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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of organic acid fractions extracted from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on root elongation of maize (Zea mays) in the presence and absence of aluminium (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; Eucalyptus camaldulensis ; fulvic acid ; humic acid ; root elongation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of aluminium (Al) with organic ligands are believed to represent an important detoxification mechanism in acid soils. However, relatively little is known about the particular ligands produced by decomposing vegetation or about their effects on plant growth in the presence or absence of toxic Al. This paper reports an experiment on the effects of decomposition products of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on the root elongation of maize (Zea mays) cv. DK687 in the presence or absence of Al. The static solution culture experiment used fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA), extracted from E. camaldulensis leaves, at three nominal concentrations, viz. 40, 120 and 360 mg C L-1, replicated 4 times in the presence and absence of 30 µM Al. In the absence of Al, root elongation was increased by 30% by HA at 40 mg C L-1 and by 36% by FA at 120 mg C L-1. In the presence of 30 µM Al, the effects of toxic Al on root elongation were negated by FA and HA at all concentrations. Aluminium was totally complexed in all treatments except FA at 40 mg C L-1 in which treatment only 2.7 µM Al was present in the monomeric form. The E. camaldulensis FA and HA at concentrations of 40 and 120 mg C L-1, either in the presence or absence of Al, stimulated maize root elongation. Aluminium was strongly complexed by the E. camaldulensis FA and HA. The present results, in which FA and HA alleviated Al toxicity limitations on root elongation of maize, are relevant to the protection afforded to plant growth in acid soils amended with organic materials. They highlight the need to focus more on the role of FA and HA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009586
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The significance of solution flow rate in flowing culture experiments (1974)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 41 (1974), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solution flow rate is an important factor to be considered when designing or operating flowing culture equipment. A theoretical model is developed showing that the actual flow rate required for a particular experiment will depend upon many factors, important among which are the nature and concentration of the ion under consideration, the quantity of roots per pot, and the efficiency of these roots in absorbing the test ion under the conditions of the experiment. The results of experiments conducted at low concentrations of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen clearly demonstrate that flow rates of the order of 1 litre per pot per minute or greater may be required to prevent excessive depletion of the nutrient solution. At lower flow rates, solution depletion resulted in substantial reductions in growth and nitrogen uptake. Quantities of nutrient solution required for experiments at very high flow rates can be reduced to practical levels by the use of recirculating flowing culture systems, even in installations containing large numbers of pots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017952
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of phosphate status on phosphate uptake kinetics of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cmin ; depletion curve ; flowing solution culture ; Glycine max L. ; Imax ; Km ; maize ; phosphate uptake kinetics ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain plants of different P status, maize and soybean seedlings were grown for several weeks in flowing nutrient solution culture with P concentrations ranging from 0.03–100 µmol P L-1 kept constant within treatments. P uptake kinetics of the roots were then determined with intact plants in short-term experiments by monitoring P depletion of a 3.5 L volume of nutrient solution in contact with the roots. Results show maximum influx, Imax, 5-fold higher in plants which had been raised in solution of low compared with high P concentration. Because P concentrations in the plants were increased with increase in external P concentration, Imax was negatively related to % P in shoots. Michaelis constants, Km, were also increased with increased pretreatment P concentration, only slightly with soybean, but by a factor of 3 with maize. The minimum P concentration, Cmin, where net influx equals zero, was found between 0.06 and 0.3 µmol L-1 with a tendency to increase with pretreatment P concentration. Filtration of solutions at the end of the depletion experiment showed that part of the external P was associated with solid particles. It was concluded that plants markedly adapt P uptake kinetics to their P status, essentially by the increase of Imax, when internal P concentration decreases. Changes of Km and Cmin were of minor importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009256
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminium on tap-root elongation of soybean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and green gram (Vigna radiata) grown in the presence of organic acids (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; cowpea ; fulvic acid ; Glycine max (L.) Merr ; green gram ; malic acid ; momomeric aluminium ; oxalic acid ; soybean ; tap-root elongation ; Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of fulvic, malic, and oxalic acids in alleviating the toxic effects of aluminium (Al) on tap-root elongation of soybean cv. Fitzroy, cowpea cv. Vita 4, and green gram cv. Berken was studied. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four Al concentrations (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 µM as Al(NO3)3·9H2O) and two concentrations either of malic or oxalic acid (0, 50 µM) or fulvic acid (0, 65 mg L-1 of organic carbon). The free monomeric Al in solution was determined using a pyrocatechol violet procedure which distinguishes between monomeric and organically complexed Al. Fulvic acid completely alleviated the toxic effect of Al at all concentrations on soybean and cowpea and at concentrations 〈25 µM on green gram. The non-toxic Al-fulvate complex remained in solution. Both malic and oxalic acid, at the concentrations tested, failed to alleviate Al toxicity on any species; a much higher proportion of the added Al remained in monomeric form in the presence of these acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009265
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen nutrition of ginger (Zingiber officinale) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 23-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ginger ; Nitrogen sources ; pH Soil acidity ; Split fertilizer applications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two fertilizer experiments were conducted in the field at Beerwah, South-East Queensland. In the first experiment leaf nitrogen concentrations, and the yield of ginger shoots and rhizomes at early and late harvests increased both with the total amount of nitrogen applied up to the highest level studied (336 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) and with the number of applications making up the total. At all levels of nitrogen application the apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen increased in the order 1 application 〈2 applications 〈4 applications. At 33.6 kg N/ha there appeared to be no advantage in dividing the total N applied into more than 4 applications but the data suggested higher recoveries of nitrogen with 8 applications at 112 kg N/ha and 336 kg N/ha. In the second experiment, ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulphate were found to be equally effective as nitrogen fertilizers for ginger when applied at equal rates of nitrogen per hectare. However, in terms of cost effectiveness they rated in the order urea 〉 ammonium nitrate 〉 ammonium sulphate. All three nitrogen sources acidified the soil, the decrease in soil pH during the growing season increasing with increasing rate of application. In Experiment 1 split applications, which increased the recovery of applied nitrogen in the crop, also increased the extent of acidification. In Experiment 2 ammonium sulphate tended to be more strongly acidifying than the other fertilizers but the difference was statistically significant only at the highest rate of nitrogen application. Because of the strong effects of nitrogen supply on both yield and soil pH, the highest yields were associated with end-of-season pH values below 5.0.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205022
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of trichomes in sunflower tolerance to manganese toxicity (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 91 (1986), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Helianthus annuus L. ; Manganese accumulation ; Manganese toxicity ; Solution culture ; Toxicity symptoms ; Trichome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In comparison with other crop species, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has been found to be very tolerant of high manganese (Mn) concentrations in nutrient solution. Furthermore, sunflower was able to accumulate high Mn concentrations in plant tops without apparent detrimental effect on growth. The first symptom of excess Mn supply (c. 30μM Mn in solution) was the appearance of small, dark-brown to black spots (〈0.5 mm in diameter) on lower stems and on petioles and blades of the lower leaves. The spots were not necrotic and were visibly associated with the trichomes on these plant parts. Electron microprobe techniques demonstrated an accumulation of Mn in and around the trichomes. A compartmentation mechanism is suggested whereby sunflower is able to tolerate high Mn concentrations in its tissues through localization of Mn in a metabolically inactive form. At Mn concentrations approximately 6 times higher than that required to produce the small, dark spots, the upper recently-expanded leaves developed a veinal chlorosis and severe leaf crinkling of the interveinal areas. Dark brown lesions (〉2 mm in size) developed on the lower leaves, especially along the veins. A concentration of 2205 μg Mn g−1 in the tops was associated with a 10% reduction in plant dry matter yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181785
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of low boron concentrations in nutrient solution (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 97-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; ICPAES ; nutrient solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study boron (B) deficiency and toxicity in plants in flowing solution culture, it is necessary to establish a wide range of solution B concentrations. The ability of inductively coupled plasma atomic emisson spectrophotometry (ICPAES) to determine solution B concentrations ranging from 0.15 μM to 925 μM was investigated. The reliablity of B concentration determination in nutrient solutions containing 〈10 μM B is poor. A technique, involving sorption by a B-specific resin (Amberlite-743), was established to concentrate the B present in low B nutrient solutions and to enable reliable measurement using ICPAES following elution from the resin. Acceptable, reproducible recoveries of B from low B solutions, containing known concentrations of B, were obtained using this technique. The technique enables the imposition, monitoring and maintenance of solution B concentrations well below the direct detection limits of ICPAES and colorimetric procedures. ei]L V Kochian
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015415
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root growth in seedlings of annual pasture species (1966)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 24 (1966), S. 423-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The mean rate at which roots of 12 annual pasture species penetrated a yellow sand to a depth of 80 to 90 cm varied from 0.8 to 3.2 cm per day. Penetration rate was closely correlated with seed weight until roots reached a depth of about 20 cm. Thereafter rates became progressively less dependent on seed size. Penetration rate varied with time. In six species a minimum rate was reached at a depth of 18 to 24 cm. In two species rhythmic fluctuations in root penetration rate appeared to be associated with the development of new leaves on the shoot. Shading the shoots substantially reduced root penetration rate but the rhythmic fluctuations persisted. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the rate of root penetration is determined by the supply of metabolites to the root system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01374049
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of toxic aluminium concentrations on nitrogen fixation by nodulatedStylosanthes species (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Stylosanthes hamata ; Stylosanthes humilis ; Stylosanthes scabra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of three solution aluminium concentrations (0, 25, and 100μM) on nitrogen fixation by well-nodulated plants ofStylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes humilis andStylosanthes scabra are reported. Plants were inoculated with Rhizobium CB756 and grown for 21 days in an aluminium-free nutrient solution at pH 5.3 before imposition of the aluminium treatments. Nitrogen fixation was measured both by the increase in total nitrogen content of the plants and acetylene reduction in roots of plants harvested at 10 and 20 days after imposition of the aluminium treatments. Solution aluminium concentrations as high as 100μM, had no detrimental effect on nitrogen fixation in any species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183981
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc deficiency in rice (1975)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 42 (1975), S. 537-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Zinc deficiency of rice is widespread throughout Asia on neutral to alkaline calcareous soils which contain more than 1 percent organic matter. Incidence of the deficiency appears more closely related to zinc availability than to total zinc content of the soil, and spontaneous recoveries of affected crops are common. Results of the present study indicate that transient peaks in the concentration of bicarbonate and possibly of organic acids in the soil solution following soil submergence may induce temporary zinc deficiencies. In laboratory experiments with a known problem soil, bicarbonate concentration reached a peak of 42 mM 5 weeks after soil submergence, and the concentration of organic acids peaked at approximately 10 me/l after 4 weeks. Addition of cellulose to the soil raised bicarbonate concentrations substantially and organic acid concentrations slightly. Solution culture studies with the variety IR8 showed that with a bicarbonate concentration of only 15 mM, transport of zinc to the shoots was reduced by more than 70 per cent. Under neutral to alkaline conditions, acetic acid at 10 me/l produced only slight reductions in zinc uptake and transport to the shoots. However at pH 4.5 the same concentrations of acetic acid reduced uptake by more than 90 per cent. Delaying planting for 12 weeks after soil submergence to allow bicarbonate (and organic acid) concentrations to fall increased zinc uptake from three soils by from 53 to 84 per cent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009941
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