression of bothF v/F m anddF/F′ m was lower in the cultures grown at 1.1 g L−1. Photoinhibition reduced the daily productivity of the culture grown at 0.44 g L−1 and 25°C by 33% with respect to that grown at 35°C. Changes in the growth yields of the cultures grown under different temperatures and growth rates correlate well with analogous changes in photon yield (dF/F′ m). Simple measurements of photochemical yield (F v/F m) can be used to test the physiological status ofSpirulina cultures. The results indicate that the saturating pulse fluorescence technique, when usedin situ, is a powerful tool for assessment of the photosynthetic characteristics of outdoor cultures ofSpirulina.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178571
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    Response of the tropical red seaweed Gracilaria cornea to temperature, salinity and irradiance (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria cornea ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; chlorophyll ; phycoerythrin ; Florida ; salinity ; temperature ; irradiance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The agarophyte Gracilaria cornea, collected over 2.5 y in the Florida Keys, shows adaptations to oceanic salinities and subtropical to tropical water temperatures in its photosynthetic and respiratory responses as measured with a respirometer. No seasonal pattern in responses to irradiance, temperature, and salinity were evident between five collections over a 20-month period, indicating the tropical nature of the populations from Bahia Honda and Pigeon Keys. Concentrations of chlorophyll a (0.09 to 0.41 mg g d wt-1) and phycoerythrin (0.06 to 0.36 mg g d wt- 1) were low and reflect the low nutrient regime of the habitats, especially when compared to laboratory cultured plants. Compensation and saturation irradiances were also low (11–38 and 90–127 μmol photon m-2 s-1), indicating acclimation to lower irradiances in their shallow (1–2 m depth) habitats where turbidity can be high. In comparison with other subtropical and warm temperate species of Gracilaria, G. cornea had lower levels of pigment, but similarly high photosynthetic efficiency, demonstrating shade adaptation; it had only limited tolerance to salinities below 20‰ and temperatures below 15 °C. Thus, G. cornea from the Florida Keys in mariculture would require subtropical to tropical temperatures and stable oceanic salinities.
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    Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) with small chlorophyll antenna sizes exhibit higher photosynthetic productivities and photon use efficiencies than normally pigmented cells (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 515-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Chlorophyll antenna size ; damage and repair cycle ; photon use efficiency ; photosynthesis ; photoinhibition ; Dunaliella salina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photon use efficiencies and maximal rates of photosynthesis in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) cultures acclimated to different light intensities were investigated. Batch cultures were grown to the mid-exponential phase under continuous low-light (LL: 100 μmol photon m-2 s-1) or high-light (HL: 2000 μmol photon m-2 s-1) conditions. Under LL, cells were normally pigmented (deep green) containing ∼500 chlorophyll (Chl) molecules per photosystem II (PSII) unit and ∼250 Chl molecules per photosystem I (PSI). HL-grown cells were yellow-green, contained only 60 Chl per PSII and 100 Chl per PSI and showed signs of chronic photoinhibition, i.e., accumulation of photodamaged PSII reaction centers in the chloroplast thylakoids. In LL-grown cells, photosynthesis saturated at ∼200 μmol photon m-2 s-1 with a rate (Pmax) of ∼100 mmol O2 (mol Chl)-1 s-1. In HL-grown cells, photosynthesis saturated at much higher light intensities, i.e. ∼2500 μmol photon m-2 s-1, and exhibited a three-fold higher Pmax (∼300 mmol O2 (mol Chl)-1 s-1) than the normally pigmented LL-grown cells. Recovery of the HL-grown cells from photoinhibition, occurring prior to a light-harvesting Chl antenna size increase, enhanced Pmax to ∼675 mmol O2 (mol Chl)-1 s-1. Extrapolation of these results to outdoor mass culture conditions suggested that algal strains with small Chl antenna size could exhibit 2–3 times higher productivities than currently achieved with normally pigmented cells.
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    Comparison of PCR-RFLP analysis of the ITS region with morphological criteria of various strains of Dunaliella (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 573-580 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella ; ITS ; PCR ; RFLP ; strains ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genus Dunaliella comprises 28 species defined primarily by morphological and physiological criteria, which vary considerably depending on growth conditions. Concomitantly, the taxonomic status of various species is uncertain. To confirm the taxonomic identity and to better understand the relationship within Dunaliella, seven taxa ( D. salina, D. bardawil, D. tertiolecta, D. parva, D. viridis, D. lateralis, D. peircei) were compared using RFLP analysis of the nuclear rDNA repeats, specifically the internal transcribed spacer regions, including the 5.8S rRNA gene. Volvox aureus was used as an outgroup. A single ITS PCR amplification product was obtained for each taxon. An ITS fragment of ca. 640 bp was present in all the taxa within the subgenus Dunaliella, except for D. salina CCMP 1303 (ca. 540 bp) and D. lateralis (subgenus Pascheria) (ca. 600 bp). A cluster analysis based on the presence or absence of bands generated by digestion of the PCR product with 8 restriction endonucleases (DpnI, HhaI, EcoRI, PvuII, TaqI, HaeIII, MspI, StyI) revealed no correlation between the genetic relationship inferred from the ITS-RFLP data and the morpho-physiological attributes used for taxonomy. In addition, differences in morphology, physiology and in the length and restriction fragment patterns of the ITS region of D. salina CCMP 1303 suggest that this strain does not belong to Dunaliella.
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    Influence of waste water from the paper industry and UV-B radiation on the photosynthetic efficiency of Euglena gracilis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Euglena gracilis ; photosynthesis ; waste water ; pulp and paper industry ; ultraviolet-B radiation (280–320 nm) ; pentachlorophenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The green flagellate Euglena gracilis has been used as a model organism to elucidate the possible large-scale and short-term effects of waste substances from the pulp and paper industry on photosynthetic efficiency (PE). Different concentrations of waste substances before and after treatment in a cleaning system were studied. The uncleaned sample at concentrations up to 1:10 and the cleaned sample at concentrations up to 1:5 showed stimulating effects on the PE after 7 days of incubation compared to the control. The effects of waste substances on the PE of E. gracilis were also studied in combination with short-term studies (20 and 40 min) of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm). It was shown that increasing concentrations of the uncleaned sample had continuously stimulating effects on the PE and worked protectively against UV-B radiation. The cleaned sample exhibited no effects, or negative effects, on the PE of E. gracilis together with UV-B radiation compared to the experiments with only UV-B radiation. At the concentration 1:1 of the cleaned sample an increase in the PE was detected due to the high concentration of the coloured substances and a decrease in the UV-B penetration. PE revealed itself to be highly sensitive for detecting toxic effects on E. gracilis and is thus very promising for use in regular toxicity tests of waste water from pulp and paper industry.
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    Light dependency of the photosynthetic recovery of Nostoc flagelliforme (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 51-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: blue-green alga ; cyanobacterium ; Fv/Fmlight ; Nostoc flagelliforme ; photosynthesis ; rewetting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of Nostoc flagelliforme was examined after rewetting in order to investigate the light-dependency of its photosynthetic recovery. Fv/Fm was not detected in the dark, but was immediately recognized in the light. Different levels of light irradiation (4, 40 and 400 µmol photon m2 s-1) displayed different effects on the recovery process of photosynthesis. The intermediate level led to the best recovery of photochemical efficiency; the low light required longer and the high light inhibited the extent of the recovered efficiency. It was concluded that the photosynthetic recovery of N. flagelliforme is both light-dependent and influenced by photon flux density.
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    Nitrogen availability influences the biochemical composition and photosynthesis of tank-cultivated Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 383-389 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: ammonium ; C:N ratio ; tank culture ; dietary fibre ; fatty acids ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; Ulva rigida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and biochemical changes in relation to inorganic nitrogen availability were studied for tank-cultivated Ulva rigida grown under nitrogen- enriched and nitrogen-depleted seawater. U. rigida was initially cultivated in nitrogen-enriched seawater (daily concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- + NO2- ranged between 0.5–1.7 and 0.06–0.15 mg L-1, respectively), then transferred to nitrogen-depleted seawater where photosynthetic capacity decreased to zero after 23 d. At the time (14 d) when photosynthetic rates were lower than 2.0 μmol O2 g-1 FW min-1 and strong bleaching had occurred, some algae were returned to the initial nitrogen-enriched seawater to study recovery from N-limited growth. Data on biochemical composition (chlorophylls, ash, caloric content, fatty acids and dietary fibres) and colouration varied significantly depending on the nitrogen conditions. C:N ratios correlated significantly with biochemical parameters. Fatty acid (FA) synthesis continued during the N-starvation period; saturated and mono-unsaturated FA increased to a maximun of 72.2%, while poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased to 27.7%. During the N-enriched recovery period, the reverse was found. C:N ratios above 10 correlated with carbohydrate synthesis as shown by the dietary fibre level. Under nitrogen enriched conditions, C:N ratios decreased along with a decrease in fibre level. Under controlled conditions, nitrogen represents a major influence on the development of intensive tank cultivation of Ulva rigida, not only by affecting parameters closely related to nitrogen metabolism but also some clearly influenced by carbon uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008008912991
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    Selective effect of the herbicide DCMU on unicellular algae — a potential tool to maintain monoalgal mass culture ofNannochloropsis (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: herbicide ; DCMU ; photosynthesis ; monoalgal culture ; Chaetoceros ; Dunaliella ; Nannochloropsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The selective effect of DCMU on photosynthetic activity and growth rate was examined in several marine unicellular algae:Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatohyceae),Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae)Isochrysis galbana (Prymnesiophyceae) andChaetoceros sp. (Bacillariophyceae). DCMU at 10−7 M caused an immediate decrease in the photosynthetic rate ofDunaliella andIsochrysis (about 50% inhibition), whereas 10−6 M imposed 80% inhibition in the photosynthetic rate ofChaetoceros. InNannochloropsis the rate was affected only when DCMU concentration exceeded 10−6M. Cellular growth rate of all studied algae was affected by DCMU in a similar manner to photosynthesis. The differential effect of DCMU was further examined in mixed cultures in whichNannochloropsis was cultivated together with an additional species simulating a contamination situation of aNannochloropsis culture. When DCMU was added at concentrations higher than 10−7 M, the growth of the competing algae significantly decreased, whileNannochloropsis maintained a relatively high growth rate. Consequently, after a growth period of 4 to 7 days a clear domination ofNannochloropsis was observed. These results demonstrate that DCMU and probably other herbicides of similar characteristics can be used effectively as a selective tool to suppress contaminating unicellular algae in open ponds in order to maintain a monoculture ofNannochloropsis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178586
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    Role of light and photosynthesis on the acclimation process of the cyanobacteriumSpirulina platensis to salinity stress (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 119-124 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Spirulina platensis ; cyanobacterium ; NaCl ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofSpirulina platensis cells to salinity stress was studied. Once adapted to the higher osmoticum, photosynthetic parameters such as the maximum rate of photosynthesis under saturating irradiance (Pmax) and the initial slope of the P-I curve (α) are reduced by 15% and 25% in 0.5 M NaCl grown cells, respectively. Salt-adapted cells have a modified biochemical composition; reduced protein and chlorophyll content, and an increased level of carbohydrates. The reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of the salt-adaptedSpirulina cells reflects a lower ability to utilize light energy and results in an increase in the susceptibility of the stressed cells to photoinhibition. This conclusion is supported by the finding that cultures exposed to salt stress show not only a decrease in growth rate (μ), but lose the ability to respond to increased irradiance with an increase in growth. The use of variable fluorescence as a fast and reliable measurement to follow the changes in PSII of salt-stressesSpirulina cells enables following the early events of salinity shock. It indicates that as soon as the cells are exposed to salt, a protection mechanism is induced. This mechanism does not require any protein synthesis and may take place even in the dark, though at somewhat reduced effectiveness. The significance of the result in providing a better understanding of the interaction between two environmental stresses — light and salinity — and their application in the outdoor mass cultivation ofSpirulina are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186314
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    Systematics, biological knowledge and environmental conservation (1995)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 4 (1995), S. 183-205 
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    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biological collections ; conservation ; biodiversity information ; phylogenetic systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Systematics and taxonomy are essential: they respectively elucidate life's history, and organize and verify biological knowledge. This knowledge is built of interrelated concepts which are ultimately accounted for by biological specimens. Such knowledge is essential to decide how much and what biodiversity survives human onslaughts. The preservation of specimens in natural history collections is the essential part of the process which builds and maintains biological knowledge. These collections and the human expertise essential to interpret specimens are the taxonomic resources which maintain accurate and verifiable concepts of biological entities. Present and future knowledge of the complexities and diversity of the biosphere depends on the integrity of taxonomic resources, vet widespread ignorance and disregard for their fundamental value has created a global crisis. Preservation of specimens in natural history collections is chronically neglected and support to study and manage collections is very insufficient. The knowledge held by experienced taxonomists is not being passed on to younger recruits. Neglect of collections has destroyed countless specimens and threatens millions more. These threats to taxonomic resources not only impinge on systematics but all biology: this tragedy jeopardizes the integrity of biological knowledge. The consequences for environmental conservation and therefore humanity are also of dire severity and the biodiversity crisis adds unprecedented weight to the barely recognized crisis in taxonomy and systematics.
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    Sporidesmium filiferum from Tsukuba, Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 367-369 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Dematiaceae ; Deuteromycotina ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporidesmium filiferum isolated from a leaflet ofPhellodendron amurense lying on the soil surface at Tsukuba, Japan is described together with photomicrographs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461310
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    A new species ofCortinarius sect.Sericeocybe from Japan (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 333-335 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Cortinarius prunicola ; Cortinarius Sect.Sericeocybe ; new species ; Rosaceae ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cortinarius prunicola sp. nov., found in orchards and plantations ofPrunus mume, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its dry and violet-white carpophores, unpleasant odor, and its close association withP. mume in spring and early summer. The differences betweenC. prunicola and similar species are briefly discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464017
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    The generaAniptodera, Halosarpheia, Nais andPhaeonectriella from freshwater habitats (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 165-183 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: freshwater fungi ; Halosphaeriaceae ; taxonomy ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The generic concepts inAniptodera, Halosarpheia, Nais andPhaeonectriella are discussed and those species occurring in freshwater are described, some with illustrations. Five new species:Aniptodera lignicola, A. mauritaniensis, A. megalospora, A. palmicola, Phaeonectriella appendiculata are also described. A key to the freshwater species in the above genera and a synoptic diagram of their ascospores are provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464295
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    Dactylospora mangrovei sp. nov. (Discomycetes, ascomycota) from mangrove wood (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Ascomycota ; marine fungi ; new species ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new speciesDactylospora mangrovei is described and illustrated and compared withD. haliotrepha andD. canariensis, all marine inhabiting species.Dactylospora haliotrepha andD. mangrovei are tropical/sub-tropical mangrove species collected in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand, whileD. canariensis was described from temperate waters. A map of the geographical distribution of the three marineDactylospora species is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463875
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    Arecophila bambusae sp. nov. andA. coronata comb. nov., from dead culms of bamboo (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 185-188 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Amphisphaeria ; ascomycetes ; bamboo fungi ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofArecophila and a species previously known asAmphisphaeria coronata are described and illustrated from dead culms of bamboo.Arecophila bambusae sp. nov. is distinct in the genus in having ellipsoidal ascospores with slightly round ends, and asci with a narrow subapical ring.Arecophila coronata comb. nov. has asci with a wedgeshaped apical ring and weakly striated ascospores enclosed in wide mucilaginous sheath.
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    The definitions of species and clade names: A reply to Ghiselin (1995)
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    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Clade ; class ; definition ; defining property ; individual ; intension ; name ; organism ; ostensive definition ; species ; taxon ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00852247
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    Photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization and growth of Porphyra linearis (Rhodophyta) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 447-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: algal growth ; Porphyra ; inorganic carbon (Ci) ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic (oxygen evolution) and growth (biomass increase) responses to ambient pH and inorganic carbon (Ci) supply were determined for Porphyralinearis grown in 0.5 L glass cylinders in the laboratory, or in 40 L fibreglass outdoor tanks with running seawater. While net photosynthetic rates were uniform at pH 6.0–8.0, dropping only at pH 8.7, growth rates were significantly affected by pH levels other than that of seawater (c. pH 8.3). In glass cylinders, weekly growth rates averaged 76% at external pH 8.0, 13% at pH 8.7 and 26% at pH 7.0. Photosynthetic O2 evolution on a daily basis(i.e. total O2 evolved during day time less total O2 consumed during night time) was similar to the growth responses at all experimental pH levels, apparently due to high dark respiration rates measured at acidic pH. Weekly growth rates averaged 53% in algae grown in fibreglass tanks aerated with regular air (360 mg L-1 CO2) and 28% in algae grown in tanks aerated with CO2-enriched air (750 mg L-1 CO2). The pH of the seawater medium in which P. linear is was grown increased slightly during the day and only rarely reached 9.0. The pH at the boundary layer of algae submerged in seawater increased in response to light reaching, about pH 8.9 within minutes, or remained unchanged for algae submerged in a CO2-free artificial sea water medium. Photosynthesis of P. linearissaturated at Ci concentrations of seawater (K0.5560 μM at pH 8.2) and showed low photosynthetic affinity for CO2(K0.5 61 μM) at pH 6.0. It is therefore concluded that P. linearisuses primarily CO2 with HCO3 - being an alternative source of Ci for photosynthesis. Its fast growth could be related to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase whose activity was detected intra- and extracellularly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008122306268
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    Effects of different levels of CO2 on photosynthesis and cell components of the red alga Porphyra leucosticta (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 455-461 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; inorganic carbon ; macroalgae ; photosynthesis ; PAM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis and cell composition of Porphyraleucosticta discs grown at low (〈 0.0001% in air), current (control) and high (1% CO2 in air)inorganic carbon (Ci) concentrations were analyzed. Carbohydrate content in discs grown at high Ci increased (15.1 mg g-1 FW) with respect to the control (6.4 mg g FW-1), whereas soluble protein content decreased to one-third (5.6 to2.1 mg g-1 FW). Carbohydrate content was unaffected and soluble protein slightly increased in discs grown at low Ci. As a consequence of these changes, a lower C/N molar ratio (8.6) was found in the discs grown at low compared to high Ci(12.4). Nitrate reductase activity increased at high Ci from 0.3 ± 0.2 to 1.7 ± 0.4 μmolNO2 - g-1 FW h-1indicating that reduction and assimilation of nitrate were uncoupled. The response of photosynthesis to increasing irradiance, estimated from O2evolution vs. irradiance curves, was affected by the treatments. Maximum quantum yield (Φ O2°) and effective quantum yield (Φ O2) at 150 μmol photon m-2s-1 decreased by 20% and 50%, respectively, at low Ci. These differences could be due to changes in photosynthetic electron flow between PSII and PSI. Treatments also produced changes in maximal (Fv/Fm) and effective (ΔF/Fm′)quantum yield for photosystem II charge separation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008194223558
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    Photosynthetic metabolism and cell-wall polysaccharide accumulation inGelidium sesquipedale (Clem.) Born. et Thur. under different light qualities (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 7 (1995), S. 167-174 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: cell-wall polysaccharides ; chlorophylla ; Gelidium sesquipedale ; internal C and N ; light quality ; photosynthesis ; phycobiliproteins ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of different light qualities on the photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, intracellular carbon and nitrogen content, and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and cell-wall polysaccharides during short-term incubation (5 h) of the red algaGelidium sesquipedale was investigated. The same photon irradiance of 50μmol m−2 s−2 below the light saturation point of photosynthesis was applied in each case. Blue light stimulated photosynthesis, dark respiration and the accumulation of chlorophyll and biliproteins, phycoerythrin in particular. The accumulation of internal carbon and nitrogen was greater under blue light than under the other light qualities. In contrast, the percentage of cell-wall polysaccharides was higher in red light. The content of cell-wall polysaccharides decreased during the time of incubation in all light treatments except in red light. The action of a non-photosynthetic photoreceptor in the control of cell-wall polysaccharide synthesis is suggested because the accumulation of cell-wall polysaccharides was not correlated with net photosynthesis in contrast to what occurred with carbon, chlorophyll and phycoerythrin accumulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693064
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    Light acclimation and photoinhibition in threeSpirulina platensis (cyanobacteria) isolates (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; light intensity ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; recovery ; Spirulina platensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three isolates ofSpirulina platensis (Norst) Geitler marked BP, P4P and Z19/2 were compared with respect to their response and acclimation capability to high photon flux densities (HPFD). Cultures exposed to HPFD (1500–3500 μmol photon m−2 s−1) exhibited a marked decrease in light-dependent O2 evolution rate. P4P was more sensitive to HPFD than the two other isolates. All three isolates recovered from photoinhibition when placed under low PFD. The BP isolate was able to recover also in the dark but to a lower extent and at a lower rate, while no recovery was observed in the other two isolates under dark conditions. No recovery was observed when protein synthesis was inhibited using chloramphenicol. Cultures grown at 200 μmol photon m−2 s−1 differed from cultures grown at 120 μmol photon m 2 s-1 by their lower maximal photosynthetic rate (P max ) and higher light saturation (I k ) value, while being more resistant to HPFD stress. The ability ofSpirulina isolates to acclimate and withstand HPFD may provide useful information for the selection of strains useful for outdoor mass cultivation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186220
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    Influence of tidal location on morphology, photosynthesis and pigments of the agarophyte, Gelidiella acerosa, from Northern Philippines (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 525-532 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gelidiella ; agarophyte ; photosynthesis ; P-I curve ; morphology ; tide ; pigment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The red seaweed agarophyte, Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskål) (Feldmann& Hamel) was collected from tidepools, high intertidal rocks. and shallow subtidal are as along a reef flat in Ilocos Norte, northern Philippines. The three populations were compared during the summer (dry) and rainy (wet) seasons to determine changes in morphology and photoacclimation capacity as possible use in mariculture. During summer months (February toApril) after exposure to environmental extremes (i.e. the highest percent of minus tides during daylight, high light regimes, desiccation, and solar bleaching), the populations differed in their morphologies and responses to increasing irradiance levels (P–I curve). Tidepool plants were the tallest, bushiest, and with increased diameter of cortical cells; while,high intertidal plants were the shortest, with sparse branching pattern and decreased diameter of cortical cells. Although their saturation irradiances indicated shade tolerance (Ik = 52 − 112 µmol photon m -2 s-1). their differential light saturation curves (P-I curves) suggested a capacity to acclimate to ambient light regimes. For example, plants from the high intertidal zone showed higher photosynthetic rates and saturation irradiances, slightly lower initial slopes of the P-I curves and levels of light harvesting accessory pigments, rphycoerhythrin (R-PE) and rphycocyanin (R-PC), after being exposed to higher light regimes. In contrast, plants from tidepools and shallow subtidal areas had lower photosynthetic rates and saturation irradiances, slightly steeper initial slopes of the P-I curves and levels of R-PE and R-PC, having been exposed to lower light regimes. During the rainy months (June to November) no significant responses in these parameters were recorded. Comparison of the P-I responses of vegetative and tetrasporic plants showed these to vary with season. The data suggest that when plants became reproductive their physiological fitness either was unchanged or slightly enhanced. These results indicate that all three populations of G. acerosa could be used as seed stock for mariculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007968201873
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    Improvement of photosynthesis in dense microalgal suspension by reduction of light harvesting pigments (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 9 (1997), S. 503-510 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Chlorella pyrenoidosa ; dense algalsuspension ; light-harvesting pigment ; photosynthesis ; Synechocystis PCC 6714
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of light-harvesting pigments (LHP) inmicroalgal cells on photosynthetic activity in adense cell suspension were examined. The results suggest that a lower LHP content should result in higher photosynthetic productivity under high light intensity. The idea was first proposed by Lien and San Pietro in 1975 that photosynthesis could be improved by reducing the LHP content in microalgal cells, but this has not been demonstrated in detail. Experiments to evaluate the idea were conducted with Synechocystis PCC6714 and Chlorellapyrenoidosa. In the experiments with PCC 6714, photosynthesis of a phycocyanin-deficient mutant was compared with that of the wild type. In the experiments with C. pyrenoidosa, the LHP content was controlled by the light intensity in the algalculture. The maximum photosynthetic activity was 20–30% higher in the dense suspension of cells having a lower LHP content with both organisms. These results indicate that the idea of reducing the LHP contentcould be applicable to a wide variety of photosynthetic organisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007920025419
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    Examination of Antarctic prokaryotic diversity through molecular comparisons (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 1295-1305 
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    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Archaea ; Bacteria ; Antarctica ; biodiversity ; 16S rRNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Prokaryotes perform key functions in Antarctic ecosystems, and knowledge of the taxonomy of Antarctic prokaryotes is a prerequisite for the transfer of information between fields of scientific inquiry. The taxonomy of prokaryotes has been greatly revised and improved due to the refinements afforded by molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing. Past inventories of Antarctic microbial diversity are difficult to reconcile with the developing, phylogenetically-based taxonomy. Antarctic prokaryotes are considerably diverse and most evolutionary groups are represented, including representatives of both Archaea and Bacteria. The diversity appears unique due to the ease with which new species can be isolated; however, that may be a result of our vastly incomplete knowledge of both Antarctic and non-Antarctic prokaryotic diversity. Use of the 16S rRNA gene as a molecular clock would suggest that the majority of Antarctic prokaryotes diverged from their nearest known non-Antarctic relatives long before a stable ice-sheet developed in Antarctica. The time of colonization (or recolonization) of Antarctic environments by individual species may have been very recent in evolutionary time scales.
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    Diversity, distribution and dispersal of Antarctic terrestrial algae (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 1307-1335 
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    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: algae ; cyanobacteria ; terrestrial ; Antarctica ; taxonomy ; endemism ; distribution ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Terrestrial algae have been studied at widespread Antarctic localities. However, their diversity is not fully known as often collections have not been made from all habitats and techniques have been inadequate for recognition of the total flora. Identifications can be unreliable and are often left at generic level. Despite this it seems that they largely comprise cosmopolitan species but at a reduced diversity relative to other regions. There is a small element of endemic species which, in general, differ only slightly from related species elsewhere. Lack of base-line taxonomic knowledge, detailed characterization of environmental factors, and application of multivariate analysis restricts our ability to define communities and interpret their distribution patterns. Examples are provided where understanding would be greatly improved by more detailed analyses. Dispersal barriers could be operating both to and within Antarctica. However, local dispersal by wind seems readily accomplished. Overcoming dispersal barriers to Antarctica, and between ice-free localities within Antarctica, could present a greater problem. Investigation of long-distance transport of propagules by wind, birds and humans is needed.
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    Light response curves for Gelidium sesquipedale from different depths, determined by two methods: O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 295-301 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gelidium sesquipedale ; photosynthesis ; fluorescence ; light response curves ; pigments ; depth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis-light response curves of Gelidium sesquipedale from the west coast of Portugal (Cape Espichel) were determined at four different depths, 3, 10, 15 and 22 m. Data acquisition using chlorophyll a fluorescence methodology and oxygen electrode measurements were compared. Response curves were determined over an increasing range of irradiance values (I), from darkness to 900 μmol photon m-2 s-1 PAR. In general, light response curves obtained for G. sesquipedale showed a similar pattern whether determined by the chlorophyll fluorescence method or by oxygen evolution. The photosynthetic capacity of G. sesquipedale decreased with depth, as expected, revealing a ‘sun’ and ‘shade’ acclimation pattern, between shallow and deeper waters.
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    Effects of solar UV stress on chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of intertidal macroalgae from southern Spain: a case study in Gelidium species (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 285-294 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: UV-radiation ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; stress tolerance ; electron transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoinhibition and recovery kinetics after short exposure to solar radiation following three different irradiance treatments of irradiances (PAR, PAR+UVA and PAR+UVA+UVB) was assessed in two intertidal species of the genus Gelidium, Gelidium sesquipedale and G. latifolium, collected from Tarifa (southern Spain) using in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence (PAM fluorometry). After 3 h UV radiation exposure, optimal quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) in G. sesquipedale decreased between 25 and 35% relative to the control. Under PAR alone, values decreased to 60%. In G. latifolium, photoinhibition did not exceed 40%. Similar results were found for the effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm′), however, no marked differences in relation to light treatments were seen. When plants were shaded for recovery from stress, only in G. latifolium a significant increase in photosynthesis was observed (between 80 and 100% of control). In contrast, photosynthesis of G. sesquipedale suffered a chronic photoinhibition or photodamage under the three light irradiances. Full solar radiation (PAR+UVA+UVB) affected also the electron transport rate in both species. Here, initial slopes of electron transport vs. irradiance curves decreased up to 60% of controls. Although the recovery kinetic under PAR+UVA+UVB conditions was delayed in G. latifolium, after 24 h recovery this species reached significantly higher than G. sesquipedale. PAR impaired electron trasport only in G. sesquipedale. Overall, both species are characterized by different capacity to tolerate enhanced solar radiation. G. latifolium is a sun adapted plant, well suited to intertidal light conditions, whereas G. sesquipedale, growing at shaded sites in the intertidal zone, is more vulnerable to enhanced UV radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008021230738
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  • 93
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    Photosynthetic and population growth response of the test alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz to zinc, cadmium and suspended sediment elutriates (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: 14C ; photosynthesis ; population growth ; Selenastrum capricornutum ; suspended sediment elutriate ; zinc ; cadmium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Short-term 14C-fixation (4 h) Selenastrum capricornutum algal toxicity tests were conducted with Cd (n=8), Zn (n=9) and suspended sediment aqueous elutriates (n=28) and the results were compared to those obtained in a 48 h population growth test. In order to provide more realistic experimental conditions, toxicity tests were carried out in prefiltered nutrient-spiked Lake Geneva water. The population growth inhibition test was significantly more sensitive than the14 C-fixation test for Cd (median EC50-4h and EC50-48h values of 600 and 118 µg L-1, respectively) whereas no significant difference was measured for Zn toxicity (median EC50-4h and EC50-48h values of 97 and 96 µg L-1, respectively). With suspended sediment aqueous elutriates, the relative sensitivity of the two different end points is sample dependent, with ratios of the EC25 for the14 C-fixation: population growth test ranging from 〈0.26 to 〉53.3. Elutriate toxicity shows no apparent relationship between the acute and chronic test, indicating that population growth inhibition cannot be derived directly or predicted from14 C-fixation. Both tests with their specific advantages and limitations provide valuable complementary information to measure the impact of single toxicants or complex mixtures on aquatic plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008043931094
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  • 94
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    Reduced photoinhibition of a phycocyanin-deficient mutant of Synechocystis PCC 6714 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 447-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: dense algal suspension ; light-harvesting pigment ; photosynthesis ; Synechocystis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects on photoinhibition of light-harvesting pigments in microalgal cells were examined using the wild type and a phycocyanin- deficient mutant (PD-1) of Synechosystis PCC 6714. Mutant PD-1 showed higher resistance to high light than the wild type in terms of the decline of photosynthetic activity at any light intensity and with various cell densities. This suggests that the loss of productivity induced by high light intensity would be improved by reducing the content of light-harvesting pigments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008049901939
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  • 95
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    A preliminary comparison of the mariculture potential of Porphyra purpurea and Porphyra umbilicalis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: aquaculture ; light ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to their rapid growth and nutrient assimilation,Porphyra spp. are good candidates for bioremediation and polyculture. The production potential of two strains of P. purpurea and P. umbilicalis from north-east USA was evaluated by measuring rates of photosynthesis (as O2evolution) of material grown at 20 °C. Photosynthetic rates of P. umbilicalis were 80%higher than P. purpurea over the temperature range 5–20 °C, at both sub-saturating andsaturating irradiances (37 and 289 μmol photonm-2 s-1). Porphyra umbilicalis was more efficient at low irradiances (higher α) and had a higher Pmax (23.0 vs 15.6 μmolO2 g-1 DW min-1) than P.purpurea, suggesting that P. umbilicalis is a better choice for mass culture, where self-shading maybe severe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008102426752
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  • 96
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    Dried field populations of Nostoc flagelliforme (Cyanophyceae) require exogenous nutrients for their photosynthetic recovery (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 535-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: cyanobacterium ; Nostoc flagelliforme ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; potassium ; re-hydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nutrients on the photosynthetic recovery of Nostoc flagelliforme during re-hydration were investigated in order to see if their addition was necessary. Net photosynthesis was negligible in distilled water without nutrient-enrichment. Addition of K+ resulted in significant enhancement of net photosynthesis, whereas other nutrients (Fe3+, Mg2+, Na+, NO3 -, PO4 3-, Cl-) and trace-metals (A5) showed little effect. The recovered net photosynthetic activity increased with the increased K+, and reached the maximum at concentrations above 230 μM. Desiccation and re-hydration did not affect the dependence of photosynthetic recovery on K+. It was concluded that dried field populations of N. flagelliforme require exogenous addition of potassium for photosynthetic recovery and that growth may be potassium-limited in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008146722229
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  • 97
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    The interactive effects of UV-B radiation and a herbicide on uptake and allocation of carbon in two strains of the green algaScenedesmus (1997)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 31 (1997), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: sherbicide tolerance ; photosynthesis ; phytoplankton ; simetryn ; triazine ; herbicides ; ultraviolet radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effects of UV B radiation on14C-uptake rates and carbon assimilation into the major end-products of photosynthesis of the green algaScenedesmus in the presence and absence of the triazine herbicide simetryn. Experiments were conducted using both a herbicide-susceptible and herbicide-tolerant strains ofScenedesmus. Three different UV-B dose rates were used as well as a light control. The lowest dose rate was almost the same level as in subsurface of ponds and lakes, while the other two were slightly lower and higher than natural sunlight on the surface of ponds and lakes, respectively. Total uptake rates of14C were not reduced by the UV B irradiation alone even at the highest dose rate. However, in the presence of the herbicide, uptake rates were clearly reduced by the highest dose rate of UV-B concomitant with increasing herbicide concentrations in the herbicide-susceptible strain. On the other hand, the proportion of lipid fraction was slightly reduced by all the UV-B treatments in the herbicide-susceptible strain even in the absence of the herbicide. In the herbicide-tolerant strain, uptake rates were not affected by UV-B radiation or by the herbicide. These facts indicated that UV-B effects could be smaller than predicted. It may be important to examine combined effects of UV-B and other anthropogenic and/or natural stresses for assessing actual UV-B effects in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02493513
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  • 98
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    Photosynthate production in laboratory cultures (UV conditioned and unconditioned) of Cryptomonas erosa under simulated doses of UV radiation (1998)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 297-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: cryptomonads ; macromolecular ; Phototron ; photosynthesis ; UV radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used a device called a Phototron to measure the effects of UV radiation on the cosmopolitan algae, Cryptomonas erosa, grown in continuous cultures. In the Phototron, we investigated changes in photosynthetic parameters (Pmax – specific production rate at optimal light intensity; α – initial slope of the linear portion of the Photosynthesis-Irradiance curve; and θ – the convexity or rate of bending) and carbon allocation as a function of irradiance at three different environmentally-realistic doses of UV radiation in unconditioned (no prior UV exposure) and conditioned algae (15 d previous UV exposure). For unconditioned control algae, Pmax-Total was lower, although not significantly, than the two highest UV treatments. For conditioned control algae, Pmax-Total was higher, although not significantly, than all UV treatments. Our data suggest that short term (4 h) exposure to low levels of UV (8.09 W m−2 unweighted) does not affect Pmax-Total in C. erosa, but does change the proportion of carbon allocated to lipids and proteins. Also, comparisons of lipids, polysaccharides and proteins as a percent of total carbon uptake between unconditioned and conditioned algae indicate that exposure history to UV radiation can have a negative impact on carbon allocation to lipids and proteins, in a wetland alga species that is crucial to the efficient transfer of energy through freshwater food webs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009911811188
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  • 99
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    Taxonomic review of the species of Pterocladia (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 237-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gelidiales ; Gelidiella ; Gelidium ; Pterocladia ; Pterocladiella ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Segregating Pterocladiella from Pterocladia stimulated new taxonomic studies of the species originally assigned to Pterocladia. A total of 28 species are ascribed to the genus, one of them with doubts. Thirteen of the 27 names are synonyms. Three of the remaining 14 species belong with Gelidium, including G. americanum, G. mcnabbianum (Dawson) comb. nov. and G. musciformis. Seven other species belong with Pterocladiella, including P. bartlettii (Taylor) comb. nov., P. bulbosa, P. caerulescens, P. caespitosa (Kylin) comb. nov., P. caloglossoides (Howe) comb. nov., P. capillacea and P. melanoidea. Two species are retained in Pterocladia, the type P. lucida and P. rectangularis. Two others, P. heteroplatos and P. media are placed in incertae sedis as additional studies of fertile materials are needed to determine their generic status. The genus Pterocladia now appears to include two large-sized species restricted to Australia-New Zealand. Pterocladiella has 8 small-sized species (including P. minima), mainly inhabiting tropical and subtropical waters. Future research documenting sexual reproduction in Gelidiella and solving the presently recognized heterogeneity in Gelidium will help to trace the relationships between Pterocladiella and these two genera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008095915164
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  • 100
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    Characterization of phenotypically distinct strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri from Southwest Asia (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 477-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: citrus bacterial canker ; detection ; epidemiology ; monoclonal antibodies ; variability ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri were isolated from Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) trees in several countries in southwest Asia. These strains produced typical erumpent bacterial canker lesions on Mexican lime but not on grapefruit (C. paradisi). Lesions on grapefruit were watersoaked and blister-like in contrast to the typical erumpent lesions seen after artificial inoculation with all described pathotypes of X. axonopodis pv. citri. This group of strains hydrolysed gelatin and casein and grew in the presence of 3% NaCl as is typical of X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A. RFLP analyses and DNA probe hybridization assays also gave results consistent with X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A. Metabolic fingerprints prepared with the Biolog® system showed similarities as well as differences to X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A. In spite of the physiological and genetic similarities to pathotype A of X. axonopodis pv. citri, these strains had no or very little affinity for polyclonal antiserum prepared against any of the reference strains of X. axonopodis pv. citri and also did not react with monoclonal antibody A1, an antibody that detects all strains of pathotype A of X. axonopodis pv. citri. These strains were also insensitive to bacteriophage Cp3 like X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A and unlike X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype B. We conclude that these strains, designated Xcc-A*, represent a variant of X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype-A with pathogenicity limited to C. aurantifolia. The existence of extensive genotypic and phenotypic variation within pathotype A of X. axonopodis pv. citri was unexpected and further complicates the systematics of this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008676508688
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