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  • temperature  (33)
  • Electron microscopy
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • Triticum aestivum
  • bioavailability
  • Springer  (110)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (110)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1988  (110)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (110)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Liriomyza trifolii ; Agromyzidae ; Diptera ; temperature ; thresholds ; life history ; feeding ; intrinsic rate of increase ; tomato ; host-plant suitability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vitesse de développement, la mortalité, l'alimentation, la fécondité et la longévité de L. trifolii (Burgess) élevés sur plants de tomates du cultivar ‘Moneydor’ ont été examinées au laboratoire sous 3 températures constantes (15°C, 20°C et 25°C) et une thermopériode (16/22°C, moyenne 19,5°C). Les taux de développement et les seuils de chaque stade ont été déterminés à partir des droites de régressions. Aucune corrélation n'a été mise en évidence entre ces variables biologiques et la taille des pupes. De plus, certaines données sur la biologie de L. trifolii sont fournies et discutées. Le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement, rm a varié de-0,0023 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 15°C à 0,1254 oeuf viable/femelle/jour à 25°C et la reproduction nette de 1 oeuf femelle viable/femelle à 15°C à 26 oeufs femelles viables/femelle à 25°C. La durée d'une génération a varié de 48 jours à 15°C à 24 j à 25°C. 90% de la ponte a eu lieu dans les 115 premiers degrés jours de la vie imaginale à 20 et 25°C. La fécondité et la longévité étaient fortement liées au nombre de piqûres nutritionnelles. Ces résultats montrent que la tomate est un hôte convenable permettant aux populations de L. trifolii de se développer lorsque la température est supérieure à 16°C.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three constant (15°C, 20°C and 25°C) and one alternating (16–22°C, mean 19.5°C) temperatures on development, mortality, feeding, fecundity and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on tomato plants cv. ‘Moneydor’ were examined in the laboratory. Development rates and thresholds for each instar were estimated by means of linear regression. No correlation was found between life history variables and pupal length. Further, data on the biology of L. trifolii are given and discussed. The intrinsic rate of increase, rm, varied from-0.0023 viable female eggs/⧫/day at 15°C to 0.1254 eggs/⧫/day at 25°C and net reproduction from one viable female egg/⧫ at 15°C to 26 eggs/⧫ at 20°C. Generation time varied from 48 days at 15°C to 24 days at 25°C. Ninety % oviposition occurred within the first 115 degree-days of adult life at both 20°C and 25°C. Fecundity and longevity were highly correlated with the number of feeding punctures. The data indicate that tomato is a suitable host plant allowing populations of L. trifolii to increase if temperatures are above 16°C.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; parasitoids ; Pseudococcidae ; mealybugs ; Anagyrus pseudococci ; Leptomastix dactylopii ; Leptomastidea abnormis ; temperature ; predicting development ; thresholds ; temperate glasshouses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement de 3 parasitoïdes de cochenilles ont été étudiées dans les conditions de température de serre, avec thermopériode ou en température constante. En conditions constantes, la vitesse augmente jusqu'à 35°C, mais est létale à 40°C. Avec thermopériode, une thermophase de 40°C peut être tolérée pendant 12 heures. Les vitesses de développement sous thermopériodes pourraient être calculées à partir des données obtenues en conditions constantes, modifiées en fonction des durées respectives des cryophases et thermophases. Une méthode originale est présentée pour obtenir les seuils inférieurs de développement, en utilisant des thermopériodes, et pour calculer les vitesses de développement à températures élevées. Une méthode de régression polynomiale, non vérifiée préalablement, a été utilisée pour prévoir les durées moyennes des développements sous serre. Ces estimations sont beaucoup plus sûres que les prédictions basées sur le concept de degré-jour (Do), lorsque les températures extrêmes durent longtemps, mais en serre chaude elles ne présentent aucune différence significative. De plus, une méthode d'évaluation des 95% d'émergences, a donné de bonnes estimations des premières et dermières émergences en conditions périodiques.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates of three encyrtid mealybug parasitoids were examined under constant, cycling and glasshouse temperatures. Under constant conditions the rate of development increased with rising temperature up to 35°C, but a constant 40°C was lethal. Under cycling conditions, 12 h periods at 40°C could be tolerated. Developmental rates under cycling conditions could be calculated from constant temperature data, by incrementing development on an h/h basis. A new technique was developed to determine the lower thresholds for development, using cycling regimes and to calculate the rates of development over short periods at high temperature. A previously untested polynomial regression technique was used to predict mean developmental periods under glasshouse conditions. These predictions were considerably more accurate than day-degree (Do) predictions when substantial periods at extreme temperatures were involved, but not significantly different from day-degree predictions under ‘hot-house’ conditions. In addition a method was developed to calculate a 95% range for emergence, which gave consistently good estimates of first and last eclosion observed under fluctuating conditions.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bembidion lampros ; Pterostichus cupreus ; Carabidae ; Coleoptera ; behaviour ; temperature ; searching ; consumption ; cereal aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; prey ; density ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux maximum de consommation de R. padi L. à différentes températures ont été déterminés au laboratoire chez deux carabes, B. lampros Herbstet P. cupreus L. La consommation moyenne a augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces, B. lampros consommant un maximum de 15,9 larves des stades 1 à 3 et 9,1 pucerons adultes aptères, à 25°C. P. cupreus a été particulièrement vorace et a consommé 125,3 adultes aptères par jour à 20°C. Le comportement des deux espèces a été observé en filmant en vidéo des carabes à jeun, maintenus à différentes températures constantes, dans des enceintes semées en orge de printemps. Des éléments du comportement, communs aux deux espèces, ont été définis: 1) immabilité, 2) marche et course, 3) recherche, 4) affrontement. P. cupreus a été plus actif à toutes les températures, B. lamprosa été inactif au-dessous de 10°C. La part de temps consacrée à la recherche, le nombre de plantes prospectées, et la vitesse ont augmenté avec la température chez les deux espèces. Dans des enceintes similaires colonisées par R. padi, P. cupreus a significativement augmenté le temps consacré à la recherche dans les enceintes, parallèlement à l'augmentation de la densité des pucerons. Après la découverte d'une colonie de pucerons, P. cupreus escalade et prospecte la plante et ses voisines immédiates; tandis que les plantes des enceintes sans pucerons sont rarement escaladées. B. lampros n'a pas été observé escaladant des plantes d'enceintes avec ou sans pucerons, et il n'a pas accru son temps de prospection en fonction de la densité de pucerons. Les quelques B. lampros qui ont capturé des pucerons l'ont fait lorsque ceux-ci marchaient sur la surface du sol. La discussion a porté sur l'efficacité relative des deux carabes comme prédateurs de R. padi, et les résultats ont été comparés à ceux d'études du même type, menées ailleurs, avec des prédateurs de Sitobion avenae sur blé d'hiver.
    Notes: Abstract Maximum consumption rates were determined for two carabids, Bembidion lampros Herbst. and Pterostichus cupreus L., feeding on the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. at different temperatures in the laboratory. Mean daily consumption increased with increasing temperature for both species, B. lampros consuming a maximum of 16 1–3 instar nymphs and 9 apterous adult aphids at 25°C. P. cupreus was particularly voracious and consumed 125 apterous adult R. padi per day at 20°C. The behaviour of both species was analysed by video filming starved beetles, maintained at different constant temperatures, in arenas sown with spring barley. The behavioural components (1) still; (2) run/walk; (3) search and (4) confrontation were identified and were common to both species. P. cupreus was more active over the temperature range tested; B. lampros was inactive under 10°C. The proportion of time spent searching, number of plants searched, and velocity increased with increasing temperature for both species. When observed in similar arenas seeded with R. padi colonies, individuals of P. cupreus significantly increased their time spent searching in arenas with increasing aphid density. Following discovery of an aphid colony, individuals climbed and searched the host plant and its nearest neighbours. Plants in aphid free arenas were rarely climbed. B. lampros was not observed climbing in either aphid free arenas or in arenas with increasing aphid densities, and did not significantly increase its time spent searching in response to increased prey density. The few B. lampros that found aphids caught them walking on the soil surface. The relative efficiences of these two carabids as predators of R. padi are discussed, and the results are compared with similar studies elsewhere with predators of Sitobion avenae on winter wheat.
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  • 4
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    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Alnus ; Energy forestry ; Frankia ; Meadow soil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Peat soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Use of the N2-fixing grey alder, Alnus incana (L.) Moench, as a short-rotation crop for energy production is currently being explored. To evaluate the need for inoculation of alders, the distribution of infective propagules of Frankia in the soil at potential sites for alder plantations was examined. Uninoculated grey alder seedlings were grown in three types of soil. Frequent nodulation was found in a meadow soil which had been free from actinorhizal plants for nearly 60 years, but the alder seedlings failed to nodulate in peat soil from two different bog sites. One of these bogs had been exploited for peat and the surface layer of the peat had been removed, so that the soil samples were taken from deep layers of the peat. At the other site, an area of cultivated peat, there were no infective propagules of Frankia in plots without alders; the infective Frankia was present in plots only where it had been introduced by inoculated alders. There was no detectable air-borne dispersal of Frankia. Instead, water movement might account for the dispersal of Frankia in peat. Although the apparent absence of Frankia in these peat soils necessitates inoculation of alder seedlings before planting out, this makes it possible to introduce and maintain Frankia strains with selected beneficial characteristics, since there is no competition from an indigenous Frankia flora.
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  • 5
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Soil C mineralization ; 14C-labelled plant material ; Decomposition stages ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the roots removed from the soil, and a new crop was started. Thus, the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of active roots on C-mineralization rates during different stages of decomposition and during long-term incubation. During the first 200 days, corresponding to the active decomposition stages, the roots weakly reduced 14C mineralization. With a lower level of decomposition, when more than 60% of the initial 14C was mineralized and when the available nutrients were markedly exhausted by plant uptake, the roots stimulated 14C mineralization.[/ p]
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  • 6
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Root activity ; Rhizosphere ; C metabolism ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two different soils were amended with 14C-labelled plant material and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions for 2 years. Half the samples were cropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) 10 times in succession. At flowering, the wheat was harvested and the old roots removed from the soil, so that the soil was continuously occupied by predominantly active root systems. The remaining samples were maintained without plants under the same conditions. During the initial stages of high microbial activity, due to decomposition of the labile compounds, the size of the total microbial biomass was comparable for both treatments, and the metabolic quotient (qCO2-C = mg CO2-C·mg−1 Biomass C·h−1) was increased by the plants. During the subsequent low-activity decomposition stages, after the labile compounds had been progressively mineralized, the biomass was multiplied by a factor of 2–4 in the presence of plants compared to the bare soils. Nevertheless, qCO2-C tended to reach similar low values with both treatments. The 14C-labelled biomass was reduced by the presence of roots and qCO2-14C was increased. The significance of these results obtained from a model experiment is discussed in terms of (1) the variation in the substrate originating from the roots and controlled by the plant physiology, (2) nutrient availability for plants and microorganisms, (3) soil biotic capacities and (4) increased microbial turnover rates induced by the roots.
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  • 7
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    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 279-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sesbania rostrata ; Green manure ; Biofertilizer ; Nitrogen fixation ; Stem nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ratooning and stem cutting were compared with seeding in order to reduce the amount of seeds of Sesbania rostrata for green-manure growth. Both methods increased the biofertilizer yield highly significantly within a 6-week growth period.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biopores ; Root growth ; Transpiration ; Simulations ; Mechanical impedance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The use of vertical biopores by wheat (Triticum aestivum) seminal roots for easy access to the subsoil and the consequences for plant water supply and yield has been investigated by computer simulation. Parameters included were: biopore density and diameter, depth of cultivation and strength of the subsoil — all under a wide range of seasonal weather conditions. The model predicts that biopores add significantly to root penetration at depth, even at a density of 0.1% v/v of small, vertical pores, while 1.5% to 2.0% v/v can ensure maximum root penetration. When the growing season is shorter a larger number of biopores is needed to ensure timely root penetration to depth. With shallow tillage, biopores occur closer to the soil surface, and their importance is increased. Deeper root penetration invariably gives greater water uptake and transpiration, but may have a negative effect on grain yield, especially under the driest climatic conditions. An increase in early water use may result in less soil water being available during the grain-filling period. The effect of biopores on plant transpiration varies from year to year, depending on the amount of rain and its distribution in time, and on the amount of soil water stored at time of sowing.
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  • 9
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    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Plant mtDNA ; Electron microscopy ; Restriction enzymes ; Hairpin structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Broad bean (Vicia faba) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) includes three circular plasmids: mt-plasmid 1 (1,704 ntp), mt-plasmid 2 (1,695 ntp) and mt-plasmid 3 (1,476 ntp). Partially replicated circular forms of these mt-plasmids have been observed in electron microscope preparations. Restriction enzymes that cleave either mt-plasmid 2 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 3) or mt-plasmid 3 (but not mt-plasmids 1 and 2) were used to generate linear forms of partially replicated mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 molecules. Analyses of these linearized replicative intermediates, observed by electron microscopy, indicated that in both mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 replication originates at a specific location and proceeds in the same, single direction around the molecules. The replication origins of mt-plasmid 2 and mt-plasmid 3 map close to sequences that can fold into hairpin structures.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Plant mitochondrial DNA ; Ribosomal genes ; Sequence rearrangements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the wheat mitochondrial 26S ribosomal RNA gene and flanking regions was determined and compared with mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes from maize and Oenothera. All three genes exhibit a high degree of homology except within two variable regions. When the plant mitochondrial 26S rRNA genes are compared with Escherichia coli 23S rRNA and chloroplast 23S and 4.5S rRNA genes, a third variable region is apparent close to the 3′ end of the gene. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the wheat mitochondrial gene were determined by S1 nuclease mapping. Computer analysis of the wheat mitochondrial gene revealed several small sequences present either in the 5′ region of the 26S rRNA gene or in the 18S rRNA gene.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genomic variability ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Somatic tissue culture ; Regeneration ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic and non-embryogenic long-term callus cultures of hexaploid wheat exhibit differences in the organization of their mitochondrial genome. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic fractions of callus cultures initiated from immature embryos of the wheat cultivar “Chinese Spring” have been isolated and subsequently subcultured. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments using labelled cloned wheat mitochondrial DNA fragments have shown that the mitochondrial DNA organization of embryogenic subcultures derived from embryogenic parts of “Chinese Spring” calli is closely related to that of the initial “Chinese Spring” calli, while non-embryogenic subcultures derived from non-embryogenic fragments of “Chinese Spring” calli exhibit a mitochondrial DNA organization similar to that found in non-embryogenic calli derived from cultivar “Aquila”. In addition, somatic tissue cultures initiated from three other non-embryogenic wheat cultivars (“Talent”, “Thésée” and “Capitole”) display mitochondrial DNA arrangements similar to those found in cultivar “Aquila”. These results strongly suggest that, in wheat callus cultures, a particular mitochondrial genome organization is correlated with the ability of cultured cells to regenerate whole plants.
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  • 12
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 251-266 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Zinc ; controlled-release ; diffusion ; pH ; temperature ; phosphate ; clay ; sand ; moisture content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The emission and movement of zinc from planar arrangements of controlled-release (C.R.) thermoplastic matrix zinc fertilizer formulations was studied in cylindrical diffusion cells packed with a clay or a sand. The influences of a number of soil characteristics known to affect zinc diffusion were also investigated. Zinc emission was initially (over 2 days) very rapid. The rate declined markedly thereafter. Morphologically distinct C.R. zinc formulations released zinc at different rates. Zinc moved appreciably and consistently further in the sand than in the clay. Of the soil characteristics studied, increasing phosphate levels had no effect upon zinc emission or mobility in either soil. Increasing pH in the sand did not affect zinc emission, but decreased zinc mobility. Conversely, in the two soils, increasing temperature stimulated zinc emission, but had little influence on zinc mobility. At higher water contents, zinc release was increased in both soils. However, zinc movement was only increased in the sand.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Middle atmosphere ; temperature ; neutral and ion composition ; turbulent transfer ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using a numerical model for temperature and neutral and ion composition behaviour at middle atmospheric heights, an analysis has been made of the dependence of atmospheric structural parameters on temperature, solar activity, and on turbulent transfer intensity. For mesospheric heights, an inverse dependence of the nitric oxide density on the temperature has been found. It is thus possible to explain experimentally obtained temperature variations over a cyclc of solar activity at mesospheric and lower thermospheric heights. Numerical simulation results indicate that the temperature in the height range ∼75–120 km depends considerably on both the absolute values of turbulent transfer coefficients and their vertical gradients.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin (IAA), production by Rhizobium ; Gibberellin production by Rhizobium ; Mutant (Rhizobium) ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus (nodulation) ; Rhizobium (mutants) ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Similar ranges of gibberellins (GAs) were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-immunoassay procedures in ten cultures of wild-type and mutant strains of Rhizobium phaseoli. The major GAs excreted into the culture medium were GA1 and GA4. These identifications were confirmed by combined gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The HPLC-immunoassays also detected smaller amounts of GA9- as well as GA20-like compounds, the latter being present in some but not all cultures. In addition to GAs, all strains excreted indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) but there was no obvious relationship between the amounts of GA and IAA that accumulated. The Rhizobium strains studied included nod − and fix − mutants, making it unlikely that the IAA- and GA-biosynthesis genes are closely linked to the genes for nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The HPLC-immunoassay analyses showed also that nodules and non-nodulated roots of Phaseolus vulgaris L. contained similar spectra of GAs to R. phaseoli culture media. The GA pools in roots and nodules were of similar size, indicating that Rhizobium does not make a major contribution to the GA content of the infected tissue.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide fixation ; Citrulline ; Coralloid roots ; Cycads (nitrogen fixation) ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen transport ; Nostoc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Freshly detached coralloid roots of several cycad species were found to bleed spontaneously from xylem, permitting identification of products of nitrogen transfer from symbiotic organ to host. Structural features relevant to the export of fixed N were described for Macrozamia riedlei (Fisch. ex Gaud.) Gardn. the principal species studied. Citrulline (Cit), glutamine (Gln) and glutamic acid (Glu), the latter usually in a lesser amount, were the principal translocated solutes in Macrozamia (5 spp.), Encephalartos (4 spp.) and Lepidozamia (1 sp.), while Gln and a smaller amount of Glu, but no Cit were present in xylem sap of Bowenia (1 sp.),and Cycas (2 spp.). Time-course studies of 15N enrichment of the different tissue zones and the xylem sap of 15N2-pulse-fed coralloid roots of M. riedlei showed earlier 15N incorporation into Gln than into Cit, and a subsequent net decline in the 15N of Gln of the coralloid-root tissues, whereas Cit labeling continued to increase in inner cortex and stele and in the xylem sap. Hydrolysis of the 15N-labeled Cit and Gln consistently demonstrated much more intense labeling of the respective carbamyl and amide groups than of the other N-atoms. Coralloid roots of M. riedlei pulse-fed 14CO2 in darkness showed 14C labeling of aspartic acid (Asp) and Cit in all tissue zones and of Cit of xylem bleeding sap. Lateral roots and uninfected apogeotropic roots of M. riedlei and M. moorei also incorporated 14CO2 into Cit. The 14C of Cit was restricted to the carbamyl-C. Comparable 15N2 and CO2-feeding studies on corallid roots of Cycas revoluta showed Gln to be the dominant product of N2 fixation, with Asp and alanine as other major 14C-labeled amino compounds, but a total absence of Cit in labeled or unlabeled form.
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  • 16
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    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Cytology ; In vitroandrogenesis ; Fluorescent microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two winter wheat genotypes (‘Diószegi 200’ and ‘Mv 15’) were compared for their in vitro androgenic capacity. On average, the induction frequency of embryogenic structures was 71.7% in ‘Diószegi 200’ and only 4.3% in ‘Mv 15’. The haploid induction ability of the two genotypes differed considerably, with ‘Diószegi 200’ being much higher. The difference in the in vitro inductability of the microspores may result from genetic differences which are manifested in the survival rate of the microspores during the culture period and their adaptability to in vitro conditions. Special DNA fluorochrornes were suitable for studying the different pathways of in vitro androgenesis. Our data indicate that the repeated equal divisions of the microspore nucleus might lead to pollen embryo formation, and subsequent divisions of the vegetative portion of the pollen grain after the first asymmetric microspore mitosis can result in pollen callus formation.
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  • 17
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: N-acetylcysteine ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been determined after its intravenous and oral administration to 6 healthy volunteers. According to a randomized cross-over design each subject received NAC 200 mg i.v. and 400 mg p.o., and blood samples were collected for 30 h. Reduced NAC had a volume of distribution (VSS) of 0.59 l·kg−1 and a plasma clearance of 0.84 l·h−1·kg−1. The terminal half-life after intravenous administration was 1.95 h. The oral bioavailability was 4.0%. Based on total NAC concentration, its volume of distribution (VSS) was 0.47 l·kg−1 and its plasma clearance was 0.11 l·h−1·kg−1. The terminal half-life was 5.58 h after intravenous administration and 6.25 h after oral administration. Oral bioavailability of total NAC was 9.1%.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: albendazole ; echinococcosis ; bioavailability ; food intake ; fatty meal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the systemic availability of oral albendazole in 6 patients with echinococcosis either fasting or with breakfast. Albendazole sulphoxide, the pharmacologically active principle, was assayed by HPLC. Mean plasma concentrations and AUCs were 4.5 times higher when albendazole was given with breakfast than when administered in the fasting state. We conclude that therapy of echinococcosis with albendazole requires the drug to be taken with meals and that administration on an empty stomach might be more appropriate when intraluminal effects are desired, e.g. for intestinal parasites.
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  • 19
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 469-473 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: xamoterol ; cardiac failure ; beta1-adrenoceptor partial agonist ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of xamoterol, a β-adrenoceptor partial agonist under clinical evaluation for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure, have been studied in 12 healthy male subjects. They received 14 mg i.v. and oral doses of 50 and 200 mg as a tablet and 200 mg as a solution in a 4 way cross-over design. After i.v. dosing the elimination half-life was 7.7 h, the total body clearance was 224 ml·min−1 and the volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) was 48 l. Sixty-two percent of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine. After oral doses, the absolute bioavailability of xamoterol was shown to be 5% irrespective of whether the dose was administered as a tablet or solution. Peak plasma concentrations occurred at about 2 h for the tablet dose and slightly earlier (1.4 h) for the solution. Peak plasma concentration, AUC and urinary recovery of unchanged drug increased in proportion to dose. The apparent elimination half-life after oral doses (16 h) was significantly longer than that observed after an intravenous dose. Despite the low bioavailability, the degree of inter-subject variability of oral bioavailability was small probably indicating that the controlling factor is the hydrophilic nature of the molecule rather than extensive first pass metabolism or poor dissolution of xamoterol from the tablet formulation.
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  • 20
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 211-212 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diclofenac ; sulglicotide ; bioavailability ; drug interaction
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailability of diclofenac (D) was assessed in 12 healthy volunteers treated orally with single doses of 100 mg (retard formulation) and subsequently retreated with the same dose of (D) plus sulglicotide (S) 200 mg. (D) blood levels were measured by GLC in samples collected after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 h. No relevant difference was seen in (D) bioavailability after (S) administration; after 8 h plasma levels of (D) were slightly higher after (S) (p〈0.05), but this difference can be considered incidental only. Thus, sulglicotide does not interfere with the bioavailability of diclofenac, and can be administered concurrently with the latter to prevent possible gastric injury by the antiinflammatory drug.
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  • 21
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 21-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: doxazosin ; hypertension ; alpha-adrenergic blockade ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effects and steady-state pharmacokinetics of doxazosin, as well as the bioequivalence of four dosage forms, were studied in 25 hypertensive patients. For an 8 mg daily dose mean Cmax at steady-state for all patients was 108 ng/ml; the mean tmax was 1.8 h. The mean terminal elimination half-life was 22 h. The four tablets containing 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg of doxazosin were bioequivalent in delivering the 8 mg dose. In patients with mild to moderate hypertension, 26-day treatment with doxazosin resulted in blood pressure reduction of 10/7 mm Hg in the supine and 13/18 mm Hg in the standing position. Adverse effects were generally mild and of brief duration.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: L-carnitine ; pharmacokinetics ; intravenous and oral doses ; bioavailability ; healthy volunteers
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of single intravenous and oral doses of L-carnitine 2 and 6 g was studied in 6 healthy subjects on a low-carnitine diet. Carnitine was more rapidly eliminated from plasma after the 6 g dose. Comparing the doses, the t1/2β of the elimination phase (β) was 6.5 h vs 3.9 h, the elimination constant 0.40 vs 0.50 h−1 and the plasma carnitine clearance was 5.4 vs 6.11 · h−1 for the 2 g and 6 g doses, respectively, showing dose-related elimination. Saturable kinetics were not found. The apparent volumes of distribution after the two doses were not significantly different and were of the same order as the total body water. Urinary recoveries of the 2 g and 6 g doses were 70% and 82%, respectively, during the first 24 h. Following the oral doses, there was no significant difference between the areas under the plasma carnitine concentration-time curves. Urinary recovery was 8% and 4% for the 2 g and 6 g doses during the first 24 h. Oral bioavailability was 16% for the 2 g dose and 5% for the 6 g dose. The results suggest that the mucosal absorption of carnitine was already saturated by the 2 g dose.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: flecainide acetate ; Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome ; rectal absorption ; suppository ; micro enema ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rectal absorption of flecainide from an aqueous solution, a fatty suppository and a polyethyleneglycol suppository was studied in one patient with supraventricular tachycardia (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) refractory for oral anti-arrhythmic treatment. Rectal absorption was found to be fast (t1/2abs=1 h) and complete when flecainide was administered as a solution (relative bioavailability 100%). Flecainide was poorly absorbed from a fatty suppository. The polyethyleneglycol suppository gave absorption with a relative bioavailability of 80% and t1/2 abs=1.2 h.
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  • 24
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: xamoterol ; cardiac failure ; beta1-adrenoceptor partial agonist ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of xamoterol, a β-adrenergic partial agonist under clinical evaluation for the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure, have been studied in 8 cardiac failure patients (NYHA Class II) of mean age 62 years. After i.v. dosing, the elimination half-life was 7.4±0.4 h, the total body clearance was 228±30 ml·min−1 and the volume of distribution at steady-state was 56±91. 72.5±4.3% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine. After the oral dose, the absolute bioavailability of xamoterol was shown to be 5.9%. Peak plasma concentrations occurred 1 to 2.5 h after the oral dose. The apparent elimination half-life was significantly longer after oral doses (16±2 h) compared to that observed after an intravenous dose. Renal clearance of xamoterol exceeded glomerular filtration rate as measured by creatinine clearance. The pharmacokinetics of xamoterol in cardiac failure patients with good renal function (creatinine clearance 〉90 ml·min−1) were similar to published data in young healthy male volunteers.
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  • 25
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 423-425 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketorolac tromethamine ; non-narcotic analgesic ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of ketorolac tromethamine, a potent non-narcotic analgesic agent used for relief of moderate to severe pain, has been studied in 15 healthy volunteers who received single 10 mg doses intravenously (i.v.), intramuscularly (i.m.) and orally (p.o.) in a three-way cross-over design. The kinetics of i.v. ketorolac were characterized by a terminal half-life of 5.09 h, a small plasma clearance (CL = 0.35 ml·min−1·kg−1) and a small tissue distribution (Vss=0.111·kg−1, Vβ=0.17 l·kg−1; mean (SD). Following i.m. and p.o. administration, peak levels of approximately 0.8 µg/ml were rapidly attained (tmax = 0.8 and 0.9 h, respectively) and the systemic bioavailability was essentially complete.
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  • 26
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 555-562 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: L-carnitine ; pharmacokinetics ; intravenous — oral doses ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of single intravenous and oral doses of L-carnitine 2 g and 6 g has been investigated in 6 healthy subjects on a low carnitine diet. Carnitine was more rapidly eliminated from plasma after the higher dose. Comparing the 2-g and 6-g doses, the t1/2β of the elimination phase (β) was 6.5 h vs 3.9 h, the elimination constant was 0.40 vs 0.50 h−1 and the plasma carnitine clearance was 5.4 vs 6.11 × h−1 (p〈0.025), thus showing dose-related elimination. Saturable kinetics was not found in the range of doses given. The apparent volumes of distribution after the two doses were not significantly different and they were of the same order as the total body water. Urinary recoveries after the 2-g and 6-g doses were 70% and 82% during the first 24 h, respectively. Following the two oral dosing, there was no significant difference in AUCs of plasma carnitine. Urinary recoveries were 8% and 4% for the 2-g and 6-g doses during the first 24 h. The oral bioavailability of the 2-g dose was 16% and of the 6 h dose 5%. The results suggest that the mucosal absorption of carnitine is already saturated at the 2-g dose.
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  • 27
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 385-389 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: oxazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; i.v.-/oral administration ; bioavailability ; healthy volunteers
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six healthy volunteers received oxazepam 15 mg i.v. and orally at an interval of at least one week. The kinetic variables of i.v. oxazepam were: elimination half-life (t1/2β) 6.7 h, total clearance (CL) 1.07 ml·min−1·kg−1, volume of distribution (Vc) 0.27 l·kg−1 (0.21–0.49) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) 0.59 l·kg−1. The intravenous disposition of unbound oxazepam was characterized by a clearance of 22.5ml·min−1·kg−1 and a distribution volume of 12.3 l·kg−1. After oral oxazepam the peak plasma level was reached in 1.7 to 2.8 h. The plasma t1/2β at 5.8 h was not significantly different from the i.v. value. Absorption was almost complete, with a bioavailability of 92.8%. Urinary recovery was 80.0 and 71.4% of the dose after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Renal clearance (CLR) of the glucuronide metabolite was 1.10 ml·min−1·kg−1 (0.98–1.52). Oxazepam was extensively bound to plasma protein with a free fraction of 4.5%.
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  • 28
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1988), S. 643-645 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketoprofen ; food ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in 12 patients after a single 100 mg oral dose both in fasting conditions and with a meal. Food significantly affected the peak plasma concentration of ketoprofen and decreased its absorption rate. However, the extent of absorption of ketoprofen, as reflected by the area under the plasma concentration time curve, appeared to be unchanged in the presence of food.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyclosporin ; pharmacokinetics ; infusions ; binding ; lipids ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis that unbound concentration better correlates with response than total plasma or blood concentration, the inter- and intra-subject variability in the distribution of cyclosporin within blood and to plasma components was studied in renal transplant patients. Pharmacokinetic aspects were also studied. Blood samples were analysed from patients who received the drug both by a 72-h i.v. infusion and orally (7 mg·kg−1 twice daily). Steady-state was reached within 18 h of starting the i.v. infusion; the plasma data were best fitted by a biexponential equation with half-times of 0.13–1.02 h and 4.3–13.9 h, associated with the two phases. The mean plasma clearance was 700 ml/min. Concentrations during the infusions measured by RIA and HPLC were comparable. Oral profiles showed rapid and extensive absorption. The peak plasma concentrations were 1460–1880 µg·l−1 and occurred 2–4 h after dosing, with bioavailability estimates of 41–113%. Concentrations measured by RIA were higher than by HPLC. Blood-to-plasma concentration ratio measurements of cyclosporin at 37°C decreased with increasing plasma concentration and increased with haematocrit. Fraction unbound, measured by ultracentrifugation, was in the range 0.042–0.122 with an average of 0.068, and varied little in some patients but showed systematic changes with time in others. Cyclosporin binding was found to be related not only to the triglyceride but, more particularly, to the cholesterol-related lipoproteins in plasma. Monitoring cholesterol may be helpful in identifying patients with extremes in binding or with widely varying binding.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ivermectin ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Administration of 12-mg doses of ivermectin (H2B1a) to 12 healthy volunteers in the form of tablets, capsules, and alcoholic oral solution showed the solution to have approximately twice the systemic availability as either of the solid forms, as evidence both by the maximum concentrations of drug attained in plasma and by the corresponding areas under the plasma concentration vs time curves. However, the two solid formulations showed similar systemic availability.
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  • 31
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    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 326-332 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Plasmids ; Melanin ; Nodulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Plasmid curing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizobium leguminosarum strain VF39, isolated from nodules of field-grown faba beans in the Federal Republic of Germany, was shown to contain six plasmids ranging in molecular weight from 90 to 400 Md. Hybridisation to nif gene probes, plasmid curing, and mobilisation to other strains of Rhizobium and to Agrobacterium showed that the third largest plasmid, pRleVF39d (220 Md), carried genes for nodulation and nitrogen fixation. This plasmid was incompatible with pRL10JI, the Sym plasmid of R. leguminosarum strain JB300. Of the other plasmids, the two smallest (pRleVF39a and pRleVF39b, 90 and 160 Md respectively) were shown to be self-transmissible at a low frequency. Although melanin production is as yet unreported in strains of R. leguminosarum biovar viceae, strain VF39 produced a dark pigment, which, since it was not produced on minimal media and its production was greatly enhanced by the presence of tyrosine in the media, is probably melanin-like. Derivatives of VF39 cured of pRleVF39a no longer produced this pigment, but regained the ability to produce it when this plasmid was transferred into them. Strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, R. meliloti, and some strains of R. leguminosarum carrying pRleVF39a did not produce this pigment, indicating perhaps that some genes elsewhere on the VF39 genome are also involved in pigment production. Plasmid pRleVF39a appeared to be incompatible with the cryptic Rhizobium plasmids pRle336b and pRL8JI (both ca. 100 Md), but was compatible with the R. leguminosarum biovar phaseoli Sym plasmids pRP1JI, pRP2JI and pRph51a, all of which also code for melanin production. The absence of pRleVF39a in cured derivatives of VF39 had no effect on the symbiotic performance or competitive ability of this strain.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acidaminococcus fermentans ; Glutamate fermentation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Post-embedding labelling ; Antibody-gold complexes ; Protein A-gold complexes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the in situ location of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase and 2-htdroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase in Acidaminococcus fermentans using the antibody-gold and protein A-gold techniques carried out as a post-embedding immunoelectron microscopic procedure. Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against homogeneous fractions of the enzymes. Anaerobically grown cells of A. fermentans of the late exponential growth phase were fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde and 0.3% formaldehyde (final concentrations) in the growth medium. Dehydration of the cells was achieved with methanol. The cells were embedded in the low temperature embedding resin Lowicryl K4M. The markers indicative for antigenic sites of the two enzymes unequivocally demonstrate that the sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is located at the cell periphery being a membrane-bound enzyme as expected whereas 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase is a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme.
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  • 33
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    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 224-229 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Vibrio ; V. diazotrophicus ; V. natriegens ; V. pelagius ; V. cincinnatiensis ; Nitrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oxygen sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Virtually all Vibrio spp. known and available in culture collections and several newly isolated Vibrio sp. were tested for their ability to fix molecular nitrogen, using the acetylene reduction technique, the fixation of the heavy isotope 15N, and by growth on media devoid of combined nitrogen. Among the 27 species tested, four, including V. diazotrophicus, proved to be nitrogenase-positive. The potential of nitrogen fixation was now also discovered in V. natriegens, V. pelagius and V. cincinnatiensis. Among the 9 newly isolated strains, 4 were nitrogenase-positive. These strains were classified as V. diazotrophicus on the basis of DNA homology studies. Nitrogenase was only induced during growth under anaerobic conditions. Dissolved oxygen as low as 1 μM inhibited nitrogenase completely. This inhibition at low oxygen concentration, however, was reversible. 50–100 μM dissolved oxygen inhibited nitrogenase irreversibly.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 ; Hydrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Chemostat cultures ; H2/N2 ratio ; ATP/2e value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogenase-negative (Hup-) mutants of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 were isolated by means of Tn5 mutagenesis. The colony test used for screening for Hup- strains was based on the absence of reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride with hydrogen. Suspensions from cultures of the mutant strains grown under derepressing conditions did not use hydrogen with methylene blue or oxygen as the hydrogen acceptor. The mutants were shown to carry single Tn5 insertions at different locations in the A. caulinodans genome. Molar growth yields (corrected for poly-β-hydroxybutyrate formation) in chemostat cultures of the mutants were similar to those of the wild type. Molar growth yields of the mutants were not increased by passing additional hydrogen through chemostat cultures, which is in agreement with the hydrogenase-negative phenotype of the mutants. H2/N2 ratios (mol H2 formed per mol N2 fixed) were calculated from the hydrogen content of the effluent gas and the N-content of the bacterial dry weight. Low H2/N2 ratios (between 1.2 and 1.9) were found in both energy-limited (oxygen or succinate) cultures and in cultures limited by the supply of an anabolic substrate (Mg2+). ATP/2e values (mol ATP used at the transport of 2e to nitrogen or H+) were calculated from the H2/N2 ratios and the molar growth yields of nitrogen-fixing and ammonia-assimilating cultures. ATP/2e values were between 7 and 11. It was concluded that the calculated ATP/2e values comprise not only 4 mol ATP used at the transport of 2e through nitrogenase but also energy equivalents needed for reversed electron flow from NADH to the low-potential hydrogen donor used by nitrogenase.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1988), S. 44-48 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Vanadium ; Molybdenum ; Methanogenesis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Archaebacterium
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation of the Methanosarcina barkeri strains “Fusaro” (DSM 804) and “227” (DSM 1538) was found to be dependent on the presence of vanadium or molybdenum whereby molybdenum (added as Na2-molybdate) was preferred to vanadium (added as VCl3). Strain “227” showed less pronounced effects on diazotrophic growth with respect to vanadium and molybdenum. Rhenium (ReCl3) or tungsten (Na2-tungstate) could not replace vanadium or molybdenum. The optimum concentrations were found to be 2μM for vanadium and 5μM for molybdenum (strain “Fusaro”). This Mo optimum of methanogenesis was 10-fold higher with N2 than with NH4Cl as nitrogen source. A vanadium requirement with NH4Cl could not be detected. No interferences were observed if molybdenum and vanadium were added simultaneously under diazotrophic conditions. Growth yields were smallest for strain “227” grown diazotrophically ( $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =0.6g dw/mol in the presence of vanadium and $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =0.9g dw/mol in the presence of molybdenum), obviously higher for strain “Fusaro” grown diazotrophically ( $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =1.15g dw/mol in the presence of V and $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =1.4g dw/mol with Mo) and highest if M. barkeri was grown on NH4Cl as N-source ( $$Y_{CH_3 OH}$$ =3.4g dw/mol with Mo, strain “Fusaro”).
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ; Sulfur production ; Sulfur oxidation ; Inhibitors ; Uncouplers ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intermediary production of elemental sulfur during the microbial oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds has frequently been reported. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, an acidophilic chemolithoautotroph, was found to produce an insoluble sulfur compound, primarily elemental sulfur, during the oxidation of thiosulfate, trithionate, tetrathionate and sulfide. This was confirmed by light and electron microscopy. Sulfur was produced from sulfide by an oxidative step, while the production from tetrathionate was initiated by a hydrolytic step, probably followed by a series of chemical reactions. The oxidation of intermediary sulfur was severely inhibited by sulfhydryl-binding reagents such as N-ethylmaleimide, by the addition of uncouplers or after freezing and thawing of the cells, which probably damaged the cell membrane. The mechanisms behind these inhibitions have not yet been clarified. Finally, it was observed that elemental sulfur oxidation by whole cells depended on the medium composition. The absence of sulfate or selenate reduced the sulfur oxidation rate.
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  • 37
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 287-301 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: shikimate dehydrogenase ; electrophoresis ; isoelectric focusing ; isozymest ; Triticeae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to investigate the genetic control of Triticeae shikimate dehydrogenase-1 (SKDH-1). Studies of wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines established thatSkdh-1 ofHordeum vulgare cv. Betzes is located in chromosome 5H,Skdh-V1 ofDasypyrum villosum in 5V,Skdh-R1 ofSecale cereale cvs. Dakold and King II in 5R, andSkdh-S 11 ofTriticum longissimum in 5S1S. Also, the chromosomal locations of the genes that encode SKDH-1 inT. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring,T. umbellulatum, andS. cereale cv. Imperial, determined earlier using zone electrophoresis, were reconfirmed using IEF. Zone electrophoresis and IEF do not differ markedly in their ability to detect the expression of alienSkdh-1 genes in wheat-alien species chromosome addition lines. However, IEF may be superior to zone electrophoresis as a technique for detecting and analyzing SKDH-1 genetic variants within Triticeae species; among the species studied, IEF generally resolved two or more isozymes perSkdh-1 allele present, while zone electrophoresis resolved only one.
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  • 38
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    Plant molecular biology 11 (1988), S. 311-319 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast gene ; iron-sulphur protein ; psaC ; Pisum sativum ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gene for the 8 kDa subunit of photosystem I has been located in the small single copy region of wheat chloroplast DNA by coupled transcription-translation of cloned fragments of DNA and by DNA sequence analysis. The pea gene for this subunit was located in pea chloroplast DNA by using the wheat gene as a probe. The location was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of the products of coupled transcription-translation of cloned DNA with antiserum raised against the small subunits of pea photosystem I and by DNA sequence analysis. The deduced amino acid sequences of the pea and wheat proteins are identical in seventy-six out of the eighty-one amino acid residues. There are nine conserved cysteine residues, eight of which are arranged in the primary structure in a similar way to those in bacterial ferredoxins containing two 4Fe-4S centres, suggesting that the polypeptide binds iron sulphur centres A and B of photosystem I.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bacteroid ; Bradyrhizobium ; Glycine (N2 fixation) ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrite reductase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacteroids of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CB1809, unlike CC705, do not have a high level of constitutive nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.7.99.4) in the soybean (Glycine max. Merr.) nodule. Ex planta both strains have a high activity of NR when cultured on 5 mM nitrate at 2% O2 (v/v). Nitrite reductase (NiR) was active in cultured cells of bradyrhizobia, but activity with succinate as electron donor was not detected in freshly-isolated bacteroids. A low activity was measured with reduced methyl viologen. When bacteroids of CC705 were incubated with nitrate there was a rapid production of nitrite which resulted in repression of NR. Subsequently when NiR was induced, nitrite was utilized and NR activity recovered. Nitrate reductase was induced in bacteroids of strain CB1809 when they were incubated in-vitro with nitrate or nitrite. Increase in NR activity was prevented by rifampicin (10 μg· ml-1) or chloramphenicol (50 μg·ml-1). Nitrite-reductase activity in bacteroids of strain CB1809 was induced in parallel with NR. When nitrate was supplied to soybeans nodulated with strain CC705, nitrite was detected in nodule extracts prepared in aqueous media and it accumulated during storage (1°C) and on further incubation at 25°C. Nitrite was not detected in nodule extracts prepared in ethanol. Thus nitrite accumulation in nodule tissue appears to occur only after maceration and although bacteroids of some strains of B. japonicum have a high level of a constitutive NR, they do not appear to reduce nitrate in the nodule because this anion does not gain access to the bacteroid zone. Soybeans nodulated with strains CC705 and CB1809 were equally sensitive to nitrate inhibition of N2 fixation.
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  • 40
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    The journal of membrane biology 103 (1988), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: H+ pump ; K+ channel ; light ; Nitella ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary At membrane potentials different fromE K, the temperature effect on membrane potential ofNitella consists of two components. One of them changes its sign atE K, the other one does not. This leads to the assignment of these components to changes in the K+ channel and in the H+ pump, respectively. It is shown that the fast time constant (3 to 30 sec) of the temperature effect on the H+ pump measured as a change in membrane potential and that of the temperature effect on the K+ channel measured as a change in resistance (having about twice the value of that of the pump) are sensitive to light intensity. Both time constants measured inNitella become smaller if light intensity increases from 0 to 15 Wm−2. This supports the suggestion of Fisahn and Hansen (J. Exp. Bot. 37:440–460, 1986) that temperature acts on plasmalemma transport via photosynthesis via the same mechanism as light does.
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  • 41
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    The journal of membrane biology 101 (1988), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hemolysis ; membrane ; erythrocyte ; pyrexia ; phospholipid ; phase transition ; unilamellar ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rates of human red blood cell hemolysis were measured as a function of temperature. Three distinct temperature intervals for hemolysis were noted: a) At temperatures equal to or less than 37°C no hemolysis was observed for the duration of the incubation (30 hr). b) For temperatures exceeding 45°C hemolysis rates are rapid and are accompanied by gross changes in cellular morphology. The activation energy for hemolysis is 80 kcal/mole; this value is characteristic of protein denaturation and enzyme inactivation suggesting that these processes contribute to hemolysis at these high temperatures. c) Between 38 and 45°C the energy of activation is 29 kcal/mole, indicating that a fundamentally different process than protein inactivation is responsible for hemolysis at these relatively low temperatures. A mechanism based on the concept of the critical bilayer assembly temperature of cell membranes (N.L. Gershfeld,Biophys. J. 50:457–461, 1986) accounts for hemolysis at these relatively mild temperatures: The unilamellar state of the membrane is stable at 37°C, but is transformed to a multibilayer when the temperature is raised; hemolysis results because formation of the multibilayer requires exposing lipid-free areas of the erythrocyte surface. An analysis of the activation energy for hemolysis is presented that is consistent with the proposed unilamellar-multibilayer transformation.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Plant mitochondrial genome ; Minicircle DNA ; Electron microscopy ; Beta vulgaris L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure of mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) from sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) has been studied by biochemical methods and electron microscopy. It was found to be complex multipartite consisting of two main classes of molecules: high molecules weight (HMW) mtDNA and low molecular weight (LMW) mtDNA. The HMW mtDNA consists of rosette-like structures and globules resembling chromomeres (150–200nm). A typical rosette has a protein core and radially stemming closed DNA loops (from 0.6-1.5 μm). The number of loops in a rosette varies from 16–30. The bulk of HMW mtDNAs are represented by interconnected rosettes (total contour length about 130–160 μm, 403–496 kbp). Such large circular DNAs may be evidence of the master chromosome arrangement of the sugarbeet genome. Globules and rosettes are interconnected by thick and thin DNA fibrils, along which nucleosome- and nucleomere-like structures are distributed. The LWM mtDNA is composed of two groups of supercoiled circular molecules, 0,2–1.5 μm and 0.02–0.05 μm in size. Electrophoretic analysis demonstrated that LWM mtDNA is represented by minicircle plasmid-like DNA molecules of 1.3, 1.4 and 1.6 kbp.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Genetic variation ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Oryza sativa L. ; Plasmid-like DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial (mt) plasmid-like DNA was found in most of more than 100 rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) by the use of 0.7% agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). The DNA varied in molecular weight and number. By electron microscopy, small circular DNAs of different sizes could be detected in addition to the DNAs of high molecular weight, even in cultivars in which mt plasmid-like DNA was not detected by AGE. The detection of the mt plasmid-like DNAs by AGE did not depend on their presence or absence, but on their high stoichiometry. The relationship between cytoplasms with mt plasmid-like DNAs and varietal (for example, Indica rice) groups was close. The geographical distribution of cytoplasms is discussed.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Odontoblast ; Calbindin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Teeth ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts was studied by use of specific antibodies raised against chick duodenal 28 kDa calbindin, in immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase, and electron-microscopic labelling experiments. The calbindin-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of odontoblast cell bodies, in their processes and occasionally in their nuclei. Correspondingly, at the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive material was associated with the cytosol, microfilaments and cilia. These findings suggest that human odontoblasts express a 28 kDa vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, unlike those of rats and mice in which ameloblasts are the only cells immunoreactive for the protein.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 449-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Follicular dendritic cells ; Lymph nodes ; Electron microscopy ; Nude mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in lymph nodes of normal and thymus dysgeneic nude mice depleted of B-cells by chronic treatment with anti-IgM antibodies. We found that B cell depletion was accompanied by the absence of mature FDC as defined morphologically at the ultrastructural level. Only precursor FDC (p-FDC) could be demonstrated. Upon release of B-cell suppression, the repopulation of lymph nodes with B-cells was associated with the reappearance of fully differentiated FDC in primary follicles of nude mice and in secondary follicles of T-cell competent mice. We conclude that mature B-cells and/or B-cell products are required for the development of mature follicular dendritic cells in the mouse lymph node.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliary epithelium ; Orthogonal arrays of particles ; Filipin ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been suggested that orthogonal arrays of particles may increase the rigidity of plasma membrane, as does cholesterol. Therefore, using freeze-fractured non- pigmented ciliary epithelium, the distribution of such arrays was compared to the distribution of membrane deformations induced by the sterol-probes filipin and digitonin in different domains of the basolateral plasma membrane. The distribution of orthogonal arrays of particles was homogeneous between different regions of the basolateral membrane of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium, while the number of filipin-induced alterations was nearly 4 times higher in the membrane domains not in contact with the basal lamina than in domains in contact with it. Contrary to the homogeneous distribution of arrays, digitonin-induced deformations also differed markedly in these two basolateral membrane domains. Considering that a marked positive response to sterol probes implies a high sterol content, we conclude that orthogonal arrays of particles can occur in plasma membrane regions well-provided with cholesterol and not in direct contact with the basal lamina. Other possible roles of these arrays are discussed.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Spinal dorsal horn ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A preembedding dual immunolabeling technique and electron microscopy were utilized to demonstrate the localization of immunoreactive substance P and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide (Enk-8) in ultrathin sections of the surface layer (laminae I and II) of rat spinal dorsal horn. The immunoreaction of Enk-8 was visualized as goldtoned silver particles and that of substance P as diaminobenzidine reaction products. Axonal terminals with immunoreactive substance P, and also unlabeled axonal terminals, formed synaptic junctions with the perikarya and dendritic processes of Enk-8-containing neurons. Dendritic profiles immunolabeled for substance P were synaptically linked with unlabeled axons but not with Enk-8-positive ones. Furthermore, it was found that Enk-8 axons and substance P axons terminated synaptically in juxtaposition to one another on the same immunonegative dendrites. Among the Enk-8-containing neurons axonal profiles also appeared to be synaptically associated with immunoreactive Enk-8 dendritic processes.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bioactive peptides ; Coexistence of peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Insect nervous system ; Calliphora erythrocephala, C. vomitoria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ventral thoracic neurosecretory cells (VTNCs) of the blowflies, Calliphora erythrocephala and C. vomitoria, innervating thoracic neuropil and the dorsal neural sheath of the thoracico-abdominal ganglion have been shown to be immunoreactive to a variety of mammalian peptide antisera. In the neural sheath the VTNC terminals form an extensive neurohaemal network that is especially dense over the abdominal ganglia. The same areas are invaded by separate, ut overlapping serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) projections derived from neuronal cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion. Immunocytochemical studies with different antisera, applied to adjacent sections at the lightmicroscopic level, combined with extensive cross-absorption tests, suggest that the perikarya of the VTNCs contain co-localized peptides related to gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Met- and Leuenkephalin and Met-enk-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-enk-RF). Electron-microscopic immunogold-labeling shows that some of the terminals in the dorsal sheath react with several of the individual peptide antisera, whilst others with similar cytology are non-immunoreactive. In the same region, separate terminals with different cytological characteristics contain 5-HT-IR. Both 5-HT-IR and peptidergic terminals are localized outside the cellular perineurium beneath the acellular permeable sheath adjacent to the haemocoel. Hence, we propose that various bioactive substances may be released from thoracic neurosecretory neurons into the circulating haemolymph to act on peripheral targets. The same neurons may also interact by synaptic or modulatory action in the CNS in different neuropil regions of the thoracic ganglion.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5-HT) ; Genital chamber ; Immuno-cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Cricket, Acheta domestica
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The serotonergic innervation of the genital chamber of the female cricket, Acheta domestica, has been investigated applying anti-serotonin (5-HT) immunocyto-chemistry at both light- and electron-microscopic levels as well as using conventional electron microscopy. Whole mount and pre-embedding chopper techniques of immuno-cytochemistry reveal a dense 5-HT-immunoreactive network of varicose fibers in the musculature of the genital chamber. All of these immunoreactive fibers originate from the efferent serotonergic neuron projecting through the nerve 8v to the genital chamber (Hustert and Topel 1986; Elekes et al. 1987). At the electron-microscopic level, 5-HT-immunoreactive nerve terminals, which contain small (50–60 nm) and large (∼ 100 nm) agranular vesicles as well as granular vesicles (∼100nm), contact the muscle fibers or the sarcoplasmic processes without establishing specialized neuromuscular connections. In addition to the 5-HT-immunoreactive axons, two types of immunonegative axons can also be found in the musculature. By use of conventional electron microscopy, three ultrastructurally distinct types of axon processes can be observed, one of which resembles 5-HT-immunoreactive axons. While the majority of the varicosities do not synapse on the muscle fibers, terminals containing small (50–60 nm) agranular vesicles occasionally form specialized neuromuscular contacts. It is suggested that the 5-HTergic innervation plays a non-synaptic modulatory role in the regulation circular musculature in the genital chamber of the cricket, while the musculature as a whole may be influenced by both synaptic and modulatory mechanisms.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrial-specific granule ; Atrial natriuretic polypeptide ; Water deprivation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of atrial-specific granules, which contain atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANP), was studied in the cardiac tissue of untreated controls and water-deprived rats by means of conventional and immunoelectron microscopy. Immature secretory vesicles or granules appeared to become buded off from the Golgi cisternae and then fused to form specific A-granules. An electron-dense plate with a fuzzy coat was frequently found on the limiting membrane at the end of such fusion. Pale specific B-granules, which were less electron-dense, larger, and more granular than A-granules, were found in small numbers in the left atrial cardiocytes, but rarely in the right ones. Very pale granules with a less granular matrix, considered to be B-type granules which had lost their electron-density, and which had less immunoreactivity for ANP, were numerous in the cardiac tissue after water deprivation. This morphological change, which is interpreted as an indication of granule degradation, was in agreement with the noted increase of natriuretic activity in the atrial tissue of water-deprived specimens.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic skin ; Epidermal growth factor ; Basement membrane ; Electron microscopy ; Chick
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the basement membrane structure of chick embryonic skin cultured in a chemically defined medium (BGJb) containing 20 mM hydrocortisone, and EGF at 10, 50, or 100 ng/ml supplemented with 5% delipidized fetal calf serum, was examined by electron microscopy. During development of the epidermis in vitro, EGF (100 ng/ml) caused striking changes to occur in the basement membrane structure and in the keratinization process. The basement membrane frequently became discontinuous with many gaps apparent in section, and occasionally became folded following detachment from the basal surface of the epidermis and protruded into the underlying dermis. In the basal and intermediate cells of EGF-treated epidermis, tonofilament bundles were decreased in number, while desmosomes and hemidesmosomes revealed no significant changes in morphology.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: rooting ; temperature ; daylength ; transplanting ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments were conducted in Vietnam to develop a system whereby detached sprouts from physiologically old green sprouted seed tubers could be used to grow potatoes. Three node segments from the mid or basal portion of the detached sprout produced the greatest percentage of shoots and roots. Growth was best in a medium of equal parts of sub-soil, pig manure and brick kiln ash. Sprout cuttings produced plantlets ready for transplanting in 14–20 days with mean daily temperatures of 22 to 24°C. When transplanted in mid-November, yields from sprout cuttings in field experiments were 10 to 18 t/ha which were 33% lower than from healthy seed tubers but more than the national average yield using degenerated seed tubers. Tubers produced by plants grown from sprout stored well and gave good yields when replanted the following year.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Haemoglobin ; Nitrogen fixation ; Gene expression ; Plant transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plant haemoglobin genes are known to occur in legume and non-legume families and in both nodulating (e.g. Parasponia andersonii) and non-nodulating species (e.g. Trema tomentosa). Their presence in non-nodulating plants raises the possibility that haemoglobins might serve a function in non-symbiotic tissues distinct from their role in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules induced by micro-organisms. We report here that a P. andersonii haemoglobin promoter can regulate expression of either the P. andersonii haemoglobin gene, or a hybrid construct with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat), in the nonsymbiotic plant, Nicotiana tabacum. Expression is predominantly in the roots, implying that haemoglobins might have a function in roots of non-nodulated plants. We have also observed a low level of haemoglobin protein in non-nodulated P. andersonii roots, but not leaves, supporting this assertion. The expression in transgenic plants will allow further characterization of the promoter sequences essential for the organ-specific expression of haemoglobins in nonsymbiotic tissues.
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  • 54
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Alnus ; Symbiosis ; nifH nucleotide sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Southern blots of Frankia total DNAs were hybridized with nifHDK probes from Rhizobium meliloti, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Frankia strain Arl3. Differences between strains were noted in the size of the hybridizing restriction fragments. These differences were more pronounced among Elaeagnus-compatible strains than among Alnus- or Casuarina-compatible strains. Gene banks constructed for Frankia strains EUN1f, HRN18a, CeD and ACoN24d were used to isolate nif-hybridizing restriction fragments for subsequent mapping and comparisons. The nifH zone had the highest sequence conservation and the nifH and nifD genes were found to be contiguous. The complete nucleotide sequence of the nifH open reading frame (ORF) from Frankia strain Arl3 is 861 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide of 287 amino acids. Comparisons of these nucleic acid and amino acid sequences with other published nifH sequences suggest that Frankia is most similar to Anabaena and Azotobacter spp. and K. pneunoniae and least similar to the Gram-positive Clostridium pasteurianum and to the archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae.
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  • 55
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    Protoplasma 145 (1988), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Intermediate filament structure ; Intermediate filament assembly ; Desmin ; Keratins ; Neurofilaments ; Nuclear lamins ; Cytoskeleton ; Electron microscopy ; Polymerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 56
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 16 (1988), S. 573-593 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: bioavailability ; drug ; metabolite ; first-pass hepatic loss ; pharmacologic response ; estimation ; bioequivalence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many drugs with low oral bioavailability due to substantial first-pass hepatic loss form pharmacologically active metabolites. In such cases, the pharmacologic activity after oral administration is greater than anticipated from bioavailability data, based on chemical assay of drug alone. This paper explores the use and meaning of pharmacologic data to assess bioavailability under these circumstances. Two steady-state concepts are introduced: a metabolite-to-drug intravenous delivery rate potency ratioand an effective bioavailability,defined as the ratio of intravenous-to-oral delivery rates of drug required to produce the same response. Using a combined phar-macokinetic-pharmacodynamic model, the impact of various factors on the effective bioavailability and on its estimation, using the intravenous-to-oral dose ratio required to produce the same area under the response time curve after acute administration, are explored. It is proposed that attention be centered more on comparison of rates of administration, or doses, that produce equal responses than on bioavailability per se.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: Michaelis-Menten kinetics ; sinusoidal perfusion model ; venous equilibration model ; distributed model ; convection-dispersion model ; organ heterogeneity ; bioavailability ; pooling of data ; kinetic parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract What can be inferred from limited clinical data by using current models of hepatic elimination? We examined this question by analyzing previously published data on the steady-state uptake of the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in seven cancer patients in terms of the venous equilibration model, the undistributed and distributed forms of the sinusoidal perfusion model, and the convection-dispersion model. Because of appreciable extrasplanchnic removal of 5-FU, the value of the steady infusion rate was not used in our analysis. When the data from all patients were pooled by plotting the measured hepatic venous concentration against the measured hepatic arterial concentration, the high concentration data fell on a limiting straight line of slope 1, indicating that at high dose rates elimination of 5-FU in both the liver and gastrointestinal tract was close to saturation. The intercept of this line gave a model-independent estimate of Vmax/Q= 48.0±11.6 (SD) μM for the pooled data set, where Vmax is the maximum splanchnic elimination rate of 5-FU, and Q is the hepatic blood flow. The low concentration data points fell on a limiting straight line through the origin, from which model-dependent values of the Michaelis constant were determined. The venous equilibration model gave K m=9.4μM,while the undistributed sinusoidal perfusion model gave K m * =26,5μM. With these values of K m,both models fit the pooled data equally well. These methods were applied to analyses of the five individual data sets which contained sufficiently high concentration data points. The resulting mean values were Vmax/Q=41.0±5.1 (sem) μM,K m=8.4±1.3μM and K m * =23.2±3.2 μM. However, the splanchnic region is a highly heterogeneous organ system, for which an undistributed analysis provides no more than an upper bound on the Michaelis constant K m + (K m + ⩽K m * ).A perfusion model distributed to represent total splanchnic elimination is developed in the Appendix. Using previous estimates of the degree of functional heterogeneity in the liver alone, this model yields K m + values for individual patients which have a mean of 20.3±2.8 μM.
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  • 58
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    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 44-47 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: estradiol ; prodrugs ; bioavailability ; first-pass metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Prodrugs of β-estradiol (1) were prepared with the objective of improving its oral bioavailability. β-Estradiol-3-acetylsalicylate (2), β-estradiol-3-salicylate (3), and β-estradiol-3-anthranilate (4) were synthesized. With these prodrugs the 3-phenolic hydroxy group of estradiol was protected, so that first-pass conjugative metabolism could be reduced. Prodrug hydrolysis rates in dog and human plasma in vitro were determined. Deacetylation of estradiol-3-acetylsalicylate was much more rapid than its hydrolysis to estradiol. In dogs, oral estradiol bioavailability after administration of 2 and 4 was 17-fold and 5-fold higher, respectively, than after oral 1.
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  • 59
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    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 77-89 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevi ; T. monococcum ; Dasypyrum villosum ; B, G, S, A, V genomes ; Nor-loci ; DNA-DNA hybridization ; spacer rDNA sequences ; molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheNor-loci of polyploid wheats and their putative diploid progenitor species were assayed by probing isolated nuclear DNA with ribosomal DNA spacer sequences (spacer rDNA sequences, isolated by cloning), from theNor-loci of genomes B (Triticum aestivum), G (T. timopheevi), B (syn. S,T. speltoides), A (T. monococcum) and V (Dasypyrum villosum). DNA samples for analysis were digested with the restriction endonuclease Taq 1 and assayed by DNA-DNA hybridization under standard (37°C) and high stringency (64°C) conditions. The assay procedure emphasized differences between the divergent spacer sequences of the polyploid species and allowed relative homologies to the respective sequences in diploid species to be established. — The studies indicated thatT. timopheevi andT. speltoides contain different sets of spacer rDNA sequences which were readily distinguishable and, in the case ofT. timopheevi, assigned toNor-loci on different chromosomes. This contrast with the spacer rDNA sequences of the majorNor-loci on chromosomes 1 B and 6 B inT. aestivum, which were difficult to distinguish and were deduced to contain very similar sequences. Among the diploid progenitor species only the spacer rDNA fromT. speltoides shared close homology with polyploid wheat species. OneNor-locus inT. timopheevi (on chromosome 6 G) did not show close homology with any of the rDNA spacer probes available. — The data suggestsT. speltoides was the origin of someNor-loci for both theT. timopheevi andT. turgidum lines of tetraploid wheats. The possibility that the 6GNor-locus inT. timopheevi may have derived from an unknown diploid species by introgressive hybridization is discussed. The spacer rDNA sequence probe fromT. monococcum shared good homology with some accessions ofD. villosum and a line ofT. dicoccoides; the implications of this finding for evolution of present-day wheats are discussed.
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  • 60
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 27-37 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhodobacter capsulatus ; Nitrogen fixation ; nifA/nifB duplication ; Deletion analysis ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A DNA region showing homology to Klebsiella pneumoniae nifA and nifB is duplicated in Rhodobacter capsulatus. The two copies of this region are called nifA/nifB copy I and nifA/nifB copy II. Deletion mutagenesis demonstrated that either of the two copies is sufficient for growth in nitrogen-free medium. In contrast, a double deletion mutant turned out to be deficient in nitrogen fixation. The complete nucleotide sequence of a 4838 bp fragment containing nifA/nifB copy I was determined. Two open reading frames coding for a 59653 (NifA) and a 49453 (NifB) dalton protein could be detected. Comparison of the amino acid sequences revealed that the R. capsulatus nifA and nifB gene products are more closely related to the NifA and NifB proteins of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum than to those of K. pneumoniae. A rho-independent termination signal and a typical nif promoter region containing a putative NifA binding site and a consensus nif promoter are located within the region between the R. capsulatus nifA and nifB genes. The nifB sequence is followed by an open reading frame (ORF1) coding for a 27721 dalton protein in nifA/nifB copy I. DNA sequence analysis of nifA/nifB copy II showed that both copies differ in the DNA region downstream of nifB and in the noncoding sequence in front of nifA. All other regions compared, i.e. the 5′ part of nifA, the intergenic region and the 3′ part of nifB, are identical in both copies.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Nitrogen fixation ; nod genes ; Peas ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gene(s) conferring the ability of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain TOM to nodulate primitive peas (cultivar Afghanistan) had been located in a 2.0 kb region of its sym plasmid, pRL5JI. In this DNA, a single open reading frame of 1101 bp, corresponding to a gene, nodX was found. nodX is downstream of nodJ which is present in strain TOM and also in the sym plasmid of a typical strain of this biovar. nodX specifies a hydrophobic protein (of Mr 41 036) with no clear similarity to other proteins in data bases. Mutations in nodX abolished nodulation of Afghanistan peas but not nodulation of commercial peas. nodX-lacZ fusions were used to show that transcription of nodX was activated by root exudates from both commercial and Afghanistan peas and by defined flavonoids. Exudate from Afghanistan peas activated nod genes of typical strains of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae which fail to nodulate these peas; thus, their failure to nodulate these primitive peas is not due to a lack of activation of their nod genes by exudate from Afghanistan peas. A homologue of nodX exists in R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii (which nodulates clover) but not in typical strains of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Azorhizobium caulinodans ; Nitrogen fixation ; fixABC gene ; nifO ; Nitrogenase activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fast growing strain, Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571, isolated from stem nodules of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata, can grow in the free-living state at the expense of molecular nitrogen. Five point mutants impaired in nitrogen fixation in the free-living state have been complemented by a plasmid containing the cloned fix-ABC region of strain ORS571. Genetic analysis of the mutants showed that one was impaired in fixC, one in fixA and the three others in a new gene, located upstream from fixA and designated nifO. Site-directed Tn5 mutagenesis was performed to obtain Tn5 insertions in fixB and fixC. The four genes are required for nitrogen fixation both in the free-living state and under symbiotic conditions. The nucleotide sequence of nifO was established. The gene is transcribed independently of fixA and does not correspond to fixX, recently identified in Rhizobium meliloti and R. leguminosarum. Biochemical analysis of the five point mutants showed that they synthesized normal amounts of nitrogenase components. It is unlikely that fixA, fixC and nifO are involved in electron transport to nitrogenase. FixC could be required for the formation of a functional nitrogenase component 2.
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  • 63
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1988), S. 134-138 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: glnB ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Nitrogen control ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The glnB gene of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which encodes the nitrogen regulation protein PII has been cloned and sequenced. The gene encodes a 12429 dalton polypeptide and is highly homologous to the Escherichia coli glnB gene. The sequences of a glnB mutation which causes glutamine auxotrophy and of a Tn5 induced Gln+ suppressor of this mutation were also determined. The glutamine auxotrophy was deduced to be the result of a modification of the uridylylation site of PII and the suppression was shown to be caused by Tn5 insertion in glnB. The 3′ end of an open reading frame of unknown function was identified upstream of glnB and may be part of an operon containing glnB. Potential homologues of glnB encoding polypeptides extremely similar in sequence to PII were identified upstream of published sequences of the glutamine synthetase structural gene (glnA) in Rhizobium leguminosarum, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; gelatin ; sodium alkyl sulphates ; aqueousgelatinsolutions ; secondary structure ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The modification of the triple helical structure in aqueous gelatin solutions by changing pH and adding alkyl sulphates at 298 K and after rechilling the solution to 283 K was investigated by CD-measurement. At 298 K the triple helical content at the IEP of the gelatin has its maximum value. It is only weakly affected by adding sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDDS) at concentrations 〈10−4 M/dm3. The unfolding of the triple helix affected by pH and SDDS is reversible by rechilling the solution. The triple helical content of gelatin solutions decreases at SDDS concentrations higher than 10−4 M/dm3. In all cases the decrease of the amount of triple helical structure is connected with an increase of the cis-configuration in single chains and leads to chain reversals. At sufficiently high SDDS concentrationsβ-sheets are formed. These changes are thermally irreversible. Sodium decyl sulphate (SDS) has a more minor influence than SDDS except in the range of the c.m.c. of SDS. At sufficiently high SDS concentrations,β-turns appear.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arctic ; Eriophorum ; pH ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; PNPPase ; root enzymes ; temperature ; tundra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp.spissum (Fern.) Hult., a dominant plant in arctic tundra ecosystems, has acid phosphatase activity evenly distributed along its root surface from the root tip to a distance at least 16 cm from the tip. These root surface phosphatases have optimal activity from pH 3.5 to 4.0; mean soil pH for soil samples collected with roots was 3.69. Apparent energy of activation and Q10 values (14.0 kcal mol−1 and 2.2, respectively) do not provide evidence for temperature acclimation, but substantial phosphatase activity was measured at 1°C. Kinetic parameters determined for this root surface phosphatase were as follows: Km=9.23 mM, Vmax=1.61×10−3 μmoles mm−2h−1. The presence of inorganic phosphorus in the assay medium did not inhibit root surface phosphatase activity except at very high concentrations (100 mM); even then, only slight inhibition was detected (7 to 19%). A comparison of hydrolysis rates with inorganic phosphate assimilation rates measured forE. vaginatum indicates that organic phosphate hydrolysis may occur at approximately one third the rate of inorganic phosphate absorption. Calculations show that inorganic phosphate produced by root surface phosphatase activity may satisfy 65% of the annual phosphate demand ofE. vaginatum. Since arctic tundra soils are typically higher in dissolved organic phosphorus compounds than in inorganic phosphate, root surface phosphatase activity may make a considerable contribution to the phosphate nutrition of this widespread and abundant arctic plant.
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  • 66
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    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; boron toxicity ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth and yield of seven wheat and two barley cultivars or lines, previously found to show different degrees of boron tolerance under field conditions, were compared in a pot experiment at a range of soil boron treatments. Soil treatments ranged up to 150 mg/kg applied B. Extractable B in soils ranged up to 103 mg/kg. At the highest B treatment seedling emergence was delayed, but the percentage emergence was not reduced. The degree of boron toxicity symptom expression varied between the wheat cultivars and lines, with the two most tolerant, Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12, displaying the least symptoms. The concentration of boron applied to the soil which produced a significant depression of growth and yield varied between cultivars. For example, the yield of (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 was not affected at the 100 mg/kg applied boron treatment, while the grain yield for (Wl*MMC)/W1/10 was significantly reduced at the 25 mg/kg treatment. There was a linear increase in boron concentration in tillers at the boot-stage with increasing concentration of boron in the soil. The most boron tolerant genotypes had the lowest tissue boron concentrations in each of the treatments. Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had approximately half the boron concentrations of the more sensitive genotypes at the 25 and 50 mg/kg treatments. Differential tolerance of boron within the tissue was also observed. Both Stirling and (Wl*MMC)/W1/10 had significantly reduced total dry matter and grain yields at the 25 mg/kg treatment, while the concentrations of boron in boot stage tillers at this treatment were 118 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. On the other hand, Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had tissue boron concentrations of 144 and 131 mg/kg, respectively, at the 50 mg/kg treatment but yield was unaffected. The relative responses in the pot experiment, for wheat, were in close agreement with field results. Halberd and (Wq*KP)*WmH)/6/12 had the highest grain yields, with the lowest concentrations of boron in the grain when grown under high boron conditions in the field. In pots these two genotypes proved to be the most tolerant of boron. For barley the advantage in grain yield in the field, expressed by WI-2584 compared with Stirling, was not repeated in pots. WI-2584 was, however, more tolerant than Stirling on the basis of total dry matter production. The results show that useful variation in boron tolerance exists among wheat, and that breeding should be able to provide cultivars tolerant to high levels of boron.
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  • 67
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 139-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: emergence ; germination ; Glycine max ; soybean ; seed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract ‘Bragg’ and ‘Cobb’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were germinated in sand at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. Emergence decreased with increasing temperature above 37°C, with virtually no emergence at 40°C. Emergence of 12 other cultivars at 38°C ranged from 25 to 95%. ‘Foster and ‘Coker 338’ were more sensitive to high temperature than the other cultivars.
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  • 68
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; diurnal cycles ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen permeability ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While diurnal cycles in nitrogen fixation rates are sometimes assumed to result from diurnal variation in photosynthetically active radiation, contradicting evidence exists that indicate soil temperature is the primary environmental influence. These studies assessed the significance of temperature on soybean nitrogen fixation under field conditions. Two groups of intact field-grown soybean plants, one at ambient and the other exposed to a 10°C diurnal variation in soil temperature, were nondestructively assayed for acetylene reduction rates. Activity was closely associated with soil temperature (R2=0.85), even when temperature was 12 h out of phase with ambient. Data were also obtained to determine if the effects of rhizosphere temperature on nitrogen fixation are mediated through an effect on the nodule oxygen permeability. Nodule oxygen permeability of intact, aeroponically grown soybean was closely correlated with the diurnal changes in temperature (R2=0.90).
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; soft red winter wheat ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; Septoria nodorum ; septoria nodorum blotch ; glume blotch ; components of partial resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seven soft red winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for partial resistance to Leptosphaeria nodorum under field conditions. The results demonstrate that resistance is available among cultivars that are adapted to the southeastern U.S. and that resistance is long lasting. Resistant cultivars had longer incubation and latent periods, slower rates of lesion development, and reduced the level of sporulation of L. nodorum. Seedlings of susceptible cultivars sustained severe disease with dew periods as short as 48 hr in greenhouse tests. One resistant cultivar sustained little damage with dew period as long as 144 hr. Latent period was shortest on the second leaf below the flag leaf (F-2 leaf) of all cultivars and longest on the flag leaf which reflected the effect of microclimate and leaf age. The range in length of latent period on the flag, F-1, and F-2 leaves of resistant cultivars was less than that for susceptible cultivars. Differences between cultivars were greatest (up to 6.8 days) for the F-2 leaf. A delay in production of inoculum on the F-2 and lower leaves of resistant cultivars should delay infection of the flag leaf and spike. The greatest differentiation among cultivars for sporulation of L. nodorum was on upper leaves at Feekes growth stage 11.2. ‘Oasis’ consistently had less sporulation than other cultivars at all sampling dates and leaf positions. The rate of disease progress up the plant (disease severity) and area under the disease progress curve were also least on ‘Oasis’. There were significant correlations among components of resistance and associated components suggesting that a single or interrelated mechanisms control expression of resistance. Overall, ‘Oasis’ was the most resistant cultivar followed by ‘Coker 762’ and ‘Coker 747’. There cultivars have remained resistant for ten or more years. ‘Stacy’ was intermediate in resistance and was the most variable of the seven cultivars for the components tested. ‘Holley’, ‘Omega 78’, and ‘Florida 301’ were highly susceptible by all criteria tested. Plant height was not a factor in resistance. The resistant cultivars are mostly later in maturity than the susceptible cultivars. In this study, crop maturity was similar under existing environmental conditions during the two seasons when most data were collected.
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    Euphytica 38 (1988), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; gibberellic acid insensitivity ; semi-dwarfness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic analysis of a new weak source of GA-insensitivity derived from Saitama 27 showed that it was controlled by a single gene located on chromosome 4A and allelic to Rht1 and Rht3. the gene was shown to be present in many Italian and Yugoslavian varieties suggesting a selective advantage in some breeding programmes. Varietal comparisons indicated that the gene reduces height by around 11 per cent. This was combined with an increase in spikelet fertility and in the total number of grain developing in the ear. In this initial experiment a reduction in grain size eliminated the advantages of increased grain number. Following development of isogenic lines in a number of varietal backgrounds the true potential of the gene will be determined.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial activity ; nalidixic acid ; reservoir ; temperature ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The number of metabolically active bacteria was measured with nalidixic acid over two annual cycles at three depths in the epilimnion of hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa. Concurrent measurements were made of water temperature, DOC, phytoplankton production of dissolved (EDOC) and particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a and the uptake of glucose (Vmax). The objective was to determine the dominant factors correlated to the number of metabolically active bacteria and the relationship between active bacterial numbers and heterotrophic activity. The number of active bacteria was usually highest at the surface and ranged between 0.70 and 6.82 x 106 cells ml−1. The dominant factors correlated to the number of bacteria at the surface were water temperature (r = 0.65, n = 54, p〈0.001), primary production (r = 0.53, n = 51, p〈0.001) and EDOC (r = 0.37, n = 45, p = 0.005). Surface Vmax for glucose ranged between 0.11 and 4.0 µgC 1−1 h−1 and was positively correlated to the number of active bacteria (r = 0.61, n = 53, p〈0.001). The specific activity index (10−12 µgC cell−1 h−1) varied between 80 and 2290 at the surface and was most strongly correlated to EDOC (r = 0.70, n = 48, p〈0.001). Relationships between active bacterial numbers, water temperature, phytoplankton activity and glucose uptake were also found at two additional depths within the epilimnion. These data suggest that bacterial populations in nutrient enriched lakes contain a large number of metabolically active cells with high individual activity as a result of enhanced phytoplankton growth.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Synchaeta ; temperature ; salinity ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of marine rotifer is described from the S.E. Atlantic off Cape Town. Synchaeta hutchingsi n. sp. is unique among the approximately 36 recognized Synchaeta species in exhibiting the following combination of characters: single sharply pointed toe; slender bristle along ventral midline of foot: single lateral antenna on left side near foot base; spur on dorsal side of foot used to carry egg; total length 165–200 µm. Salinity tolerance experiments showed the new species to be obligate brackwater/marine; a temperature of 35 °C could be tolerated for a short period of time. The new species has been mass-cultured for use as an experimental live food for rearing marine fish larvae.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ephemeroptera ; upstream orientation ; pH ; DOM ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments using a plexiglass Y -maze fluviarium showed that nymphs of Parameletus chelifer and Parameletus minor each used different environmental cues to orient. P. chelifer nymphs reacted to pH while nymphs of P. minor were very sensitive to concentration of dissolved organic matter. The capacity to detect these water quality differences was lost as soon as the nymphs reached seasonally submerged areas suitable for growth at the margin of the river. When nymphs of both species had reached their growing areas, water temperature became the crucial cue for orientation.
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  • 74
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    Hydrobiologia 163 (1988), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: physical ; limnology ; temperature ; currents ; wind ; exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Georgian Bay comprises the easternmost part of the Michigan-Huron water system and extensive data were collected here in 1974 by the Canada Centre For Inland Waters. Fifty-one stations were monitored between April and December of 1974; the time series recordings of currents and temperature at 10 locations, meteorological recordings at two buoys, and water level recordings from temporary gauges were carried out. Minimum surface temperature of 0 °C persists for one month commencing in late February and maximum surface temperatures occurred in early August (19 °C). The annual heat income for Georgian Bay was estimated to be 43 700 cal · cm−2. The exchange at Main Channel has a significant influence on water residence and flushing times in Georgian Bay which determines its trophic status.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: freshwater snail ; growth ; reproduction ; survival ; temperature ; vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out to investigate the effects of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40° and 45°C on growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis, under laboratory conditions. The growth rate of juvenile and sexually mature snails was at minimum at 15°C and was maximum at 35°C. Sexual maturation time was minimum at 35°C and maximum at 20°C. Fecundity was minimum at 15°C and maximum at 35°C. The minimum average and maximum number of eggs per egg capsule was reached at 35°C and lowest at 15°C. 30°C was the optimum temperature for survival of juvenile snails, while sexually mature snails reached maximum survival time at 20°C.
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  • 76
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    Plant growth regulation 7 (1988), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Chemical hybridizing agent ; temperature ; relative humidity ; irradiance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fenridazon [potassium 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxopyridazine-3-carboxylate] is a registered chemical hybridizing agent causing male floral sterility and is used for the production of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Foliar absorption and translocation of fenridazon to the floral primordia was decreased at 4°C compared to 24°C. At 24°C, an increase in relative humidity from 40% to 85% increased fenridazon absorption 2.5 and 1.7 times when surfactants A and B, respectively, were used. Because of the increased absorption of fenridazon with increased relative humidity, the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was similarly increased 2.2 and 1.5 times for surfactant A and B, respectively. Although the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was increased with increased relative humidity, fenridazon translocation rate was not altered by relative humidity. The effects of irradiance on fenridazon absorption were minimal, but its translocation was decreased with low irradiances.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larvae ; predation ; temperature ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on predation by Ilione albiseta (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) on Lymnaea peregra was investigated at 14°, 17°, 20°, 23° and 26°C. The mean dry weight of snail tissue (Lymnaea peregra) attacked and consumed per day by first and second instar I. albiseta larvae was highest at 20°C while for third instar and total larval duration period it was greatest at 23°C. The mean number of snails killed per day during the third instar was also highest at 23°C. The total amount of snail tissue consumed by I. albiseta larvae increased significantly from first to second instar and from second to third instar at each constant temperature. Mean survival period of unfed first instar larvae decreased from 28.4 days at 14°C to 11 days at 26°C and the mean length of the second instar cephalopharyngeal skeleton decreased with increasing temperatures. As temperature increased the rate of consumption of oxygen (dissolved in water) by first and third instar larvae rose.
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    Hydrobiologia 160 (1988), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassay ; phosphorus ; sediments ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eroding bank soils and riverine suspended sediments from the Flathead River-Lake ecosystem, Montana, USA, were cultured with the alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz in PAAP medium with the sediments as the sole source of phosphorus. Extraction of phosphorus by NaOH and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) solutions were compared to results from algal bioassays. The fine sediment particles transported into Flathead Lake during spring runoff had the highest availability (i.e. 6% of total phosphorus). Bank soils which contained the greatest percentage of fine clays exhibited similar (i.e. 4% of total phosphorus) availability. Bank soils containing predominantly organic phosphorus had the lowest availability. Spearman's rank correlation indicated significance at the 5% test level between algal assay estimates of available phosphorus and both chemical extraction techniques.
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    New forests 2 (1988), S. 281-287 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: light quality ; Norway spruce ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedling of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) were grown under three different light qualities in “fluid-roof” growth chambers. Blue light with a high red/far-red ratio decreased shoot length as well as total plant dry weight compared to natural light. Yellow light with a low blue/red ratio did not significantly affect the plants. The effects of light quality were generally the same at 18, 24 and 28 °C day temperature. Plant growth was reduced at temperatures above 24 °C.
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    Hydrobiologia 166 (1988), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dissolved organic carbon ; concentration ; variation ; correlation ; temperature ; pH ; fluctuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluctuations were studied in the surface water of Dal Lake from May 1984 to April 1985, at monthly intervals. Concentration of DOC varied from 0.140 mg l−1 to 0.725 mg l−1. A minimum was recorded in May and September, while an increase was observed during December and January. The fluctuations during the observation period showed a relationship with temperature and pH.
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    Hydrobiologia 170 (1988), S. 133-155 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioavailability ; phosphorus ; dissolved ; particulate ; bioassay ; 32P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent literature on the bioavailability of different forms of P in freshwater systems is reviewed. Bioavailable P is defined as the sum of immediately available P and the P that can be transformed into an available form by naturally occurring processes. Methods used to estimate the bioavailable P pool, which vary between studies largely depending on the time perspective applied, are critically evaluated. Most studies on particulate P aim to determine the potentially available P pool. Potential bioavailability of particulate P is normally analysed in bioassays with algal yield determinations and the available P fraction is characterized from interpretations of results of sequential chemical extractions. NaOH-extractable P is in most studies the most algal-available P fraction. For soil samples and tributary water particulate matter, NaOH-P has often been found to be equal to algal extractable P. In other studies depletions of NaOH-P have accounted for the algal P uptake, but only a minor proportion of the fraction has been utilized. Organic P in lake water particulate matter and bed sediments of eutrophic lakes can also be algal-available to a significant extent. Studies on the bioavailability of dissolved P have often been concerned with immediate availability, or the minimum amount of available P. Such studies need other types of experimental design and normally assays with radiotracers are used. Immediately available P is frequently found to be less than P chemically assessed as dissolved reactive P (DRP) at low (〈 10 µg DRP·l-1) concentrations. However, immediate availability may also approach or exceed DRP concentrations, especially at higher concentrations. Potential bioavailability, assayed as for particulate P, may generally render higher bioavailability than P assayed as immediately available. Large fractions of dissolved P remain unutilized and are primarily found in the high molecular weight fraction of dissolved P.
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    Hydrobiologia 157 (1988), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera ; Rotifera ; Copepoda ; cyanobacteria ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines seasonal changes in the density and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton of a small tropical impoundment, in relation to factors of water temperature, food supply and reservoir flushing. The response of the zooplankton to management techniques designed to regulate the density of cyanobacteria in the dam are also considered. Cyclopoid copepods were the dominant zooplankters, although Cladocera became much more significant following the introduction of measures to control cyanobacteria. Planktonic Rotifera were a diverse but generally unimportant fraction of the total biomass, except following seasonal or management induced environmental perturbations, when the Rotifera often recovered most rapidly.
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    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; day length ; light intensity ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; temperature ; timothy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation (NF) by alfalfa and nitrogen transfer (NT) from alfalfa to associated timothy was studied under different environmental conditions in controlled growth chambers, using the15N dilution technique. Evidence was obtained of NT from alfalfa to the associated timothy. Conditions that favored NF by alfalfa resulted in an increase in its NT. Of 3 different temperature regimes (25/20, 16/14, and 12/9°C day/night), 16–25/14–20°C was the best range for NF by alfalfa and resulted in the greatest NT. High light intensity (550 uE.m−2.sec−1) and long days (16–20 h) also caused increased NF by alfalfa and benefitting timothy more than in a regime of low light intensity (by shading 50% or 75%) or short days (12/12 or 16/8 h day/night). When the inoculated (Rhizobium meliloti) root systems of plants were kept free from other microorganisms (axenic condition) to minimize possible decomposition of dead tissues, lower NT from alfalfa was observed, especially at later cuts, compared to non-axenic plants. This suggests that both direct excretion and decomposition of dead alfalfa tissues are sources of N benefit from alfalfa to associated timothy.
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 12 (1988), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; potassium nitrate ; pollen callus ; pollen plantlets ; albino ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract KNO3 concentration was found to significantly affect the anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). When KNO3 was increased from 0 to 15 mM (in cultivar Jinghua 1) or from 10 to 15 mM (in cultivars 2531-10, Xiaoyan 759 and Norin 10), the callus induction frequency increased significantly. When KNO3 was increased further above 20 mM, the callus induction frequency decreased significantly in all the tested cultivars. The subsequent frequency of green plantlet regeneration increased significantly, and the ratio of green to albino regenerants increased sharply when KNO3 concentration increased. Further experiments found that the decrease of callus induction frequency in the medium with too much KNO3 might be caused by NO3 - ion alone, while the effect of KNO3 on green plantlet regeneration might be caused by both K+ and NO3 - ions, and that the effects of NO3 - concentration were independent of NH4 + concentration in the medium.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; skinned muscle fibres ; contractile properties ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three species of fish were studied: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) (from the North Sea, temperature 2 to 12°C) andNotothenia neglecta (from Antarctica, temperature −2 to +2°C). Single fast muscle fibres were isolated from anterior myotomes and skinned with detergent in order to directly determine the effects of pH and temperature on force production and shortening velocity. In all species maximum force production (Po) was independent of pH over the range 7.3–8.0. Decreasing the pH from 7.3 to 6.6 reduced maximum force by 28% in fibres fromG. morhua andN. neglecta but had no effect on fibres fromM. scorpius. The depression in maximum force with acidosis was accompanied by a proportional decrease in stiffness and an increase in the rate of force recovery after stretch. Unloaded contraction velocity of cod fibres (Vmax) showed a pH optimum at around pH 7.6 decreasing by 31% at pH 6.6. Vmax of fibres from the other species was independent of pH over the range 6.6–8.0. The effects of pH on Po and Vmax were similar at 0 and 10°C. Thus for maximally activated fibres both force and contraction velocity are independent of temperature induced changes in pH. In some species acidosis depresses contractility and is likely to be a contributory factor to muscle fatigue.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: ide ; adaptation ; nutrition ; temperature ; growth ; liver ; nucleic acids ; storage products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNA∶DNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: melatonin ; photoperiod ; temperature ; diurnal variation ; dopamine ; noradrenaline ; 5-hydroxytryptamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypothalamic dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels exhibited marked day-night variations under ambient photoperiod and temperature (12L∶12D; 17±1°C) with peak values at mid-light phase. The 16L∶8D; 22±1°C treatment reversed the diurnal rhythm of 5-HT, but not that of DA and NA. However, there was an overall increase in the levels of the catecholamines on exposure to the long photoperiod and high temperature. The administration of melatonin in the fish held on 16L∶8D; 22±1°C regime restored the 5-HT rhythm to that of the 12L∶12D; 17±1°C control group, but with elevated mid-photophase value. However, there was no effect of the indole treatment on the 5-HT rhythm under the 12L∶12D; 17±1°C regime. Melatonin causes a significant reduction of NA level in both the groups, while DA level did not change in either group.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: α-Tocopheryl acetate ; α-tocopheryl nicotinate ; dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin ; inclusion complexation ; solubility ; dissolution rate ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Inclusion complexation of heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CyD) with α-tocopheryl acetate and α-tocopheryl nicotinate in aqueous solution was studied by the solubility method. The aqueous solubilities of the esters were about 105 times increased by DM-β-CyD complexation. The phase-solubility diagram of the tocopheryl ester-DM-β-CyD systems showed a typicalA p type, and the stability constants (K) of high-order complexes were estimated by analyzing the upward curvature of the diagrams. The solid complex of α-tocopheryl nicotinate with DM-β-CyD in a molar ratio of 1∶2 was prepared by the kneading method. The dissolution rate of the solid complex was much greater than that of the drug itself, and the rapidly dissolving form of α-tocopheryl nicotinate, as an example, showed a markedly increased bioavailability (about 70-fold) after oral administration to fasted dogs.
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  • 89
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bromine ; exfoliation ; graphite ; intercalation ; phase transition ; stress ; temperature ; thermal stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal stress of graphite intercalated with bromine was found to increase from zero at about 100°C to about 1.3 MPa at 200°C. The effect was reversible with hysteresis. The thermal stress increase had a sharp temperature dependence due to its association with the exfoliation phase transition.
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  • 90
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    Hydrobiologia 167-168 (1988), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: adaptation ; temperature ; stress proteins ; membrane lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract E. affinis can adjust to temperature stress in a matter of hours. Adaptation is greater in a varying temperature than in a constant temperature, consistent with the estuarine habitat of this calanoid. The species has the capacity to adjust both in the short-term as individuals and also genetically over a number of generations. The adjustments have been examined at several levels of organization. In whole copepods the time an individual becomes comatose when exposed to a 32 °C temperature and increasing by 1/2 °C at 5 min. intervals, has been used as a repeatable assay and gives a good prediction of survival at 30 °C, the ecological limit of the species in Chesapeake bay, USA. At the molecular and cellular levels, two adaptive mechanisms which have been observed in temperature stressed copepods are the synthesis of novel proteins and phase changes in plasma membrane lipids. Both of these mechanisms have potential for further understanding the adaptation of Eurytemora to variable temperatures. They may also have application as indicators of sublethal stress.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: copepods ; temperature ; food ; size ; weight ; lipid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Copepoda Temora longicornis (Müller) and Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck) were cultured continuously in the laboratory. Four and three generations, respectively, were raised at 16 different combinations of temperature and food concentration. Prosome length and ash-free dry weight were measured in the adult stage and in Pseudocalanus also in copepodite stage I, and the relation between length and weight was established. In Pseudocalanus also the relative amount of lipid was estimated. Prosome length and length-specific body weight (condition factor) were positively correlated with food concentration. Lipid content in Pseudocalanus was also strongly affected by the concentration of food. Prosome length was negatively correlated with temperature. However, length-specific body weight in Temora was positively correlated with temperature. Therefore, at higher temperature Temora was smaller, but heavier per unit body length. In Pseudocalanus a similar but less significant influence of temperature on length-specific weight was found; lipid content was not significantly influenced by the temperature. Females of Temora had larger length-specific weights than males. In Pseudocalanus the opposite was found, coinciding with a higher lipid content in males than in females. It is discussed that at natural concentrations of phytoplankton body size and weight of copepods are reduced in the North Sea during the major part of the growing-season.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; breeding ; preharvest sprouting ; heritability ; variation ; α-amylase ; falling number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Preharvest sprouting resistance is a major breeding criterion in many regions where white wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is produced. Availability of genetic sources of sprouting resistance should significantly advance this goal. Objectives of the present investigation were to determine heritabilities and genetic variation of sprouting resistance in progeny of six susceptible genotypes and Clark's Cream, a cultivar with excellent sprouting resistance. Sixty-five randomly selected F2:F3 lines from the six parental combinations were evaluated in blocks-within-replication designs at two locations during 1984–85. Falling number, α-amylase activity, and sprouting percentage in simulated rain were usually more favorable in F2:F4 grain than in grain of the susceptible parents and frequently equalled levels in grain of the resistant parent. Broad sense heritability estimates were moderate to high for falling number and α-amylase activity, low to moderate for visual sprouting, and inconsistent for embryo germination in ABA. Phenotypic correlations with sprouting were significant most often for falling number and least often for the agronomic traits, days to heading and kernel weight. We concluded that increased preharvest sprouting resistance is an attainable objective when genetic sources of strong resistance and appropriate selection criteria, such as sprouting after simulated rain, are used.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; dormancy ; gibberellic acid ; pre-harvest sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gibberellic acid, cold (4°C) and a combination of these two treatments were tested for use in breaking dormancy in 27 lines of white-grained wheat with varying levels of resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. Germination increased in all lines treated with gibberellic acid. Dormancy could be broken with 1 μM gibberellic acid. Response to cold varied. A combination of gibberellic acid and cold treatment was the most effective. This technique has been found useful in treating seed in a breeding program aimed at producing wheats with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; hybrid ; heterosis ; bread making quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten experimental hybrids derived from the crossing of representative Italian pure-line varieties were grown at three locations in 1984–85. The amount of F1 seed produced from the crossings ranged from 1.5 up to 4 kg per plot of 20 m2. Hybrid purity was on average 88% when estimated through the growout test and 82% when estimated through acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) of gliadin. All the hybrids showed high-parent heterosis for plant height. Grain yield was higher in the hybrids (71.1 q/ha) than in the female parents (66.5 q/ha); the range of mid-parent heterosis being-10% to +17%. Four hybrids showed standard heterosis (yield advantage). The highest value (+6%) was obtained with the combinations Chiarano x Leopardo and Claudia x Leopardo. Among yield components, the number of spikelets/spike proved to be an important trait and may explain the superiority of the hybrids over the traditional varieties. The bread-making quality appeared intermediate to that of the parents or closer to that of the poorest parental variety.
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  • 95
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    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 7-25 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; cytogenetics ; chromosome identification ; gene localisation ; interspecific gene transfer ; chromosome elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Achievements and limitations regarding three aspects of cytogenetic research in barley and common wheat are illustrated and discussed. Unambiguous chromosome identification has become possible through the application of chromosome banding techniques, mainly C-banding, N-banding and Ag-banding. Gene localisation studies have yielded a vast amount of information regarding the genetic architecture of barley and wheat. Many genes have been allocated to specific chromosomes, and linkage studies have been carried out with some of these genes. There is growing evidence for a considerable discrepancy between distances on the genetic linkage maps and the physical maps of barley and wheat chromosomes. Although barley can be hybridised with most species of the genus Hordeum and with several species of related genera, interspecific gene transfer is very rare and barley breeding can presently make use of the gene pool of only one wild species, viz. H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum. For wheat breeding, the gene pools of species of the genus Triticum and species of related genera are accessible. Several methods have been developed to achieve gene transfer. Genome interactions in interspecific hybrids result in spatial separation of the parental genomes, in nucleolar competition, and sometimes in chromosome elimination and the formation of haploids.
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  • 96
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    Euphytica 37 (1988), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; rye ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticosecale ; Schizaphis graminum ; greenbug ; insect biotypes ; resistant germplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), is a serious pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and other small grains. Cultivar resistance would be an efficient means of control. Unfortunately, a paucity of greenbug resistance in wheat germplasm and occurrence of new virulent biotypes of the greenbug have made development of resistant cultivars difficult. Therefore, resistance genes are sought in species related to and crossable with wheat. Our objective was to evaluate, in greenhouse seedling tests, 11 rye (Secale cereale L.) accessions for their reaction to greenbug biotypes B, C, E, and F. Two ryes, CI 187 and PI 240675, segregated for resistance to all four biotypes. It may be possible to transfer this resistance to wheat. These resistance sources may also be of importance in rye and triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) breeding.
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  • 97
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    Euphytica 38 (1988), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum turgidum var. durum ; durum wheat ; epicuticular wax ; spectral reflectance ; drought tolerance ; glaucousness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var. durum) were evaluated for epicuticular wax content and its relationship with spectral reflectance. Epicuticular wax is associated with drought tolerance. Highly significant differences (1.51 to 2.80 mg/dm2) were found in the amount of epicuticular wax (EW) among the cultivars. Water stress significantly enhanced the level of EW. EW content under stress and control conditions were positively correlated (r=0.85, p〈0.01) suggesting that selection for this trait could be practised in either environment. Surface reflectance was reduced when the waxy layer from the leaf was removed with chloroform. The reduction for the abaxial surface was twice that for the adaxial surface indicating that the abaxial surface was more waxy than the adaxial one. The mean reduction (both surfaces) termed ‘δ’ was positively correlated with the amount of EW (r=0.59, p〈0.01).
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; preharvest sprouting ; dormancy ; α-amylase ; falling number ; inhibitors ; embryo response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Resistance to preharvest sprouting has been observed in several white wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, but the mode of resistance has not been determined. Studies were conducted to characterize the strong preharvest sprouting resistance in Clark's Cream genotype to facilitate breeding for the trait. Clark's Cream and five other hard red and white wheat genotypes were grown in the glasshouse and field and effects of simulated rain, embryo maturity, inhibitors in floral parts and GA, endogenous inhibitors, and ABA and GA combinations on sprouting were measured. The six genotypes differed significantly in sprouting after simulated rain, α-amylase activity, and response to GA and ABA. Embryo maturity and inhibition levels in floral parts and caryopses were nearly similar for all genotypes. Clark's Cream appeared to differ most in high embryo sensitivity, which was fairly nonspecific for ABA, GA, and endogenous inhibitor, and in low α-amylase production during sprouting. Breeding procedures that lead to the preharvest sprouting resistance of Clark's Cream are discussed.
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  • 99
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    Euphytica 38 (1988), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; tillering ; heritability ; gene effects ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effective utilization of uniculm wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm in breeding programs requires an understanding of the inheritance of the uniculm character. The parents, F1, F2, and first generation backcrosses (B1 and B2) of two crosses, each utilizing a uniculm spring wheat line and a locally adapted winter wheat cultivar, were space planted in an experiment to acquire information regarding the genetic control of culm number. Significant F1 deviations from midparent values revealed the presence of substantial non-additive gene effects. The scaling tests of Mather and the joint scaling test detected the presence of epistasis. Hayman's six-parameter model revealed that a negative dominance effect provided the major contribution to variation in culm number, while additive x additive and dominance x dominance gene effects were of considerable importance.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; selection ; simple mass selection ; gridded mass selection ; rhombic grid selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An experiment was conducted in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada to: (1) ascertain the efficiency of gridded mass selection; (2) to determine if additional selection efficiency can be achieved through refinement of the gridded mass selection procedure; and (3) to determine if the degree of homozygosity has an effect on response to single-plant selection. Three selection methods [simple mass selection (SMS); gridded mass selection (GMS); and a new rhombic grid selection (RGS)] were applied to four populations [a conventional F2 (CON-F2); an intermated F2 (INT-F2); and 2 partial backcrossed populations] developed from a biparental cross involving the Canadian spring wheat cultivars, ‘Glenlea’ and ‘Sinton’. Averaged over the 4 populations, a single cycle of RGS (10% selection intensity) increased yield by about 9.5%, whereas GMS and SMS increased yield by approximately 4.5% and 3.1%, respectively. The degree of homozygosity of individual plants that make up the population appeared to have an effect on the efficiency of selection. In general, selection was more efficient in the two partial backcrossed populations, and least efficient in the CON-F2 and INT-F2 populations. The largest response to selection (15.9%) was attained when RGS was applied in the backcross to Glenlea population, and the lowest response (1.2%) when SMS was enforced in the CON-F2 population. This paper represents the first report on the efficiency of rhombic grid selection for yield improvement in cereal crops.
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