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  • 1
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    Stereoscopic depth discrimination in the visual cortex: neurons ideally suited as disparity detectors (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-08-31
    Description: The possibility has been explored that a subset of physiologically identifiable cells in the visual cortex is especially suited for the processing of stereoscopic depth information. First, characteristics of a disparity detector that would be useful for such processing were outlined. Then, a method was devised by which detailed binocular response data were obtained from cortical cells. In addition, a model of the disparity detector was developed that includes a plausible hierarchical arrangement of cortical cells. Data from the cells compare well with the requirements for the archetypal disparity detector and are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the model. These results demonstrate that a specific type of cortical neuron exhibits the desired characteristics of a disparity detector.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohzawa, I -- DeAngelis, G C -- Freeman, R D -- EY01175/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Aug 31;249(4972):1037-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Group in Neurobiology, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2396096" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; *Depth Perception ; Mathematics ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Vision, Binocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Single-neuron activity and tissue oxygenation in the cerebral cortex (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-15
    Description: Blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging uses alterations in brain hemodynamics to infer changes in neural activity. Are these hemodynamic changes regulated at a spatial scale capable of resolving functional columns within the cerebral cortex? To address this question, we made simultaneous measurements of tissue oxygenation and single-cell neural activity within the visual cortex. Results showed that increases in neuronal spike rate were accompanied by immediate decreases in tissue oxygenation. We used this decrease in tissue oxygenation to predict the orientation selectivity and ocular dominance of neighboring neurons. Our results establish a coupling between neural activity and oxidative metabolism and suggest that high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging may be used to localize neural activity at a columnar level.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thompson, Jeffrey K -- Peterson, Matthew R -- Freeman, Ralph D -- EY01175/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY03176/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- T32 EY 07043-24/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 14;299(5609):1070-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Group in Vision Science, School of Optometry, Helen Willis Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Cats ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Dominance, Ocular ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Hemoglobins/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Microelectrodes ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Oxygen/blood ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Photic Stimulation ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*metabolism/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Transcranial magnetic stimulation elicits coupled neural and hemodynamic consequences (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-09-29
    Description: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an increasingly common technique used to selectively modify neural processing. However, application of TMS is limited by uncertainty concerning its physiological effects. We applied TMS to the cat visual cortex and evaluated the neural and hemodynamic consequences. Short TMS pulse trains elicited initial activation (approximately 1 minute) and prolonged suppression (5 to 10 minutes) of neural responses. Furthermore, TMS disrupted the temporal structure of activity by altering phase relationships between neural signals. Despite the complexity of this response, neural changes were faithfully reflected in hemodynamic signals; quantitative coupling was present over a range of stimulation parameters. These results demonstrate long-lasting neural responses to TMS and support the use of hemodynamic-based neuroimaging to effectively monitor these changes over time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, Elena A -- Pasley, Brian N -- Duong, Thang -- Freeman, Ralph D -- EY01175/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY03176/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 28;317(5846):1918-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Group in Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Cats ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Electrophysiology ; Evoked Potentials ; Hemoglobins/analysis ; Neurons/*physiology ; Oxygen/analysis ; Photic Stimulation ; *Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Visual Cortex/blood supply/chemistry/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Cortical plasticity in monocularly deprived immobilized kittens depends on eye movement (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-11-30
    Description: A marked reduction of binocular cells in striate cortex is found if 4-week-old kittens are visually stimulated monocularly while anesthetized and held in a stereotaxic apparatus. If the kittens are paralyzed and artificially respirated, changes are not found unless an eye is moved mechanically. It appears that eye movement and visual stimulation are necessary conditions for deactivation of binocular connections, but neither is sufficient to induce such changes alone.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freeman, R D -- Bonds, A B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Nov 30;206(4422):1093-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/493996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; Evoked Potentials ; *Eye Movements ; Functional Laterality ; Immobilization ; Paralysis/physiopathology ; Visual Cortex/*growth & development/physiology ; Visual Pathways/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrast gain control in the cat visual cortex (1982)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 298 (1982), S. 266-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Cats were prepared for single unit recording from the striate cortex by standard procedures described in detail elsewhere4. Anaesthesia was induced with halothane. A radial vein was cannulated and anaesthesia was continued with sodium thi-amylal while a tracheal tube and an electrode were ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/298266a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of inhibition in orientation and spatial frequency selectivity of cat visual cortex (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 321 (1986), S. 237-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Responses of four cortical cells to variation in the orientation (a, c, e, g) or spatial frequency (², d, /, h) of a stimulus (drifting sinusoidal gratings). Solid lines represent responses before (open symbols) and during (closed symbols) ejection of DL-Hcy. In g and ?, only non-optimal ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/321237a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is there a ‘consolidation’ effect for monocular deprivation? (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 404-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Kittens were reared normally until postnatal day 29, when susceptibility to deprivation effects is very high1. Vision through one eye was then blocked for 24 h using a large opaque contact lens. In one group of animals, study of cortical cells was begun immediately after the occlusion period. A ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/282404a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual acuity is better for letters in rows than in columns (1980)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 286 (1980), S. 62-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The tests were carried out with slides containing pseudorandom combinations of eight letters E, H, R, N, O, X, D and V arranged in groups of columns or rows. Each letter appeared once at a given inter-letter separation (see below). The slides were mounted in frames for use in a standard vision ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/286062a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of eye alignment in cats (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 271 (1978), S. 446-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 The steps required to obtain visual axis alignment in the conscious cat. In humans the visual axis or line of sight is defined by a line from the fovea of the retina to the object of fixation passing through the nodal plane of the eye (the nodal plane defines equal magnification between ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/271446a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of Visual Cortex from Environmental Asymmetries (1973)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 246 (1973), S. 359-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Experimental results with certain human subjects point to an analogous bias in early visual environment with subsequent neural consequences10"12. The bias is introduced through ocular astigmatism, a condition in which the refractive power of the eye varies meridionally such that maximum and minimum ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/246359a0
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