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  • Animals  (417)
  • Triticum aestivum  (60)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (430)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (430)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reliable method for the selection of axenic seedlings (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 281-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Surface sterilization ; Contaminants ; Sterile plant selection ; Axenic seedlings ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium pratense ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sterile seedlings are required for the investigation of interactions between microorganisms and plants. The present study was designed to develop a simple and reliable method for the selection of sterile seedlings by the use of liquid nutrient media, avoiding some of the disadvantages of solid media. The method of germinating surface-sterilized seedlings on solid water agar or nutrient media was compared with our method for sterility control in nutrient broth. Sterile plant selection in liquid media was the most sensitive method for detecting bacterial and fungal contaminants. Sterile plants grow with the same vigour as unsterilized plants and can be used for sterile plant experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336240
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical organization of the 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the mitochondrial genome of rye (Secale cereale L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of rye, plus a total of about 90 kilobase pairs of flanking DNA, have been cloned and maps of restriction enzyme cleavage sites have been constructed. Like their homologs from hexaploid wheat, the rye genes are closely linked and are part of a three-copy family of recombining repeats (the “18S/5S repeat”). The rye repeat probably also contains a mitochondrial tRNAfMet gene, which the wheat repeat is known to carry. However, despite the overall organizational similarity between the wheat and rye 18S/5S repeats in the immediate vicinity of their coding regions, extensive rearrangement of flanking sequences has taken place during evolutionary divergence of the two species. Our data provide additional support for an emerging picture of plant mitochondrial genomes as evolving much more rapidly in structure than in sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314882
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene sequence is present in the mitochondrial genome of Triticum aestivum: molecular organisation and evolutionary aspects (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 523-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA ; ATPase alpha subunit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene has been identified in the mitochondrial DNA of Triticum aestivum. It is located near the 18S-5S ribosomal genes and partially contained within a repeated sequence. Comparison of the transferred sequence with the original ct sequence reveals several nucleotide changes and shows that neither 5′ nor 3′ ends are present in the mt genome. No transcript of this region could be detected by Northern analysis. This sequence is present in mitochondrial genomes of other tetraploid and diploid species of Triticum, also in the vicinity of the 18S-5S ribosomal genes, suggesting a unique transfer event. The date of this event is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313082
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 304-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Multispecies canopy model ; Canopy photosynthesis model ; Triticum aestivum ; Avena fatua ; Ultraviolet-B radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Competition for light among species in a mixed canopy can be assessed quantitatively by a simulation model which evaluates the importance of different morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of each species. A model was developed that simulates how the foliage of all species attenuate radiation in the canopy and how much radiation is received by foliage of each species. The model can account for different kinds of foliage (leaf blades, stems, etc.) for each species. The photosynthesis and transpiration for sunlit and shaded foliage of each species is also computed for different layers in the canopy. The model is an extension of previously described single-species canopy photosynthesis simulation models. Model predictions of the fraction of foliage sunlit and interception of light by sunlit and shaded foliage for monoculture and mixed canopies of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild oat (Avena fatua) in the field compared very well with measured values. The model was used to calculate light interception and canopy photosynthesis for both species of wheat/wild oat mixtures grown under normal solar and enhanced ultraviolet-B (290–320 nm) radiation (UV-B) in a glasshouse experiment with no root competition. In these experiments, measurements showed that the mixtures receiving enhanced UV-B radiation had a greater proportion of the total foliage area composed of wheat compared to mixtures in the control treatments. The difference in species foliage area and its position in the canopy resulted in a calculated increase in the portion of total canopy radiation interception and photosynthesis by wheat. This, in turn, is consistent with greater canopy biomass of wheat reported in canopies irradiated with supplemental UV-B.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317475
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelochemicals in soil from no-tillage versus conventional-tillage wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2277-2289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemicals ; no-tillage ; conventional-tillage ; soils ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; mass spectrometry ; Petri-dish bioassay ; fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no-tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater, Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity, purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August. No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no significant biological activity toward wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01026937
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Devil's-claw (Proboscidea louisianica), essential oil and its components (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1927-1940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phytotoxic ; allelochemical ; α-bisabolol ; δ-cadinene ; p-cymen-9-ol ; essential oil ; germination ; phenethyl alcohol ; piperitenone ; vanillin ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Proboscidea louisianica ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential allelopathic activity of devil's-claw [Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung] essential oil and a few of the compounds it contains on the elongation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) radicles was studied using a Petri dish bioassay. Essential oil was collected by steam distillation using an all-glass-Teflon assembly. Ether extracts of the steam distillates from fresh devil's-claw were inhibitory to cotton and wheat radicle elongation. The following six components of devil's-claw essential oil identified by CGC-MS-DS were inhibitory to cotton and/or wheat at a concentration of 1 mM: vanillin, piperitenone, δ-cadinene,p-cymen-9-ol, α-bisabolol, and phenethyl alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020506
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat chloroplast gene encoding the proteolytic subunit of an ATP-dependent protease (1990)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 15 (1990), S. 947-950 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: clpP gene ; rps12 gene ; ribosomal protein S12 ; intron ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039435
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embryo yield in wheat anther culture is influenced by the choice of sugar in the culture medium (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1990), S. 14-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Sugars ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of employing different sugars in wheat anther culture has been investigated using four Spring wheat cultivars. The most responsive cultivar, Orofen, gave a three to four-fold increase in embryo yield when maltose was used in place of sucrose, with 50 embryos being produced for every 100 anthers cultured. Measurement of sugar concentrations in the culture media indicated that sucrose was more rapidly hydrolysed than maltose. However, neither the osmotic potential of the medium nor the concentration of glucose appeared to be critical factors in determining embryo yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232126
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of resistance toPuccinia graminis tritici andPuccinia recondite tritici in four South African wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia graminis tritici ; Puccinia recondita Tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Rust resistance ; Gene identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genes for resistance toPuccinia graminis tritici andPuccinia recondita tritici identified in four South African wheats were:Sr6,Sr8a,Sr9e, andLr13 in ‘W3762’;Sr5,Sr8a,Sr9b,Sr12,Sr24,Lr13, andLr24 in ‘W3760’;Sr2,Sr24,SrC,Lr13, andLr24 in ‘W3751’; andSr7a,Sr23,Sr36, andLr16 in ‘W3755’. GenesSr2,Sr9e, andSr24 also conferred adult plant resistance to the predominant pathotypes ofP. graminis tritici. GenesSr7a,Sr23, andSrC, when present alone, did not confer acceptable adult plant resistance, even though low seedling reactions were associated with them when tested with the same pathotypes. Genetic recombination betweenLr13 andSr9e was estimated at 12.5%±2.3%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186086
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro microspore reaction of different German wheat cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; 1B/1R translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The in vitro microspore androgenesis reaction of 25 commercial German spring (including 4 Triticum durum) and 50 winter wheat cultivars was investigated. Tremendous genotypical differences were found in microspore response. The best-responding winter wheat cultivai, “Florida”, is characterized by the presence of a 1B/1R wheat-rye translocation chromosome. The significance of this finding and other genetic systems for future use of haploids in plant breeding is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223790
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of callus types for long-term maintenance and regeneration from commercial cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 609-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cereals ; Gramineae ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature embryos, inflorescences, and anthers of eight commercial cultivars of Triticum aestivum (wheat) formed embryogenic callus on a variety of media. Immature embryos (1.0–1.5 mm long) were found to be most suitable for embryogenic callus formation while anthers responded poorly; inflorescences gave intermediate values. Immature embryos of various cultivars showed significant differences in callus formation in response to 11 of the 12 media tested. No significant differences were observed when the embryos were cultred under similar conditions on MS medium with twice the concentration of inorganic salts, supplemented with 2,4-D, casein hydrolysate and glutamine. Furthermore, with inflorescences also no significant differences were observed. Explants on callus formation media formed two types of embryogenic calli: an off-white, compact, and nodular callus and a white compact callus. Upon successive subcultures (approximately 5 months), the nodular embryogenic callus became more prominent and was identified as ‘aged callus’. The aged callus upon further subculture, formed an off-white, soft, and friable embryogenic callus. Both the aged and friable calli maintained their embryogenic capacity over many subculture passages (to date up to 19 months). All embryogenic calli (1 month old) from the different callus-forming media, irrespective of expiant source, formed only green shoots on regeneration media that developed to maturity in the greenhouse. There were no significant differences in the response of calli derived from embryos and inflorescences cultured on the different initiation media. Also, the shoot-forming capacity of the cultivars was not significantly different. Anther-derived calli formed the least shoots. Aged and friable calli on regeneration media also formed green shoots but at lower frequencies. Plants from long-term culture have also been grown to maturity in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226873
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progeny tests of barley, wheat, and potato regenerated from cell cultures after in vitro selection for disease resistance (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Helminthosporium ; Fusarium ; Phytophthora ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Because plant cells cultured in vitro express genetic variability and since they can be regenerated into functional plants, procedures have been designed to use this system for the production of plants with new important agronomic characteristics, particularly for disease resistance. For barley, wheat, and potato somaclones have been found that were less susceptible to a toxin of Helminthosporium, fusaric acid, Fusarium coeruleum, F. sulphureum, or Phytophthora infestans, when screened in the first in-vitro-derived generation. Here the progeny of such somaclones is evaluated after natural and artificial infection, using greenhouse-grown or field material. The progenies of the same somaclones did not express detectable differences, which indicated that no heterozygous mutations occurred. Most lines and clones differed in their level of susceptibility to the pathogen compared to the level of the starting material, but these data were in no instance significant. It is discussed here whether this lack of significance is due to a lack of genetic differences or whether the test procedures are in adequate for detecting and securing the slight, probably quantitative, alterations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210073
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Dosage effects of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 upon bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Aneuploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The endosperm storage proteins, glutenin and gliadin, are major determinants of bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat. Genes encoding them are located on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6. Aneuploid lines of these groups in spring wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ have been used to investigate the effect of varying the dosage of chromosomes and chromosome arms upon bread-making quality, where quality has been assessed using the SDS-sedimentation test. Differences between the group 1 chromosomes for quality were greater than those between the group 6 chromosomes. The chromosomes were ranked within homoeologous groups for their effect on quality as follows (〉=better quality): 1D〉1B〉1A and 6A〉6B=6D. The relationship of chromosome dosage with quality was principally linear for four of the chromosomes, but not for 6B and 6D. Increases in the dosage of 1B, 6A and, especially, 1D, were associated with significant improvements in quality, whereas increases in the dosage of 1A were associated with reductions in quality. The effects of 1A and 1D were such that the best genotype for quality was nullisomic 1A-tetrasomic 1D. For group 1, effects of the long arm appeared in general to be more important than effects of the short arm. For group 6, effects were found associated with the long arms as well as with the short arms, a surprising result in view of the absence of genes encoding storage proteins on the long arms. Significant interactions were found between chromosomes and genetic backgrounds, and between individual chromosomes. Analysis of trials grown over two years demonstrated that, although additive environmental differences over years and genotype x years interaction were present, they were relatively small in magnitude compared with purely genetic differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224399
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Intercellular movement of protoplasm in vivo in developing endosperm of wheat caryopses (1990)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 153 (1990), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Intercellular protoplasmic movement ; Plasmodesma ; Nuclear migration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Earlier work in our laboratory indicated that protoplasmic constituents can migrate from one cell to another in certain tissues of higher plants. Further investigations have been conducted using garlic bulbs and wheat nucellus for microscopic observation of intercellular protoplasmic movement in vivo. These gave preliminary indications of the dynamic characteristics of migrating nuclei and cytoplasm. The present paper gives recent results providing new evidence for intercellular protoplasmic movement that is neither hindered by the presence of cell wall nor the narrowness of channels of intercellular connection. By careful manipulation, intact endosperm sacs could be taken from developing caryopses (6–8 days after fertilization) without apparent injury to constituent cells. Shortly after the living specimen is mounted on the microscopic stage, asynchronous intercellular protoplasmic movement can be observed here and there. It can be seen that protoplasm extrudes in rapid but intermittent movements from one cell to the next by vigorous contraction. Although various cell constituents may move together, they can also be quite independent of each other. The moving units, though undergoing violent deformation, resume their normal shape and structure following intercellular migration. Evidently this kind of movement is a naturally occurring and active phenomenon closely related to the physiological state of the tissue. Electron microscopic studies reveal that a limited number of plasmodesmatal channels undergo modification and enlarge to 100–400 nm, through which the protoplasmic constituents pass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01354004
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Identification of resistance genes to Puccinia striiformis in seedlings of Ethiopian and CIMMYT bread wheat varieties and lines (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: yellow (stripe) rust races ; Triticum aestivum ; Yr genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Onder geconditioneerde klimaatsomstandigheden zijn 42 Ethiopische en CIMMYT rassen en lijnen van broodtarwe (Triticum aestivum) in het kiemplantstadium geïnoculeerd met 19 isolaten van gele roest die onderling verschilden in hun pathogeniteit voor 20 differentiërende tarwerassen waarvan de resistantie-achtergrond bekend is. De genom-gen relatie is toegepast om resistentiegenen te identificeren. Vier rassen en lijnen bleken resistent te zijn tegen alle isolaten. Verondersteld wordt dat hun resistentie berust op genen die niet eerder herkend waren of op een combinatie van bekende genen die niet compatibel was met de gebruikte isolaten. In het overige tarwemateriaal kon de aanwezigheid worden aangegeven van de resistentiegenenYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 enYrA. Het van rogge afkomstige en door het CIMMYT veel gebruikte resistentiegenYr9 was in 28 rassen en lijnen (67%) aanwezig. In het onderzochte tarwemateriaal isYr4 het enige voor Oost en Centraal Afrika effectieve resistentiegen omdat de daar voorkomende gele roest pathogeniteit bezit voor de overige genen. Het herkennen van pathogeniteit van gele roest voor bepaalde resistentiegenen is verbeterd door het toevoegen van tarwerassen met monogene resistentie aan het internatinale gebruikte tarwesortiment voor de determinatie van gele-roestfysio's.
    Notes: Abstract In a controlled environment, the reaction was observed of 42 bread wheat varieties and lines inoculated with 19 isolates of yellow rust differing in their virulence to 20 differential varieties. Five varieties and lines showed resistance to all isolates. The remaining ones appeared to have the genesYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 andYrA, either singly or in combination.Yr9 derived from rye was present in 67% of the varieties and lines.Yr4 is the only effective gene in that material as, in Eastern and Central Africa, yellow rust has virulence to the otherYr genes. Recognition of virulence toYr genes is enhanced by the use of a supplemental set of differential varieties supposedly carrying a single gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974257
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  • 16
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    Genetic variation in partial resistance to leaf rust in winter wheat: disease progress, foliage senescence and yield reduction (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting De relatie stussen de epidemiologie van bruine roest, bladveroudering en oprengstderving werden bestudeerd bij zeven wintertarwegenotypen die verschilden in partiële resistentie tegen bruine roest. Bruine roest versnelde de veroudering van blad en aar. Fotosynthesemetingen wezen echter uit dat de fotosynthesecapaciteit van het resterende groene oppervlak niet werd beïnvloed. Verschillen tussen de genotypen in opbrengstderving werden voornamelijk veroorzaakt door verschillen in bladveroudering en daarmee in cumulatieve lichtinterceptie (r=0.83) en gewasfotosynthese. De reductie in cumulatieve lichtinterceptie was nauw gerelateerd aan de cumulatieve ziektedruk (in puistdagen) (r=0.85), welke ook nauw was geassocieerd met de opbrengstderving (r=0.88). De opbrengstreductie werd echter even goed voorspeld door de tijdsduur tot 50% reductie van het groene bladoppervlak en de puistdichtheid halverwege de epidemie als door cumulatieve lichtinterceptie en cumulatieve ziektedruk, waardoor beide eerste criteria gebruikt kunnen worden in de selectie voor partiële resistentie tegen bruine roest.
    Notes: Abstract Relations between leaf rust progress, foliage senescence and yield reduction were studied for seven winter wheat genotypes, differing in their partial resistance to leaf rust. Leaf rust accelerated leaf and ear senescence. Photosynthesis measurements showed, however, that the photosynthetic capacity of the remaining green surface was not affected. Differences between genotypes in yield reduction were largely explained by differences in leaf senescence and, therefore, in cumulative light interception (r=0.83) and crop photosynthesis. Reduction in cumulative light interception was closely related to the area under the disease-progress-curve (r=0.85), which was also closely associated with yield reduction (r=0.88). However, the time taken to reach a 50% reduction of green leaf area and the pustule density on 1 July (i.e. halfway through the epidemic) were just as good predictors of yield reduction as cumulative light interception and area under disease-progress-curve, suggesting that the former are useful criteria in the selection for partial resistance to leaf rust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976602
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  • 17
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    Effects of powdery mildew and weather on winter wheat yield. 1. Variation of weather between years (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; simulation ; SUCROS87 ; NWHEAT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Om systemen voor geleide bestrijding van ziekten te verbeteren, werd de vraag gesteld of schaderelaties, vastgesteld in jaren met specifieke weersomstandigheden, ook gebruikt kunnen worden in andere jaren. Twee bestaande modellen van tarwe en een combinatie van beide, werden gebruikt om het effect van weer op opbrengst te berekenen, eerst bij afwezigheid van meeldauw. De berekende opbrengsten in verschillende jaren toonden geen samenhang met de behaalde opbrengsten, gecorrigeerd voor een jaarlijkse toename, in Nederland. Verschillen tussen de modellen konden worden toegeschreven aan de wijze waarop de groei en ontwikkeling van tarwe vroeg in het seizoen wordt berekend.
    Notes: Abstract A vital question to upgrade disease management systems is whether damage functions, established in years with specific weather conditions, can be applied also in other years. A simulation approach was used to explore effects of weather on yield and damage. Two existing models of wheat and a third, a combination of both, were used to compute yield, first in absence of mildew. In a second paper, effects of mildew will be reported. Yields simulated for different years were not significantly correlated with yields harvested, adjusted for their increase over years, in the Netherlands. Differences in performance between the models could be attributed to the method of simulating development and growth early in the cropping season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976604
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  • 18
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    Control of Mn status and infection rate by genotype of both host and pathogen in the wheat take-all interaction (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Gaeumannomyces graminis ; genotypes ; interaction ; manganese ; oxidation ; take-all ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Take-all is a world-wide root-rotting disease of cereals. The causal organism of take-all of wheat is the soil-borne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt). No resistance to take-all, worthy of inclusion in a plant breeding programme, has been discovered in wheat but the severity of take-all is increased in host plants whose tissues are deficient for manganese (Mn). Take-all of wheat will be decreased by all techniques which lift Mn concentrations in shoots and roots of Mn-deficient hosts to adequate levels. Wheat seedlings were grown in a Mn-deficient calcareous sand in small pots and inoculated with four field isolates of Ggt. Infection by three virulent isolates was increased under conditions which were Mn deficient for the wheat host but infection by a weakly virulent isolate, already low, was further decreased. Only the three virulent isolates caused visible oxidation of Mn in vitro. The sensitivity of Ggt isolates to manganous ions in vitro did not explain the extent of infection they caused on wheat hosts. In a similar experiment four Australian wheat genotypes were grown in the same Mn-deficient calcareous sand and inoculated with one virulent isolate of Ggt. Two genotypes were inefficient at taking up manganese and were very susceptible to take-all, one was very efficient at taking up manganese and was resistant to take-all, and the fourth genotype was intermediate for both characters. All genotypes were equally resistant under Mn-adequate conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011280
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    Growth of wheat leaf rust colonies in susceptible and partially resistant spring wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat leaf rust ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; partial resistance ; histology ; growth curve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The average size of wheat leaf rust colonies, measured using epifluorescence microscopy was significantly larger in the highly susceptible genotype Morocco than in the susceptible genotype Kaspar and the partially resistant genotypes Westphal 12A, Akabozu and BH 1146. This was already so three days after inoculation. Colony growth in partially resistant genotypes was continuously retarded compared to colonies in the highly susceptible genotype Morocco. No evidence was found for an initial inhibition of the growth of colonies in partially resistant genotypes. In partially resistant genotypes formation of uredial beds and sporulating areas started at a smaller colony size than in susceptible genotypes. Wheat leaf rust colonies in primary leaves of all genotypes studied were much larger than colonies in flag leaves measured at the same number of days after inoculation. Growth and sporulation of not intertwined colonies was not influenced by either a high or a low number of neighbouring colonies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032152
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  • 20
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    Abortion of infection structures of wheat leaf rust in susceptible and partially resistant wheat genotypes (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; wheat leaf rust ; partial resistance ; histology ; abortion ; adult plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Arrest of the growth of wheat leaf rust infection structures was studied with fluorescence microscopy in seedling leaves and flag leaves of the susceptible spring wheat genotypes Morocco and Kaspar and the partially resistant genotypes Westphal 12A and Akabozu. The percentages non-penetrants and substomatal vesicle abortion were low in all genotypes. In the partially resistant genotypes the percentage abortion of infection structures was higher than in the susceptible genotype Morocco. Aborted infection structures had formed one or two haustorial mother cells. In adult plants differences in the percentage aborted infection structures between susceptible and partially resistant genotypes were more pronounced than in seedlings. The so-called late abortion was not observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032153
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  • 21
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    Sources of resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in bread wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ; resistance ; tan spot ; yellow spot ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary No complete resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis has been located in more than 1400 bread wheats examined. Incomplete resistance, however, occurs at different levels in many spring and winter types and data are presented for the strongest sources of resistance detected. In particular, there is a high frequency of Brazilian spring wheats with appreciable levels of resistance to this pathogen. Recent international nurseries from CIMMYT, Mexico, also contain numerous potentially valuable sources of resistance and these wheats may be shorter and higher yielding in Australia than the Brazilian wheats. The resistances in many Brazilian cultivars may be largely common because the cultivars are often strongly interrelated. Some of the Brazilian wheats resistant to P. tritici-repentis are also resistant to one or more of the septoria diseases and/or possess tolerance to aluminium toxicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032151
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    Variation of characters in near-isogenic lines of wheat with added genes for leaf rust resistance (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; near-isogenic lines ; NILs ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; leaf rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; backcross ; variation ; background resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Using the cultivar Arina as the recurrent parent, six backcrosses were made with two donor lines carrying the leaf rust resistance genes Lr1 and Lr9, respectively. Selection for leaf rust resistance occurred at the seedling stage in the greenhouse; the first plants transferred to the field were BC6F4s. Frequency distribution of the 332 Lr1/7 × Arina and the 335 Lr9/7 × Arina lines showed continuous variation for yellow rust resistance and heading date in these leaf rust near-isogenic lines (NILs). Similar results were also obtained for plant height, for resistance to powdery mildew and glume blotch, as well as for baking quality characters in another set of more advanced NILs. The available information on the behaviour of one of the parents of cultivar Arina led to the conclusion that the expressed yellow rust resistance is quantitative and might possibly be durable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032154
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    Relative genetic contributions of ancestral genotypes to Yugoslavian winter wheat cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; coefficient of parentage ; pedigree ; gene pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Pedigrees of 142 Yugoslavian winter wheat cultivars were traced to 110 ancestral genotypes, of which 41 contributed significantly. In each of the four major Yugoslavian wheat breeding programs, the most important ancestor, as evaluated by mean coefficient of parentage, was ‘Akagomughi’, source of the genes Rht8 and Ppd1. The other 13–19 ancestors accounting for the majority of the remaining germplasm, varied considerably among institutions. The relative contributions of ancestors changed little between the periods 1967–76 and 1982–86, with the exception of ‘Neuzucht’ (source of a 1B/1R translocation), which became much more important in the latter period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033283
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    Spike-based and seed-based selection for preharvest sprouting resistance in wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 149-155 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; selection ; preharvest sprouting ; germination ; kernel color ; dormancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The utility of spike- and seed-based mass selection techniques for improving preharvest sprouting resistance in heterogeneous wheat (Triticum spp.) populations was evaluated. Sorting seed by size improved selection efficiency in some cases, putatively by physiological synchronization. Progeny testing, as well as changes in frequency of red-kernelled types, indicate effectiveness of both spike- and seed-based mass selection for reduced preharvest sprouting. Differential effectiveness of mass selection, in populations segregating for dormancy from different sources, is consistent with previous work on mechanisms of dormancy from these sources. These results are of value to improvement of preharvest sprouting resistance in large, heterogeneous wheat populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022308
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    Genetic control of esterase-6 isozymes in hexaploid wheat and rye (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 47 (1990), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; isozyme loci ; esterase ; homoeology relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The EST-6 leaf esterase phenotypes from euploid, nullisomic-tetrasomic and rye chromosome addition and substitution lines of common wheat were determined using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Evidence is presented to demonstrate that Est-6 is a new set of genes, that are expressed in the leaf. The Est-6 gene set were clearly distinguished from the Est-5 genes which are expressed in the grain. The three homoeoallelic loci, Est-A6, Est-B6 and Est-D6, were located on chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D. An Est-R6 gene was located on chromosome 6R is involved in rye. Some considerations concerning homoeology between homoeologous group 3 of wheat and the rye chromosome 6R are made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038832
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    Monosomic analyses of stripe rust and leaf rust resistance genes in winter wheat varieties Lüquyu and Yantar (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici ; brown rust ; leaf rust ; inheritance ; rust resistance ; monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A set of 21 monosomics of Novosadska Rana-1 was used to locate the rust resistance genes of Lüqiyu, a stripe rust resistant line developed by BAU and Yantar, a leaf rust resistant wheat introduced from Bulgaria. The resistance of the former to p. striiformis race C25 was conditioned by a dominant gene located on chromosome 2B, whereas that of the latter to P. recondita race CL3 was controlled by two complementary dominant genes located on chromosomes 5A and 1D, respectively. The relationship of the stripe rust resistance gene in Lüqiyu to Yr5, Yr7 or Yr Suwon' all located on chromosome 2B is unknown. The two complementary leaf rust resistance factors in Yantar appear to be new.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028964
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    Vegetative protein and its relation to grain protein in high and low grain protein winter wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; protein accumulation ; plant protein ; protein estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Better understanding of the physiological and genetic basis of wheat grain protein will contribute to breeding efforts for this characteristic. This study provides information about plant protein distribution in high and low grain protein winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) at different growth stages and its relation to grain protein. Field experiments involved two winter wheats with high grain protein, ‘Redwin’ and ‘Lancota’, and two with low grain protein, ‘Centurk’ and ‘Brule’ in two years. Protein content in the head, the upper three leaves, the first and second leaf, and the peduncle were estimated with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectrophotometer (NIR) at five growth stages. High protein cultivars had higher leaf protein at ripe and higher protein content in the heads at most growth stages than low grain protein cultivars. High protein cultivars had lower protein content in the peduncle than low protein cultivars at ripe. Correlation coefficients between plant-part protein and grain protein ranged from 0.48 to 0.87 for the heads, from −0.45 to −0.79 for the peduncle, and from 0.55 to 0.84 for the leaves. A combination of head, peduncle, and first leaf protein at heading was significantly related to grain protein (R2=0.71). Indirect selection for head, peduncle, and first leaf (flag leaf) protein at heading should result in increased grain protein. Recurrent selection for increased grain protein, with parent selectionbefore anthesis and hybridization should be successful.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028955
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    The electrofocusing composition of the Large and Small Sub-unit polypeptides of Fraction-1-Protein in rice x wheat and rice x sorghum hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor ; sorghum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; Fraction-1-Protein inheritance ; Isoelectric focusing ; intergeneric hybrids ; Large and small sub-units ; rice × sorghum ; rice × wheat hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The polypeptide composition of Fraction-1-Protein (F1P) from rice × sorghum, rice × wheat hybrids and their respective parents have been analyzed by a microelectrofocusing method. The large sub-unit (LSU) is composed of three polypeptides and the small sub-unit (SSU) of two polypeptides in rice and sorghum parents and rice × sorghum hybrids. Similarly, LSU is composed of three polypeptides in the rice and wheat parents and rice × wheat hybrids. Two polypeptides occur in the SSU of rice parent and rice × wheat hybrids where as only one polypeptide in the wheat parent. These polypeptides also differ in their isoelectric points. Based on the previous reports of F1P inheritance in hybrids in other crops, F1P analysis of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids does not seem to be an important marker to identify such intergeneric hybrids. Since this is first such report of F1P inheritance in hybrids between distantly related plants, its implication in different modes of inheritance are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023653
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    Simplified culture method of detached ears and its application to vernalization in wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; detached ear culture ; immature seed vernalization ; narrow-sense earliness ; photoperiodic response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of the addition of sulfurous acid into culture solution and of cold treatment of the solution were examined to simplify the culture of detached wheat ears. In the simplified method, detached ears could be cultured at room temperature on the liquid medium containing 100 g/l sucrose and 0.075% sulfurous acid without any sterilization. The immature seeds in detached ears cultured by this method were treated with low temperature or with chemicals known to have vernalizing effect. The chemical treatment did not affect the chilling requirement of immature embryos, although photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness were reduced by kinetin and trypsin. The low temperature treatment drastically affected the chilling requirement, and fully vernalized mature seeds having normal germinability were obtained by treating the detached ears in culture with low temperature from 10 days after anthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027266
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    Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Sorghum bicolor ; Triticum aestivum ; C3–C4 characters ; growth analysis ; rice × sorghum ; rice × wheat hybrids ; root studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO2 compensation pointdistinguishing C3 and C4 plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO2 compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C3 rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036289
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    Chromosome locations of genes controlling ‘purple leaf base’ in rye and wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 155-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; rye ; rye-wheat-additions ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; anthocyanins ; purple leaf base ; purple/red auricles ; gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary ‘Purple leaf base’ is expressed only if there is anthocyanin pigmentation in coleoptiles either in rye or in rye-wheat-additions. Genes controlling ‘purple leaf base’ were found to be located on chromosomes 5R (An5), 4B (Ra2) and 6B (Ra3) using the trisomic set of rye cv. Esto and autoplasmic rye-wheat-additions, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027265
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    Relationship between relative water content during reproductive development and winter wheat grain yield (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; drought resistance ; grain yield ; relative water content ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Water is often the most limiting factor to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A., yet the lack of reliable screening criteria has precluded direct selection for drought resistance in breeding programs. Previous work showed that leaf relative water content (RWC) was highly heritable when measured under field-drought conditions, but its adoption as a screening tool for yield improvement requires further investigation of the genetic relationship between grain yield and RWC. Plants representing high and low yield potential under drought stress, and a random group of plants, were selected from an F2 population having the pedigree, TAM W-101/Sturdy. Two sets of entries, each comprised of the two parents and 24 F2-derived lines, were evaluated under a rainshelter in the F3 (1986) and F4 (1987) generations to determine differences in leaf RWC during reproductive development. One set of entries did not receive any water after the jointing stage, and the other set was grown under well-watered conditions. A positive relationship was observed between grain yield and RWC measured during anthesis and mid-grain fill, as the high-yield selections maintained a significantly higher RWC than the low-yield selections. Grain yield and RWC were also positively associated among random selections segregating for both traits. Subsequent adjustment of genotype means for differences in reproductive development at time of sampling underscored the need to consider differences in maturity when RWC is the selection criterion.
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    The inheritance of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Fusarium culmorum ; head blight ; scab ; resistance ; gene action ; number of genes ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crosses were made among ten winter wheat genotypes representing different levels of resistance to Fusarium head blight to obtain F1 and F2 generations. Parents, F1 and F2 were inoculated with one strain of Fusarium culmorum. Data on incidence of head blight 21 days after first inoculation were analyzed. Broad-sense heritabilities averaged 0.39 and ranged from 0.05 to 0.89 in the individual F2 families. The joint-scaling test indicated that the inheritance of Fusarium head blight resistance was adequately described by the additive-dominance model, with additive gene action being the most important factor of resistance. With respect to the non-additive effects, dominance of resistance predominated over recessiveness. The number of segregating genes governing resistance in the studied populations was estimated to vary between one and six. It was demonstrated that resistance genes differed between parents and affected resistance differently.
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    Genetic improvement of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Argentina: relationships between nitrogen and dry matter (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat breeding ; genetic improvement with time ; grain nitrogen concentration ; nitrogen economy ; nitrogen utilization efficiency ; Argentina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in nitrogen (N) economy and N to dry matter (DM) relationships were studied for six cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released in Argentina at different times between 1912 and 1980. Experiments were performed on two successive years. N partitioning to reproductive organs was changed both at anthesis and at maturity. Grain N yield (GNY) was associated to both total N accumulated and N partitioning. Most of the changes produced by genetic improvement on N economy at maturity could be explained by parallel changes at anthesis. Neither biological N yield (BNY) at anthesis nor BNY at maturity showed any trend with the year of release of the cultivars. Grain N concentration (GNC) showed a negative trend with the year of release, and was inversely correlated to both grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). However, GNC was positively and significantly associated with NHI to HI ratio, indicating that the main reason for its behaviour along this century was the dilution of N on non N compounds. The N utilization efficiencies (NUE) for both GY and grain number were positively affected by breeding. Moreover, modern Argentinian cultivars are as efficient as the best cultivars showed by other authors. It is suggested that to increase GNC together with GY, breeders should improve N accumulation at anthesis maintaining high remobilization of vegetative N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023162
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    Diallel analysis of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Fusarium culmorum ; Fusarium head blight ; resistance ; scab ; diallel cross ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten homozygous winter wheat genotypes representing different levels of resistance to Fusarium head blight were crossed in all possible combinations excluding reciprocals. Parents, F1 and F2 were inoculated with one pathogenic strain of Fusarium culmorum. Data for head blight, observed 21 days after first inoculation (OBS-2), and for the area under the disease progress curve, based on observations 14, 21 and 28 days after first inoculation (AUDPC), were analyzed. The contrast between parents and F1 crosses indicated dommance effects of the resistance genes. Diallel analysis according to Griffing's Method 4, Model 1 showed significant general combining ability (GCA) effects for both F1 and F2; specific combining ability effects were not significant. With the exception of one genotype for which general performance for Fusarium resistance was not in agreement with its GCA, the resistance to F. culmorum was uniformly transmitted to all offspring, and the parents can be described in terms of GCA. It is suggested that in the progenies with one of the awned lines as parent, one resistance gene was linked with the gene coding for presence of awns, located on chromosome 4B. A single observation date, taken at the right time, was as effective in assessing resistance as the AUDPC.
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    Classification of GA response, Rht genes and culm length in Japanese varieties and landraces of wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 221-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; gibberellic acid response ; dwarfing genes ; culm length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The GA response, Rht genes and culm length of 133 Norin varieties, 6 breeding lines and 16 landraces of Japanese wheat were investigated. Out of 133 Norin varieties tested, 103 were GA-insensitive and 30 GA-responsive. The 6 breeding lines were all GA-insensitive. Out of 16 landraces tested, 10 were GA-insensitive and 6 GA-responsive. Among the 10 GA-insensitive landraces, only Daruma had a Rht1 genotype. The other 9 had a Rht2 genotype. None of the landraces tested carried both Rht1 and Rht2 or Rht3. Out of the 103 GA-insensitive Norin varieties, 22 carried only Rht1, another 79 carried only Rht2, and only Norin 10 and Kokeshikomugi carried both Rht1 and Rht2. No tested variety carried Rht3. Some Norin varieties carrying Rht2 showed tall culms comparable to that of the rht tester line Chinese Spring. These results suggest that these varieties had a nullifier or modifier gene(s) or height promoting genes in the background controlling the height-reducing effect of Rht2. Conversely, six GA-responsive Norin varieties were as short as Akakomugi which carries the GA-responsive Rht genes, Rht8 and Rht9. The also seemed to carry a GA-responsive Rht gene or genes, and moreover all but one may carry gene(s) other than the Akakomugi genes. The origin of Rht1 and Rht2 of Norin 10 was speculated on the GA-response and Rht genotypes of its related varieties and landraces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023648
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    Correlations between auto-, allo- and nil-competition and their implications in plant breeding (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; single plant selection for yield ; inter-genotypic competition ; interplot competition ; cultivar degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to explore the relation between auto-, allo- and nil-competition using a long established pure line cultivar of bread wheat, where genes controlling yielding and competing ability co-exist and co-interact. The investigation lasted three growing periods, the first two with trials grown at nilcompetition (100 cm), and the third with trials grown at the three conditions of competition. In the first growing period, divergent single plant honeycomb selection for high and low yield was applied in the cultivar Siete Cerros, to continue in the second growing period with divergent line honeycomb selection. In the third growing period, top and bottom lines selected under nil-competition were compared with the mother variety Siete Cerros under auto-, allo- and nil-competition. Correlation coefficient estimates between auto-, allo- and nil-competition demonstrated that auto-competition and nil-competition are correlated positively interse and negatively with allo-competition. In general, the results suggest that yielding and competing ability are correlated negatively. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the possibility of (1) selecting for heritable high yield on a single plant basis, (2) avoiding biased results due to interplot competition, (3) substituting cultivar degeneration for cultivar improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023161
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    Dough stickiness in rye-derived wheat cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; dough stickiness ; rye-derived wheat cultivars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rye-derived wheat cultivars are being used in many breeding programmes throughout the world in order to achieve improvements in yield and disease resistance. However, the serious quality defect of intense dough stickiness associated with many of these wheat cultivars is limiting the usefulness of their flour in large mechanised bread bakeries. A dough preparation procedure was developed which enabled the dough surface properties of a range of rye-derived wheat cultivars to be assessed on doughs mixed quantitatively to their optimum mixing time. Intense dough stickiness was found in samples of 1AL/1RS and 1DL/1RS translocation lines tested and in all of the 1BL/1RS wheat cultivars examined except the West German cultivar, Disponent. Most of the 1BL/1RS wheat cultivars were derived from the Russian cultivars, Kavkaz, Aurora and Skorospelka 35 and included the CIMMYT-bred cultivars such as the Veery lines (Glennson, Ures, Genaro and Seri) and the Nebraskan cultivar, Siouxland. Based on the results of studying selected 1BL/1RS wheat cultivars in detail, this intense dough stickiness appeared to be independent of growing season, trial location, protein content, mixing tolerance, milling process and extraction rate. In addition pilot bakery trials confirmed that our laboratory testing procedures can be used to detect this intense dough stickiness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022895
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  • 39
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    Geographic distribution of Vrn-genes in landraces and improved varieties of spring bread wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; spring varieties ; Vrn-genotypes ; dominant Vrn-genes ; geographic distribution ; landraces and improved varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study of the global Vrn-genes distribution supports the hypothesis that these loci have different breeding values. Evident zonal differences were discovered in percentage of dominant Vrn-genes and genotypes between the sets of varieties from various locations. For the same zone analogous differences were not so manifested between the sets of local and improved varieties. It showed the similar environmental fitness of those sets as a result of natural or artificial selection. Obvious changes in distribution of Vrn-genes were discovered in the history of breeding. Within this century the dominant Vrn3 was introgressed into many modern varieties of countries close to the equator. The main direction of such introgression ran from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi to Italian varieties. Later it came from Italy through Mentana to Mexican semidwarf varieties, and the last ones (especially Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64) promoted wide distribution of that gene all over the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033278
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  • 40
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    Intra- and intergeneration relationships among yield, its components and other related characteristics in spring wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 139-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; indirect selection ; single-plant selection ; honey-comb design ; harvest index ; protein content ; correlation ; regression ; path coefficients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationships between yield, its components and other associated characteristics, both within and across generations, were studied in the F2, F3 and F4 of two Hard Red Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) crosses using simple correlation, path coefficient and step-wise multiple regression analyses. In the F2 and F3 the plants were grown 50 cm apart from each other while in the F4 they were grown under the usual farm practices. Selection was practiced for high and low yield in the F2 and F3 mainly on the basis of individual plant yield. Statistically significant, but not always practically useful, correlations were found between yield and its components and other associated characters. The relationship between yield and protein content was negative and significant within all generations but not so between F2 (and F3) and F4. The intergeneration correlation coefficients between F4 grain yields and grain yields measured in the F2 and F3 were all positive and highly significant. These coefficients, which are also heritability estimates in standard units, were small in magnitude. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified plant yield as the most significant factor in determining F4 line yield, followed by its components in the order of 1000-kernel weight, grain yield per plant and number of tillers per plant. Path coefficient analysis identified tiller number per plant and grain yield per spike as having strong positive direct effects on single plant yield. Harvest index of individual F2 plants can be used as an indirect selection criterion for yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033281
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  • 41
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    Chromosome pairing in hybrids of Triticum aestivum and the amphiploid Hordeum chilense x T. turgidum conv. durum (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum chilense ; Triticum turgidum ; Triticum durum ; durum ; C-banding ; meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The meiotic behaviour of a hybrid between Triticum aestivum and the amphiploid Hordeum chilense x T. turgidum conv. durum, was studied using a C-banding staining method. This hybrid has the genome formula of AA BB D Hch with 2n=6x=42 chromosomes. The durum wheat chromosomes (genomes A and B) were easily recognized, whereas the D and Hch chromosomes were recognized as a whole. Meiotic pairing was homologous, as expected (14 bivalents from A and B genomes +14 univalents from D and Hch genomes). However, some pollen mother cells at metaphase-I presented pseudobivalents that could have been caused by either homoeologous or autosyndetic pairing amongst D and Hch chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032990
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  • 42
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    The effect of major dwarfing genes on yield potential in spring wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 51-56 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; yield potential ; dwarfing genes ; Norin-10 ; Tom Thumb ; yield components ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A composite convergent cross of 16 spring wheat parents produced a set of unselected progeny lines among which the major dwarfing genes, Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3, were distributed against a common random genetic background. Random subsets of these lines were grown under irrigation and optimal conditions in 4 experiments with replicated bordered plots in southern New South Wales in order to measure the dwarfing gene effect on yield potential. The dwarfing gene composition of each line was determined by test crossing and seedling responsiveness to gibberellic acid. Lodging was negligible in the two experiments in 1982. While present in the two in 1983, it was not strongly associated with yield. Grain yield levels were appropriately high (mean 5.9 t/ha). In all but 1 experiment the Rht1+Rht2 dwarf genotypes gave highest yields while the Rht3 group yielded on average 3% lower, Rht2 9% lower, Rht1 11% lower, and the non-dwarf or tall group yielded 24% lower. These yield differences were positively associated with harvest index, kernels per m2 and kernels per spike, but negatively associated with mature plant height. Even within major dwarfing gene classes, grain yield was significantly and negatively associated with height.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00057618
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  • 43
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    Dough un-mixing time, and the sticky dough problem associated with Sr31 wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 47 (1990), S. 49-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Sr31 ; 1BL/1RS translocation ; sticky dough problem ; dough un-mixing time ; mixing tolerance ; over-mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dough handling properties of a number of Sr31 and non-Sr31 wheats were examined in the laboratory test bake procedure using a National test bake mixer. Dough stickiness was not apparent in any of the wheats at optimum dough development. The baking quality at optimum dough development of Sr31 wheats was comparable to non-Sr31 wheats. However, after optimum dough development Sr31 wheats broke down and exhibited dough stickiness more rapidly with continued mixing than non-Sr31 wheats. A new dough parameter is introduced, dough un-mixing time, and is defined as the time from the point of optimum dough development to the point where the dough breaks down as a result of continued mixing to produce a sticky, non-cohesive mass. It is shown that Sr31 wheats have shorter dough un-mixing times than non-Sr31 wheats, and that dough un-mixing times for both Sr31 and non-Sr31 wheats are influenced by environmental factors, particularly those which determine grain protein content. A selection strategy for breeding Sr31 wheats with commercially acceptable dough properties is indicated by placing Sr31 in a genetic back-ground of high quality gluten proteins, and selecting for long dough un-mixing times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040363
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  • 44
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    Indirect selection for grain protein and grain yield in winter wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 47 (1990), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; heritability ; protein inheritance ; genotype x environment interaction ; variance components ; indirect selection ; grain protein content ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Increasing grain protein content is an important wheat breeding goal. Noaman & Taylor (1988b) showed the combination of protein content in the head, peduncle, and flag leaf of winter wheat at heading provided a good estimate for grain protein. The objectives of this research were to apply these results in indirect selection scheme for grain protein improvement and to study the heritability of protein content in these plant parts. Two random winter wheat populations from four parents in double crosses were used in this study. Sixty randon F2-derived F5 and F6 lines were grown in randomized complete block design with 3 replicates in two years. Significant differences for grain yield, grain protein, and vegetative protein content were detected among F5 and F6 lines in both populations. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between grain protein and vegetative protein were significant and in agreement. Estimates of narrow sense heritability of protein content using variance components method ranged from 0.46 to 0.94 for leaf 2 and head in population 1, and from 0.63 to 0.89 for peduncle and head in population 2. Correlation coefficients (r) between predicted and observed grain protein ranged from 0.50 to 0.88 and from 0.37 to 0.84 in populations 1 and 2, respectively. The highest r was obtained from the combination of head, peduncle, and flag leaf protein at heading. Correlation between protein in plant parts and grain yield was small and not significant. The high heritability of vegetative protein at heading allows the identification of genotypes before pollination which are likely to produce high grain protein. Indirect selection for head, peduncle, and flag leaf protein should result in increased grain protein without yield reduction noted in other breeding schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038826
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  • 45
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    Inheritance of resistance to two Septoria tritici isolates in spring and winter bread wheat cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 47 (1990), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Septoria tritici ; septoria tritici blotch ; resistance ; Mycosphaerella graminicola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary All possible crosses (including reciprocals) were made among four winter bread (Aurora, Bezostaya 1, Kavkaz, and Trakia) and two Israeli spring wheat cultivars (spring x winter diallel), and among two South American spring wheats (Colotana and Klein Titan) with the same Israeli cultivars (spring x spring diallel) to study the inheritance of resistance to septoria tritici blotch. Parents, F1, F2 and backcrosses were grown in two separated blocks in the field over two years. One block was inoculated with isolate ISR398A1 and another with ISR8036. Each plant was assessed for plant height (cm), days to heading (from emergence or transplanting), and percent pycnidia coverage on the four uppermost leaves. Plant height and maturity had insignificant effects on pycnidia coverage. No cytoplasmic effects could be detected. In the spring x winter diallel general combining ability (GCA) was the major component of variation. Significant specific combining ability (SCA) was present in all cases. Partial dominance was operative in populations inoculated with ISR398A1. Resistance in the winter wheats was controlled by a small number of genes (usually two). The four winter wheats derive their resistance to ISR398A1 from their common parent Bezostaya 1 which lacks the 1B/1R wheat-rye translocation. Their resistance is readily overcome by ISR8036. Inheritance of the South American wheats can be explained by additive effects, with a small number of genes of recessive mode affecting resistance to both isolates. Breeding strategies that favor additive, and additive x dominance gene action should be pursued.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024243
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  • 46
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    Classification of landraces and improved cultivars of rivet wheat (Triticum turgidum) and bread wheat (T. aestivum) from Great Britain and described in 1934 (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 47 (1990), S. 249-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum turgidum ; rivet wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; classification ; landraces ; improved cultivars ; Great Britain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Descriptions of landraces and improved cultivars of Triticum turgidum and T. aestivum grown in Great Britain, published by Percival (1934) were used to investigate between accession resemblance, and possible between accession relationships. It was found that the landrace accessions of T. turgidum belonged to one landrace and differed greatly from the bread wheat accessions. The bread wheat accessions also formed one group, but most landraces occurred at one side of the scatter diagram, and most cultivars at the other side. This distribution was mainly caused by the characters length and density of the ear. The improved cultivars had a shorter and denser ear than the landraces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024248
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  • 47
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    Nonparametric measures of phenotypic stability. Part 2: Applications (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 47 (1990), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; winter wheat ; genotype-environment interaction ; nonparametric measures ; phenotypic stability ; stability parameter ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The three nonparametric measures of phenotypic stability Si (1), Si (2) and Si (3) introduced and discussed in Huehn (1990) and the classical parameters: environmental variance, ecovalence, regression coefficient, and sum of squared deviations from regression were computed for winter wheat grain yield data from the official registration trials (1974, 1975 and 1976) in the Federal Republic of Germany. The similarity of the resulting stability rank orders of the genotypes which are obtained by applying different stability parameters were compared using rank correlation coefficients. The correlations between each of Si (1), Si (2) and Si (3) and the classical stability parameters were different in sign and very low for regression coefficient and environmental variance, but positive and medium for ecovalence and sum of squared deviations from regression (except Si (3) in 1976). The differences between the correlations for the 3 years were considerable. The parameters Si (1) and Si (2) were very strong intercorrelated with each other with a good agreement of the correlations for the different years. The divergent property of Si (3) can be explained by its modified definition (confounding of stability and yield level). The previous results and conclusions obtained from the stability analysis of the original uncorrected data xij are further strengthened if one uses corrected values % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0Jf9crFfpeea0xh9v8qiW7rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeiwamaaDa% aaleaacaqGPbGaaeOAaaqaaiaabQcaaaGccqGH9aqpcaqGybWaaSba% aSqaaiaabMgacaqGQbaabeaakiabgkHiTiaacIcaceqGybGbaebada% WgaaWcbaGaaeyAaaqabaGccqGHsislceqGybGbaebacaqGUaGaaeOl% aiaacMcaaaa!4724!\[{\text{X}}_{{\text{ij}}}^{\text{*}} = {\text{X}}_{{\text{ij}}} - ({\text{\bar X}}_{\text{i}} - {\text{\bar X}}..)\]: The nonparametric stability measures were nearly perfectly associated (even with Si (3) included) which, of course, implies no significant differences between the correlations of the different years. For the correlations between each of the Si (1), Si (2) and Si (3) and the classical parameters, very low values were obtained for regression coefficient and environmental variance, but relatively large values for ecovalence and sum of squared deviations from regression. The differences between the correlations for the different years are low for ecovalence and sum of squared deviations from regression with each of Si (1), Si (2) and Si (3), but these differences are large for regression coefficient and environmental variance. This transformation xij→xij * reduced individual and global significances (stability of single genotypes and stability differences between all the tested genotypes) drastically. The significant results for the transformed data indicate a very reliable quantitative characterization of the stability of the genotypes independent from the yield level.
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    Mutations blocking sensitivity to gibberellic acid promote ethylene-induced male sterility in wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 129-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; dwarfing genes ; Rht ; semi-dwarfness ; pollen development ; ethrel ; male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ethylene is known to perturb normal reproductive development in wheat, particularly the development of functional pollen. Two experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that increasing insensitivity to gibberellic acid (GA), conferred by the Rht genes, would be associated with increased male sterility in ethrel or Cerone®-treated wheat. Wild type (WT=rht1/rht1, rht2/rht2), single dwarf (SD=Rht1/Rht1, rht2/rht2 or SD=rht1/rht1, Rht2/Rht2), and double dwarf (DD=Rht1/Rht1, Rht2/Rht2) near-isogenic lines in six genetic backgrounds were treated with ethrel or Cerone® at the late tetrad to early uninucleate stage of pollen grain development. Ethrel induced pollen abortion in all genotypes but was highest for DD (41% above background) followed by SD (20%), and then WT genotypes (10%). Spikelet fertility decreased as the number of Rht alleles increased in response to ethrel or Cerone® treatments. Expressed as a percent of controls, spikelet fertility was 56% for WT, 42% for SD, and 29% for DD. The consistent linear relationship between the number of Rht alleles and sensitivity of ethylene-induced male sterility suggests that GA and its recognition may exert a stabilizing effect in pollen development in the presence of stress or an ethylene shock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037192
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    Influence of wheat leaf position on leaf rust severity (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 211-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; leaf position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation between flag leaf position and leaf rust severity was investigated in field experiments. Different leaf angles were obtained by attaching ends of flag leaves to strings stretched at different heights along wheat rows. Leaves with angles between lamina and stem of 0° and 45° were significantly less diseased than leaves with horizontal and pendulous positions. In the experiment with seedlings, spore settling and uredia number were significantly lower on erect than on horizontal leaves. The influence of wheat leaf position changes on leaf rust severity was discussed. It has been suggested that breeding of wheat cultivars with erect leaves can improve their resistance to airborne pathogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023651
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  • 50
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    Crossability and embryo rescue enhancement in wide crosses between wheat and three Agropyron species (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 209-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Agropyron spp. ; embryo rescue ; wide crosses ; crossability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soft winter wheat lines were crossed with Agropyron intermedium, A. elongatum and A. trichophorum using pollen from single plants of Agropyron spp. to pollinate wheat spikes. Not only species but also individual plants within varieties of Agropyron species differed in percent seed set with a wheat genotype. In two arrays of crosses between two phenotypically different plants of A. elongatum and nine wheat lines, one Agropyron plant gave higher seed set (overall=27.1%) than the other (overall=3.7%). The differences were significant in seven of the nine cross combinations. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that these two plants differ in their crossability as pollen parents with wheat, and suggest the possibility of occurrence of crossability genes in wheatgrasses. The success rate of hybrid embryo rescue was higher (87.5%) with cold treatment (4°C) than without cold treatment (75.0%) of excised embryos on culture media. Results underscore the significance of genotype of the alien species for crossing with low crossable wheats, and of the physical factors for improving embryo rescue in wide crosses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036290
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  • 51
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    A test of supposed mutants for stem rust resistance in wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; resistant mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eight stem rust (Puccinia graminis tritici Eriks. and Henn.) resistant lines (designated TICENA lines) that had been selected by Veiga et al. (1981) following gamma radiation of BH-1146 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied. Six of the lines were resistant to race 15B-1 of stem rust and susceptible to race 56, and proved to carry the gene Sr7a. TICENA 4 carries two unidentified genes, each giving resistance to one of the two races. TICENA 10 carries Sr6, Sr7a and an unidentified gene giving resistance to race 56 but not 15B-1. The results raise doubts about the supposed origin of the lines as mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023639
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  • 52
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    Response to selection in F2 generations of winter wheat for resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Fusarium culmorum ; head blight ; scab ; inheritance ; resistance ; transgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a field trial, F3 winter wheat lines from plants selected for Fusarium head blight resistance in F2 generations of a set of crosses, composing a 10×10 half diallel, were tested with their parental lines for resistance to Fusarium culmorum. Selection responses averaged 3.7% on the head blight percentage scale and ranged from −22.0% to 27.1%. Realized heritabilities averaged 0.23 and ranged from 0 to 0.96. Significant transgression for resistance was observed which was suggested to be genetically fixed. It was estimated that resistant parents differed in one or two resistance genes. The possibility of accumulation of resistance genes was shown. The level of head blight resistance of the parental line appeared to be a good indicator of the potential resistance level of its crosses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023641
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  • 53
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    Physiological factors determining yield in bread wheat. Effects of introducing dwarfism genes (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; harvest index ; biological yield ; economic yield ; short straw ; dwarfism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Improvements in bread wheat productivity have been related to changes in plant morphology and function associated with a large increase in the harvest index for a more or less constant biological yield. The appearance of short genotypes possessing dwarfism genes may modify markedly the objectives of breeding as the upper limits of the harvest index are approached. The aim of the investigations presented here was to identify some contrasts between short and tall genotypes in terms of the physiological characteristics associated with grain yield, so as to orientate more efficiently the selection of genotypes, with or without dwarfism genes, for productivity. Various parameters of flag leaf functioning (photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll fluorescence index, leaf area duration) were related to the biological and economic yields and the harvest index for two groups of genotypes that were differentiated by their height. For all genotypes, the relationships between the various traits and the grain yield were difficult to ascertain. For the tall genotypes without dwarfism genes, the classical relationships between grain yield, harvest index, flag leaf area duration and net photosynthesis rate were confirmed. Moreover, the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence decrease (Rfd) during the slow Kautsky kinetics phase, which is representative of the leaf photosynthesis at low light, was found to be an excellent marker of economic yield. Chlorophyll fluorescence decrease was closely related to grain yield and also with other factors that are known to be important in its expression (harvest index, flag leaf area duration). In very short genotypes, the biological yield and directly related factors (leaf area, plant height) were the main parameters associated with economic yield, since the harvest index had approached its upper limit. The selection of short genotypes must therefore maintain the biological yield through an increase in the size of the aerial organs to counterbalance the decrease in height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022890
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    Genetic variation for resistance to Fusarium head blight in bread wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 50 (1990), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Fusarium culmorum ; Fusarium head blight ; scab ; resistance ; genetic variation ; yield reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary During a four year period, a total of 258 winter and spring wheat genotypes were evaluated for resistance to head blight after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum strain IPO 39-01. It was concluded that genetic variation for resistance is very large. Spring wheat genotypes which had been reported to be resistant to head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum were also resistant to F. culmorum. The resistant germplasm was divided into three gene pools: winter wheats from Eastern Europe, spring wheats from China/Japan and spring wheats from Brazil. In 32 winter wheat genotypes in 1987, and 54 winter wheat genotypes in 1989, the percentage yield reduction depended on the square root of percentage head blight with an average regression coefficient of 6.6. Heritability estimates indicated that for selection for Fusarium head blight resistance, visually assessed head blight was a better selection criterion than yield reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023642
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    The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition of Soviet wheat varieties (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 41-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; bread-making quality ; endosperm storage protein ; genetics ; wheat breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary One hundred and twenty-eight wheat varieties bred in the Soviet Union were screened for the composition of high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin. In general, variability was low compared to that seen in varieties from other countries. However, varieties from different regions showed distinctive patterns, in some cases clearly due to the use of particular parents in certain breeding programmes, but in others possibly due to the adaptive value of particular alleles to the environmental conditions under which the varieties were bred. For example, among spring varieties, the Glu-D1 allele encoding subunits 2+12 was more common in varieties from areas with limited rainfall than was the allele encoding subunits 5+10. The pattern of HMW glutenin subunits amongst varieties with superior bread-making quality showed few differences from that amongst bread-making varieties of lower quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022891
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    Heat tolerance for yield and its components in different wheat cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; heat tolerance ; phenology ; yield components ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty one diverse, standard and experimental cultivars of common spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were tested for the effect of heat stress on phenology, yield and its components by growing the materials for 2 years under full irrigation during the hot summer (offseason), and the cool winter (normal) conditions. Heat tolerance was estimated for each variable by the ‘heat susceptibility index’ (S) which scales the reduction in cultivar performance from cool to hot conditions relative to the respective mean reduction over all cultivars. Genotypes differed significantly in S for yield and its components. The ranking of cultivars in S over the 2 years was consistent for yield, kernels per spike and kernel weight, but not for spike number. Of the three yield components, the greatest genotypic variation in S was expressed for kernels per spike. However, S for yield could not be simply attributed to S in a unique component across all cultivars. On the other hand, a general linear model regression of summer yield on its components revealed that the most important yield component affecting yield variation among cultivars under heat stress was kernel number per spike. Kernel number per spike was positively associated across cultivars with longer duration and greater stabilty of thermal time requirement from emergence to ‘double ridge’. It is therefore concluded that kernel number per spike under heat stress is a reasonable estimate of heat tolerance in yield of wheat and that this tolerance is operative already during the first 2 to 3 weeks of growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039727
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    Direct analysis of root zone data in a microculture system (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 23 (1990), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Acer rubrum ; image analysis ; rhizogenesis ; take-all disease ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of using a whole plant microculture system coupled with image analysis to observe and quantify elusive root growth phenomena was demonstrated. Subtle differences in root initiation and growth rate for maple microcuttings inserted into three distinct rooting media were recurrently registered over the span of the rooting phase in terms of root length, number, and weighted density (equivalent to fresh weight) without disturbing the rooting environment. This method provided a non-intrusive time-course assay for take-all disease symptom expression on wheat lines (degree and rate of root lesion development), which paralleled the relative resistance rated in field plots. Although agar-solidified media had a relatively high light transmission (nearly 84% through 6.6 cm medium depth), roots could only be clearly perceived through a thickness of about 2 cm, and were often completely obscured when embedded to a depth greater than 5 cm. However, there was no detectable loss of definition for roots observed through Gelrite-solidified media (non-diffuse light transmission of 97%) up to a depth of 6.6 cm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116085
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    Simulation of yield reduction by leaf rust in winter wheat, applied to the analysis of genetic variation in partial resistance (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 17-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Puccinia rcondita ; Triticum aestivum ; model ; photosynthesis ; competition for light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Verschillen tussen zeven wintertarwegenotypen in opbrengstderving door bruine roest, zoals waargenomen in een veldexperiment, werden geanalyseerd met een simulatiemodel. In dit model werd het effect van de ziekte op gewasgroei en opbrengst beschreven op basis van lichtinterceptie, fotosynthese, ademhaling en assimilatenverdeling. Het model gaf een goede beschrijving van de waargenomen opbrengstverschillen tussen de genotypen, zowel bij aanwezigheid als bij afwezigheid van bruine roest. Van de totale opbrengstreductie werd, volgens modelberekeningen, 66% veroorzaakt door versnelde afname van groen bladoppervlak en 18% door het wegvangen van licht door dood bladweefsel boven in het gewas. De genetische variatie in opbrengstreductie werd zodoende vooral verklaard uit de waargenomen verschillen in bladveroudering tussen de genotypen. De fotosynthese per eenheid resterend groen bladoppervlak werd niet beïnvloed door bruine roest. Respectieven voor selectie op afzonderlijke schadecomponenten werden geëvalueerd op basis van hun gesimuleerde effect op korrelopbrengst, in combinatie met hun genetische en toevalsvariatie.
    Notes: Abstract Differences in yield reduction among seven winter wheat genotypes due to leaf rust, as observed in a field experiment, were analysed using a simulation model. In this model, the effects of the disease on crop growth and yield were described on the basis of light interception, photosynthesis, respiration and assimilate partitioning. The model properly described the observed yield difference between the genotypes, both in the absence and in the presence of leaf rust. According to the model, 66% of total yield reduction was due to an accelerated decrease in green leaf area and 18% was due to light capture by dead leaf tissue at the top of the canopy. Genetic variation in yield reduction was, therefore, mainly explained by variation in leaf senescence. Leaf rust did not affect the photosynthetic rate of the remaining green leaf area. Opportunities of selection for individual damage components were assessed from their simulated effect on grain yield, together with their estimated genetic and environmental variance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976603
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    Effects of powdery mildew and weather on winter wheat yield. 2. Effects of mildew epidemics (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat ; Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer ; simulation ; SUCROS87 ; sensitivity analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Opbrengstderving van wintertarwe werd berekend aan de hand van het effect dat meeldauw heeft op de blad-fotosynthese. Een rekenmodel voor de gewasgroei van tarwe werd uitgebreid met meeldauw. Met inachtneming van de vertikale en horizontale verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas, werd meeldauw in het model gekwantificeerd door vijf parameters. De belangrijkste parameters waren die van de meeldauwintensiteit, de verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas en het effect van meeldauw op de assimilatie bij een overvloed aan licht. Epidemieën van meeldauw, gemeten in veldproeven in drie verschillende jaren, werden gebruikt om opbrengstdervingen te berekenen. Gemiddeld kwam deze redelijk overeen met de in de veldproeven gemeten opbrengstderving. De gemeten opbrengstderving werd echter onderschat, vooral bij vroege epidemieën van meeldauw door de wijze waarop de (her)verdeling van assimilaten wordt berekend. Andere mechanismen, die een onderschatting van opbrengstderving kunnen veroorzaken worden besproken. Of deze modellen als methode gebruikt kunnen worden om systemen voor de geleide bestrijding van ziekten te verbeteren wordt bediscussieerd.
    Notes: Abstract Wheat yield losses caused by powdery mildew were computed based on effects of the disease on leaf photosynthesis. Powdery mildew was introduced in a crop model of wheat by quantification of five parameters, taking the vertical and horizontal distribution of mildew in the crop into account. The most important parameters were those of the mildew intensity, the distribution of mildew in the crop, and the effect of mildew on assimilation at light saturation. Measured mildew epidemics in field experiments in three different years, were used to compute yield losses. Computed losses were compared to measured losses. On average, computed yield loss approached measured, but measured yield loss was underestimated, especially in early mildew epidemics due to the computation of partitioning and reallocation of assimilates. Other processes which may cause an underestimation are described. The use of crop models as a method to upgrade disease management systems is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976605
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    Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 2. Stem-base diseases of winter wheat (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; Rhizoctonia cerealis ; Gaeumannomyces graminis ; epidemiology ; weather ; forecasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Een honderdtal percelen wintertarwe werd in 1974–86 jaarlijks op voetziekten geïnventariseerd. In het voorjaar, tijdens het, eerste en tweede knoopstadium van het gewas, was gemiddeld 6% van de spruiten aangetast door oogvlekkenziekte. De intensiteit van de ziekte was hoog in jaren met een hoge gemiddelde wintertemperatuur. Tijdens het melkrijpe stadium, in juli was gemiddeld 13% van de halmen aangetast door oogvlekkenziekte. De aantasting in juli was hoog in jaren met een hoge temperatuur in april en veel neerslag in de maanden maart, april en mei. Met deze gegevens kunnen adviessystemen worden verbeterd. Scherpe oogvlekkenziekte was op gemiddeld 2% van de halmen in juli aanwezig. De ziekte nam geleidelijk met de jaren toe. De jaarlijkse intensiteit was niet gecorreleerd met droge perioden in de herfst, voorjaar of zomer. Symptomen van halmdoder waren op gemiddeld 0.2% van de halmen aanwezig. De intensiteit van de ziekte was hoog in jaren met weinig neerslag in maart, april, mei en juni en met een lage temperatuur in mei en juni.
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1974–1986, ca. 100 commercial winter wheat fields were surveyed annually for stembase diseases. In these years, on average 6% of the tillers was infected with eyespot in spring at the first-second, node stage. Eyespot intensity in spring was high in years with high temperature during winter. Eyespot, intensity in the milky-ripe stage in July, averaged 13% of the culms and was high in years with high temperature in April and high precipitation in March, April and May. These data may improve forecasts. In the milky-ripe stage, 2% of the culms were infected with sharp eyespot, but its intensity has gradually increased during the survey years. No significant correlation of sharp eyespot intensity with dry periods in autumn, spring or summer was found. Symptoms of take-all were found on 0.2% of the stem-bases during ripening. Its intensity was low in years with high precipitation in March, April, May and June and high temperature in May and June.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02000167
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    NGF and Alzheimer's: hopes and fears (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 26;247(4941):408-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2405484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Amyloid/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Nerve Growth Factors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Better numbers on primate research (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-03-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 30;247(4950):1539.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11642762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Humans ; Literature ; *Primates ; *Statistics as Topic ; Substance-Related Disorders ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A G protein mutant that inhibits thrombin and purinergic receptor activation of phospholipase A2 (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-10
    Description: The stimulation of phospholipase A2 by thrombin and type 2 (P2)-purinergic receptor agonists in Chinese hamster ovary cells is mediated by the G protein Gi. To delineate alpha chain regulatory regions responsible for control of phospholipase A2, chimeric cDNAs were constructed in which different lengths of the alpha subunit of Gs (alpha s) were replaced with the corresponding sequence of the Gi alpha subunit (alpha i2). When a carboxyl-terminal chimera alpha s-i(38), which has the last 38 amino acids of alpha s substituted with the last 36 residues of alpha i2, was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, the receptor-stimulated phospholipase A2 activity was inhibited, although the chimera could still activate adenylyl cyclase. Thus, alpha s-i(38) is an active alpha s, but also a dominant negative alpha i molecule, indicating that the last 36 amino acids of alpha i2 are a critical domain for G protein regulation of phospholipase A2 activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gupta, S K -- Diez, E -- Heasley, L E -- Osawa, S -- Johnson, G L -- DK37871/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM30324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 10;249(4969):662-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2166341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acid ; Arachidonic Acids/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chlorides/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Lithium/pharmacology ; Lithium Chloride ; Macromolecular Substances ; *Mutation ; Phospholipases/*metabolism ; Phospholipases A/*metabolism ; Phospholipases A2 ; Receptors, Purinergic/drug effects/*physiology ; Restriction Mapping ; Thrombin/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Functional evidence for an RNA template in telomerase (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-02
    Description: The RNA moiety of the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase from the ciliate Euplotes crassus was identified and its gene was sequenced. Functional analysis, in which oligonucleotides complementary to portions of the telomerase RNA were tested for their ability to prime telomerase in vitro, showed that the sequence 5' CAAAACCCCAAA 3' in this RNA is the template for synthesis of telomeric TTTTGGGG repeats by the Euplotes telomerase. The data provide a direct demonstration of a template function for a telomerase RNA and demarcate the outer boundaries of the telomeric template. Telomerase can now be defined as a specialized reverse transcriptase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shippen-Lentz, D -- Blackburn, E H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 2;247(4942):546-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1689074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Ciliophora/enzymology/*genetics ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/*genetics ; Genes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; RNA/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; *Templates, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mediation of wound-related Rous sarcoma virus tumorigenesis by TGF-beta (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-29
    Description: In Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-infected chickens, wounding leads to tumor formation with nearly 100% frequency in tissues that would otherwise remain tumor-free. Identifying molecular mediators of this phenomenon should yield important clues to the mechanisms involved in RSV tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TGF-beta is present locally shortly after wounding, but not unwounded controls. In addition, subcutaneous administration of recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) could substitute completely for wounding in tumor induction. A treatment protocol of four doses of 800 nanograms of TGF-beta resulted in v-src-expressing tumors with 100% frequency; four doses of only 10 nanograms still led to tumor formation in 80% of the animals. This effect was specific, as other growth factors with suggested roles in wound healing did not elicit the same response. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) or TGF-alpha had no effect, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) yielded only occasional tumors after longer latency. TGF-beta release during the wound-healing response may thus be a critical event that creates a conducive environment for RSV tumorigenesis and may act as a cofactor for transformation in this system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sieweke, M H -- Thompson, N L -- Sporn, M B -- Bissell, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1656-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Molecular Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2163544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies ; Chickens ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Sarcoma, Avian/complications/*pathology ; Swine ; Transforming Growth Factors/analysis/*pharmacology ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries/complications/*pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A cytosolic protein catalyzes the release of GDP from p21ras (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-04-06
    Description: The rate of release of guanine nucleotides from the ras proteins (Ras) is extremely slow in the presence of Mg2+. It seemed likely, therefore that a factor might exist to accelerate the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and hence the exchange of GDP for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Such a factor has now been discovered in rat brain cytosol. Brain cytosol was found to catalyze, by orders of magnitude, the release of guanine nucleotides from recombinant v-H-Ras protein bound with [alpha-32P]GDP. This effect occurred even in the presence of a large excess of Mg2+, but was destroyed by heat or by incubation of the cytosol for an hour at 37 degrees C in the absence of phosphatase inhibitors. The effect was observed with either v-H-Ras or c-H-Ras, but not with p25rab3A, a small G protein with about 30% similarity to Ras. The effect could not be mimicked by addition of recombinant Ras-GAP or purified GEF, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor involved in the regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis. By gel filtration chromatography, the factor appears to possess a molecular size between 100,000 and 160,000 daltons. This protein (Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factor, or Ras-GRF) may be involved in the activation of p21ras.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolfman, A -- Macara, I G -- CA 43551/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES 01247/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM 41220/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Apr 6;248(4951):67-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2181667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; Brain/metabolism ; Cholic Acids ; Cytosol/*metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotides/*metabolism ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) ; Guanosine Diphosphate/*metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; Kinetics ; Magnesium Chloride/pharmacology ; Molecular Weight ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; Rats ; Thionucleotides/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    New transplant method evades immune attack (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Skerrett, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 14;249(4974):1248.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2119053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*surgery ; Graft Enhancement, Immunologic ; Immune Tolerance ; *Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Rats ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Thymus Gland/surgery ; Transplantation, Heterotopic
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    Mycoplasmas in the AIDS spotlight (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 May 11;248(4956):682-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*microbiology ; Animals ; HIV/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Liver/microbiology ; Mycoplasma/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research/standards ; Research Design ; United States
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    CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-09-21
    Description: Leukocytes respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at nanogram per milliliter concentrations with secretion of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Excess secretion of TNF-alpha causes endotoxic shock, an often fatal complication of infection. LPS in the bloodstream rapidly binds to the serum protein, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and cellular responses to physiological levels of LPS are dependent on LBP. CD14, a differentiation antigen of monocytes, was found to bind complexes of LPS and LBP, and blockade of CD14 with monoclonal antibodies prevented synthesis of TNF-alpha by whole blood incubated with LPS. Thus, LPS may induce responses by interacting with a soluble binding protein in serum that then binds the cell surface protein CD14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, S D -- Ramos, R A -- Tobias, P S -- Ulevitch, R J -- Mathison, J C -- AI 15136/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 22003/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 24775/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 21;249(4975):1431-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1698311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acute-Phase Proteins ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Antigens, CD/*immunology ; Antigens, CD14 ; Antigens, CD18 ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/*immunology ; Carrier Proteins/*immunology ; Erythrocytes/immunology ; Leukocytes/immunology ; Lipopolysaccharides/*immunology ; Macrophages/immunology ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Receptors, Leukocyte-Adhesion/immunology ; Sheep ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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    Induction of AIDS in rhesus monkeys by molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-01
    Description: Better understanding of the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) would be greatly facilitated by a relevant animal model that uses molecularly cloned virus of defined sequence to induce the disease. Such a system would also be of great value for AIDS vaccine research. An infectious molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was identified that induces AIDS in common rhesus monkeys in a time frame suitable for laboratory investigation. These results provide another strong link in the chain of evidence for the viral etiology of AIDS. More importantly, they define a system for molecular dissection of the determinants of AIDS pathogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kestler, H -- Kodama, T -- Ringler, D -- Marthas, M -- Pedersen, N -- Lackner, A -- Regier, D -- Sehgal, P -- Daniel, M -- King, N -- AI25328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00168/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- RR00169/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1109-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2160735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Opportunistic Infections/etiology ; *Retroviridae Infections/complications/immunology ; *Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics/immunology/isolation & ; purification/pathogenicity ; Transfection ; Virus Replication
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    Induction of cellular senescence in immortalized cells by human chromosome 1 (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-09
    Description: The control of cellular senescence by specific human chromosomes was examined in interspecies cell hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and an immortal, Syrian hamster cell line. Most such hybrids exhibited a limited life span comparable to that of the human fibroblasts, indicating that cellular senescence is dominant in these hybrids. Karyotypic analyses of the hybrid clones that did not senesce revealed that all these clones had lost both copies of human chromosome 1, whereas all other human chromosomes were observed in at least some of the immortal hybrids. The application of selective pressure for retention of human chromosome 1 to the cell hybrids resulted in an increased percentage of hybrids that senesced. Further, the introduction of a single copy of human chromosome 1 to the hamster cells by microcell fusion caused typical signs of cellular senescence. Transfer of chromosome 11 had no effect on the growth of the cells. These findings indicate that human chromosome 1 may participate in the control of cellular senescence and further support a genetic basis for cellular senescence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugawara, O -- Oshimura, M -- Koi, M -- Annab, L A -- Barrett, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 9;247(4943):707-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2300822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Clone Cells ; Cricetinae ; Diploidy ; Fibroblasts/*cytology ; Humans ; Hybrid Cells/*cytology ; Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase/genetics ; Karyotyping ; Mice ; Ploidies ; Transfection ; Translocation, Genetic ; X Chromosome
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    Antibody-mediated activation of Drosophila heat shock factor in vitro (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-08-03
    Description: Eukaryotic cells respond to elevated temperatures by rapidly activating the expression of heat shock genes. Central to this activation is heat shock-inducible binding of the transcriptional activator, termed heat shock factor (HSF), to common regulatory elements, which are located upstream of all heat shock genes. The DNA binding activity of the inactive form of Drosophila HSF was induced in vitro by treatment with polyclonal antibodies to the purified, in vivo-activated factor. This finding, together with observations that high temperature and low pH activate HSF binding in vitro, suggests that the inactive form of HSF can directly recognize and transduce the heat shock signal without undergoing a covalent modification of protein structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimarino, V -- Wilson, S -- Wu, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 3;249(4968):546-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2200124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies ; Drosophila/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; HeLa Cells/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics/immunology/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Humans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    T cell reactivity to MHC molecules: immunity versus tolerance (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-06-15
    Description: The specificity of mature CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes is controlled by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, respectively. The MHC class specificity of T cells is stringent in many assays, but is less evident when cells are supplemented with exogenous lymphokines. The repertoire of T cells is shaped through contact with MHC molecules in the thymus and involves a complex process of positive selection and negative selection (tolerance). Tolerance of immature T cells to MHC molecules can reflect either clonal deletion or anergy and results from intrathymic contact with several cell types, including epithelial cells and cells with antigen-presenting function. Unlike immature T cells, mature T cells are relatively resistant to tolerance induction. In certain situations partial unresponsiveness of mature T cells can be achieved by exposing T cells to foreign MHC molecules expressed on atypical antigen-presenting cells. Tolerance is rarely complete, however, and the precise requirements for tolerizing mature T cells are still unclear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sprent, J -- Gao, E K -- Webb, S R -- AI21487/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA25803/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA38355/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 15;248(4961):1357-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1694041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Clone Cells/immunology ; Epitopes/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; *Immune Tolerance ; *Immunity ; Interleukin-2/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology
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    Contributions of two types of calcium channels to synaptic transmission and plasticity (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-11-23
    Description: In Aplysia sensory and motor neurons in culture, the contributions of the major classes of calcium current can be selectively examined while transmitter release and its modulation are examined. A slowly inactivating, dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium current does not contribute either to normal synaptic transmission or to any of three different forms of plasticity: presynaptic inhibition, homosynaptic depression, and presynaptic facilitation. This current does contribute, however, to a fourth form of plasticity--modulation of transmitter release by tonic depolarization of the sensory neuron. By contrast, a second calcium current, which is rapidly inactivating and dihydropyridine-insensitive, contributes to release elicited by the transient depolarization of an action potential and to the other three forms of plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edmonds, B -- Klein, M -- Dale, N -- Kandel, E R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 23;250(4984):1142-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University College of London, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2174573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Aplysia/*physiology ; Cadmium/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/drug effects/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dihydropyridines/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Electric Conductivity ; FMRFamide ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/physiology ; Neuropeptides/pharmacology ; Nifedipine/pharmacology ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology
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    Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-01-05
    Description: The high degree of tubulin heterogeneity in neurons is controlled mainly at the posttranslational level. Several variants of alpha-tubulin can be posttranslationally labeled after incubation of cells with [3H]acetate or [3H]glutamate. Peptides carrying the radioactive moiety were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis, Edman degradation sequencing, and mass spectrometric analysis of these peptides led to the characterization of a posttranslational modification consisting of the successive addition of glutamyl units on the gamma-carboxyl group of a glutamate residue (Glu445). This modification, localized within a region of alpha-tubulin that is important in the interactions of tubulin with microtubule-associated proteins and calcium, could play a role in regulating microtubule dynamics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edde, B -- Rossier, J -- Le Caer, J P -- Desbruyeres, E -- Gros, F -- Denoulet, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 5;247(4938):83-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, College de France, Paris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1967194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/analysis ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Glutamates/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mice ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/analysis ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Tubulin/*metabolism
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    Clonal deletion versus clonal anergy: the role of the thymus in inducing self tolerance (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-06-15
    Description: During development in the thymus, T cells are rendered tolerant to self antigens. It is now apparent that thymocytes bearing self-reactive T cell receptors can be tolerized by processes that result in physical elimination (clonal deletion) or functional inactivation (clonal anergy). As these mechanisms have important clinical implications for transplantation and autoimmunity, current investigations are focused on understanding the cellular and molecular interactions that generate these forms of tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramsdell, F -- Fowlkes, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 15;248(4961):1342-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1972593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Surface/immunology ; Autoantigens/immunology ; Autoimmunity/immunology ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Chickens ; Chimera ; Clone Cells/*immunology ; H-2 Antigens/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; *Immune Tolerance ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Thymus Gland/*immunology ; Xenopus
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    A structural basis for Hering's law: projections to extraocular motoneurons (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-06-01
    Description: Conjugate eye movements are executed through the concurrent activation of several muscles in both eyes. The neural mechanisms that underlie such synergistic muscle activations have been a matter of considerable experimentation and debate. In order to investigate this issue, the projections of a class of primate premotoneuronal cells were studied, namely, the vertical medium-lead burst neurons (VMLBs), which drive vertical rapid eye movements. Axons of upward VMLBs ramify bilaterally within motoneuron pools that supply the superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles of both eyes. Axons of downward VMLBs ramify ipsilaterally in the inferior rectus portion of the oculomotor nucleus and in the trochlear nucleus. Thus, VMLBs can drive vertical motoneuron pools of both eyes during conjugate vertical rapid eye movements; these data support Hering's law.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moschovakis, A K -- Scudder, C A -- Highstein, S M -- EY-05433/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY-05954/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- NS-17763/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1118-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2343316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Eye Movements/*physiology ; *Models, Neurological ; Motor Neurons/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology/cytology ; Oculomotor Muscles/*innervation ; Saimiri
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    The dominant W42 spotting phenotype results from a missense mutation in the c-kit receptor kinase (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-01-12
    Description: The murine white spotting locus (W) is allelic with the proto-oncogene c-kit, which encodes a transmembrane tyrosine protein kinase receptor for an unknown ligand. Mutations at the W locus affect various aspects of hematopoiesis and the proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells and melanoblasts during development to varying degrees of severity. The W42 mutation has a particularly severe effect in both the homozygous and the heterozygous states. The molecular basis of the W42 mutation was determined. The c-kit protein products in homozygous mutant mast cells were expressed normally but displayed a defective tyrosine kinase activity in vitro. Nucleotide sequence analysis of mutant complementary DNAs revealed a missense mutation that replaces aspartic acid with asparagine at position 790 in the c-kit protein product. Aspartic acid-790 is a conserved residue in all protein kinases. These results provide an explanation for the dominant nature of the W42 mutation and provide insight into the mechanism of c-kit-mediated signal transduction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tan, J C -- Nocka, K -- Ray, P -- Traktman, P -- Besmer, P -- P01-CA-16599/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA-32926/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 12;247(4939):209-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1688471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Homozygote ; Liver/analysis/cytology/embryology ; Mast Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; *Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; RNA/analysis ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Signal Transduction
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    Cell interactions in the sea urchin embryo studied by fluorescence photoablation (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-06-01
    Description: In many organisms, interactions between cells play a critical role in the specification of cell fates. In the sea urchin embryo, primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) regulate the developmental program of a subpopulation of secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs). The timing of this cell interaction was analyzed by means of a fluorescence photoablation technique, which was used to specifically ablate PMCs at various stages of development. In addition, the PMCs were microinjected into PMC-depleted recipient embryos at different developmental stages and their effect on SMC fate was examined. The critical interaction between PMCs and SMCs was brief and took place late in gastrulation. Before that time, SMCs were insensitive to the suppressive signals transmitted by the PMCs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ettensohn, C A -- HD24690/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1115-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2188366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Communication/*physiology ; Cell Survival/radiation effects ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Light ; Mesoderm/*cytology/radiation effects ; Microinjections ; Rhodamines ; Sea Urchins/embryology
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    Use of prior vaccinations for the development of new vaccines (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-07-27
    Description: There is currently a need for vaccine development to improve the immunogenicity of protective epitopes, which themselves are often poorly immunogenic. Although the immunogenicity of these epitopes can be enhanced by linking them to highly immunogenic carriers, such carriers derived from current vaccines have not proven to be generally effective. One reason may be related to epitope-specific suppression, in which prior vaccination with a protein can inhibit the antibody response to new epitopes linked to the protein. To circumvent such inhibition, a peptide from tetanus toxoid was identified that, when linked to a B cell epitope and injected into tetanus toxoid-primed recipients, retained sequences for carrier but not suppressor function. The antibody response to the B cell epitope was enhanced. This may be a general method for taking advantage of previous vaccinations in the development of new vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etlinger, H M -- Gillessen, D -- Lahm, H W -- Matile, H -- Schonfeld, H J -- Trzeciak, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jul 27;249(4967):423-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Central Research Unit F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1696030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Epitopes/*immunology ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/immunology ; Plasmodium falciparum/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology ; Tetanus Toxoid/*immunology ; *Vaccination ; Vaccines/*immunology
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    Acceleration of diabetes in young NOD mice with a CD4+ islet-specific T cell clone (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-09-21
    Description: Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop an autoimmune form of diabetes, becoming hyperglycemic after 3 months of age. This process was accelerated by injecting young NOD mice with CD4+ islet-specific T cell clones derived from NOD mice. Overt diabetes developed in 10 of 19 experimental animals by 7 weeks of age, with the remaining mice showing marked signs of the disease in progress. Control mice did not become diabetic and had no significant pancreatic infiltration. This work demonstrates that a CD4 T cell clone is sufficient to initiate the disease process in the diabetes-prone NOD mouse.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haskins, K -- McDuffie, M -- P01 DK40144/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 21;249(4975):1433-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/analysis/*immunology ; Clone Cells ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*immunology/pathology ; Female ; Islets of Langerhans/*immunology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/transplantation
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    Comparing brains (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-07-13
    Description: Some animals have larger brains than others, but it is not yet known why. Species differences in life-style, including dietary habits and patterns of development of the young, are associated with variation in brain weight, independently of the effects of body weight and evolutionary history. Taken together with behavioral and neuroanatomical analyses, these studies begin to suggest the evolutionary pressures that favor different sized brains and brain components.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvey, P H -- Krebs, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jul 13;249(4965):140-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2196673" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Weight ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Organ Size
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  • 83
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    A cDNA for a protein that interacts with the human immunodeficiency virus Tat transactivator (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-06-29
    Description: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tat protein (Tat) is a positive regulator of virus gene expression and replication. Biotinylated Tat was used as a probe to screen a lambda gt11 fusion protein library, and a complementary DNA encoding a protein that interacts with Tat was cloned. Expression of this protein, designated TBP-1 (for Tat binding protein-1), was observed in a variety of cell lines, with expression being highest in human cells. TBP-1 was localized predominantly in the nucleus, which is consistent with the nuclear localization of Tat. In cotransfection experiments, expression of TBP-1 was able to specifically suppress Tat-mediated transactivation. The strategy described may be useful for direct identification and cloning of genes encoding proteins that associate with other proteins to modulate their activity in a positive or negative fashion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelbock, P -- Dillon, P J -- Perkins, A -- Rosen, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1650-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Oncology and Virology, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Gene Products, tat/*metabolism ; HIV/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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    An identified neuron (CPR) evokes neuronal responses reflecting food arousal in Aplysia (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-01-05
    Description: Feeding behavior of Aplysia is associated with an arousal state characterized by a constellation of maintained behaviors and by a potentiation or depression of responses to specific stimuli. A neuron (the cerebral-pedal regulator or CPR) that has widespread actions on various systems connected with feeding has been identified. CPR excites neurons that modulate or drive (i) body posture, (ii) biting, and (iii) cardiovascular behaviors. CPR also inhibits neurons concerned with defensive responses. Food stimuli, which elicit food arousal in the animal, produce prolonged excitation of the CPR. The results suggest that the CPR may evoke a central motive state representing the neuronal correlate of feeding motivation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teyke, T -- Weiss, K R -- Kupfermann, I -- GM-320099/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH 35564/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 5;247(4938):85-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aplysia/*physiology ; Arousal/physiology ; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Muscles/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology
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  • 85
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    Isolation of a G protein that is modified by learning and reduces potassium currents in Hermissenda (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-03-23
    Description: In Hermissenda crassicornis conditioned to associate light and rotation, type B photoreceptor neurons exhibit pairing-specific decreases in the potassium currents IA and IK-Ca, which account for many of the behavioral changes elicited by associative conditioning. To determine which proteins are involved in storage of this memory, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to examine proteins from Hermissenda eyes. Conditioning-specific changes in four phosphoproteins were observed 24 hours after conditioning. One of these proteins, cp20, was purified to apparent homogeneity and found to be a G protein. When injected back into Hermissenda type B cells, cp20 reduced IK and IK-Ca in a manner indistinguishable from the reduction caused by conditioning, suggesting that this protein may play a crucial role in memory acquisition or retention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, T J -- Collin, C -- Alkon, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 23;247(4949 Pt 1):1479-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2108498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology ; Eye Proteins/isolation & purification/physiology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Learning/physiology ; Mollusca/*metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/isolation & purification/physiology ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/physiology
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    Epidermal growth factor (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-12-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doolittle, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 7;250(4986):1319.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2255900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Epidermal Growth Factor/*genetics ; Species Specificity ; Vaccinia virus/analysis
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  • 87
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    Autophosphorylation of protein kinase C at three separated regions of its primary sequence (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-07-27
    Description: The major autophosphorylation sites of the rat beta II isozyme of protein kinase C were identified. The modified threonine and serine residues were found in the amino-terminal peptide, the carboxyl-terminal tail, and the hinge region between the regulatory lipid-binding domain and the catalytic kinase domain. Because this autophosphorylation follows an intrapeptide mechanism, extraordinary flexibility of the protein is necessary to phosphorylate the three regions. Comparison of the sequences surrounding the modified residues showed no obvious recognition motif nor any similarity to substrate phosphorylation sites, suggesting that proximity to the active site may be the primary criterion for their phosphorylation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flint, A J -- Paladini, R D -- Koshland, D E Jr -- DK09765/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jul 27;249(4967):408-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2377895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Brain/enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Isoenzymes/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Kinase C/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Trypsin
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    Voltage-independent calcium release in heart muscle (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-10-26
    Description: The Ca2+ that activates contraction in heart muscle is regulated as in skeletal muscle by processes that depend on voltage and intracellular Ca2+ and involve a positive feedback system. How the initial electrical signal is amplified in heart muscle has remained controversial, however. Analogous protein structures from skeletal muscle and heart muscle have been identified physiologically and sequenced; these include the Ca2+ channel of the sarcolemma and the Ca2+ release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Although the parallels found in cardiac and skeletal muscles have provoked valuable experiments in both tissues, separation of the effects of voltage and intracellular Ca2+ on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release in heart muscle has been imperfect. With the use of caged Ca2+ and flash photolysis in voltage-clamped heart myocytes, effects of membrane potential in heart muscle cells on Ca2+ release from intracellular stores have been studied. Unlike the response in skeletal muscle, voltage across the sarcolemma of heart muscle does not affect the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that other regulatory processes are needed to control Ca2(+)-induced Ca2+ release.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Niggli, E -- Lederer, W J -- HL25675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL36974/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 26;250(4980):565-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2173135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetates/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/physiology ; Ethylenediamines/pharmacology ; Feedback ; Guinea Pigs ; Heart/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Myocardial Contraction/*physiology ; Myocardium/*metabolism ; Photolysis ; Sarcolemma/physiology ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/physiology ; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger
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  • 89
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    Sodium current-induced release of calcium from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-04-20
    Description: The role of sodium-calcium exchange at the sarcolemma in the release of calcium from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was investigated in voltage-clamped, isolated cardiac myocytes. In the absence of calcium entry through voltage-dependent calcium channels, membrane depolarization elicited release of calcium from ryanodine-sensitive internal stores. This process was dependent on sodium entry through tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. Calcium release under these conditions was also dependent on extracellular calcium concentration, suggesting a calcium-induced trigger release mechanism that involves calcium entry into the cell by sodium-calcium exchange. This sodium current-induced calcium release mechanism may explain, in part, the positive inotropic effects of cardiac glycosides and the negative inotropic effects of a variety of antiarrhythmic drugs that interact with cardiac sodium channels. In response to a transient rise of intracellular sodium, sodium-calcium exchange may promote calcium entry into cardiac cells and trigger sarcoplasmic calcium release during physiologic action potentials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leblanc, N -- Hume, J R -- HL30143/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Apr 20;248(4953):372-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno 89557-0046.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2158146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Electric Conductivity ; Gallopamil/pharmacology ; Guinea Pigs ; Myocardial Contraction ; Myocardium/*metabolism ; Nisoldipine/pharmacology ; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Sodium/metabolism ; Sodium Channels/drug effects/*physiology ; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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  • 90
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    Cloning of a 67-kD neutrophil oxidase factor with similarity to a noncatalytic region of p60c-src (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-05-11
    Description: Chronic granulomatous diseases (CGDs) are characterized by recurrent infections resulting from impaired superoxide production by a phagocytic cell, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) (NADPH) oxidase. Complementary DNAs were cloned that encode the 67-kilodalton (kD) cytosolic oxidase factor (p67), which is deficient in 5% of CGD patients. Recombinant p67 (r-p67) partially restored NADPH oxidase activity to p67-deficient neutrophil cytosol from these patients. The p67 cDNA encodes a 526-amino acid protein with acidic middle and carboxyl-terminal domains that are similar to a sequence motif found in the noncatalytic domain of src-related tyrosine kinases. This motif was recently noted in phospholipase C-gamma, nonerythroid alpha-spectrin (fodrin), p21ras-guanosine triphophatase-activating protein (GAP), myosin-1 isoforms, yeast proteins cdc-25 and fus-1, and the 47-kD phagocyte oxidase factor (p47), which suggests the possibility of common regulatory features.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leto, T L -- Lomax, K J -- Volpp, B D -- Nunoi, H -- Sechler, J M -- Nauseef, W M -- Clark, R A -- Gallin, J I -- Malech, H L -- I01 BX000513/BX/BLRD VA/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 May 11;248(4956):727-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1692159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/blood/enzymology/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/blood/*genetics ; NADPH Oxidase ; Neutrophils/*enzymology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins pp60(c-src) ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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    Dominant negative regulation of the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene in adult liver (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Transcription of the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene is activated in the developing fetal liver and gut and repressed in both tissues shortly after birth. With germline transformation in mice, a cis-acting element was identified upstream of the transcription initiation site of the alpha-fetoprotein gene that was responsible for repression of the gene in adult liver. This negative element acts as a repressor in a position-dependent manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vacher, J -- Tilghman, S M -- CA44976/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1732-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1702902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Chromosome Deletion ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fetus ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta ; Liver/growth & development/*metabolism ; Mice ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; alpha-Fetoproteins/*genetics
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  • 92
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    Identification of a sequence in the PEPCK gene that mediates a negative effect of insulin on transcription (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-08-03
    Description: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) governs the rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. Glucocorticoids and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) increase PEPCK gene transcription and gluconeogenesis, whereas insulin has the opposite effect. Insulin is dominant, since it prevents cAMP and glucocorticoid-stimulated transcription. Glucocorticoid and cAMP response elements have been located in the PEPCK gene and now a 15-base pair insulin-responsive sequence (IRS) is described. Evidence for a binding activity that recognizes this sequence is presented.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, R M -- Lucas, P C -- Forest, C D -- Magnuson, M A -- Granner, D K -- DK 20593/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK 35107/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 3;249(4968):533-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-0615.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2166335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP/analogs & derivatives/physiology ; Dexamethasone/pharmacology ; *Genes, Regulator ; Insulin/*pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP)/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/drug effects/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Thionucleotides ; Transcription, Genetic/*drug effects ; Transfection
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    "Superantigens" may shed light on immune puzzle (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 May 11;248(4956):685-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Bacterial/*immunology ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Bacterial Toxins/*immunology ; Humans ; Immune System/*physiology ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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  • 94
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    RAG-1 and RAG-2, adjacent genes that synergistically activate V(D)J recombination (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-22
    Description: The vast repertoire of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors is generated, in part, by V(D)J recombination, a series of genomic rearrangements that occur specifically in developing lymphocytes. The recombination activating gene, RAG-1, which is a gene expressed exclusively in maturing lymphoid cells, was previously isolated. RAG-1 inefficiently induced V(D)J recombinase activity when transfected into fibroblasts, but cotransfection with an adjacent gene, RAG-2, has resulted in at least a 1000-fold increase in the frequency of recombination. The 2.1-kilobase RAG-2 complementary DNA encodes a putative protein of 527 amino acids whose sequence is unrelated to that of RAG-1. Like RAG-1, RAG-2 is conserved between species that carry out V(D)J recombination, and its expression pattern correlates precisely with that of V(D)J recombinase activity. In addition to being located just 8 kilobases apart, these convergently transcribed genes are unusual in that most, if not all, of their coding and 3' untranslated sequences are contained in single exons. RAG-1 and RAG-2 might activate the expression of the V(D)J recombinase but, more likely, they directly participate in the recombination reaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oettinger, M A -- Schatz, D G -- Gorka, C -- Baltimore, D -- GM39458/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 22;248(4962):1517-23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2360047" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Cattle ; Cell Line ; Chickens ; Cricetinae ; DNA/*genetics ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/*genetics ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Dogs ; Female ; *Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte ; *Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Multigene Family ; Nuclear Proteins ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Opossums ; Proteins/*genetics ; Rabbits ; Recombination, Genetic/*genetics ; Restriction Mapping ; Transfection ; Turtles ; VDJ Recombinases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    A new arbovirus from Aedes albopictus, an Asian mosquito established in the United States (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-21
    Description: Ten strains of a new arbovirus belonging to the Bunyamwera group (Bunyaviridae) were recovered from field-collected Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Potosi, Missouri. This evidence indicates that this species may serve as an arbovirus vector in the United States. The urban-suburban distribution, aggressive biting behavior, and broad viral susceptibility of Ae. albopictus may lead to the transmission of viruses of known public health importance and perhaps of viruses hitherto not transmitted to humans because of the feeding pattern of their usual vectors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Francy, D B -- Karabatsos, N -- Wesson, D M -- Moore, C G Jr -- Lazuick, J S -- Niebylski, M L -- Tsai, T F -- Craig, G B Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 21;250(4988):1738-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Public Health Service, Fort Collins, CO 80522.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270489" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/*microbiology ; Animals ; Arboviruses/*isolation & purification ; Asia ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Stereoscopic depth discrimination in the visual cortex: neurons ideally suited as disparity detectors (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-31
    Description: The possibility has been explored that a subset of physiologically identifiable cells in the visual cortex is especially suited for the processing of stereoscopic depth information. First, characteristics of a disparity detector that would be useful for such processing were outlined. Then, a method was devised by which detailed binocular response data were obtained from cortical cells. In addition, a model of the disparity detector was developed that includes a plausible hierarchical arrangement of cortical cells. Data from the cells compare well with the requirements for the archetypal disparity detector and are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the model. These results demonstrate that a specific type of cortical neuron exhibits the desired characteristics of a disparity detector.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohzawa, I -- DeAngelis, G C -- Freeman, R D -- EY01175/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 31;249(4972):1037-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Group in Neurobiology, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2396096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; *Depth Perception ; Mathematics ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Vision, Binocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Expression of T cell antigen receptor heterodimers in a lipid-linked form (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-10
    Description: The interaction of the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) with its antigen-major histocompatibility complex ligand is difficult to study because both are cell surface multimers. The TCR consists of two chains (alpha and beta) that are complexed to the five or more nonpolymorphic CD3 polypeptides. A soluble form of the TCR was engineered by replacing the carboxyl termini of alpha and beta with signal sequences from lipid-linked proteins, making them susceptible to enzymatic cleavage. In this manner, TCR heterodimers can be expressed independently of the CD3 polypeptides and in significant quantities (0.5 milligram per week). This technique seems generalizable to biochemical and structural studies of many other cell surface molecules as well.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, A Y -- Devaux, B -- Green, A -- Sagerstrom, C -- Elliott, J F -- Davis, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 10;249(4969):677-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5402.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1696397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkaline Phosphatase/genetics ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD3 ; Antigens, CD55 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics ; Cell Line ; Complement Inactivator Proteins/genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Placenta/enzymology ; Pregnancy ; Protein Sorting Signals/genetics ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*genetics ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Requirement of ets-2 expression for Xenopus oocyte maturation (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-12-07
    Description: A molecular clone of the Xenopus laevis ets-2 gene was isolated from an oocyte complementary DNA library. The amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) in each oocyte or embryo was almost constant during oogenesis and was maintained until the blastula stage of embryonic development, indicating that the observed 3.2-kilobase transcript is a maternal message. The only normal adult tissue in which ets-2 mRNA was detected was the ovary. Injection of antisense oligonucleotides homologous to the ets-2 sequence into oocytes led to degradation of the mRNA and blocked hormone-induced germinal vesicle breakdown. The ets-2 product is thus required for the meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Z Q -- Burdett, L A -- Seth, A K -- Lautenberger, J A -- Papas, T S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 7;250(4986):1416-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2255913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Oocytes/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Oogenesis ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2 ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; *Repressor Proteins ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription Factors ; Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus laevis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Presentation of exogenous antigen with class I major histocompatibility complex molecules (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-24
    Description: Soluble antigens (Ags) in the extracellular fluids are excluded from the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted pathway of Ag presentation in most cells. However, an exogenous Ag can be internalized, processed, and presented in association with class I MHC molecules on specialized Ag-presenting cells (APCs). These APCs express class II molecules and can simultaneously present exogenous Ags to both class I and class II MHC-restricted T cells. These APCs may be important participants in the regulation of host immune responses. This APC activity may explain several phenomena of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) priming in vivo and might be exploited for eliciting CTL responses to protein vaccines.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rock, K L -- Gamble, S -- Rothstein, L -- AI-20248/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 24;249(4971):918-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2392683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/*immunology ; Azides/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ovalbumin/*immunology ; Spleen/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    An insertion in the human thyrotropin receptor critical for high affinity hormone binding (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-09-21
    Description: Thyrotropin (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are structurally related glycoprotein hormones, which bind to receptors that share a high degree of sequence similarity. However, comparison of the primary amino acid sequences of the TSH and LH-CG receptors reveals two unique insertions of 8 and 50 amino acids in the extracellular domain of the TSH receptor. The functional significance of these insertions were determined by site-directed mutagenesis. Deletion of the 50-amino acid tract (residues 317 to 366) had no effect on TSH binding or on TSH and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) biological activities. In contrast, either deletion or substitution of the eight-amino acid region (residues 38 to 45) abolished these activities. This eight-amino acid tract near the amino terminus of the TSH receptor appears to be an important site of interaction for both TSH and TSI.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wadsworth, H L -- Chazenbalk, G D -- Nagayama, Y -- Russo, D -- Rapoport, B -- DK-19289/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK-36182/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Sep 21;249(4975):1423-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2169649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Chromosome Deletion ; Clone Cells ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Receptors, Thyrotropin/*genetics/metabolism ; Thyrotropin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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