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  • Other Sources  (812)
  • AGU (American Geophysical Union)  (378)
  • Copernicus Publications (EGU)  (371)
  • Geozon Science Media  (63)
  • 2015-2019  (778)
  • 1965-1969  (34)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: While archaeological records indicate an intensive Mesolithic occupation of dune areas situated along river valleys, relatively little knowledge exists about environmental interactions in the form of land-use strategies and their possible local impacts. The combination of geoarchaeological, chronological, geochemical and palaeoecological research methods and their application both on a Mesoltihic site situated on top of a dune and the adjacent palaeochannel sediments allows for a detailed reconstruction of the local environmental development around the Soven site in the Jeetzel valley (Northern Germany) since ~10.5 ka cal BP. Based on the results, we identified four phases that may be related to local human impact twice during the Mesolithic, the Neolithic and the Iron Ages and are discussed on the backdrop of the regional settlement history. Although nearby Mesolithic occupation is evident on archaeological grounds, the identification of synchronous impacts on the vegetation in the local environmental records remains tentative even in respect of the broad methodical spectrum applied. Vice versa, human impact is strongly indicated by palaeoecological and geochemical proxies during the Neolithic period, but cannot be connected to archaeological records in the area so far. A younger phase of human impact – probably consisting of seasonal livestock farming in the wetlands – is ascribed to the Iron Age economy and comprises local soil erosion, raised concentrations of phosphates and urease, and the facilitation of grazing related taxa.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; aeolian sand ; pollen ; mesolithic ; iron age ; charcoal ; human impact ; OSL ; Neolithisation
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Verweilzeitberechnung ist eine sehr anschauliche Methode zur Bewertung der Geschütztheit einer Wasserfassung oder eines Grundwasserleiters. Sie berücksichtigt alle relevanten Einflussfaktoren und ist aus Sicht der Autoren anderen Verfahren zur Geschütztheitsbewertung vorzuziehen. Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der die Geschütztheit der Wasserfassungen im Raum Pasewalk bewertet wurde und die auch landesweit anwendbar ist. Die methodischen Grundlagen von Verweilzeitberechnungen werden untersucht und spezifiziert und es erfolgt eine Diskussion der Interpolationsmöglichkeiten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; Sickerwasser ; Verweilzeit ; Sickerstrecke ; Grundwasserflurabstand ; DIN 19732 ; Grundwasserneubildung ; Grundwasserüberdeckung ; Grundwassergeschütztheit ; Verweilzeitberechnung
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: THESIS ABSTRACT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 4
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der Geologische Dienst M-V sammelt und dokumentiert im Rahmen der Landesaufnahme Daten zur Geologie der Oberfläche und des Tieferen Untergrundes, zur Hydrogeologie, zur Bodenkunde sowie zur Rohstoffgeologie und wertet diese Daten unter vielfältigen Aspekten der Daseinsvorsorge aus. Als Ergebnis entstanden seit 1990 mehrere moderne Informationssysteme, Kartenwerke und andere Produkte. Neben der Publikation von analogen Karten erfolgt in den letzten Jahren verstärkt eine digitale Informationsbereitstellung in Form von digitalen Produkten; verstärkt werden auch Informationen über das Kartenportal Umwelt in der Internetpräsentation des Landesamtes veröffentlicht (www.umweltkarten.mv-regierung.de).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; Geologie ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Landesaufnahme ; Geologische Karte ; Kartenportal Umwelt ; Bohrdatenspeicher
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: THESIS ABSTRACT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: The paper presents results of multiproxy-investigations of a 3 m long sediment section from the Glowe Palaeolake, covering the period Pre-Bølling to the middle of the Preboreal. The Lateglacial and early Holocene landscape development comprising climate fluctuations, lake evolution, lake-level variations and vegetation history is reconstructed using pollen, diatom, macrofossil, molluscs as well as sedimentological and geochemical data based on 14C-dating. The palaeolake appeared due to the decay of the permafrost during the Bølling and developed in the Allerød into a 3–4 m deep, species-poor and macrophyte-rich stillwater. The submerse vegetation and fauna decreased during the Younger Dryas, but returned fast and with higher density in the Preboreal. Phases of cooler climate can be parallelized with the Gerzensee oscillation, the Younger Dryas and the Rammelbeek oscillation, which each are palynologically bipartite. In contrast, indications for the Older Dryas were only scarce. The cooler phases were characterized by intensified allochthonous clastic input into the lake. During the Younger Dryas the input was dominated by solifluction processes, while during the Allerød and the Preboreal predominantly fluvial processes occurred. The most significant changes in the palaeoecology of the lake were caused by the rapid warming at the onset of the Preboreal. During the phases of warmer climate the vegetation development was influenced by the vicinity to the Baltic Ice Lake, which caused – compared to more southerly regions – a delayed spread of Pinus. Also, the long term climate changes determined the alterations in the chemical sediment composition, the diatom flora and the macrophyte vegetation. Short term variations, which caused the closely spaced sediment layering mainly in the older part of the sediment section cannot be explained so far. The course of the outcropping stratigraphic units was used to construct a lake-level curve. It shows a rapid rise in the early Allerød and a subsequent slower rise until the highstand in the Younger Dryas. In the early Preboreal, a fast lake-level fall occurred, the palaeolake silted up and dried out in the middle of the Preboreal.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; geochemistry ; radiocarbon dating ; vegetation history ; late glacial ; pollen ; molluscs ; early holocene ; diatoms ; macrofossils ; lake sediments ; northern Central Europe ; palaeolake ; climate fluctuation ; lake-level variation
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 7
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: editorial
    Keywords: 551.7
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 8
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Das ehemalige Gaswerk liegt innerhalb der Stadt Neubrandenburg „Am Güterbahnhof“, umgeben von Altbausubstanz mit gewerblicher Nutzung und Wohnbebauung. Die Produktion von Stadtgas aus Steinkohle begann hier 1867. Eine Erweiterung erfolgte im Ersten Weltkrieg durch die Inbetriebnahme einer Wassergasanlage zur Streckung des Steinkohlengases, einer Benzolgewinnungsanlage und einer Sulfatfabrik. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg kam es zur Zerstörung der drei Gasbehälter und von Teilen der Bebauung. Nach 1945 wurde das Gaswerk mit einem Gasbehälter wieder aufgebaut. In den letzten Nutzungsjahren traten zahlreiche Havarien durch übergelaufene Teer- und Ammoniakgruben sowie durch verstopfte Leitungen auf. 1971 erfolgten die Stilllegung des Gaswerkes und ein teilweiser Rückbau der oberirdischen Anlagen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; Neubrandenburg ; Grundwasser ; Gaswerk ; Sanierung ; Altlast ; Kontamination ; Historie
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 9
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Im Revier Waldsee, zwischen Neustrelitz und Feldberg in der Mecklenburgischen Seenplatte, sind überwiegend Bildungen des Sanders vor der Pommerschen Haupteisrandlage verbreitet. In den Sanderflächen treten vereinzelt sehr große Findlinge auf. Die zwei größten aufgefundenen Findlinge werden petrographisch beschrieben und als schützenswerte Geotope empfohlen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; Geologie ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Findlinge ; Feldberger Seenlandschaft
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Bei dem für die Eugen-Geinitz-Sicht in Usadel ausgewählten Findling (Fundort: vermutlich Kiesgrube Siedenbüssow) handelt es sich um ein seltenes monomiktes Konglomerat, dessen Herkunft – und damit auch sein Bildungsalter – bisher nicht genau bestimmt werden kann. In einer sandigen bis feinkiesigen, rötlich-violetten Matrix befinden sich zahlreiche helle, mäßig gerundete Gesteinsbruchstücke bis 12 cm Größe aus kristallinem Quarz (Gangquarz). Konglomerate mit einer ähnlichen Zusammensetzung sind als lokale Einschaltungen in mesoproterozoischen Sandsteinen und Grauwacken an der Hohen Küste in Nordschweden bekannt und möglicherweise als isolierte Vorkommen im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet jotnischer Rotsedimente zu finden. Aufgrund der Zusammensetzung und des relativ geringen Verfestigungsgrades kann aber auch eine Zuordnung zur klastischen Abfolge der jüngstproterozoisch-unterkambrischen Nexö-Formation Bornholms nicht völlig ausgeschlossen werden, deren basale Schichten ebenfalls unter terrestrischen, oxidativen Bedingungen abgelagert wurden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; geschiebe ; monomiktes Konglomerat ; Nexö-Formation ; Eugen-Geinitz-Sicht ; Jotnischer Sandstein
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: The sedimentary and morphological evidence for Lateglacial glacier fluctuations in the Lienz area provides a strong case against the currently used pentapartite stratigraphic subdivision of the Alpine Lateglacial (ALG; c. 19–11.7 ka) i.e. the timespan between the Würmian Pleniglacial (= Alpine Last Glacial Maximum; AlpLGM) and the beginning of the Holocene. The results of comprehensive geological mapping (including the detection of mass movements) supported by geochronological data and pollen analysis revealed that the ALG- record of the Schobergruppe mountains and the Lienz Dolomites can be subdivided into four unconformity-bounded (allostratgraphic) units which are linked to three climatostratigraphically-defined phases of glacier activity. Delta deposits and till of local glaciers document the phase of ice-decay after the AlpLGM. Between this period and the Bølling/Allerød (B/A) interstadial only one glacier stabilisation with massive end moraines, correlated with the Gschnitz stadial, is evident. Multiple end moraines prove the presence of very active glacier tongues during the Younger Dryas aged Egesen stadial. The 10Be exposure dating of an end moraine, previously attributed to the Daun stadial (pre-B/A interstadial) based on ΔELA values, provided an age of 12.8 ± 0.6 ka indicating it is of Younger Dryas age. This case highlights the pitfalls of the commonly used ΔELA-based stratigraphic ALG subdivision and the subsequent derivation of palaeoclimatic implications. ΔELAs are still considered as a useful tool for correlation on the local scale e.g. in one mountain group with a quite comparable topography and lithology and taking into account the limitations, especially the impact of debris cover. However, our results show that a stratigraphic correlation across the whole Alpine chain via ΔELAs is not a successful approach potentially leading to bias and, eventually, to circular arguments.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; palynology ; alps ; late pleistocene ; lateglacial ; younger dryas ; geological mapping ; allostratigraphy ; climatostratigraphy ; exposure dating ; deformable bed
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Nachweise von 106 Arten der Kurzflügelkäfer in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (MV) zwischen 1989 und 2016 werden dokumentiert und diskutiert. Anhand aktueller Nachweise mit dem Autokescher wird die Verbreitung und Häufigkeit einiger Arten in MV neu bewertet. Zwei Arten sind neu für die Fauna des Bundeslandes: 〈i〉Cousya longitarsis〈/i〉 (Thomson, 1867) and 〈i〉Philonthus ebeninus〈/i〉 (Gravenhorst, 1802). Xerotherme Standorte, sandige Ufer von Fließgewässern und Salzwiesen sind in MV selten bzw. werden oftmals massiv beeinträchtigt. Diese Habitate beherbergen jedoch eine Vielzahl ökologisch anspruchsvoller Arten und sollten deshalb besonders geschützt werden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 910 ; fauna ; rare species ; riparian species
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Blattwespen des Zoologischen Institutes der Universität Rostock, insbesondere die Sammlungen Jahn und Haupt, wurden revidiert. Das Material aus den Familien Argidae, Cephidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Orussidae, Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, Tenthredinidae und Xiphydriidae stammt aus zehn deutschen Bundesländern, hauptsächlich aus Brandenburg und Hessen. Für folgende Taxa fehlen Hinweise in den Checklisten für die jeweiligen Bundesländer in der Entomofauna Germanica (Blank et al. 2001): Für Brandenburg 〈i〉Tenthredo arcuata〈/i〉 Forster, 1771 und 〈i〉Cimbex connatus〈/i〉 (Schrank, 1776), für Hessen 〈i〉Sterictiphora angelicae〈/i〉 (Panzer, 1799) und 〈i〉Tenthredopsis tarsata〈/i〉 (Fabricius, 1804), für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 〈i〉Orussus abietinus〈/i〉 (Scopoli, 1763), für Sachsen 〈i〉Macrodiprion nemoralis〈/i〉 (Enslin, 1917), für Nordrhein-Westfalen 〈i〉Pamphilius betulae〈/i〉 Linnaeus, 1758, für Rheinland-Pfalz 〈i〉Urocerus gigas〈/i〉 Linnaeus, 1758. Daneben finden sich Einzelfunde aus Frankreich, Liechtenstein, Polen, Slowakei, Spanien und der Schweiz.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 910 ; fauna ; deutschland ; europa ; Blattwespen ; Symphyta ; Verbreitung
    Language: German
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Es wird ein unterkambrisches Sandsteingeschiebe von Rügen mit 14 kegelförmigen Strukturen vom Conichnus-Typ in Vergesellschaftung mit dem Spurenfossil Monocraterion vorgestellt.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; geschiebe ; Sandstein ; Bornholm ; Conichnus
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Remarkable polygenetical structures were observed at a refinery rehabilitation site in Wedel/Holstein. The polygonal shaped, channel-like structures are incised in mid-Saalian clayey, chalk-rich till. They are symmetrically semicircular shaped and filled with calcareous, silty sands that can be interpreted as sandy reworked till with aeolian components. The width reaches from approx. 0.3 to 1.5 metres, the depth up to approx. 0.8 metres. Horizontal cracks up to more than 10 meters in lengths, occurring as narrow belts of sand with reddish colour, are often centrally aligned in the channel-like structures. The present-day red colour is not natural but related to pollution. These belts reach down to the bottom of the channel like structures. At the lower site of the channel-like structures glacitectonic fissures with a width up to a few centimetres were to be traced into a depth of several metres to the basis of the excavat ion. The genesis of the channel-like structures is discussed. e. g. a possible relation with the pre-existing glacitectonic joints resp. the expected periglacial paleohydrogeological setting.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; periglacial channels ; Weichselian periglacial ; frost wedges ; glacitectonism ; paleohydrogeology ; talik ; Elbe spillway
    Language: German
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Hochterrassen (High or Higher Terraces) are a prominent geomorphological feature of the Northern Alpine Foreland and have traditionally been attributed to the Rissian glaciation. However, distinct morphological sublevels observed for this feature have often raised the question of their age. This issue is exemplarily investigated here on the Langweider and Rainer Hochterrassen in the lower Lech valley using different relative and numerical dating techniques. The lowest sublevel, the Übergangsterrasse is only preserved in small patches at the western rim of the Rainer Hochterrasse and is most probably of early Würmian age. The sublevel of the Jüngere Hochterrasse is older than the Last Interglacial, as indicated by luminescence ages of overlying loess/palaeosol sequence and the development of a luvisol on top of the terrace gravel. This terrace is composed of stacked gravel units that represent at least two accumulation phases correlating with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 for the top gravel and MIS 7 to MIS 10 (or older) for the basal gravel. It is not yet clear, if the deposition of the basal gravel unit corresponds to one or more aggradation phases during the Middle Pleistocene. The highest sublevel, the Ältere Hochterrasse also shows a compositon of two stacked gravel units but so far, no numerical ages have been achieved for these units.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; northern alpine foreland ; middle pleistocene ; luminescence dating ; Hochterrassen ; fluvial terraces
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823) cranial and postcranial remains of the Pößneck region in the Zechstein Karst region of the Thuringian Mountains (Central Germany) were excavated historically in the Wüste Scheuer Cavity at Döbritz. Nearby, at the Krölpa gypsum karst open air site, additionally a woolly rhinoceros, partially scavenged by Ice Age spotted hyenas, was found. The amount at Wüste Scheuer Cavity includes chew damaged Coelodonta antiquitatis remains and is classified herein as communal den type. At both den/scavenging sites, only a small amount of prey material of Late Pleistocene megafauna of rare M. primigenius, mainly C. antiquitatis, E. c. przewalskii, and fewer B. priscus and R. tarandus was accumulated. The dominance of woolly rhinoceros, bison and Przewalski horse bones are typical for hyena bone assemblages in European low mountain regions, where mammoth was nearly absent as a result of topography. In the Thuringian Karst Mountains nine Late Pleistocene Ice Age spotted hyena den sites are identified. Solely hyena dens are present in Zechstein open air gypsum and limestone karstic regions of Bad Köstritz, Krölpa and Fuchsluken Cavities near Saalfeld. In the Wüste Scheuer their remains overlap with Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal human camp sites, similar as in the Ilsen Cave at Ranis and Lindenthal Cave in Gera, which demonstrates competition for prey and shelter cavities. At such cave sites, bone remains were historically misinterpreted as „solely of Neanderthal human kitchen rubbish” or even as “bone tools” (e.g. “bone scrapers” = woolly rhinoceros tibia bones chewed by hyenas).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; late pleistocene ; Ice Age spotted hyenas ; den types ; Thuringian Mountains ; Central Germany
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Eine durch einen Bodenschurf aufgeschlossene Boden-Sediment-Folge einer alten Seeterrasse im Einzugsgebiet des Priesterbäker Sees zeigt deutliche Fazieswechsel im Uferbereich des Gewässers. Die Abfolge von liegenden humosen Sanden, welche einen ehemaligen Verlandungssaum nachzeichnen, limnischen Sanden mit Bodenbildung und hangenden Flugsanden belegt Änderungen in der Sedimentation, welche mit säkularen Grundwasser- bzw. Seespiegelschwankungen zu erklären sind. Mit Hilfe von geophysikalischen Datierungen lassen sich gegenüber dem heutigen Niveau höhere Wasserstände für den Priesterbäker See bzw. die so genannten „Specker Seen“ östlich der Müritz während des 7.–9. und 12.–14. Jahrhunderts ableiten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; seespiegelschwankungen ; mecklenburg ; Seeterrasse ; Priesterbäker See ; Slawenzeit
    Language: German
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: C/O-stable isotope composition (VPDB) of speleothems from the Makkaronihalle of the Hüttenbläserschacht Cave in Iserlohn shows a clear separation between glacial and interglacial calcites. In contrast to normal speleothems (stalagmites, excentriques, crystals in cave ponds, draperies; δ18O: –4.0 to –6.1 ‰, δ13C: –4.9 to –10.9 ‰), rhombohedral crystal sinter and spherulitic speleoparticles are characterised by lower δ18O (–8.9 to –17.9 ‰) and higher δ13C values (+0.7 to –6.1 ‰). This suggests that these speleogenetic particles were formed in slowly freezing waterpools on ice during the transition from a stadial to an interstadial phase. Precise 230Th/U-dating shows younger Weichselian ages of 28.6 to 33.0 ka for these speleogenetic particles from north-west Germany. These formation periods indicate freezing conditions overlain by 34 m of hostrock and provide the minimum depth of permafrost penetration for the younger Weichselian in the area of the northern Sauerland (north-west Germany).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; permafrost ; Cryogenic calcites ; C/O isotopes ; Upper Weichselian ; ice caves ; north-western Germany
    Language: German
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: On the basis of the work done by Strahl et al. (1994), the mollusc specimens in the Late Saalian glacial and Eemian interglacial sediments from the cliff outcrop of Klein Klütz Höved (NW Mecklenburg) were re-examined and, in the process, a few vertebrates (fishes, micromammals) were also found. The mollusc specimens from the Late Saalian sand and mud alone comprise approximately 40 species among which terrestrial varieties, e.g. Succinella oblonga, Pupilla loessica, P. pratensis, Vallonia tenuilabris or Vertigo genesii, are clearly predominant as far as the number of individual specimens is concerned. Among the limnic varieties were also found the glacial index species Pisidium obtusale f. lapponicum and P. stewarti. It was also possible to prove the northern-most presence for Germany of the steppe lemming Lagurus lagurus in the Late Saalian. In the Eemian mud, the molluscs found were almost exclusively limnic. This about 20 species comprising fauna is characte-ristic of a river system with calmer areas, oxbow lakes and in-coming springs. These fluvial conditions were confirmed by the freshwater bivalves Pisidium amnicum, P. supinum, P. moitessierianum, P. ponderosum and Unio tumidus. For the first time in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, evidence was found of the spring snail Belgrandia germanica as an interglacial index species. The limnic-fluvial section of the Eemian is topped by a cryoturbate structures. Its sandy, gravelly pockets contain marine molluscs. The index species for the marine Eemian found in the southern Baltic region are Polititapes senescens and Bittium reticulatum.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; molluscs ; Saalian deposits ; limnic and marine Eemian facies ; Belgrandia germanica ; micromammals ; Lagurus lagurus ; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
    Language: German
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Tendenziell fallende Grundwasserstände können vielfältige Ursachen haben, z.B. die Änderung der klimatischen Bedingungen, Modifikationen der Landnutzung oder die Entnahme von Grundwasser. Am Beispiel Südwest-Usedoms wird dargestellt, wie mögliche Einflussfaktoren analysiert und quantifiziert werden können. Für das Untersuchungsgebiet zeigte sich, dass die über Jahrzehnte gesunkenen Grundwasserstände überwiegend aus der Kahlschlagbewirtschaftung des Waldes resultieren und damit weniger einen Trend als eine überjährliche Schwankung ausweisen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; 554.3 ; forest ; Sickerwasser ; Grundwasser ; Grundwasserneubildung ; Wald ; Landschaftswasserhaushalt ; Trend ; Grundwasserentnahme ; geohydraulisches Modell ; Landscape water regime ; Groundwater ; Groundwater recharge ; percolate water ; Groundwater extraction ; Groundwater modelling ; Geohydraulic model ; Grundwasserströmung ; Modellierung
    Language: German
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: A soil-sediment sequence in NE Germany has provided information about the duration and intensity of formation of a Bw horizon in Holocene slope deposits. With a combination of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), 14C- and archaeological dating methods, colluvial layers taken from a former castle wall trench constructed during the Bronze Age were dated. With this chronology, the relative age of the postsedimentary Bw horizon formation within the colluvial sediments was derived, resulting in the first valid pedochronological data (maximum and minimum age) for a Holocene Bw horizon in NE Germany. The horizon was formed within 2400 years. Weathering and brunification have altered the Holocene parent material. However, the geochemical characteristics of the Holocene soil formation are weak compared to Bw horizons from the Late Glacial and the Late Glacial to Holocene. The results presented here enhance our understanding of soil formation processes in northern Germany, while highlighting the role of colluvial layers as sedimentological tracers of Holocene soil formation processes.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; holocene ; ne germany ; dating ; Bw horizon ; Slope deposits ; soil formation
    Language: English
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: A radiocarbon-dated peat profile from Rond Pertuis supérieure mire in the uplands of the Northern Vosges is studied using palynological methods. The profile dates from the middle Atlantic period (4500–3100 B.C.) to recent times. During the middle of the Atlantic period an oak forest rich in pine covered the Northern Vosges. Fir and beech immigrated at the end of the Atlantic leading to the decline of oak and pine in the forest. This also marked the onset of decisive human influence on the development of the terrestrial vegetation. Five land use phases were detected, the first one at the end of the Neolithic period (~4000–2200 B.C.). Subsequently, continuous land use is evident from the Bronze Age (2200–800 B.C.) up to now. In the late Middle Ages (A.D. 900–1500) and the early Modern Era (since A.D. 1500), the woodlands were completely altered by human activities. During the 19th century modern forestry introduced spruce into the investigated area in the Northern Vosges. Spruce afforestation then accelerated in the middle of the 20th century.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; holocene ; pollen analysis ; france ; human impact ; Northern Vosges
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This article presents investigations of a diverse landscape in the young moraine area of southeastern Schleswig-Holstein (Stormarn county). The northern part of the study area represents a large basin, possibly a glacier basin influenced by glaciofluvial meltwaters or by dead ice. Organic sedimentation occurred in this basin from the Late-glacial (Bölling/Alleröd interstadial complex), followed by a longer lake phase and the growth of a fen after c. 5.000 14C a B.P. The central area of the basin was formed as ice-disintegration landscape – including kames, eskers and esker-like features. Ring-like glaciofluvial landform structures are interpreted as subcircular eskers. Kettle bogs developed in the centres of these landforms from c. 5.000 14C a BP (Atlantic/Subboreal) onwards. The southern and south-eastern part of the study area represents a smoothed moraine zone, that includes a glaciotectonically influenced Saalian core of till, sand and glacilacustrine sediment. Parallel aligned gullies were predominantly formed as tunnel valleys. Some parts of the channels are infilled with glaciolacustrine clays. Several channels, asymmetric in cross-profile, were shaped by periglacial slope denudation.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; weichselian late glacial ; valley formation ; subcircular esker ; kame ; ice decay landforms
    Language: German
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: THESIS ABSTRACT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; tibet ; late holocene ; glacier fluctuation
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: THESIS ABSTRACT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; china ; late quaternary ; drylands ; aeolian sedimentary system
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: THESIS ABSTRACT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; late quaternary ; tablelands ; Taiwan ; sedimentary process ; erosional process
    Language: English
    Type: article , Verlagsversion
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The “Hötting Breccia” near Innsbruck is a classic interglacial mountain-flank succession mainly comprising lithified alluvial fans and scree slopes. Directly NW of Innsbruck, a pre-LGM (Riss?) basal till 〉20 m in thickness overlies a plucked rock surface that records eastward ice flow. The till is dominated by clasts of carbonate rocks from the Northern Calcareous Alps; index clasts of the LGM ice stream are absent. The basal till is overlain by a package of conglomerate nearly 1 km in preserved lateral extent that dip at 20–30° South and show the same clast spectrum as the underlying till. The conglomerate – hitherto assigned to the Hötting Breccia – accumulated from fan deltas and/or scree slopes shed into a standing water body; it is overlain by younger, unlithified LGM to Holocene deposits. We suggest the following scenario: During decay of the ice stream that formed the basal till, the conglomerate package was deposited by paraglacial reworking of till into a lake or ice-marginal lake. The alluvial fans of the Hötting Breccia accumulated independently from the conglomerate package, and from a distinct alluvial-fan system. The age relation of the till/conglomerate package to the main part of the Hötting Breccia is unclear. Our results demonstrate that the rocks hitherto summarized as Hötting Breccia represent a compound of lithosomes of different origins and ages.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; quaternary ; interglacial ; alps ; till ; conglomerate ; Hötting Breccia ; index clasts
    Language: English
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Express Report
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; geomorphology ; late glacial ; airborne LiDAR ; northern Brandenburg ; digital elevation modelling ; Salt Tectonic ; Laacher Tephra
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Internationally, the description and interpretation of glacial sediments and landforms largely follow a set of uniform guidelines and terminology. Sediments are normally described according to their lithofacies characteristics (e.g. diamicton, sorted sands), and only after closer inspection and investigation are genetic terms applied (e.g. till, glaciofluvial outwash). Mixing of sedimentological and geomorphological terminology does not occur. In German-speaking countries, however, the term moraine is used for glaciogenic sediments and landforms such as end moraines and also adopted for till plains (“ground moraine landscapes”, “old/young morainic landscapes” etc.). Similar traditions of the latter kind are sometimes found as a relict in Scandinavian texts, and an equally profound mixing of terms is found in much of the French literature. The authors argue here that this mixture not only leads to unnecessary confusion for students but also makes international communication more difficult, especially when the terminological inconsistencies are as extensive and non-systematic as in the German community at present. The present paper presents a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art of till terminology, thereby providing the necessary background information for a useful description and interpretation of field evidence for communicating results in German and hopefully aiding more efficient communication of German Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists internationally. The aim is to provide a sedimentological terminology that is in agreement with international standards and can readily be distinguished from geomorphological vocabulary. The authors recommend that usage of the term ground moraine, for example, is restricted to certain landform associations encountered in NW Central Europe, and excluded from use when discussing sediments. For primary glaciogenic sediments sensu stricto the term till should be used only where appropriate sedimentological evidence exists. A process-based subdivision of till types (e.g. deformation, lodgement till) is not useful in most cases, because as a community we do not have the tools to reliably distinguish such processes at a macro-scale. This recognition has led to the creation of the highly useful umbrella term subglacial traction till and its distinction from overridden primary sediments that are termed glaciotectonite. The present contribution translates the older terminology to the internationally-accepted terminology that follows the scientifically-robust approach of splitting descriptive terminology – based on a lithofacies approach (e.g. diamicton) – from the latter interpretative stage (e.g. subglacial traction till, debris flow deposit). The authors present translations of the different till schemes that have existed through time and link these to the current state of the art, citing several examples and clear diagnostic criteria to distinguish various types of diamictic sediments. This contribution stresses that the majority of diamictons encountered in glacial environments, especially in ice-marginal settings, are not usually and certainly not automatically subglacial traction tills.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; grundmoräne ; quartärgeologie ; moräne ; sedimentologie ; terminologie ; sedimentology ; till ; moraines ; diamicton ; glacial sediments ; Quaternary Geology ; subglazialer Traktionstill ; glaziale Sedimente ; Diamikton ; Lithofaziesaufnahme ; subglacial traction till ; debris flow ; lithofacies approach
    Language: German
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-08-04
    Description: Die paläolithische Freilandstation Budino liegt im Lourotal, Südwest-Galizien (Spanien), und wurde 1963 von E. de Aguirre teilweise ausgegraben. Die Werkstätten und vermutlichen Lagerplätze weisen eine Vielfalt von Steintechniken und Artefaktentypen auf, die in ungestörter Assoziierung und geologischer Lagerung gefunden wurden. Aus Quarzit und Quarz hergestellt, enthält das Werkzeuginventar Haugeräte, dreiseitige Hacken, sogenannte Camposancos-Hacken, clactonartige Abschläge und Kerbstücke, Proto-Faustkeile, gezahlte Stücke und andere Abschlagswerkzeuge. Trotz der starken morphologischen Beziehungen zum Camposanquien (oder Languedocien) einerseits, zum Asturiense andererseits, deuten die geologischen Verhältnisse und Radiokarbonbestimmungen auf ein Mittelwürm-Alter. Die Täler des niederen Mino und des Louro weisen einen Hochterrassenkomplex (+76/80 m, 65/68 m, 52/59 m), zwei Mittelterrassen (+42/44 m, 34/36 m), Nieder- (+22/24 m) und Überschwemmungsterrassen (+3/10 m) auf. Da Hinweise auf Kryoturbation oder Frostsprengung in den Terrassenbildungen fehlen, wurden sie wohl unter warmzeitlichen Bedingungen aufgeschottert, hauptsächlich als Auswirkung verschiedener hoher Meeresspiegelstände. Die oberste Mittelterrasse ist unmittelbar mit einer 44/49 m Strandterrasse der Atlantikküste verknüpft, während die untere Mittel- sowie die Niederterrasse wahrscheinlich mit Strandniveaus von +33/36 m bzw. +23/24 m zu parallelisieren sind. Die Überschwemmungsterrasse ist Postglazial, zeigt ein steileres Gefälle als die pleistozänen Terrassen und könnte der Entwaldung und Bodenerosion zuzuschreiben sein. Die Oberfläche des Hochterrassenkomplexes (Altpleistozän?) ist stark verwittert und von einer Rotlehmdecke überzogen. Entsprechende Meeresspiegelstände sind an der Küste nicht nachzuweisen. Das Alter der Mittelterrasse (mit Hinweisen auf rote Paläoböden) und Niederterrasse (ohne Paläoböden) ist unsicher (Mittelpleistozän?). Kleintektonik, Flußeinschneidung sowie niedrige Strandausbildungen in +10/12 m, +6/7m und +2,5 m sind insgesamt zwischen der Niederterrasse und den jungpleistozänen Ablagerungen einzuschalten. Drei stratigraphische Einheiten können auf Grund des geologischen Befundes und der Radiokarbonbestimmungen unterschieden werden: die Mougás-Schichten (Frühwürm, älter wie 40000 J.), die Sanjián-Schichten (Mittelwürm, ca. 28000 - 16000 v. H.), und die La Guardia-Schichten (Spätwürm). Normalerweise geht jede vertikale Schichtfolge von einem organischen Kolluvium, das vermutlich von Tangelranker-Paläoböden zusammengeschwemmt wurde, in Hangschuttdecken, Schwemmfächern oder -kegel über. Da Frostsprengung, kryoturbate Störungen sowie andere periglaziale Lagerungserscheinungen nicht festzustellen sind, können diese grobkörnigen Aufschüttungen der Flächenspülung und dem Gekriech zugeschrieben werden. Die Fundstelle Budino ist gleichaltrig mit den Sanjián-Schichten und datiert aus der Zeit zunehmender Kälte, die dem „Paudorf“-Farmdale Interstadial folgte.
    Description: research
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    Language: English
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: Höhlensinter bietet gute Voraussetzungen für die Anwendung der Radiocarbon-Datierung. Es werden einige Ergebnisse von Messungen an Stalagmiten mitgeteilt; die Untersuchung erfolgte im C14-Laboratorium des 2. Physikalischen Instituts der Universität Heidelberg. Nimmt man für sekundären Kalk einen Rezentstandard von 85% an, so liegen die Wachstumsperioden der untersuchten Stalagmiten innerhalb des postglazialen Klimaoptimums. Das bestärkt die Ansicht, daß die Wachstumsgrenzen von Sintergenerationen Zeitmarken für klimatische Übergangsphasen sind. Zur genaueren Prüfung der Situation ist eine Meßreihe geplant, aus der sich C14-Daten für die postglaziale Klimageschichte ergeben sollten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 34
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: Es werden fünf halbierte Fersenbeine (Calcaneum) von Höhlenbären aus der Balver-Höhle in Südwestfalen beschrieben. Als Vergleich werden gleiche Fundstücke aus drei verschiedenen Höhlen in Süddeutschland erwähnt. Die Frage ist, ob Fraßreste von Höhlenhyänen oder Artefakte vorliegen. Da an den Fundstücken aus der Balver Höhle keine Fraßspuren nachweisbar sind, wie etwa Eindrücke der Eckzähne, nimmt der Verfasser mit Vorbehalt an, daß es Artefakte gewesen sein könnten, zumal er an den Knochenstücken Hiebspuren von schärferen Steinen wahrzunehmen glaubt. Als evtl. Verwendungszweck können Fellglätter angenommen werden oder aber die distalen, knopfähnlichen abgeschlagenen Enden können vielleicht als Spielknöchelchen oder als Jagdtrophäen verwendet worden sein. Im letzteren Falle evtl. durchlocht als Kette getragen wurden. Sicherlich befinden sich in magazinierten Knochenbeständen der Sammlungen gleiche halbierte Fersenbeine.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: Die Schuttdecken vor einigen Strukturformen des Muschelkalkes im niedersächsischen Bergland werden stratigraphisch gedeutet. Sie bestehen aus Muschelkalkwanderschutt und Rötfließerden und enthalten in ihrem unteren Teil lagenweise eine Lößbeimengung. Innerhalb dieser älteren Schichten lassen sich häufig Schwemmsedimente feststellen. Die Schuttdecken können aufgrund ihrer Beziehung zu den Talböden der letzten Kaltzeit und aufgrund anderer Kriterien in das Weichselglazial gestellt werden. Ihre Auswertung für die Geomorphologie ergibt, daß der Schwerpunkt der Abtragung während der letzten Kaltzeit in der Nähe der Röt-Muschelkalk-Grenze lag, so daß sich die Durchbiegung des Hanges vergrößerte. Das an Strukturformen des Muschelkalkes häufig auftretende konkave Vorderseitenprofil läßt sich also auf pleistozän-periglaziale Prozesse zurückführen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: Der Einfluß der weicheleiszeitlichen periglazialen Formung auf die Umgestaltung der Altmoränengebiete wird am Beispiel des im Norddeutschen Tiefland gelegenen Uelzener Beckens untersucht. Dieses Gebiet erhielt seine grundlegende Formung durch das Warthe-Inlandeis und lag während der Weichsel-Eiszeit im periglazialen Bereich. Es werden zwei Beispiele für eine durch fluviale und solifluidale Prozesse verursachte Reliefumkehr im kleinen gezeigt. Eine Abschätzung der Größenordnung der Abtragung im Beckenbereich 1.) seit dem Rückzug des Warthe-Eises und 2.) seit dem Eem-Interglazial wird ermöglicht 1.) durch die Umkehr der Entwässerung nach dem Eiszerfall und 2.) durch die Höhenlage Eem-zeitlicher Ablagerungen über dem heutigen Beckenboden. Danach muß man mit einer allgemeinen Erniedrigung des Beckenbodens um etwa 20 m seit der ausgehenden Warthe-Zeit rechnen; davon sind etwa 10 m allein der weichseleiszeitlichen Abtragung zuzuschreiben.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: Es wird eine schematische Kurve für das ganze Eiszeitalter, zunächst für Mitteleuropa, gezeichnet. Sie gilt aber auch für die ganze übrige Welt. Sie ist keine maßstabsgerechte Temperaturkurve; dafür reichen die Daten noch nicht aus. Die Einteilung geschieht so, daß drei Abschnitte unterschieden werden (Alt-, Mittel- und Jungquartär), die jedesmal aus zwei Zyklen (Kalt- und Warmzeit) bestehen. Das Altquartär umfaßt dabei wahrscheinlich noch einen weiteren Zyklus, der ebenfalls aus einer Kalt- und einer Warmzeit von geringerem Ausmaß besteht. Der Umfang der Kaltzeiten scheint im Laufe der Entwicklung zuzunehmen und sein Maximum in der Mindel- oder Riß-Eiszeit zu erreichen. Die Zahlen, die nach der K/Ar-Methode für die menschliche Entwicklung angegeben werden, sind in ihrer jetzigen Größenordnung schwer in der Kurve unterzubringen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: Nach der vorläufigen Einstellung der sich über 9 Jahre erstreckenden Ausgrabungen wird nunmehr eine erste detailliertere Übersicht über die Zusammensetzung der Fauna aus den einzelnen Schichten des insgesamt mit 22,5–23 m Mächtigkeit ermittelten Quartärprofils der Höhlenruine von Hunas (Nördliche Frankenalb) gegeben. Für die Klärung der Altersfrage der gesamten Ablagerungen sind insbesondere die Reste der Kleinsäuger von Wichtigkeit, die sich stellenweise in großer Menge fanden. Unter den Formen, die zu einem guten Teil mit altquartären Arten in Verbindung gebracht werden müssen, bedeuten Allocricetus bursae Schaub und Parapodemus coronensis Schaub sicherlich eine regelrechte Überraschung. Bestimmt jünger als die Fauna von Steinheim a. d. Murr, dürfte die Fauna von Hunas im wesentlichen der Riß-Eiszeit mit ihren verschiedenen Abschnitten, sowie dem Riß-Würm-Interglazial angehören.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-02
    Description: In einer Talweitung des unteren Werratales wurden in den Terrassen-Ablagerungen fossile Böden gefunden, die im Zusammenhang mit Sedimentationsfolgen und frostdynamischen Lagerungsstörungen eine Folge von Klima- und Formungsphasen erkennen lassen. Daraus ergibt sich eine von der bisherigen abweichende Datierung und Einordnung der Sedimente. Die Lage der z. T. gut erhaltenen älteren, überlagerten Terrassen-Oberflächen läßt tektonische Bewegungen des Talbereiches im mittleren Pleistozän vermuten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Einige Ergebnisse zur Frage der pleistozänen Harzvergletscherungen werden mitgeteilt. Diese Ergebnisse, die bei einer geologischen Kartierung des oberen Odertales gewonnen wurden, erbringen den Nachweis, daß dieses Gebiet im Pleistozän vergletschert war. Die Geländeuntersuchungen im Odertal konzentrierten sich auf vier Endmoränenbögen und die mit ihnen verknüpften Ablagerungen, die in folgende geologisch-geomorphologische Einheiten untergliedert werden können: 1) Sander-Vorfeld, 2) Endmoränenlandschaft mit Blockwällen, Schmelzwasserrinnen und Toteislöchern, 3) Seitenmoränenlandschaft mit Kamesterrassen, Schmelzwasserrinnen, Toteislöchern, paraglazialen Teilfeldern und erratischen Geschieben, 4) Gletscherzungenbecken mit bis zu 23 m mächtigen, glazilimnischen Sedimenten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Vom Geologischen Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein durchgeführte lagerstättenkundliche und bodenphysikalische Untersuchungen an marinen Tonen des Holstein-Interglazials erbrachten den Nachweis, daß es nach der Regression des Holstein-Meeres im terrestrischen Faziesbereich zur Entstehung eines Bodens (Humus-Orterde) und im limnischen Faziesbereich zur Bildung eines „Sumpftorfes" mit abschließender algenreicher Detritusmudde gekommen ist. Zwischen der marinen Tonserie und den organogenen Ablagerungen bzw. der Bodenbildung kann eine periglaziale Phase nachgewiesen werden, die sich in einer äolischen Akkumulation und in der Bildung von Froststrukturen (Kerkoboloide) ausdrückt. Aufgrund dieser Befunde und der von Menke (1968) festgestellten palynologischen Befunde läßt sich die Holstein-Warmzeit in ein älteres (Muldsberg-Warmzeit) und ein jüngeres Holstein-Interglazial (Wacken-Warmzeit) gliedern, das durch eine mehr oder minder lang andauernde bzw. kurzfristige Periglazialphase (Mehlbek-Kaltphase) zweigeteilt wird.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die problematische Stellung der saaleeiszeitlichen Terrassenablagerungen der Werre, die sich aus der einschlägigen Literatur und den Geologischen Karten ergibt, veranlaßte den Verf. zu Terrassenuntersuchungen am Unterlauf der Werre bei Gohfeld und Bad Oeynhausen. Vor allem wurden der stratigraphische Aufbau der Ablagerungen untersucht und Rundungsmessungen an Quarzkörnern vorgenommen. Als Beispiel wird die Terrasse bei Gohfeld, Nähe Bahnhof, an der eiszeitlichen Einmündung des Sudbaches in die Werre näher beschrieben und klimatisch gedeutet. Im Hangenden des Terrassenkörpers befinden sich solifluidaler Wanderschutt bzw. Niederterrassenablagerungen, im Liegenden saaleeiszeitliche Sande und Kiese mit tieferreichenden Froststrukturen. Bei den Kiesen handelt es sich um nordische Feuersteine; die Porphyre und Granite stammen aus dem Thüringer Wald und sind daher ursprünglich von der Weser herantransportiertes, mehrfach umgelagertes Material. Die überwiegende Mehrzahl der Quarzkörner ist mittelmäßig gerundet und auf jeden Fall transportbeansprucht. Für eine einheitliche Fließgeschwindigkeit des Flusses und Akkumulation im Mittelterrassenkörper spricht die relativ gute Sortierung, denn Anzeichen für Staubeckenbildungen wurden bisher nicht gefunden. Zu Beginn der Saaleeiszeit lag die Talsohle der Werre bei Gohfeld im Lias etwas über dem Niveau der heutigen Talaue. Die Anknüpfungen der Terrassen des Werreunterlaufs an die saaleeiszeitlichen Flußablagerungen im Wesersystem konnten festgestellt werden.
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    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Zwei Torfvorkommen in der Altmoräne des westlichen Rheingletschergebietes, beide auf sicher rißeiszeitlichen Ablagerungen und überdeckt von würmglazialen Fließerden, werden untersucht und palynologisch bearbeitet. Sie gehören mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit ins Riß-/Würm-Interglazial. Von keinem der beiden Vorkommen liegt ein vollständiges Pollendiagramm vor.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Es wird der bislang vollständigste Einblick in die Schicht- und Lagerungsverhältnisse der Kiesgrube von Hörmating/Obb. geboten und dazu die Darstellung und Deutung durch Ebers (1960, 1963, 1965), Gross (1960), Kraus (1961) und Brunnacker (1962) kritisch beleuchtet. Die beiden mächtigen fossilen Böden entstanden in keinem Falle in Interstadialabschnitten der Würmeiszeit („Göttweig", „Paudorf"), sie gehören vielmehr in echte Interglazialzeiten, und zwar des prärißeiszeitlichen Mittelpleistozäns.
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    Language: German
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: In einem kleinen Lager im Tiefland bei Kitros (Makedonien) werden fluviale Bildungen durch kolluviale Sedimente und einige Meter Löß mit fossilen Böden überdeckt. Trotz der makro- und mikromorphologisch sehr ausgeprägten Böden werden die Deckschichten gemäß der allgemeinen Geländesituation, wie der Details im Profilaufbau in die Würmeiszeit gestellt. Die vier fossilen Böden sind weitgehend an Kalk verarmt, sie sind sehr tonreich und zeigen ausgesprochen verdichtetes Gefüge. Die typologische Ansprache als „rote Mediterranböden" kann vorerst allerdings nur eine Arbeitsbezeichnung sein. Der tiefste dieser Böden wird dem Zeitabschnitt Amersfoort- bis Broerup-Interstadial, der oberste dem Stillfried B zugeordnet. Gleichartige Vorkommen wurden außerdem bei Xanthi und in der nördlichen Türkei gefunden. Damit zeichnet sich eine eigenständige Löß- und Paläobodenprovinz ab. Feuchtere bzw. wechselfeuchtere Phasen werden darin durch die Böden angezeigt. Diese sind einem Ablauf zwischengeschaltet, der trockener war, der insbesondere — wie auch sonst — gegen das Hochglazial hin durch aridere Bedingungen bei erheblich abgesenkten Temperaturen ausgezeichnet war.
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  • 47
    facet.materialart.
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die Formengemeinschaft der Hochgebiete des Bayerischen Waldes ist oberhalb von etwa 1 000 m Höhe gekennzeichnet durch die Vergesellschaftung von Karen, Steilhängen, steilen Muldentalschlüssen, bandförmigen Hangversteilungen sowie Wasserfällen und Flußschnellen. Diese Formen kommen auch unterhalb der in der Literatur aufgeführten mächtigen Blockmoränen vor und sind Zeugnisse einer weitreichenden Vergletscherung. Die C14-Bestimmung einer Probe aus dem Grundmoränenkomplex im Aufschluß bei der Schustersäge im Reschwassertal gab ein Alter von etwa 40800 Jahren. Es lassen sich drei würmeiszeitliche Stadien unterscheiden: das Maximalstadium, das Blockmoränenstadium und das Karmoränenstadium. Die Schneegrenzen der Stadien betrugen etwa 1060, 1140 und 1230 m. Im Regengebiet bei Zwiesel gibt es Aufschlüsse mit Stauchungserscheinungen in hochgelegenen Terrassen. Diese Vorkommen sind älter als die letzte Eiszeit und werden entsprechend den Befunden im Schwarzwald als Spuren einer noch ausgedehnteren rißeiszeitlichen Vergletscherung gedeutet. Die Karte der Verbreitung der würmeiszeitlichen Gletscher gibt für die tschechischen Gebiete nur eine extrapolierte Verbreitung an, die auf Grund von Karteninterpretationen entstand und nicht im Gelände überprüft werden konnte.
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  • 48
    facet.materialart.
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die Deckschichten-Profile der Rheinterrassen unterhalb Kölns zeigen prinzipiell den gleichen Aufbau, wie er aus dem nördlichen Alpenvorland bekannt ist. Auf der Krefelder Mittelterrasse tritt Löß einer nachfolgenden Kaltzeit auf (z. B. Holzheim). Die Untere Mittelterrasse trägt Deckschichten von zwei jüngeren Kaltzeiten (Giesenkirchen). Auf der Jüngeren Hauptterrasse liegt eine reich gegliederte Abfolge, welche den Deckschichten über den sogenannten Riesenböden von Regensburg (K. Brunnacker 1964a) verwandt ist — also vier Kaltzeiten vertritt, von denen die älteste weiter unterteilt ist (Wegberg).
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die quartäre Grabenfüllung des nördlichen Oberrheintales baut sich aus den petrographisch gut unterscheidbaren, fluviatilen Sedimenten von Rhein, Main und Neckar auf. An der Oberfläche dieser fluviatilen Ablagerungen kam es im Jungpleistozän und Holozän zur Bildung von Flugsanddecken verschiedener Mächtigkeit und Ausdehnung; auf größeren Flächen wurden die Flugsande zu Dünen unregelmäßiger Form und Anordnung aufgeweht. Die verschiedene petrographische Ausbildung dieser Flugsande machte eine Abgrenzung folgender Flugsand-Faziesräume notwendig: 1. Das Maingebiet mit seinen mittel-grobkörnigen und meist kalkfreien Flugsanden. 2. Die Bergsträßer Flugsandvorkommen, in denen feinkörnige, kalkhaltige äolische Sedimente überwiegen. 3. Das Lorsch-Viernheimer Dünengebiet, dessen Flugsande sich von denen des Bergsträßer Raumes nur wenig unterscheiden. 4. Der Sprendlinger Horst mit seinen, den Mainflugsanden petrographisch ähnlichen, äolischen Sedimenten. Die vollständigste Profilentwicklung war im Maingebiet zu beobachten. In diesem Raum überlagern die äolischen Deckschichten, wie die eingehende Untersuchung der fluviatilen Ablagerungen deutlich gezeigt hat, auf großen Flächen die Reste eines letztinterglazialen Bodens an der Oberfläche der alt- bis mittelpleistozänen Kelsterbacher Terrasse. Gelegentlich sind Flugsande und Dünen auch auf den geringmächtigen Ablagerungen einer vermutlich Oberen Niederterrasse verbreitet, besonders wo diese randlich auf die Kelsterbacher Terrasse übergreift. Aus dem Profilaufbau der Dünen im Maingebiet läßt sich, teilweise in Anlehnung an die Lößstratigraphie, folgender Geschehnisablauf rekonstruieren: Auf den, der fluviatilen Akkumulation entzogenen, älteren Terrassenflächen überwogen im Frühwürm intensive Abtragungs- und Verlagerungsvorgänge. Am Ende dieses durch kühlfeuchte Klimabedingungen gekennzeichneten Zeitabschnittes dürfte die Bildung der lehmstreifigen Basiswechselfolge der Dünen erfolgt sein. Über den, durch einen schwer einstufbaren (W I/II?), geringmächtigen Kryoturbationshorizont nach oben begrenzten Basisschichten folgt die Hauptmasse der, meist mehrere Meter mächtigen, Dünensande. Diese im tieferen Teil stellenweise durch einen schwach ausgeprägten Naßfleckenhorizont (W II/III?) gegliederte Flugsandabfolge dürfte stratigraphisch dem Würm III-Löß der hessischen Gliederung entsprechen. Die unter den besonderen Klimabedingungen des Spätglazials auf diesen Dünensanden einsetzende Bodenentwicklung führte bis zum Alleröd-Interstadial bereits zur Bildung von Sandparabraunerden (Bänderflugsande), während im Vergleich dazu auf den jüngsten Lößdecken stellenweise schwach ausgeprägte Parabraunerden entstanden. Durch die Einlagerung einer im Mittel-Alleröd (Laacher-See-Ausbruch) gebildeten Bims-Tuffschicht im Hangenden der Bänderflugsande ist eine absolute Zeitmarke gegeben. Die Verwitterung der mit Flugsanden vermischten Bims-Tuffe zu einem braunerdeartigen Boden begann vermutlich noch während des Alleröd-Interstadials. Aus den während des Kälterückschlages in der Jüngeren Tundrenzeit gebildeten Flugsanden entstanden unter dem Einfluß des postglazialen Klimaoptimums tiefgründige Braunerden, stratigraphisch vergleichbar den Steppenböden aus Löß im benachbarten Rheinhessen sowie den Lockerbraunerden der hessischen Mittelgebirge. Diese Bodenentwicklung wurde, wie durch paläolithische Funde und die C14-Bestimmung an Holzkohlen aus einer Brandschicht nachgewiesen werden konnte, im 6.—7. Jahrh. n. Chr. durch eine letztmalige stärkere Flugsandaufwehung beendet. Die jüngsten Flugsande sind auf den Dünen meist nur schwach verwittert. In einem besonderen Abschnitt wurden Fragen der Entstehung der für Sande charakteristischen Bänderung (Sandparabraunerde) erörtert. Bei diesen Bändern handelt es sich, wie aus den Befunden eingehender Untersuchungen hervorging, um meist dünne Ton-Eisenanreicherungshorizonte; das eingeschlämmte Material entstammt wahrscheinlich im wesentlichen nicht überlagernden Bv-Horizonten, sondern dem Sediment selbst. Die Verlagerung und Anreicherung der mobilisierbaren Substanzen dürfte sowohl mechanisch als auch durch die Einwirkung chemischer Prozesse erfolgt sein. Wie aus den stratigraphischen Untersuchungen hervorging, lag die Hauptbänderbildung bereits vor dem Alleröd-Interstadial; unter gegebenen Bedingungen kann es jedoch auch heute noch zur Bänderbildung kommen.
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die sandige wie die tonige Wattfazies des Küsten-Holozäns im ostfriesischen Küstengebiet zeigt in ihren Ablagerungen einen zyklischen Aufbau. Die Zyklen in den Ablagerungen der tonigen Wattfazies sind mit biostratigraphischen und geochronologischen Daten belegte lithostratigraphische, die in denen der sandigen Wattfazies nur undatierbare lithostratigraphische Einheiten (Tab. 1). Zur Erlangung von Altersangaben und damit der Möglichkeit einer zeitlichen Gleichsetzung der Zyklen in sandiger mit denen in toniger Wattfazies werden Kontaktstellen mit biostratigraphisch und geochronologisch datierten Zyklen bzw. Schichten benutzt. Als Ergebnis wird das „Arbeitsmodell" einer lithostratigraphischen Gliederung der zyklisch aufgebauten Ablagerungen der sandigen Wattfazies vorgelegt, das einen zeitlichen Vergleich mit den Ablagerungen in toniger Wattfazies erlauben soll (Tab. 2).
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Ein aus Kiesen und Sauden der Leine-Niederterrasse gebaggerter Schädel eines Steppeniltis (Mustela [Putorius] eversmanni soergeli Éhik) wird zum Anlaß genommen, die stratigraphische und ökologische Aussagekraft dieser Iltis-Art zu überprüfen. M. eversmanni ist in Mitteleuropa bislang mit Sicherheit nur aus verschiedenen Zeitabschnitten des Würm bekannt geworden, nie aus älteren oder jüngeren Schichten. In der Gegenwart ist der Lebensraum des Steppeniltis ziemlich streng an die Halb- bzw. Kultursteppe und an die Vollsteppe gebunden, wobei die wärmeren Teile des eurasiatischen Steppengürtels bevorzugt werden. Auch während des Würm kann die Art nicht unter wesentlich anderen Umweltsverhältnissen gelebt haben. Es wird daraus gefolgert, daß es auch in den Stadialen nicht nur trockenkalte, sondern auch trockenwärmere Phasen gegeben hat.
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  • 52
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die Hypothesen zur Erklärung der großen Klimaschwankungen müssen davon ausgehen, daß es lang-, mittel- und kurzfristige Schwankungen gibt; diese verhalten sich zeitlich ungefähr wie 100 000 : 100 : 1. Fast alle gelten nur für die letzten 600 Mill. Jahre, d. h. nur für 1/7 (oder noch weniger) der Erdgeschichte, da über das Klima des Präcambriums fast nichts bekannt ist. Ein Schema (Abb. 2) zeigt, welche Klimahypothesen möglich sind. Kritisch betrachtet werden folgende, seit 1961 neu konzipierte oder neu diskutierte Hypothesen: die von P. Jordan, J. Steiner, Strahlungskurven, die Autocyklen-Hypothesen von Tanner und A. T. Wilson (als Autocyklen-Hypothesen werden solche bezeichnet, die durch einen automatisch ablaufenden Mechanismus einen cyklischen Wechsel von Glazialen und Interglazialen erklären), die Koinzidenz-Hypothese von R. W. Fairbridge, kontinentale Drift, vulkanischer Staub. Keine Hypothese befriedigt vollständig. Nach dem heutigen Stand der Kenntnisse scheinen zahlreiche Ursachen zusammenzuwirken (wie das ähnlich auch schon andere angenommen haben); das wird als multilaterale Eiszeit-Entstehung bezeichnet. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, daß das Gesamtklima der Erde seit dem späten Präcambrium nur geringe Schwankungen zeigte und erstaunlich konstant blieb (trotz großer lokaler Schwankungen in den höheren Mittelbreiten). Es ist möglich, daß der Wechsel von Glazialen und Interglazialen eine Besonderheit des Quartärs darstellt. Es erscheint auch denkbar, daß die Faktoren multilateraler Eiszeit-Entstehung kausal zusammenhängen, d. h. daß diese Hypothese eine provisorische Erklärung darstellt, die dem heutigen unvollkommenen Stand unserer Erkenntnisse entspricht und später vielleicht doch durch eine übergeordnete Eiszeithypothese ersetzt werden kann.
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Aufgrund der morphologischen Formanalyse ist eine pleistozäne Eisbedeckung im Bellsund-Bereich von durchschnittlich 400—800 m nachzuweisen. Das Ansteigen der Schliffgrenze nach E und die nach E führenden Taltröge weisen eine hochglaziale Eisüberfließung von E her nach. Eine zweite tiefere Schliffgrenze aus dem Spätglazial wird am Fjordausgang durch einen westvergenten markanten Schliffbord bei rd. 120 m deutlich. Die heutige Vergletscherung entspricht Gletschervorstößen nach der postglazialen Wärmezeit. Dabei haben die kleineren Talgletscher im Stand vom Ende des 19. Jh. ihre maximale holozäne Ausdehnung erreicht. Nur die größeren Fjordendgletscher zeigen weit vorgeschobene Moränen aus gestauchten, holozänen, marinen Sedimenten. Die Gletscher des Untersuchungsbereichs sind gegenüber der Kartierung von 1936 fast alle zurückgewichen. Fossile Strandlinien holozänen Alters reichen sicher bis 60 m, wahrscheinlich bis 85 m über das heutige Meeresniveau. Höhere Hangstufen bis 264 m sind Struktur-Terrassen mit Konglomeratgeröllstreu. Die Landhebung wird aufgefaßt als die elasto-plastische Reaktion der Erdkruste auf die quartäre Eisbelastung und Eisentlastung, die einer älteren Hebungstendenz aufgeprägt ist. Die besonders breite 20-m-Terrasse dürfte einer Phase des Ausgleichs von glazial-isostatischer Landhebung und glazial-eustatischem Meeresspiegelanstieg entsprechen. Da die marinen Terrassen im Bereich der 70 km langen Fjorde keine Verkippung zeigen, ist die Landhebung hier anders als im Ostteil Spitzbergens, nicht parallel zur nach W abnehmenden Eisbelastung, sondern im Block erfolgt. Die regionalen Ergebnisse werden mit bisherigen Ergebnissen aus anderen Gebieten Spitzbergens verglichen.
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Der Löß in Bulgarien nimmt eine Fläche von 9800 km2 ein und ist ausschließlich in den Donaurandgebieten verbreitet. Er überdeckt mantelartig das ältere Relief — die pliozänen Denudations- und Sedimentationsoberflächen und pleistozänen Flußterrassen. Auf den Hochebenen liegt er auf Kreide-, Tertiär- und altpleistozänen Ablagerungen, von denen er durch eine aus rotbraunem, terrarossa-ähnlichem Lehm bestehende Verwitterungskruste getrennt ist. Auf den Terrassen liegt er auf altersunterschiedlichen Alluvialsedimenten. Die Mächtigkeit der Lößformation hängt von der Entfernung von der Donau und dem Alter des geomorphologischen Elementes, dem es aufliegt, ab. Auf den in unmittelbarer Nähe der Donau liegenden Hochebenen beträgt diese Mächtigkeit zwischen 50 und 60 m (in Lößrücken bis zu 102 m). Ungefähr 10 km südlich des Donauufers fällt diese Mächtigkeit schroff auf 25—30 m ab und erreicht in den südlichen Randgebieten kaum 4—5 m. Mit der Entfernung von der Donau verändert sich auch die lithofaziale Zusammensetzung, wobei die einzelnen lithofazialen Varietäten territorial als schmale, unter sich und zur Donau parallel verlaufende Streifen in folgender Reihenfolge auftreten: lößartiger Sand, sandiger Löß, typischer Löß, lehmiger Löß und lößartiger Lehm. Als Grundlage der Lößstratigraphie dienen die Fossilböden, die in bezug auf Zahl, Typ und räumliche Verbreitung hohe Beständigkeit aufweisen. Die Zahl der Lößhorizonte hängt vom Alter des Reliefelements, auf das sich der Lößkomplex ablagert, wie auch von den Erhaltungsbedingungen der primären Akkumulation ab. Auf den vorquartären und unterpleistozänen Reliefformen besteht der Lößkomplex aus sechs Lößhorizonten, die von fünf Fossilböden getrennt sind. Auf der 20—35-m-Terrasse (Riß/Würm I) finden sich drei Lößhorizonte, die durch zwei Fossilböden getrennt sind, auf der 12—15-m-Terrasse (Würm II) ein Lößhorizont. Auf Grund der paläopedologischen, paläontologischen und vorgeschichtlichen Daten und des Prinzips der stratigraphischen Analogie nehmen wir an, daß der erste Lößhorizont während des Mindel I, der zweite im Mindel II, der dritte zur Rißeiszeit (I u. II) der vierte im Würm I, der fünfte im Würm II, der sechste im Würm III abgelagert worden sind, wobei der zweite und der dritte der Fossilböden interglaziale und die übrigen interstadiale Böden darstellen. Die bisher durchgeführten Untersuchungen begründen die Annahme, daß der Löß in Bulgarien äolischen Ursprungs ist und aus den Überschwemmungsgebieten der Donau ausgeweht wurde.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: In der Roten Höhle bei Bileca (Jugoslawien) wurden über 20 m mächtige Sedimente mit zahlreichen Tierresten und vorgeschichtlichen Funden erschlossen. Die Begehung der Höhle durch den Menschen setzt mit einer dem Levalloisien verwandten Kultur ein, führt über das Moustérien zum Jungpaläolithikum und weiter zum Mesolithikum und zu keramischen Kulturen. Bei der Fauna (über 40 Arten und Unterarten) überwiegt Jagdbeute verschiedener Biotope. Einige Arten wurden für die Balkanhalbinsel erstmals, andere in südlichsten Vorkommen festgestellt. Neben Vertretern kälteren Klimas kommen im tieferen Abschnitt auch Tiere wärmerer Bedingungen vor. Die auf Grund der Fauna vorgenommene zeitliche Einstufung der ergrabenen Schichten weicht von der etwas ab, die sich aus den Sedimentuntersuchungen ergibt. Letztere entspricht im Prinzip den in der Höhlenruine von Hunas bei Nürnberg gewonnenen Vorstellungen. Demnach ist eine relativ vollständige Folge vom Beginn der Rißeiszeit bis zum Postglazial vertreten.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Auf Grund der Verteilung der höchsten Erratiker gelang es, die Eisoberfläche des würmzeitlichen Rheingletschers von Chur durch die Talgabelung von Sargans bis zur Konfluenz mit dem Linthgletscher einerseits und bis zur Einmündung des Illgletschers andererseits zu rekonstruieren. Nach dem Koninuitätsprinzip ließen sich in ausgezeichneten Talquerschnitten Relativwerte der mittleren Fließgeschwindigkeit des Eises während des letzten Maximalstandes angeben. Mit den Parametern von Lliboutry bzw. von Nye wurde versucht, die Fließgeschwindigkeit in den entsprechenden Querschnitten größenordnungsmäßig zu berechnen. Gegenüber den Geschwindigkeiten, wie sie sich aus Wasserhaushalt-Überlegungen ergeben, sind sie jedoch viel zu gering, so daß neben dem laminaren Fließen — besonders in den gefällsarmen Talabschnitten — mit einem erheblichen Gleiten auf der Unterlage zu rechnen ist. In der Walensee-Talung wie im Rheintal konnten mehrere zeitlich sich entsprechende Rückzugshalte festgestellt werden. Einige markieren dabei deutliche spätglaziale Klimaverschlechterungen, da sie sich auch in einem kräftigeren Vorrücken der Seitengletscher abzeichnen. Durch Seitenmoränenreste lassen sich diese Stadien rheinaufwärts bis tief nach Bünden hinein verfolgen.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die ersten Angaben über Flußterrassen in Ost-Anatolien wurden vor kurzem durch Izbirak (1962) und Ketin (1962) gemacht. Die Verfasser der vorliegenden Arbeit haben eine rasche und noch oberflächliche Exploration eines Terrassensystems von fünf bis sieben verschiedenen Niveaus ausgeführt entlang dem oberen Lauf des großen Kizil Irmak (des Roten Flusses) zwischen Sivas und Kayseri in Ost-Anatolien. Teilweise ist es die von Izbirak beschriebene Gegend, größtenteils geht sie aber über diese hinaus. Die Terrassenflächen sind ziemlich gleichmäßig entwickelt entlang des genannten Teils des Flusses, verschwinden aber plötzlich weiter unterhalb. Die Verfasser meinen mit Izbirak, daß die Entstehung dieser Terrassen wahrscheinlich in erster Linie tektonisch und erst an zweiter Stelle klimatisch bedingt ist. Die dritte Terrasse (von unten an gezählt) enthielt überall eine nur geringe Zahl vermutlicher primitiver Artefakten, unter ihnen einige „pebble-tools". Diese sind in vorliegendem Aufsatz beschrieben; sie stellen vielleicht einen Beweis für die Anwesenheit von frühpleistozänen Hominiden in der Türkei dar. In einem Fall wurde in dieser dritten Terrasse ein fossiler Molar eines Hipparion in situ gefunden, teilweise bedeckt mit demselben versteinerten roten Lehm, welcher auch einige der vermutlichen Artefakten einhüllte. Das Alter der Terrassen ist noch nicht genau bekannt. Es scheint aber, daß die ältesten und höchstgelegenen Tertiär sind, die Terrasse, welche die Artefakten enthält, vielleicht dem untersten Pleistozän angehört, und die untersten Terrassen in das junge Pleistozän oder gar Holozän zu stellen sind.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Aus der periglazialen Füllung des von einem alten Rheinlauf angelegten Mäanders von Niederaußem (nordwestlich Köln) stammt eine kleine Aufsammlung von Wühlmaus-Resten, und zwar einer Halsbandlemming-Form. Diese unterscheidet sich von den beiden in Europa vorkommenden jungquartären Arten Dicrostonyx henseli Hinton und D. Gulielmi Sanford deutlich durch einfacheren Bau des Kauflächenbildes der Molaren. Auf eine besondere Benennung der offensichtlich neuen Art wurde vorläufig verzichtet. Zwecks Klärung der Frage nach dem zeitlichen Auftreten der Gattung Dicrostonyx im Quartär Europas wurde die einschlägige Literatur kritisch überprüft. Mit Sicherheit darf heute gesagt werden, daß Dicrostonyx bereits zum Bestand vor-würmzeitlicher glazialer Faunen gehört. Die Funde aus dem Quartärprofil von Niederaußem, das Ablagerungen der Riß- oder (wahrscheinlicher) sogar einer noch älteren Eiszeit repräsentiert, sind in diesem Zusammenhang von großer Bedeutung.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Das auf der rechten Niederterrasse des Rheins südlich Wahn gelegene Linder Bruch wurde pollenanalytisch untersucht und als Ergänzung eine Analyse der Makroflora durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die organischen Ablagerungen erst an der Pollengrenze X/XI (nach Overbeck & Schneider) beginnen, und daß sie nicht aus einem Altwasser hervorgegangen sind. Das Linder Bruch entstand vielmehr durch die sekundäre Versumpfung einer ausgetrockneten Flußrinne, die wahrscheinlich dem Rheinsystem angehört. Die zur Versumpfung notwendigen Wassermassen lieferte die unmittelbar benachbarte Mittelterrasse. Ungeklärt bleibt zunächst noch die Frage nach der unterschiedlichen Wasserzufuhr in das Linder Bruch. Hier könnten Beziehungen zu einer wechselnden Bewaldung in Verbindung mit der Besiedlung der Mittelterrasse bestehen. Auch die Ursachen der Verhinderung einer früheren Versumpfung bedürfen noch der Feststellung. Es wird die Vermutung ausgesprochen, daß das Merheimer Bruch bei Köln, das ähnlich wie das Linder Bruch in einer ehemaligen Flußrinne auf der rechten Niederterrasse des Rheins liegt, ebenfalls durch eine sekundäre Versumpfung entstanden ist.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 60
    facet.materialart.
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    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Aus festländischen und marinen Daten wird gefolgert, daß die Glazialzeiten des mittleren und oberen Pleistozäns zeitlich von gleicher Größenordnung waren. Die Temperaturen der einzelnen Eiszeiten waren nicht genau gleich: jede jüngere Eiszeit war ein wenig kälter als die vorhergehende; das gleiche gilt für die Interglaziale. Mit allen bekannten Daten wird eine generalisierte Paläotemperatur-Kurve konstruiert, welche den Trend der Temperatur-Entwicklung vom Mindel bis heute (ca. 400 000 Jahre) zeigt.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: English
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Die Vulkanite des Laacher-See-Gebietes in der Eifel können mit den Terrassenbildungen des Rheines zeitlich korreliert und ihre Föderfolge auf diese Weise stratigraphisch festgelegt werden. Dadurch bietet sich eine Möglichkeit, die K-Ar-Datierungsmethode an Proben von pleistozänem Alter zu testen und zu prüfen, ob die physikalisch bestimmte Sequenz mit der geologischen übereinstimmt. Datierungen wurden vorgenommen an 13 Sanidinen, 7 Biotiten, 2 Augiten und 14 Gesteinen der Eifel, ferner als Ergänzung an 6 Gesteinen der Umgebung von Agde, Dept. Hérault, Südfrankreich. Die meisten Datierungen ergaben geologisch wahrscheinliche Alter. Sie reichen in der Eifel von 570.10³a bis 100.10³a, bei Agde von 1400.10³a bis 640.10³a. Diffusionsexperimente an Sanidinen und Biotiten zeigten, daß das atmosphärische Argon durch Ausheizen nicht zufriedenstellend entfernt werden kann, ohne daß radiogenes Argon verloren geht. Eine Kontrollprobe des abgeheizten radiogenen Gases mit radioaktivem Ar(39) wurde getestet und erwies sich als nützliche Korrekturgröße.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen einer zum ersten Mal in Schleswig-Holstein südlich von Neumünster entdeckten Kieselgur ergaben ein sicheres eemzeitliches Alter. Das kleine Lager entstand im südlichen Drittel eines saalezeitlichen Stauwasserbeckens und zwar in einer früh angelegten rinnenförmigen Vertiefung des Beckenuntergrundes. Dieser besteht hauptsächlich aus gestauchten Tonen, damit verschuppten Sanden und zuunterst aus Geschiebemergel, der in einem Fall nach geschiebekundlicher Analyse Drenthe-Alter besitzt. Die Beckenfüllung wird aus gut geschichteten schluffigen Tonen bis tonigen Schlurfen aufgebaut. Im unteren Teil der Beckensedimente lassen sich pollenanalytisch keine Hinweise auf eine derzeitige nennenswerte Vegetationsbedeckung der Umgebung erkennen. Es dürfte sich um echte Glazialsedimente handeln. Der obere Teil wurde im „Saale-Spätglazial" sedimentiert. Darüber folgt im Bereich des Kieselgurlagers früheemzeitliche Tonmudde, danach eemzeitliche Kieselgur. Kompressionsversuche lassen erkennen, daß die Beckensedimente nicht durch Gletscherauflast vorbelastet sind. Die Überdeckung bilden weichselzeitliche Sande des Neumünsteraner Sanders. Vegetationsgeschichtlich wird das Lager vor allem dadurch interessant, daß hier anscheinend das vollständige „Saale-Spätglazial" erfaßt wurde. Floristisch bestanden anscheinend zwar große Ähnlichkeiten zur Älteren Dryaszeit des Weichsel-Spätglazials, jedoch verlief die Vegetationsentwicklung offenbar gleichmäßig ohne Rückschläge und ohne Einschaltung von Interstadialen. Es können drei Abschnitte unterschieden werden: A) Älteste waldlose Zeit, die wahrscheinlich in das „Pleniglazial" zu stellen ist, B) Zeit der Sanddorn-Gebüsche, in der auch die lichtbedürftigen Taxa der Bodenvegetation ihre Hauptverbreitung fanden, C) Zeit der Sanddorn-Wacholder-Gebüsche. An die letzte schließt sich die Birken-Zeit (Abschnitt I) des Eem-Interglazials an. Das Eem-Interglazial fügt sich vegetationsgeschichtlich in den für Nordwestdeutschland geläufigen Rahmen ein. Mit den vorliegenden Untersuchungen ist — in Verbindung mit den übrigen, in den letzten Jahren vom Geologischen Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein durchgeführten Untersuchungen — die vegetationsgeschichtliche Entwicklung vom „Saale-Spätglazial" bis in das Weichsel-Frühglazial für Schleswig-Holstein in den Hauptzügen lückenlos bekannt.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 63
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Wertet man die mittlere Höhenlage der Karböden und die Exposition der voll ausgebildeten Kare graphisch aus, so ergibt sich eine klare Gliederung der Kare von Vogesen und Schwarzwald in eine Reihe untereinander vergleichbarer Gruppen. Diese vier Kargruppen a—d lassen sich den bekannten Würm-Gletscherständen des Südschwarzwaldes (Würm-Maximum, Titisee, Zipfelhof und Feldsee) parallelisieren. Als Ergebnis kann man nicht nur datieren, wann die Kare selbst letztmals voll vergletschert waren, sondern man kann auch die übrigen, mit diesen Karen in Zusammenhang stehenden Gletscherstände einordnen. Für den Nördlichen Schwarzwald konnte so bereits die Vereisungsgeschichte der Kare und Täler ab dem Würm-Maximum geklärt werden. Für die übrigen Teilgebiete reicht das vorhandene Material noch nicht aus, es läßt sich aber bereits ablesen, wo etwa nach bisher noch nicht bekannten Moränen gesucht werden sollte.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) contributes roughly half to the total volume transport of the Nordic overflows. The overflow increases its volume by entraining ambient water as it descends into the subpolar North Atlantic, feeding into the deep branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. In June 2012, a multiplatform experiment was carried out in the DSO plume on the continental slope off Greenland (180 km downstream of the sill in Denmark Strait), to observe the variability associated with the entrainment of ambient waters into the DSO plume. In this study, we report on two high-dissipation events captured by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) by horizontal profiling in the interfacial layer between the DSO plume and the ambient water. Strong dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy of O( math formula) W kg−1 was associated with enhanced small-scale temperature variance at wavelengths between 0.05 and 500 m as deduced from a fast-response thermistor. Isotherm displacement slope spectra reveal a wave number-dependence characteristic of turbulence in the inertial-convective subrange ( math formula) at wavelengths between 0.14 and 100 m. The first event captured by the AUV was transient, and occurred near the edge of a bottom-intensified energetic eddy. Our observations imply that both horizontal advection of warm water and vertical mixing of it into the plume are eddy-driven and go hand in hand in entraining ambient water into the DSO plume. The second event was found to be a stationary feature on the upstream side of a topographic elevation located in the plume pathway. Flow-topography interaction is suggested to drive the intense mixing at this site.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The ocean's potential to export carbon to depth partly depends on the fraction of primary production (PP) sinking out of the euphotic zone (i.e., the e-ratio). Measurements of PP and export flux are often performed simultaneously in the field, although there is a temporal delay between those parameters. Thus, resulting e-ratio estimates often incorrectly assume an instantaneous downward export of PP to export flux. Evaluating results from four mesocosm studies, we find that peaks in organic matter sedimentation lag chlorophyll a peaks by 2 to 15 days. We discuss the implications of these time lags (TLs) for current e-ratio estimates and evaluate potential controls of TL. Our analysis reveals a strong correlation between TL and the duration of chlorophyll a buildup, indicating a dependency of TL on plankton food web dynamics. This study is one step further toward time-corrected e-ratio estimates
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Stable isotope compositions can potentially be used to trace atmospheric Cd inputs to the surface ocean and anthropogenic Cd emissions to the atmosphere. Both of these applications may provide valuable insights into the effects of anthropogenic activities on the cycling of Cd in the environment. However, a lack of constraints for the Cd isotope compositions of atmospheric aerosols is currently hindering such studies. Here, we present stable Cd isotope data for aerosols collected over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. The samples feature variable proportions of mineral dust-derived and anthropogenic Cd, yet exhibit similar isotope compositions, thus negating the distinction of these Cd sources using isotopic signatures in this region. Isotopic variability between these two atmospheric Cd sources may be identified in other areas, and thus warrants further investigation. Regardless, these data provide important initial constraints on the isotope composition of atmospheric Cd inputs to the ocean.
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  • 67
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (4). 2830-2846 .
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The upstream sources and pathways of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water and their variability have been investigated using a high-resolution model hindcast. This global simulation covers the period from 1948 to 2009 and uses a fine model mesh (1/20°) to resolve mesoscale features and the complex current structure north of Iceland explicitly. The three sources of the Denmark Strait Overflow, the shelfbreak East Greenland Current (EGC), the separated EGC, and the North Icelandic Jet, have been analyzed using Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. The shelfbreak EGC contributes the largest fraction in terms of volume and freshwater transport to the Denmark Strait Overflow and is the main driver of the overflow variability. The North Icelandic Jet contributes the densest water to the Denmark Strait Overflow and shows only small temporal transport variations. During summer, the net volume and freshwater transports to the south are reduced. On interannual time scales, these transports are highly correlated with the large-scale wind stress curl around Iceland and, to some extent, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation, with enhanced southward transports during positive phases. The Lagrangian trajectories support the existence of a hypothesized overturning loop along the shelfbreak north of Iceland, where water carried by the North Icelandic Irminger Current is transformed and feeds the North Icelandic Jet. Monitoring these two currents and the region north of the Iceland shelfbreak could provide the potential to track long-term changes in the Denmark Strait Overflow and thus also the AMOC.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The North Atlantic Current (NAC) is subject to variability on multiannual to decadal time scales, influencing the transport of volume, heat, and freshwater from the subtropical to the eastern subpolar North Atlantic (NA). Current observational time series are either too short or too episodic to study the processes involved. Here we compare the observed continuous NAC transport time series at the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and repeat hydrographic measurements at the OVIDE line in the eastern Atlantic with the NAC transport and circulation in the high-resolution (1/20°) ocean model configuration VIKING20 (1960–2008). The modeled baroclinic NAC transport relative to 3400 m (24.5 ± 7.1 Sv) at the MAR is only slightly lower than the observed baroclinic mean of 27.4 ± 4.7 Sv from 1993 to 2008, and extends further north by about 0.5°. In the eastern Atlantic, the western NAC (WNAC) carries the bulk of the transport in the model, while transport estimates based on hydrographic measurements from five repeated sections point to a preference for the eastern NAC (ENAC). The model is able to simulate the main features of the subpolar NA, providing confidence to use the model output to analyze the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Model based velocity composites reveal an enhanced NAC transport across the MAR of up to 6.7 Sv during positive NAO phases. Most of that signal (5.4 Sv) is added to the ENAC transport, while the transport of the WNAC was independent of the NAO.
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  • 69
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (9). pp. 4246-4255.
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: While the Earth's surface has considerably warmed over the past two decades, the tropical Pacific has featured a cooling of sea surface temperatures in its eastern and central parts, which went along with an unprecedented strengthening of the equatorial trade winds, the surface component of the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC). Previous studies show that this decadal trend in the trade winds is generally beyond the range of decadal trends simulated by climate models when forced by historical radiative forcing. There is still a debate on the origin of and the potential role that internal variability may have played in the recent decadal surface wind trend. Using a number of long control (unforced) integrations of global climate models and several observational data sets, we address the question as to whether the recent decadal to multidecadal trends are robustly classified as an unusual event or the persistent response to external forcing. The observed trends in the tropical Pacific surface climate are still within the range of the long-term internal variability spanned by the models but represent an extreme realization of this variability. Thus, the recent observed decadal trends in the tropical Pacific, though highly unusual, could be of natural origin. We note that the long-term trends in the selected PWC indices exhibit a large observational uncertainty, even hindering definitive statements about the sign of the trends.
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  • 70
    facet.materialart.
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (4). pp. 3481-3499.
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: We examine the mean pathways, transit timescales, and transformation of waters flowing from the Pacific and the marginal seas through the Indian Ocean (IO) on their way toward the South Atlantic within a high-resolution ocean/sea-ice model. The model fields are analyzed from a Lagrangian perspective where water volumes are tracked as they enter the IO. The IO contributes 12.6 Sv to Agulhas leakage, which within the model is 14.1 ± 2.2 Sv, the rest originates from the South Atlantic. The Indonesian Through-flow constitutes about half of the IO contribution, is surface bound, cools and salinificates as it leaves the basin within 10–30 years. Waters entering the IO south of Australia are at intermediate depths and maintain their temperature-salinity properties as they exit the basin within 15–35 years. Of these waters, the contribution from Tasman leakage is 1.4 Sv. The rest stem from recirculation from the frontal regions of the Southern Ocean. The marginal seas export 1.0 Sv into the Atlantic within 15–40 years, and the waters cool and freshen on-route. However, the model's simulation of waters from the Gulfs of Aden and Oman are too light and hence overly influenced by upper ocean circulations. In the Cape Basin, Agulhas leakage is well mixed. On-route, temperature-salinity transformations occur predominantly in the Arabian Sea and within the greater Agulhas Current region. Overall, the IO exports at least 7.9 Sv from the Pacific to the Atlantic, thereby quantifying the strength of the upper cell of the global conveyor belt.
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The potential of mining seafloor massive sulfide deposits for metals such as Cu, Zn, and Au is currently debated. One key challenge is to predict where the largest deposits worth mining might form, which in turn requires understanding the pattern of subseafloor hydrothermal mass and energy transport. Numerical models of heat and fluid flow are applied to illustrate the important role of fault zone properties (permeability and width) in controlling mass accumulation at hydrothermal vents at slow spreading ridges. We combine modeled mass-flow rates, vent temperatures, and vent field dimensions with the known fluid chemistry at the fault-controlled Logatchev 1 hydrothermal field of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We predict that the 135 kilotons of SMS at this site (estimated by other studies) can have accumulated with a minimum depositional efficiency of 5% in the known duration of hydrothermal venting (58,200 year age of the deposit). In general, the most productive faults must provide an efficient fluid pathway while at the same time limit cooling due to mixing with entrained cold seawater. This balance is best met by faults that are just wide and permeable enough to control a hydrothermal plume rising through the oceanic crust. Model runs with increased basal heat input, mimicking a heat flow contribution from along-axis, lead to higher mass fluxes and vent temperatures, capable of significantly higher SMS accumulation rates. Nonsteady state conditions, such as the influence of a cooling magmatic intrusion beneath the fault zone, also can temporarily increase the mass flux while sustaining high vent temperatures.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Diazotrophic dinitrogen (N2) fixation contributes ~76% to "new" nitrogen inputs to the sunlit open ocean, but environmental factors determining N2 fixation rates are not well constrained. Excess phosphate (phosphate-nitrate/16 〉 0) and iron availability control N2 fixation rates in the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), but it remains an open question how excess phosphate is generated within or supplied to the phosphate-depleted sunlit layer. Our observations in the ETNA region (8°N-15°N, 19°W-23°W) suggest that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the two ubiquitous non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria with cellular N:P ratios higher than the Redfield ratio, create an environment of excess phosphate, which cannot be explained by diapycnal mixing, atmospheric, and riverine inputs. Thus, our results unveil a new biogeochemical niche construction mechanism by non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria for their diazotrophic phylum group members (N2 fixers). Our observations may help to understand the prevalence of diazotrophy in low-phosphate, oligotrophic regions.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: We present bathymetry and hydrological observations collected in the summer of 2014 from two fjord systems in southeastern Greenland with a multibeam sonar system. Our results provide a detailed bathymetric map of the fjord complex around the island of Skjoldungen in Skjoldungen Fjord and the outer part of Timmiarmiut Fjord and show far greater depths compared to the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean. The hydrography collected shows different properties in the fjords with the bottom water masses below 240 m in Timmiarmiut Fjord being 1–2 °C warmer than in the two fjords around Skjoldungen, but data also illustrate the influence of sills on the exchange of deeper water masses within fjords. Moreover, evidence of subglacial discharge in Timmiarmiut Fjord, which is consistent with satellite observations of ice mélange set into motion, adds to our increasing understanding of the distribution of subglacial meltwater.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Oceanographic observations from the Eurasian Basin north of Svalbard collected between January and June 2015 from the N-ICE2015 drifting expedition are presented. The unique winter observations are a key contribution to existing climatologies of the Arctic Ocean, and show a ∼100 m deep winter mixed layer likely due to high sea ice growth rates in local leads. Current observations for the upper ∼200 m show mostly a barotropic flow, enhanced over the shallow Yermak Plateau. The two branches of inflowing Atlantic Water are partly captured, confirming that the outer Yermak Branch follows the perimeter of the plateau, and the inner Svalbard Branch the coast. Atlantic Water observed to be warmer and shallower than in the climatology, is found directly below the mixed layer down to 800 m depth, and is warmest along the slope, while its properties inside the basin are quite homogeneous. From late May onwards, the drift was continually close to the ice edge and a thinner surface mixed layer and shallower Atlantic Water coincided with significant sea ice melt being observed.
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Our study followed the seasonal cycling of soluble (SFe), colloidal (CFe), dissolved (DFe), total dissolvable (TDFe), labile particulate (LPFe) and total particulate (TPFe) iron in the Celtic Sea (NE Atlantic Ocean). Preferential uptake of SFe occurred during the spring bloom, preceding the removal of CFe. Uptake and export of Fe during the spring bloom, coupled with a reduction in vertical exchange, led to Fe deplete surface waters (〈0.2 nM DFe; 0.11 nM LPFe, 0.45 nM TDFe, 1.84 nM TPFe) during summer stratification. Below the seasonal thermocline, DFe concentrations increased from spring to autumn, mirroring NO3- and consistent with supply from remineralised sinking organic material, and cycled independently of particulate Fe over seasonal timescales. These results demonstrate that summer Fe availability is comparable to the seasonally Fe limited Ross Sea shelf, and therefore is likely low enough to affect phytoplankton growth and species composition.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2018-12-17
    Description: Current climate models disagree on how much carbon dioxide land ecosystems take up for photosynthesis. Tracking the stronger carbonyl sulfide signal could help.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is of interest due to its critical influence on atmospheric sulfur compounds in the marine atmosphere and its hypothesized significant role in global climate. High-resolution shipboard underway measurements of surface seawater DMS and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean (SO), the southeast Indian Ocean, and the northwest Pacific Ocean from February to April 2014 during the 30th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition. The SO, particularly in the region south of 58°S, had the highest mean surface seawater DMS concentration of 4.1 ± 8.3 nM (ranged from 0.1 to 73.2 nM) and lowest mean seawater pCO2 level of 337 ± 50 μatm (ranged from 221 to 411 μatm) over the entire cruise. Significant variations of surface seawater DMS and pCO2 in the seasonal ice zone (SIZ) of SO were observed, which are mainly controlled by biological process and sea ice activity. We found a significant negative relationship between DMS and pCO2 in the SO SIZ using 0.1° resolution, [DMS] seawater = -0.160 [pCO2] seawater + 61.3 (r2 = 0.594, n = 924, p 〈 0.001). We anticipate that the relationship may possibly be utilized to reconstruct the surface seawater DMS climatology in the SO SIZ. Further studies are necessary to improve the universality of this approach. Key Points: • The characteristics of surface water DMS and pCO2 distributions from the Southern Ocean to northwest Pacific Ocean are investigated • The correlations between DMS, pCO2, and environmental parameters are analyzed • Anticorrelation between DMS and pCO2 is found in the seasonal ice zone of the Southern Ocean
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Ocean acidification resulting from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) by the ocean is considered a major threat to marine ecosystems. Here we examined the effects of ocean acidification on microbial community dynamics in the eastern Baltic Sea during the summer of 2012 when inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were strongly depleted. Large-volume in situ mesocosms were employed to mimic present, future and far future CO2 scenarios. All six groups of phytoplankton enumerated by flow cytometry ( 〈  20 µm cell diameter) showed distinct trends in net growth and abundance with CO2 enrichment. The picoeukaryotic phytoplankton groups Pico-I and Pico-II displayed enhanced abundances, whilst Pico-III, Synechococcus and the nanoeukaryotic phytoplankton groups were negatively affected by elevated fugacity of CO2 (fCO2). Specifically, the numerically dominant eukaryote, Pico-I, demonstrated increases in gross growth rate with increasing fCO2 sufficient to double its abundance. The dynamics of the prokaryote community closely followed trends in total algal biomass despite differential effects of fCO2 on algal groups. Similarly, viral abundances corresponded to prokaryotic host population dynamics. Viral lysis and grazing were both important in controlling microbial abundances. Overall our results point to a shift, with increasing fCO2, towards a more regenerative system with production dominated by small picoeukaryotic phytoplankton.
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Natural gas hydrates are considered a potential resource for gas production on industrial scales. Gas hydrates contribute to the strength and stiffness of the hydrate-bearing sediments. During gas production, the geomechanical stability of the sediment is compromised. Due to the potential geotechnical risks and process management issues, the mechanical behavior of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments needs to be carefully considered. In this study, we describe a coupling concept that simplifies the mathematical description of the complex interactions occurring during gas production by isolating the effects of sediment deformation and hydrate phase changes. Central to this coupling concept is the assumption that the soil grains form the load-bearing solid skeleton, while the gas hydrate enhances the mechanical properties of this skeleton. We focus on testing this coupling concept in capturing the overall impact of geomechanics on gas production behavior though numerical simulation of a high-pressure isotropic compression experiment combined with methane hydrate formation and dissociation. We consider a linear-elastic stress-strain relationship because it is uniquely defined and easy to calibrate. Since, in reality, the geomechanical response of the hydrate-bearing sediment is typically inelastic and is characterized by a significant shear-volumetric coupling, we control the experiment very carefully in order to keep the sample deformations small and well within the assumptions of poroelasticity. The closely coordinated experimental and numerical procedures enable us to validate the proposed simplified geomechanics-to-flow coupling, and set an important precursor toward enhancing our coupled hydro-geomechanical hydrate reservoir simulator with more suitable elastoplastic constitutive models.
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  • 80
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 44 (21). 11,166-11,173.
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Description: The Summer East Atlantic (SEA) mode is the second dominant mode of summer low-frequency variability in the Euro-Atlantic region. Using reanalysis data, we show that SEA-related circulation anomalies significantly influence temperatures and precipitation over Europe. We present evidence that part of the interannual SEA variability is forced by diabatic heating anomalies of opposing signs in the tropical Pacific and Caribbean that induce an extratropical Rossby wave train. This precipitation dipole is related to SST anomalies characteristic of the developing ENSO phases. Seasonal hindcast experiments forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SST) exhibit skill at capturing the interannual SEA variability corroborating the proposed mechanism and highlighting the possibility for improved prediction of boreal summer variability. Our results indicate that tropical forcing of the SEA likely played a role in the dynamics of the 2015 European heat wave.
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  • 81
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    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Geoscientific Model Development, 11 (3). pp. 1181-1198.
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Biogeochemical models, capturing the major feedbacks of the pelagic ecosystem of the world ocean, are today often embedded into Earth system models which are increasingly used for decision making regarding climate policies. These models contain poorly constrained parameters (e.g., maximum phytoplankton growth rate), which are typically adjusted until the model shows reasonable behavior. Systematic approaches determine these parameters by minimizing the misfit between the model and observational data. In most common model approaches, however, the underlying functions mimicking the biogeochemical processes are nonlinear and non-convex. Thus, systematic optimization algorithms are likely to get trapped in local minima and might lead to non-optimal results. To judge the quality of an obtained parameter estimate, we propose determining a preferably large lower bound for the global optimum that is relatively easy to obtain and that will help to assess the quality of an optimum, generated by an optimization algorithm. Due to the unavoidable noise component in all observations, such a lower bound is typically larger than zero. We suggest deriving such lower bounds based on typical properties of biogeochemical models (e.g., a limited number of extremes and a bounded time derivative). We illustrate the applicability of the method with two real-world examples. The first example uses real-world observations of the Baltic Sea in a box model setup. The second example considers a three-dimensional coupled ocean circulation model in combination with satellite chlorophyll a.
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  • 82
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    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17 (18). pp. 11313-11329.
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Very short-lived substances (VSLS) contribute as source gases significantly to the tropospheric and stratospheric bromine loading. At present, an estimated 25% of stratospheric bromine is of oceanic origin. In this study, we investigate how climate change may impact the ocean- atmosphere flux of brominated VSLS, their atmospheric transport, and chemical transformations and evaluate how these changes will affect stratospheric ozone over the 21st century. Under the assumption of fixed ocean water concentrations and RCP6.0 scenario, we find an increase of the ocean- atmosphere flux of brominated VSLS of about 8-10% by the end of the 21st century compared to present day. A decrease in the tropospheric mixing ratios of VSLS and an increase in the lower stratosphere are attributed to changes in atmospheric chemistry and transport. Our model simulations reveal that this increase is counteracted by a corresponding reduction of inorganic bromine. Therefore the total amount of bromine from VSLS in the stratosphere will not be changed by an increase in upwelling. Part of the increase of VSLS in the tropical lower stratosphere results from an increase in the corresponding tropopause height. As the depletion of stratospheric ozone due to bromine depends also on the availability of chlorine, we find the impact of bromine on stratospheric ozone at the end of the 21st century reduced compared to present day. Thus, these studies highlight the different factors influencing the role of brominated VSLS in a future climate
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Reanalysis data sets are widely used to understand atmospheric processes and past variability, and are often used to stand in as "observations" for comparisons with climate model output. Because of the central role of water vapor (WV) and ozone (O3) in climate change, it is important to understand how accurately and consistently these species are represented in existing global reanalyses. In this paper, we present the results of WV and O3 intercomparisons that have been performed as part of the SPARC (Stratosphere–troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate) Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP). The comparisons cover a range of timescales and evaluate both inter-reanalysis and observation-reanalysis differences. We also provide a systematic documentation of the treatment of WV and O3 in current reanalyses to aid future research and guide the interpretation of differences amongst reanalysis fields. The assimilation of total column ozone (TCO) observations in newer reanalyses results in realistic representations of TCO in reanalyses except when data coverage is lacking, such as during polar night. The vertical distribution of ozone is also relatively well represented in the stratosphere in reanalyses, particularly given the relatively weak constraints on ozone vertical structure provided by most assimilated observations and the simplistic representations of ozone photochemical processes in most of the reanalysis forecast models. However, significant biases in the vertical distribution of ozone are found in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in all reanalyses. In contrast to O3, reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV are not directly constrained by assimilated data. Observations of atmospheric humidity are typically used only in the troposphere, below a specified vertical level at or near the tropopause. The fidelity of reanalysis stratospheric WV products is therefore mainly dependent on the reanalyses' representation of the physical drivers that influence stratospheric WV, such as temperatures in the tropical tropopause layer, methane oxidation, and the stratospheric overturning circulation. The lack of assimilated observations and known deficiencies in the representation of stratospheric transport in reanalyses result in much poorer agreement amongst observational and reanalysis estimates of stratospheric WV. Hence, stratospheric WV products from the current generation of reanalyses should generally not be used in scientific studies.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: The Sumatran subduction zone exhibits strong seismic and tsunamogenic potential with the prominent examples of the 2004, 2005 and 2007 earthquakes. Here, we invert travel time data of local earthquakes for vp and vp/vs velocity models of the central Sumatran forearc. Data were acquired by an amphibious seismometer network consisting of 52 land stations and 10 ocean bottom seismometers located on a segment of the Sumatran subduction zone that had not ruptured in a great earthquake since 1797 but witnessed recent ruptures to the north in 2005 (Nias earthquake, Mw = 8.7) and to the south in 2007 (Bengkulu earthquake, Mw = 8.5). 2D and 3D vp velocity anomalies reveal the downgoing slab and the sedimentary basins. Although the seismicity pattern in the study area appears to be strongly influenced by the obliquely subducting Investigator Fracture Zone to at least 200 km depth, the 3D velocity model shows prevailing trench parallel structures at depths of the plate interface. The tomographic model suggests a thinned crust below the basin east of the forearc islands (Nias, Pulau Batu, Siberut) at ~ 180 km distance to the trench. Vp velocities beneath the magmatic arc and the Sumatran fault zone SFZ are around 5 km/s at 10 km depth and the vp/vs ratios in the uppermost 10 km are low, indicating the presence of felsic lithologies typical for continental crust. We find moderately elevated vp/vs values of 1.85 at ~ 150 km distance to the trench in the region of the Mentawai fault. Vp/vs ratios suggest absence of large scale alteration of the mantle wedge and might explain why the seismogenic plate interface (observed as a locked zone from geodetic data) extends below the continental forearc Moho in Sumatra. Reduced vp velocities beneath the forearc basin covering the region between Mentawai Islands and the Sumatra mainland possibly reflect a reduced thickness of the overriding crust.
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  • 85
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 42 (4). pp. 1046-1052.
    Publication Date: 2017-11-22
    Description: The analysis of high-resolution vector magnetic data acquired by deep-sea submersibles (DSSs) requires the development of specific approaches adapted to their uneven tracks. We present a method that takes advantage of (1) the varying altitude of the DSS above the seafloor and (2) high-resolution multibeam bathymetric data acquired separately, at higher altitude, by an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, to estimate the absolute magnetization intensity and the magnetic polarity of the shallow subseafloor along the DSS path. We apply this method to data collected by DSS Nautile on a small active basalt-hosted hydrothermal site. The site is associated with a lack of magnetization, in agreement with previous findings at the same kind of sites: the contrast between nonmagnetic sulfide deposits/stockwork zone and strongly magnetized basalt is sufficient to explain the magnetic signal observed at such a low altitude. Both normal and reversed polarities are observed in the lava flows surrounding the site, suggesting complex history of accumulating volcanic flows.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2021-03-18
    Description: In this study ship- and AUV-based multibeam data from the German Mn-nodule license area in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ; eastern Pacific) are linked to ground truth data from optical imaging. Photographs obtained by an AUV enable semi-quantitative assessments of nodule coverage at a spatial resolution in the range of meters. Together with high resolution AUV bathymetry this revealed a correlation of small-scale terrain variations (〈 5 m horizontally, 〈 1 m vertically) with nodule abundance. In the presented data set, increased nodule coverage could be correlated with slopes 〉 1.8° and concave terrain. On a more regional scale, factors such as the geological setting (existence of horst and graben structures, sediment thickness, outcropping basement) and influence of bottom currents seem to play an essential role for the spatial variation of nodule abundance and the related hard substrate habitat. AUV imagery was also successfully employed to map the distribution of re-settled sediment following a disturbance and sediment cloud generation during a sampling deployment of an Epibenthic Sledge. Data from before and after the "disturbance" allows a direct assessment of the impact. Automated image processing analyzed the nodule coverage at the seafloor, revealing nodule blanketing by resettling of suspended sediment within 16 hours after the disturbance. The visually detectable impact was spatially limited to a maximum of 100m distance from the disturbance track, downstream of the bottom water current. A correlation with high resolution AUV bathymetry reveals that the blanketing pattern varies in extent by tens of meters, strictly following the bathymetry, even in areas of only slightly undulating seafloor (〈 1 m vertical change). These results highlight the importance of detailed terrain knowledge when engaging in resource assessment studies for nodule abundance estimates and defining minable areas. At the same time, it shows the importance of high resolution mapping for detailed benthic habitat studies that show a heterogeneity at scales of 10 m to 100 m. Terrain knowledge is also needed to determine the scale of the impact by seafloor sediment blanketing during mining-operations.
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  • 87
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Earth's Future, 6 (3). pp. 565-582.
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: To maintain the chance of keeping the average global temperature increase below 2 degrees C and to limit long-term climate change, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (carbon dioxide removal, CDR) is becoming increasingly necessary. We analyze optimal and cost-effective climate policies in the dynamic integrated assessment model (IAM) of climate and the economy (DICE2016R) and investigate (1) the utilization of (ocean) CDR under different climate objectives, (2) the sensitivity of policies with respect to carbon cycle feedbacks, and (3) how well carbon cycle feedbacks are captured in the carbon cycle models used in state-of-the-art IAMs. Overall, the carbon cycle model in DICE2016R shows clear improvements compared to its predecessor, DICE2013R, capturing much better long-term dynamics and also oceanic carbon outgassing due to excess oceanic storage of carbon from CDR. However, this comes at the cost of a (too) tight short-term remaining emission budget, limiting the model suitability to analyze low-emission scenarios accurately. With DICE2016R, the compliance with the 2 degrees C goal is no longer feasible without negative emissions via CDR. Overall, the optimal amount of CDR has to take into account (1) the emission substitution effect and (2) compensation for carbon cycle feedbacks.
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  • 88
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research, 70 (14). pp. 3457-3474.
    Publication Date: 2017-12-21
    Description: The possibility of using the 15% excess U234 activity in oceanic uranium for dating pelagic sediments in the age range 100,000 years to more than 1 m.y. has been explored. Results from a series of analyses of bulk samples, mechanical separates, and acid leach fractions indicate that separation of authigenic uranium from detrital uranium by either mechanical or chemical means is impractical. Measurements on totally dissolved samples reveal that the sediments do not form a closed system; post-depositional migration of U234 in the sedimentary column takes place. Based on the experimental data obtained from three red-clay cores with sedimentation rates ranging from 2 to 6 mm/1000 yr, a model depicting diffusion of the U234 generated within the sediments is proposed. The diffusion equation includes three parameters: sedimentation rate, diffusion coefficient for U234, and fraction of the internally produced U234 subject to mobility. If the amount of U234 lost from these cores is typical, a sizeable part of the U234 excess in the sea must be from this source.
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  • 89
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (12). pp. 9795-9813.
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The region encompassing the Kuroshio Extension (KE) in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (25°N–45°N and 130°E–180°E) is one of the most eddy-energetic regions of the global ocean. The three-dimensional structures and transports of mesoscale eddies in this region are comprehensively investigated by combined use of satellite data and Argo profiles. With the allocation of Argo profiles inside detected eddies, the spatial variations of structures of eddy temperature and salinity anomalies are analyzed. The results show that eddies predominantly have subsurface (near-surface) intensified temperature and salinity anomalies south (north) of the KE jet, which is related to different background stratifications between these regions. A new method based on eddy trajectories and the inferred three-dimensional eddy structures is proposed to estimate heat and salt transports by eddy movements in a Lagrangian framework. Spatial distributions of eddy transports are presented over the vicinity of the KE for the first time. The magnitude of eddy-induced meridional heat (freshwater volume) transport is on the order of 0.01 PW (103 m3/s). The eddy heat transport divergence results in an oceanic heat loss south and heat gain north of the KE, thereby reinforcing and counteracting the oceanic heat loss from air-sea fluxes south and north of the KE jet, respectively. It also suggests a poleward heat transport across the KE jet due to eddy propagation.
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: During the summer monsoon, the western tropical Indian Ocean is predicted to be a hot spot for dimethylsulfide emissions, the major marine sulfur source to the atmosphere, and an important aerosol precursor. Other aerosol relevant fluxes, such as isoprene and sea spray, should also be enhanced, due to the steady strong winds during the monsoon. Marine air masses dominate the area during the summer monsoon, excluding the influence of continentally derived pollutants. During the SO234-2/235 cruise in the western tropical Indian Ocean from July to August 2014, directly measured eddy covariance DMS fluxes confirm that the area is a large source of sulfur to the atmosphere (cruise average 9.1 μmol m−2 d−1). The directly measured fluxes, as well as computed isoprene and sea spray fluxes, were combined with FLEXPART backward and forward trajectories to track the emissions in space and time. The fluxes show a significant positive correlation with aerosol data from the Terra and Suomi-NPP satellites, indicating a local influence of marine emissions on atmospheric aerosol numbers.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Climate-driven changes in environmental conditions have significant and complex effects on marine ecosystems. Variability in phytoplankton elements and biochemicals can be important for global ocean biogeochemistry and ecological functions, while there is currently limited understanding on how elements and biochemicals respond to the changing environments in key coccolithophore species such as Emiliania huxleyi. We investigated responses of elemental stoichiometry and fatty acids (FAs) in a strain of E. huxleyi under three temperatures (12, 18 and 24 °C), three N : P supply ratios (molar ratios 10:1, 24:1 and 63:1) and two pCO2 levels (560 and 2400 µatm). Overall, C : N : P stoichiometry showed the most pronounced response to N : P supply ratios, with high ratios of particulate organic carbon vs. particulate organic nitrogen (POC : PON) and low ratios of PON vs. particulate organic phosphorus (PON : POP) in low-N media, and high POC : POP and PON : POP in low-P media. The ratio of particulate inorganic carbon vs. POC (PIC : POC) and polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions strongly responded to temperature and pCO2, both being lower under high pCO2 and higher with warming. We observed synergistic interactions between warming and nutrient deficiency (and high pCO2) on elemental cellular contents and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportion in most cases, indicating the enhanced effect of warming under nutrient deficiency (and high pCO2). Our results suggest differential sensitivity of elements and FAs to the changes in temperature, nutrient availability and pCO2 in E. huxleyi, which is to some extent unique compared to non-calcifying algal classes. Thus, simultaneous changes of elements and FAs should be considered when predicting future roles of E. huxleyi in the biotic-mediated connection between biogeochemical cycles, ecological functions and climate change.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) for experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the fourth phase of the PMIP (PMIP4). The past1000 transient simulations serve to investigate the response to (mainly) natural forcing under background conditions not too different from today, and to discriminate between forced and internally generated variability on interannual to centennial timescales. This paper describes the motivation and the experimental set-ups for the PMIP4-CMIP6 past1000 simulations, and discusses the forcing agents orbital, solar, volcanic, and land use/land cover changes, and variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. The past1000 simulations covering the pre-industrial millennium from 850 Common Era (CE) to 1849 CE have to be complemented by historical simulations (1850 to 2014 CE) following the CMIP6 protocol. The external forcings for the past1000 experiments have been adapted to provide a seamless transition across these time periods. Protocols for the past1000 simulations have been divided into three tiers. A default forcing data set has been defined for the Tier 1 (the CMIP6 past1000) experiment. However, the PMIP community has maintained the flexibility to conduct coordinated sensitivity experiments to explore uncertainty in forcing reconstructions as well as parameter uncertainty in dedicated Tier 2 simulations. Additional experiments (Tier 3) are defined to foster collaborative model experiments focusing on the early instrumental period and to extend the temporal range and the scope of the simulations. This paper outlines current and future research foci and common analyses for collaborative work between the PMIP and the observational communities (reconstructions, instrumental data).
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  • 93
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    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Biogeosciences (BG), 15 . pp. 4781-4798.
    Publication Date: 2021-03-18
    Description: Although mesoscale ocean eddies are ubiquitous in the Southern Ocean, their average regional and seasonal association with phytoplankton has not been quantified systematically yet. To this end, we identify over 100000 mesoscale eddies with diameters of 50km and more in the Southern Ocean and determine the associated phytoplankton biomass anomalies using satellite-based chlorophyll-a (Chl) as a proxy. The mean Chl anomalies, δChl, associated with these eddies, comprising the upper echelon of the oceanic mesoscale, exceed ±10% over wide regions. The structure of these anomalies is largely zonal, with cyclonic, thermocline lifted, eddies having positive anomalies in the subtropical waters north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and negative anomalies along its main flow path. The pattern is similar, but reversed for anticyclonic, thermocline deepened eddies. The seasonality of δChl is weak in subtropical waters, but pronounced along the ACC, featuring a seasonal sign switch. The spatial structure and seasonality of the mesoscale δChl can be explained largely by lateral advection, especially local eddy-stirring. A prominent exception is the ACC region in winter, where δChl is consistent with a modulation of phytoplankton light exposure caused by an eddy-induced modification of the mixed layer depth. The clear impact of mesoscale eddies on phytoplankton may implicate a downstream effect on Southern Ocean biogeochemical properties, such as mode water nutrient contents.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: Anthropogenic activities have resulted in enhanced lead (Pb) emissions to the environment over the past century, mainly through the combustion of leaded gasoline. Here, we present the first combined dissolved (DPb), labile (LpPb) and particulate (PPb) Pb dataset from the Northeast Atlantic (Celtic Sea) since the phasing out of leaded gasoline in Europe. Concentrations of DPb in surface waters have decreased by 4-fold over the last four decades. We demonstrate that anthropogenic Pb is transported from the Mediterranean Sea over long distances (〉2500 km). Benthic DPb fluxes exceeded the atmospheric Pb flux in the region, indicating the importance of sediments as a contemporary Pb source. A strong positive correlation between DPb, PPb and LpPb indicates a dynamic equilibrium between the phases and the potential for particles to ‘buffer’ the DPb pool. This study provides insights into Pb biogeochemical cycling and demonstrates the potential of Pb in constraining ocean circulation patterns.
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  • 95
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    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123 (2). pp. 1471-1484.
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: The variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) may play a role in sea surface temperature predictions on seasonal to decadal time scales. Therefore, AMOC seasonal cycles are a potential baseline for interpreting predictions. Here we present estimates for the seasonal cycle of transports of volume, temperature, and freshwater associated with the upper limb of the AMOC in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic on the Extended Ellett Line hydrographic section between Scotland and Iceland. Due to weather, ship‐based observations are primarily in summer. Recent glider observations during other seasons present an opportunity to investigate the seasonal variability in the upper layer of the AMOC. First, we document a new method to quality control and merge ship, float, and glider hydrographic observations. This method accounts for the different spatial sampling rates of the three platforms. The merged observations are used to compute seasonal cycles of volume, temperature, and freshwater transports in the Rockall Trough. These estimates are similar to the seasonal cycles in two eddy‐resolving ocean models. Volume transport appears to be the primary factor modulating other Rockall Trough transports. Finally, we show that the weakest transports occur in summer, consistent with seasonal changes in the regional‐scale wind stress curl. Although the seasonal cycle is weak compared to other variability in this region, the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Rockall Trough, roughly 0.5–1 Sv about a mean of 3.4 Sv, may account for up to 7–14% of the heat flux between Scotland and Greenland.
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  • 96
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    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Journal of Micropalaeontology, 37 (1). pp. 383-393.
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Benthic foraminifera from Bottsand coastal lagoon, western Baltic Sea, have been studied since the mid-1960s. They were monitored annually in late autumn since 2003 at the terminal ditch of the lagoon. There were 12 different species recognised, of which three have not been recorded during earlier investigations. Dominant species showed strong interannual fluctuations and a steady increase in population densities over the last decade. Elphidium incertum, a stenohaline species of the Baltic deep water fauna, colonised the Bottsand lagoon in 2016, most likely during a period of salinities 〉19 units and water temperatures of 18 °C on average in early autumn. The high salinities probably triggered their germination from a propagule bank in the ditch bottom sediment. The new E. incertum population showed densities higher by an order of magnitude than those of the indigenous species. The latter did not decline, revealing that E. incertum used another food source or occupied a different microhabitat. Elphidium incertum survived transient periods of lower salinities in late autumn 2017, though with reduced abundances, and became a regular faunal constituent at the Bottsand lagoon.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2021-03-18
    Description: The quantitative reconstruction of past seawater salinity has yet to be achieved and the search for a direct and independent salinity proxy is ongoing. Recent culture and field studies show a significant positive correlation of Na/Ca with salinity in benthic and planktonic foraminiferal calcite. For accurate paleoceanographic reconstructions, consistent and reliable calibrations are necessary, which are still missing. In order to assess the reliability of foraminiferal Na/Ca as a direct proxy for seawater salinity, this study presents electron microprobe Na/Ca data, measured on cultured specimens of Trilobatus sacculifer. The culture experiments were conducted over a wide salinity range of 26 to 45, while temperature was kept constant. To further understand potential controlling factors of Na incorporation, measurements were also performed on foraminifera cultured at various temperatures in the range of 19.5 °C to 29.5 °C under constant salinity conditions. Foraminiferal Na/Ca ratios positively correlate with seawater salinity (Na/Caforam = 0.97 + 0.115 ⋅ Salinity, R = 0.97, p 〈 0.005). Temperature on the other hand exhibits no statistically significant relationship with Na/Ca ratios indicating salinity to be the dominant factor controlling Na incorporation. The culturing results are corroborated by measurements on T. sacculifer from Caribbean and Gulf of Guinea surface sediments. In conclusion, planktonic foraminiferal Na/Ca can be applied as a reliable proxy for reconstructing sea surface salinities, albeit species-specific calibrations might be necessary.
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: We report here the results of total mercury (HgT) determinations along the 2014 Geotraces Geovide cruise (GA01 transect) in the North Atlantic Ocean (NA) from Lisbon (Portugal) to the coast of Labrador (Canada). HgT concentrations in unfiltered samples (HgTUNF) were log-normally distributed and ranged between 0.16 and 1.54 pmol L−1, with a geometric mean of 0.51 pmol L−1 for the 535 samples analysed. The dissolved fraction (〈 0.45 µm) of HgT (HgTF), determined on 141 samples, averaged 78 % of the HgTUNF for the entire data set, 84 % for open seawaters (below 100 m) and 91 % if the Labrador Sea data are excluded, where the primary production was high (with a winter convection down to 1400 m). HgTUNF concentrations increased eastwards and with depth from Greenland to Europe and from subsurface to bottom waters. The HgTUNF concentrations were similarly low in the subpolar gyre waters ( ∼  0.45 pmol L−1), whereas they exceeded 0.60 pmol L−1 in the subtropical gyre waters. The HgTUNF distribution mirrored that of dissolved oxygen concentration, with highest concentration levels associated with oxygen-depleted zones. The relationship between HgTF and the apparent oxygen utilization confirms the nutrient-like behaviour of Hg in the NA. An extended optimum multiparameter analysis allowed us to characterize HgTUNF concentrations in the different source water types (SWTs) present along the transect. The distribution pattern of HgTUNF, modelled by the mixing of SWTs, show Hg enrichment in Mediterranean waters and North East Atlantic Deep Water and low concentrations in young waters formed in the subpolar gyre and Nordic seas. The change in anthropogenic Hg concentrations in the Labrador Sea Water during its eastward journey suggests a continuous decrease in Hg content in this water mass over the last decades. Calculation of the water transport driven by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation across the Portugal–Greenland transect indicates northward Hg transport within the upper limb and southward Hg transport within the lower limb, with resulting net northward transport of about 97.2 kmol yr−1.
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: The chemistry–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ contains a detailed representation of tropospheric and stratospheric reactive chemistry and state-of-the-art parameterizations of aerosols using either a modal scheme (M7) or a bin scheme (SALSA). This article describes and evaluates the model version ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0 with a focus on the tropospheric gas-phase chemistry. A 10-year model simulation was performed to test the stability of the model and provide data for its evaluation. The comparison to observations concentrates on the year 2008 and includes total column observations of ozone and CO from IASI and OMI, Aura MLS observations of temperature, HNO3, ClO, and O3 for the evaluation of polar stratospheric processes, an ozonesonde climatology, surface ozone observations from the TOAR database, and surface CO data from the Global Atmosphere Watch network. Global budgets of ozone, OH, NOx, aerosols, clouds, and radiation are analyzed and compared to the literature. ECHAM-HAMMOZ performs well in many aspects. However, in the base simulation, lightning NOx emissions are very low, and the impact of the heterogeneous reaction of HNO3 on dust and sea salt aerosol is too strong. Sensitivity simulations with increased lightning NOx or modified heterogeneous chemistry deteriorate the comparison with observations and yield excessively large ozone budget terms and too much OH. We hypothesize that this is an impact of potential issues with tropical convection in the ECHAM model.
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: We reanalyze existing paleodata of global mean surface temperature ΔTg and radiative forcing ΔR of CO2 and land ice albedo for the last 800,000 years to show that a state‐dependency in paleoclimate sensitivity S, as previously suggested, is only found if ΔTg is based on reconstructions, and not when ΔTg is based on model simulations. Furthermore, during times of decreasing obliquity (periods of land‐ice sheet growth and sea level fall) the multi‐millennial component of reconstructed ΔTg diverges from CO2, while in simulations both variables vary more synchronously, suggesting that the differences during these times are due to relatively low rates of simulated land ice growth and associated cooling. To produce a reconstruction‐based extrapolation of S for the future we exclude intervals with strong ΔTg‐CO2 divergence and find that S is less state‐dependent, or even constant (state‐independent), yielding a mean equilibrium warming of 2–4 K for a doubling of CO2.
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