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  • 201
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    The Use of Linear Feature Detection to Investigate Thematic Mapper Data Performance and Processing (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: Geometric and radiometric characteristics of Thematic Mapper data are investigated through analysis of linear features in the data. A linear feature is defined as two close, parallel and opposite edges. Examples in remotely sensed data are such features as rivers and roads. The geometric and radiometric precision TM data is sufficient to allow accurate measurement of linear feature widths. Results also confirm a 28.5m ground IFOV as specified prior to launch. The increase dimensionality of the TM data as compared with MSS data allows the possibility of independent verification of results by using data from several bands.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 50-52
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  • 202
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    An Analysis LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper Geometric Properties (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: LANDSAT Thematic Mapper P-data of Washington, D. C., Harrisburg, PA, and Salton Sea, CA are analyzed to determine magnitudes and causes of error in the geometric conformity of the data to known Earth surface geometry. Several tests of data geometry are performed. Intraband and interband correlation and registration are investigated, exclusive of map based ground truth. The magnitudes and statistical trends of pixel offsets between a single band's mirror scans (due to processing procedures) are computed, and the inter-band integrity of registration is analyzed. A line to line correlation analysis is included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 46-49
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  • 203
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    Status of the Esa-earthnet LANDSAT-4 TM Ground Processing Chain (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: The European program of the European Space Agency received a mandate to upgrade the two existing LANDSAT stations operating in Europe, Kiruna in Sweden and Fucino in Italy, to acquire and process TM data. The salient features of the TM systems are summarized, and the preliminary results of the acceptance tests being carried out using the TM passes acquired in Fucino are reviewed before the X band downlink anomaly of LANDSAT-4.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 40-45
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  • 204
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    Intraband Radiometric Performance of the LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: Radiometric characteristics of the LANDSAT 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) that can be established without absolute calibration of spectral data are examined. The analysis is based on radiometrically raw (B type) data of three daytime and two nighttime scenes. A set of 512 lines are examined on an individual detector basis. Subscenes selected for uniform-radiance are used to characterize subtle radiometric differences and noise problems. Virtually all nonideal performance is incorporated into the fully processed (P type) images, but disguised by the geometric resampling technique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 33-34
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  • 205
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    Scan-angle and Detector Effects in Thematic Mapper Radiometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: The performance of the Thematic Mapper (TM) as manifested by the quality of its image data is examined in order to suggest possible improvements for data production and assess the effects of data quality on its utility for land resources applications. The major emphasis is on the radiometric characteristics of TM data, with some attention to spatial and spectral characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 23-27
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  • 206
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    Thematic Mapper Spectral Dimensionality and Data Structure (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: Thematic Mapper data, simulated from field and laboratory spectrometer measurements of a variety of agricultural crops and a wide range of soils, are analyzed to determine their dispersion in the six space defined by the reflective TM bands (i.e., excluding the thermal band). While similar analyses of MSS data from agricultural scenes show that the vast majority of the MSS data occupy a single plane, the simulated TM data primarily occupy three dimensions, defining two intersecting planes and a zone of transition between the two. Viewing the plane of Vegetation head on provides a projection comparable to the single plane of MSS data. The Plane of Soils and transition zone represent new information made available largely as a result of the longer infrared bands included in the Thematic Mapper. A transformation, named the Thematic Mapper Tasseled Cap, is presented which rotates the TM data such that the described data structure is most readily accessible to view.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 28-31
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  • 207
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    LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Spectral Class Comparison and Coherent Noise Analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-13
    Beschreibung: A detailed spectral analysis is conducted of thematic mapper and MSS data for an area near Des Moines, Iowa. Data are utilized from 7 blocks distributed throughout the area which included agricultural, forest, suburan, urban, and water scene types. The blocks are processed using a clustering algorithm to produce up to 18 cluster groupings for each block. Each cluster class is then identified with a ground-cover class using aerial photography and maps of the area. The clusters from each of the 7 blocks are inspected with regard to separability, mean, and variances. The separability measure used in the transformed divergence function or processor measures the statistical distance between classes based on class means and covariance matrices. The measure has a maximum value of 2,000 and the minimum of 0. Spectrally, very close classes will typically have values as low as 50 to 500.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 1-6
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  • 208
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    Sea Ice (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Scientific objectives and observational requirements relative to sea ice studies in the 1990's are discussed. The development of coupled ice-ocean-atmosphere models that provide information comparable to real data sets through interactive processes is discussed. A series of particular problems that would provide the basis for such a verification data set and which is amenable to satellite systems available or realizable over the next 20 years is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Earth Observing System. Vol. 1, pt. 2: Sci. and Mission Requirements; p A41-A43
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  • 209
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    Polar Glaciology (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Two fields of research on polar ice sheets are likely to be of dominant interest during the 1990s. These are: the role of polar ice sheets in the hydrological cycle ocean-atmosphere-ice sheets-oceans, especially in relation to climate change; and the study and interpretation of material in deep ice cores to provide improved knowledge of past climates and of the varying levels of atmospheric constituents such as CO2, NOx, SO2, aerosols, etc., over the past 200,000 years. Both topics require a better knowledge of ice dynamics. Many of the studies that should be undertaken in polar regions by Earth Observing System require similar instruments and techniques to those used elsewhere over oceans and inland surfaces. However to study polar regions two special requirements need to be met: Earth Observing System satellite(s) need to be in a sufficiently high inclination orbit to cover most of the polar regions. Instruments must also be adapted, often by relatively limited changes, to give satisfactory data over polar ice. The observational requirements for polar ice sheets in the 1990s are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Earth Observing System. Vol. 1, pt. 2: Sci. and Mission Requirements; p A37-A40
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  • 210
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    Forest Environments (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: The application of remote sensing measurement techniques to scientific questions involving forests is a necessity because of the extent of forests, their variability, and the need to measure their interaction with environmental processes. The synoptic view given by remote sensing data of the extent, variability, and relation to environmental processes involving energy balances, disposition of water, and tree growth in relation to elemental storage of carbon, nitrogen and other essential elements is essential to understanding the forest in a scientific way. The ability to make comparisons in these properties at various intervals allows the determination of process functions and rates where the forest affects environmental properties. The ultimate objective in using these data is to define the extent of the forest and wildland resource, to determine the changes that are occurring in the resource due to utilization by man under conditions of changing market and population demands, and to evaluate the correlated changes occurring in various environmental properties influenced by forest vegetation on a local as well as global scale.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Earth Observing System. Vol. 1, pt. 2: Sci. and Mission Requirements; p A18-A20
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  • 211
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    Biogeochemical Considerations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Some questions relating to biogeochemical cycles and the nature of the biosphere driving them is best approached by means of remote (satellite) monitoring. Important among these are the distribution of various ecosystems and the boundaries between them, the extent and rate of modification of ecosystems by human or other factors, and various climatic and physical factors affecting ecosystem performance as influenced by human or natural processes.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Earth Observing System. Vol. 1, pt. 2: Sci. and Mission Requirements; p A8-A10
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  • 212
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    Global Biogeochemistry: an Overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: The dynamic biogeochemical equilibria among the major pools of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus represented by terrestrial biomes, the world's oceans, and the troposphere are disturbed. Since even the most rapid processes of adjustments among the reservoirs take decades, new equilibria are far from established. These human-induced perturbations and the system's subsequent responses constitute an on-going biogeochemical experiment at the global level. Current and new information must be combined in a way that allows testing of various hypotheses about the workings of global biogeochemical systems. This enables assessment of current knowledge and evaluation of the gaps.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Earth Observing System. Vol. 1, pt. 2: Sci. and Mission Requirements; p A5-A7
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  • 213
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    Global Hydrologic Cycle (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: One of the major scientific questions in hydrology is: Can remote sensing data be used effectively with models to improve our understanding of hydrologic processes? Virtually all hydrologic models, with only a few exceptions, were designed to interface with conventional point data. These models must be modified or new ones developed to be compatible with remote sensing capabilities (areal coverage, high spatial resolution, repetitiveness, etc.). A comprehensive program of development and testing of these models at various application scales ranging from flash flood modeling and small tributary streams to continental size general circulation models must be carried out.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Earth Observing System. Vol. 1, pt. 2: Sci. and Mission Requirements; p A1-A4
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  • 214
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    Spectral Characterization of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper Sensors (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Data collected on the spectral characteristics of the LANDSAT-4 and LANDSAT-4 backup thematic mapper instruments, the protoflight (TM/PF) and flight (TM/F) models, respectively, are presented and analyzed. Tests were conducted on the instruments and their components to determine compliance with two sets of spectral specifications: band-by-band spectral coverage and channel-by-channel within-band spctral matching. Spectral coverage specifications were placed on: (1) band edges - points at 50% of peak response, (2) band edge slopes - steepness of rise and fall-off of response, (3) spectral flatness - evenness of response between edges, and (4) spurious system response - ratio of out-of-band response to in-band response. Compliance with the spectral coverage specifications was determined by analysis of spectral measurements on the individual components contributing to the overall spectral response: filters, detectors, and optical surfaces.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 127-129
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  • 215
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    LANDSAT-4 Radiometric and Geometric Correction and Image Enhancement Results (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Techniques were developed or improved to calibrate, enhance, and geometrically correct LANDSAT-4 satellite data. Statistical techniques to correct data radiometry were evaluated and were found to minimize striping and banding. Conventional techniques cause striping even with perfect calibration parameters. Intensity enhancement techniques were improved to display image data with large variation in intensity or brightness. Data were geometrically corrected to conform to a 1:100,000 map reference and image products produced with the map overlay. It is shown that these products can serve as accurate map products. A personal computer was experimentally used for digital image processing.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 108-115
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  • 216
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    TM Digital Image Products for Applications (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) digital image products recorded onto computer compatible tapes (CCTs), which were available for internal research purposes prior to August, 1983, are reviewed. The SCROUNGE image processing system at Goddard Space Flight Centr generated in tape formats: (1) raw band-sequential data (CCT-BT), generally used for internal transportation of digital data from one ground processing system to another; (2) calibrated data (CCT-AT), useful for reseachers doing radiometric characterization; and (3) geometrically resampled data (CCT-PT), the final product. The formats represent different steps in the process of producing fully-corrected TM data. The CCT-BT images are re-sequenced from telemetry format to image format, but are uncorrected radiometrically and geometrically. The CCT-AT images had data from two faulty data channels replaced and all data radiometrically calibrated. The CCT-PT images were resampled by cubic convolution procedures to provide a geometrically corrected image using satellite ephemeris and altitude data and scan-mirror correction data. The final product, the CCT-PT, is the one to which all of the radiometric and geometric corrections were applied.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 116-126
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  • 217
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    Thematic Mapper Image Processing System (TIPS) Processing Status (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Radiometric and geometric correction performance is considered. A one quantum level requirement was met in all spectral bands with an occasional band 7 exception. Initial post launch calibration was accomplished. An absolute radiometric calibration is in progress including an investigation of low impact solution to scan striping. Initial and three downstream updates as well as coordination with LANDSAT D' instrument calibration are planned. Methods and problems in measuring geometric correction performance are examined with an emphasis on temporal registration, geodetic registrtion, and the modeling error budget. Planned efforts include eliminating band 2, band 5 chips; continued performance monitoring; calibration of profile, misalignment angles, and filer parameters; studying the need for seasonal geodetic control points; and improvement of the subpixel correlation technique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 101-105
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  • 218
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    Thematic Mapper Image Production in the Engineering Checkout Phase (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Thematic Mapper data processing during LANDSAT 4's first year was performed on an engineering evaluation basis. Fully corrected products were created for some 282 scenes during this period using software and systems based upon the intended full production systems to become operational following the evaluation period. The engineering systems included substantial software and procedures for assessing spacecraft, instrument and ground processing algorithmic behavior. The data systems are described in terms of performance objectives, processing organization and data flow, quality assurance measurements and achievement of goals. The a priori implementation of TM radiometric and geometric corrections is described. Changes to processing suggested by or implemented on the basis of on-orbit data analysis are discussed. Spacecraft, instrument and algorithmic performance are evaluated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 106-107
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  • 219
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    An Overview of the Thematic Mapper Geometric Correction System (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: The processing concepts which form the basis of the Thematic Mapper (TM) Geometric Correction System are examined. The principle flight and ground segment subsystems are discussed. Correction data is generated and compared to TM image data. Geometric accuracy is defined and investigated along with a general system overview.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 92-100
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  • 220
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    Thematic Mapper Sensor Characteristics (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: The characteristics of the thematic mapper (TM) sensor onboard the LANDSAT 4 satellite are discussed. Topics include instantaneous field of view size, rise time, delay time, square wave response, bright target recovery, altitude effects, band to band registration, and scan profile linearity.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 65-89
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  • 221
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    Thematic Mapper (TM) Instrument Description (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: A detailed description of the thematic mapper (TM) instrument is presented in chart form. A comparison is made between TM and MSS capabilities. Applications for TM data are also included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 41-61
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  • 222
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    Radiometric Calibration and Processing Procedure for Reflective Bands on LANDSAT-4 Protoflight Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: Descriptive and procedural background material for understanding results from radiometric calibration of the reflective bands and digital image products of the thermal mapper (TM) are discussed. The radiometric subsystems of the TM are described, with emphasis on the internal calibrator pulse shapes and timing cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 90-91
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  • 223
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    Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Instrument Description (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: The MSS sensor image processing and resolution capabilities as well as a general system description are presented in chart form. Emphasis is placed on absolute radiometric calibration, video and wedge level timing sequence, focal plane dimensions, sampling sequence, and a description of the mirror coordinate systems.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 31-40
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  • 224
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    An Overview of LANDSAT-4 and the Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: The LANDSAT 4 satellite and its orbit, the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor design, and the ground processing of TM data are discussed. The design of LANDSAT 4 incorporates several technological advancements which include the TM. The TM offers refinements over the familiar Multispectral Scanners (MSS's) aboard all of the LANDSAT satellites in terms of spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolutions. The TM data undergo radiometric and geometric corrections on the ground to provide investigators with pictorial and digital image data products.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 62-64
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  • 225
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    LANDSAT-4 System Description (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: The LANDSAT 4 system design and capabilities are examined. A detailed description of the satellite is presented as well as ground control facility responsibilities, image processing and communications, and examples of TM and MSS data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 15-30
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  • 226
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    The LANDSAT-4 Program: an Overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-12
    Beschreibung: LANDSAT 4 was launched on July 22, 1982. This is the first satellite to carry the high resolution, high data rate Thematic Mapper (TM). An overview of the LANDSAT 4 Program is presented in terms of the program plan, accomplishments and future events, the transition of operational responsibility to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) management and the challenges remaining to both NASA personnel and LANDSAT 4 Investigations Program participants.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 1-14
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  • 227
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    Determination of the Sources of Radar Scattering (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: The sources of radar backscattering sources in vegetation canopies and surface targets were determined. The fundamental questions were, how much of backscattering is due to direct volume backscatter by the canopy, the soil, and indirect backscatter by soil/vegetation, and what are the relative roles in terms of scattering. The results for crops, milo plant, wheat plant, soybean plant, and surface targets are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 161-175
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  • 228
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    Pinacate-gran Desierto Region, Mexico: SIR-A Data Analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: Radar images (SIR-A) from the Columbia space shuttle were used to assess the radar returns of terrain shaped by volcanic, aeolian, and fluvial processes in northwest Sonora. Field studies and photointerpretation show that sand dunes are poorly imaged by SIR-A, in contrast to SEASAT, evidently a consequence of the greater SIR-A incidence angle; star dunes are visible only as small bright spots representing merging arms at dune apices which may act as corner reflectors. Desert grasses and bushes (approx. 2 m high) have little effect on radar brightness. Only larger trees with woody trunks approx. 0.5 m across are effective radar reflectors; their presence contributes to radar bright zones along some arroyos. The radar brightness of lava flows decreases with surface roughness and presence of mantling windblown sediments and weathering products; however, old uplifted (faulted) flows are of equal brightness to fresh, unmantled aa flows. Maar craters display circular patterns of varying radar brightness which represent a combination of geometry, slope, and distribution of surface materials. Some radar bright rings in the Pinacates resemble craters on radar but are observed to be playas encircled by trees.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 270
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  • 229
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    Sensor Radiance for a Midlatitude Atmospheric Model (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: The Herman radiative transfer code which iteratively traces solar radiance through a discrete number of scattering angles and many atmospheric layers was transferred to a personnal computer to reduce time in recompiling the source code. The code was then used to predict what ground reflectance would saturate the TM sensor output given a standard midlatitude atmospheric model. Output radiance is tabulated for the first four bands. Plots show radiance at the sensor as a function of solar zenith angle from a visibility of 40 km; solar zenith angle as a function of time of year for four latitudes over a typical portion of the descending node of a LANDSAT orbit; and values of ground reflectance required to saturate the TM sensor from three different aerosol loading conditions (corresponding to about 20 km, 40 km. and greater than 100 km visibility).
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Spectroradiometric Calibration of the Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner System; p 1-14
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  • 230
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    Measuring and Modeling of the Dielectric Properties and Attenuation of Vegetation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: The dielectric properties and attenuation of vegetation was measured and modeled. The purpose was to: (1) measure the microwave dielectric properties of vegetation material as a function of moisture content and microwave frequency; (2) develop dielectric mixing models for the vegetation-water mixture; (3) develop a model for the loss factor of a vegetation canopy; (4) relate the results of (1) and (2) to (3); and (5) test the model in (3) against direct canopy transmission measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 158-160
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  • 231
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    Remote Sensing of Earth Terrain (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: Work performed on remote sensing of each terrain is outlined. The purpose of the investigation was: (1) development of theoretical models for remote sensing of Earth terrain; (2) data analysis and interpretation using the models developed; (3) scene simulation; and (4) development of new remote sensing approaches and techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 122-147
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  • 232
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    Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: Vegetation growth observations by microwave scattering was investigated. The purpose of the study was: (1) to develop scattering models for an inhomogeneous medium; (2) to develop scattering models for an irregular surface; (3) to combine volume and surface scattering to obtain useful scattering and emission models for terrains; and (4) to apply the developed model to the interpretation of measured data and the design of future experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 106-121
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  • 233
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    Discrete Random Media Techniques for Microwave Modeling of Vegetated Terrain (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: Microwave modeling of vegetated terrain was investigated. The purpose was to: (1) use discrete scatter theory to model vegetation (crops and forested regions) in microwave region; (2) develop models for scatterers and ground; (3) multiple scattering analysis relate model parameters to average scattered power; and (4) develop inversion techniques to remotely determine model parameters.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 148-157
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  • 234
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    Comprehensive Understanding for Vegetated Scene Radiance Relationships (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-10
    Beschreibung: The improvement of our fundamental understanding of the dynamics of directional scattering properties of vegetation canopies through analysis of field data and model simulation data is discussed. Directional reflectance distributions spanning the entire existance hemisphere were measured in two field studies; one using a Mark III 3-band radiometer and one using rapid scanning bidirectional field instrument called PARABOLA. Surfaces measured included corn, soybeans, bare soils, grass lawn, orchard grass, alfalfa, cotton row crops, plowed field, annual grassland, stipa grass, hard wheat, salt plain shrubland, and irrigated wheat. Some structural and optical measurements were taken. Field data show unique reflectance distributions ranging from bare soil to complete vegetation canopies. Physical mechanisms causing these trends are proposed based on scattering properties of soil and vegetation. Soil exhibited a strong backscattering peak toward the Sun. Complete vegetation exhibited a bowl distribution with the minimum reflectance near nadir. Incomplete vegetation canopies show shifting of the minimum reflectance off of nadir in the forward scattering direction because both the scattering properties or the vegetation and soil are observed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 75-86
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  • 235
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    Preliminary Evaluation of TM for Soils Information (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-27
    Beschreibung: Thematic mapper data acquired over Mississippi County, Arkansas, were examined for utility in separating soil associations within generally level alluvium deposited by the Mississippi River. The 0.76 to 0.90 micron (Band 4) and the 1.55 to 1.75 micron (Band 5) were found to separate the different soil associations fairly well when compared to the USDA-SCS general soil map. The thermal channel also appeared to provide information at this level. A detailed soil survey was available at the field level along with ground observations of crop type, plant height, percent cover and growth stage. Soils within the fields ranged from uniform to soils that occur as patches of sand that stand out strongly against the intermingled areas of dark soil. Examination of the digital values of individual TM bands at the field level indicates that the influence of the soil is greater in TM than it was in MSS bands. The TM appears to provide greater detail of within field variability caused by soils than MSS and thus should provide improved information relating to crop and soil properties. However, this soil influence may cause crop identification classification procedures to have to account for the soil in their algorithms.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 148
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  • 236
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    A Study of the Relation Between Crop Growth and Spectra Reflectance Parameters (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-27
    Beschreibung: A differential equation describing the temporal behavior of greenness, G(t), with time was developed. The basic equation, dG(t)/dt=k(t)(1-G/G sub m) where G sub m is the saturation value of greenness at time, t sub p. It demonstrated that k(t) is linearly proportional to the rate of change of leaf area index. It was also demonstrated that G sub m, t sub p and profile width, are the key to vegetation identification and that the inflection points of the profile are related to the ontogenic state of the plant. These profile features were shown to hold not only throughout the United States corn/soybean growing area, but for the first time in Argentina. A mathematical technique that maximizes the sensitivity of spectral transformation to Leaf Area Index and simultaneously minimizes the sensitivity to all other variables was formulated. Initial results on corn and wheat were obtained.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 35
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  • 237
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    Searching for impact craters using space shuttle photography (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-01-25
    Beschreibung: Extrapolation of impact cratering rates derived from Canada and Europe suggests that in the cratonic regions of Australia, India, Africa, and Brazil, 14-15 impact craters 20 km diameter should have formed during the last 120 my, and survived erosional erasure. In fact, in these areas, only 2 craters are known that approximately qualify: (1) Gosses Bluff, 22 km, 130 + or - 6 my old, and; Strangways, 24 km and 150 + or - 70 my old. It is therefore likely that about a dozen relatively large and preserved impact craters await discovery in these less explored cratons. A larger number of younger and smaller craters must also exist. An informal search is reported for impact craters using photographs obtained by Shuttle astronauts. Photographs taken with the 250 mm lens on Hassalblad cameras have a resolution of 25 m and cover a nominal area of 50x60 sq km. A larger format Linhof camera with similar resolution but 4 times larger area was flown March 1984, and will fly again in the future. Shuttle imagery has numerous advantages in looking for impact craters and for other types of Earth observations.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Lunar and Planetary Institute The 47th Ann. Meteoritical Soc. Meeting; 1 p
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  • 238
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    NIMBUS-7 CZCS. Coastal Zone Color Scanner Imagery for Selected Coastal Regions. North America - Europe. South America - Africa - Antarctica. Level 2 Photographic Product (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) is the first spacecraft instrument devoted to the measurement of ocean color. Although instruments on other satellites have sensed ocean color, their spectral bands, spatial resolution, and dynamic range were optimized for geographical or meteorological use. In the CZCS, every parameter is optimized for use over water to the exclusion of any other type of sensing. The signal-to-noise ratios in the spectral channels sensing reflected solar radiance are higher than those required in the past. These ratios need to be high because the ocean is such a poor reflecting surface that the majority of the signal seen by the reflected energy channels at spacecraft altitudes is backscattered solar radiation from the atmosphere rather than reflected solar energy from the ocean. The CZCS is a conventional multichannel scanning radiometer utilizing a rotating plane mirror at a 45 deg angle to the optic axis of a Cassegrain telescope. The mirror scans 360 deg; however, only 80 deg of data centered on the spacecraft nadir is collected for ocean color measurements. Spatial resolution at spacecraft nadir is 825x825 m with some degradation at the edges of the scan swath. The useful swath width from a spacecraft altitude of 955 km is 1600 km.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA-CR-180755 , NAS 1.26:180755
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  • 239
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    A reexamination of soil textural effects on microwave emission and backscattering (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Microwave frequency measurements of moist soil dielectric properties are noted to challenge the validity of percent-of-field-capacity as a moisture indicator that is independent of soil texture in terms of microwave sensitivity. In arriving at this view, gravimetric, volumetric, and percent-of-field-capacity were tested for their ability to reduce dielectric behavior divergence between soil textures at 1.4 and 5.0 GHz. The most congruent dielectric behavior between soil textures is found to occur when soil moisture is expressed on a volumetric basis that is proportional to the number of water dipoles/unit volume. An inadequate characterization of soil bulk density in the field, combined with the dependency of bulk density on water retention at field capacity, offers the most plausible explanation for the earlier conclusions.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 530-536
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  • 240
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    Modeling the backscattering and transmission properties of vegetation canopies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Experimental measurements of canopy attenuation at 10.2 GHz (X-band) for canopies of wheat and soybeans, experimental observations of the effect upon the microwave backscattering coefficient (sigma) of free water in a vegetation canopy, and experimental measurements of sigma (10.2 GHz, 50 deg, VV and VH polarization) of 30 agricultural fields over the growing season of each crop are discussed. The measurements of the canopy attenuation through wheat independently determined the attenuation resulting from the wheat heads and that from the stalks. An experiment conducted to simulate the effects of rain or dew on sigma showed that sigma increases by about 3 dB as a result of spraying a vegetation canopy with water. The temporal observations of sigma for the 30 agricultural fields (10 each of wheat, corn, and soybeans) indicated fields of the same crop type exhibits similar temporal patterns. Models previously reported were tested using these multitemporal sigma data, and a new model for each crop type was developed and tested. The new models proved to be superior to the previous ones.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10099 , NASA-CR-171864 , NAS 1.26:171864 , RSL-TR-360F
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  • 241
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    Analysis of the Gran Desierto, Pinacte Region, Sonora, Mexico, via shuttle imaging radar (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The radar discriminability of geolian features and their geological setting as imaged by the SIR-A experiment is examined. The Gran Desierto and Pincate volcanio field of Sonora, Mexico was used to analyze the radar characteristics of the interplay of aeolian features and volcano terrain. The area in the Gran Desierto covers 4000 sq. km. and contains sand dunes of several forms. The Pincate volcanio field covers more than 2.000 sq. km. and consists primarily of basaltic lavas. Margins of the field, especially on the western and northern sides, include several maar and maar-like craters; thus obtaining information on their radar characteristics for comparison with impact craters.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA-CR-175711 , JPL-9950-1026 , NAS 1.26:175711
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  • 242
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    An investigation of several aspects of LANDSAT-5 data quality (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Band-to-band registration, geodetic registration, interdector noise, and the modulation transfer function (MTE) are discussed for the Palmer County; TX scene. Band combinations for several LANDSAT 4 and LANDSAT 5 scenes; the geodetic registration test for the Sacramento, CA area; periodic noise components in TM band 5; and grey level measurements by detector for Great Salt Lake (UT) dark water forescans and backscans are considered. Results of MTF analyses of the San Mateo Bridge and of TM high resolution and aerial Daedalus scanner imagery are consistent and appear to be repeatable. An oil-on-sand target was constructed on the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The two-image analysis procedure used is summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10096 , NASA-CR-175531 , NAS 1.26:175531
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  • 243
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    The microwave propagation and backscattering characteristics of vegetation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A semi-empirical model for microwave backscatter from vegetation was developed and a complete set of canope attenuation measurements as a function of frequency, incidence angle and polarization was acquired. The semi-empirical model was tested on corn and sorghum data over the 8 to 35 GHz range. The model generally provided an excellent fit to the data as measured by the correlation and rms error between observed and predicted data. The model also predicted reasonable values of canopy attenuation. The attenuation data was acquired over the 1.6 to 10.2 GHz range for the linear polarizations at approximately 20 deg and 50 deg incidence angles for wheat and soybeans. An attenuation model is proposed which provides reasonable agreement with the measured data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10088 , NASA-CR-175523 , NAS 1.26:175523
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  • 244
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    Passive microwave remote sensing for sea ice research (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Techniques for gathering data by remote sensors on satellites utilized for sea ice research are summarized. Measurement of brightness temperatures by a passive microwave imager converted to maps of total sea ice concentration and to the areal fractions covered by first year and multiyear ice are described. Several ancillary observations, especially by means of automatic data buoys and submarines equipped with upward looking sonars, are needed to improve the validation and interpretation of satellite data. The design and performance characteristics of the Navy's Special Sensor Microwave Imager, expected to be in orbit in late 1985, are described. It is recommended that data from that instrument be processed to a form suitable for research applications and archived in a readily accessible form. The sea ice data products required for research purposes are described and recommendations for their archival and distribution to the scientific community are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA-CR-175570 , NAS 1.26:175570
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  • 245
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    Investigations of vegetation and soils information contained in LANDSAT Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: An extension of the TM tasseled cap transformation to reflectance factor data is presented, and the basic concepts underlying the tasseled cap transformations are described. The ratio of TM bands 5 and 7, and TM tasseled cap wetness, are both shown to offer promise of direct detection of available soil moisture. Some effects of organic matter and other soil characteristics or constituents on TM tasseled cap spectral response are also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10082 , NASA-CR-171857 , NAS 1.26:171857 , ERIM-160300-101-F
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  • 246
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    Experimental validation of a millimeter wave radar technique to remotely sense atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Experiments with a millimeter wave radar operating on the NASA CV-990 aircraft which validate the technique for remotely sensing atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface are described. Measurements show that the precise millimeter wave observations needed to deduce pressure from space with an accuracy of 1 mb are possible, that sea surface reflection properties agree with theory and that the measured variation of differential absorption with altitude corresponds to that expected from spectroscopic models.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 485-489
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  • 247
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    Mapping magnetized geologic structures from space: The effect of orbital and body parameters (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: When comparing previous satellite magnetometer missions (such as MAGSAT) with proposed new programs (for example, Geopotential Research Mission, GRM) it is important to quantify the difference in scientific information obtained. The ability to resolve separate magnetic blocks (simulating geological units) is used as a parameter for evaluating the expected geologic information from each mission. The effect of satellite orbital altitude on the ability to resolve two magnetic blocks with varying separations is evaluated and quantified. A systematic, nonlinear, relationship exists between resolution and distance between magnetic blocks as a function of orbital altitude. The proposed GRM would provide an order-of-magnitude greater anomaly resolution than the earlier MAGSAT mission for widely separated bodies. The resolution achieved at any particular altitude varies depending on the location of the bodies and orientation.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10191 , NASA-TM-86134 , NAS 1.15:86134
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  • 248
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    Synoptic scale wind field properties from the SEASAT SASS (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Dealiased SEASAT SEASAT A Scatterometer System SASS vector winds obtained during the Gulf Of Alaska SEASAT Experiment GOASEX program are processed to obtain superobservations centered on a one degree by one degree grid. The grid. The results provide values for the combined effects of mesoscale variability and communication noise on the individual SASS winds. These superobservations winds are then processed further to obtain estimates of synoptic scale vector winds stress fields, the horizontal divergence of the wind, the curl of the wind stress and the vertical velocity at 200 m above the sea surface, each with appropriate standard deviations of the estimates for each grid point value. They also explain the concentration of water vapor, liquid water and precipitation found by means of the SMMR Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer at fronts and occlusions in terms of strong warm, moist air advection in the warm air sector accompanied by convergence in the friction layer. Their quality is far superior to that of analyses based on conventional data, which are shown to yield many inconsistencies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10169 , NASA-CR-3810 , NAS 1.26:3810
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  • 249
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    TM digital image products for applications (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The image characteristics of digital data generated by LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper (TM) are discussed. Digital data from the TM resides in tape files at various stages of image processing. Within each image data file, the image lines are blocked by a factor of either 5 for a computer compatible tape CCT-BT, or 4 for a CCT-AT and CCT-PT; in each format, the image file has a different format. Nominal geometric corrections which provide proper geodetic relationships between different parts of the image are available only for the CCT-PT. It is concluded that detector 3 of band 5 on the TM does not respond; this channel of data needs replacement. The empty bin phenomenon in CCT-AT images results from integer truncations of mixed-mode arithmetric operations.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10183 , NASA-TM-85620 , NAS 1.15:85620
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  • 250
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    Prelaunch absolute radiometric calibration of the reflective bands on the LANDSAT-4 protoflight Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The results of the absolute radiometric calibration of the LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper, as determined during pre-launch tests with a 122 cm integrating sphere, are presented. Detailed results for the best calibration of the protoflight TM are given, as well as summaries of other tests performed on the sensor. The dynamic range of the TM is within a few per cent of that required in all bands, except bands 1 and 3. Three detectors failed to pass the minimum SNR specified for their respective bands: band 5, channel 3 (dead), band 2, and channels 2 and 4 (noisy or slow response). Estimates of the absolute calibration accuracy for the TM show that the detectors are typically calibrated to 5% absolute error for the reflective bands; 10% full-scale accuracy was specified. Ten tests performed to transfer the detector absolute calibration to the internal calibrator show a 5% range at full scale in the transfer calibration; however, in two cases band 5 showed a 10% and a 7% difference.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10180 , NASA-TM-85600 , NAS 1.15:85600
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  • 251
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    Relative radiometric calibration of LANDSAT TM reflective bands (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Raw thematic mapper (TM) calibration data from pre-launch tests and in-orbit acquisitions from LANDSAT 4 and 5 satellites are analyzed to assess the radiometric characteristics of the TM sensor. A software program called TM radiometric and algorithmic performance program (TRAPP) was used for the majority of analyses. Radiometric uncertainty in the final TM image originates from: (1) scene variability (solar irradiance and atmospheric scattering); (2) optical and electrical variability of the sensor; and (3) variability introduced during image processing.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10179 , NASA-TM-85599 , NAS 1.15:85599
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    The effect of spatial, spectral and radiometric factors on classification accuracy using thematic mapper data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: An experiment of a factorial design was conducted to test the effects on classification accuracy of land cover types due to the improved spatial, spectral and radiometric characteristics of the Thematic Mapper (TM) in comparison to the Multispectral Scanner (MSS). High altitude aircraft scanner data from the Airborne Thematic Mapper instrument was acquired over central California in August, 1983 and used to simulate Thematic Mapper data as well as all combinations of the three characteristics for eight data sets in all. Results for the training sites (field center pixels) showed better classification accuracies for MSS spatial resolution, TM spectral bands and TM radiometry in order of importance.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA-TM-85995 , A-9836 , NAS 1.15:85995
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  • 253
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    LANDSAT-5 orbit adjust maneuver report (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The orbit adjust maneuvers performed to raise the LANDSAT 5 spacecraft to mission altitude, synchronize it with the required groundtrack, and properly phase the spacecraft with LANDSAT-4 to provide an 8 day full Earth coverage cycle are described. Maneuver planning and evaluation procedures, data and analysis results for all maneuvers performed to date, the frozen orbit concept, and the phasing requirement between LANDSAT-4 and LANDSAT-5 are also examined.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10155 , NASA-CR-175250 , NAS 1.26:175250 , CSC/TM-84/6075
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  • 254
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    Analysis of normalized radar cross section (sigma-O) signature of Amazon rain forest using SEASAT scatterometer data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The normalized radar cross section (NRCS) signature of the Amazon rain forest was SEASAT scatterometer data. Statistics of the measured (NRCS) values were determined from multiple orbit passes for three local time periods. Plots of mean normalized radar cross section, dB against incidence angle as a function of beam and polarization show that less than 0.3 dB relative bias exists between all beams over a range of incidence angle from 30 deg to 53 deg. The backscattered measurements analyzed show the Amazon rain forest to be relatively homogeneous, azimuthally isotropic and insensitive to polarization. The return from the rain forest target appears relatively consistent and stable, except for the small diurnal variation (0.75 dB) that occurs at sunrise. Because of the relative stability of the rain forest target and the scatterometer instrument, the response of versus incidence angle was able to detect errors in the estimated yaw altitude angle. Also, small instrument gain biases in some of the processing channels were detected. This led to the development of an improved NRCS algorithm, which uses a more accurate method for estimating the system noise power.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10168 , NASA-TM-85779 , L-15749 , NAS 1.15:85779
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  • 255
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    Evaluation of LANDSAT-D Thematic Mapper performance as applied to hydrocarbon exploration (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Work with digital data of Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah and California demonstrate that the increased spectral refinement and spatial resolution of TM over MSS data greatly increase the value of the data to petroleum exploration in roles ranging from logistic planning to direct detection of phenomena related to microseepage of hydrocarbons. The value of the spatial content versus the spectral content of the data increases as soil and vegetation cover increase. The structural detail visible in the imagery can contribute to exploration at the prospect level. Examination of the variance/covariance matrix suggests that a combination of bands 1, 4, and 5 displays the most information for most areas.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10154 , NASA-CR-173666 , NAS 1.26:173666 , REPT-1459
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  • 256
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    Microwave radiometer experiment of soil moisture sensing at BARC test site during summer 1981 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Soil moisture was measured by truck mounted microwave radiometers at the frequencies of 1.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 10.7 GHz. The soil textures in the two test sites were different so that the soil type effect of microwave radiometric response could be studied. Several fields in each test site were prepared with different surface roughnesses and vegetation covers. Ground truth on the soil moisture, temperature, and the biomass of the vegetation was acquired in support of the microwave radiometric measurements. Soil bulk density for each of the fields in both test sites was sampled. The soils in both sites were measured mechanically and chemically. A tabulation of the measured data is presented and the sensors and operational problems associated with the measurements are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA-TM-86056 , NAS 1.15:86056
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  • 257
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    LANDSAT 4 investigations of Thematic Mapper and multispectral scanner applications (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The optimum index factor package was used to choose TM band for color compositing. Processing techniques were also used on TM data over several sites to: (1) reduce the amount of data that needs to be processed and analyzed by using statistical methods or by combining full-resolution products with spatially compressed products; (2) digitally process small subareas to improve the visual appearance of large-scale products or to merge different-resolution image data; and (3) evaluate and compare the information content of the different three-band combinations that can be made using the TM data. Results indicate that for some applications the added spectral information over MSS is even more important than the TM's increased spatial resolution.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10100 , NASA-CR-173369 , NAS 1.26:173369
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  • 258
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    Detection of hidden mineral deposits by airborne spectral analysis of forest canopies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Data from field surveys and biogeochemical tests conducted in Maine, Montana, and Washington strongly correlate with results obtained using high resolution airborne spectroradiometer which detects an anomalous spectral waveform that appears definitely associated with sulfide mineralization. The spectral region most affected by mineral stress is between 550 nm and 750 nm. Spectral variations observed in the field occur on the wings of the red chlorophyll band centered at about 690 nm. The metal-stress-induced variations on the absorption band wing are most successfully resolved in the high spectral resolution field data using a waveform analysis technique. The development of chlorophyll pigments was retarded in greenhouse plants doped with copper and zinc in the laboratory. The lowered chlorophyll production resulted in changes on the wings of the chlorophyll bands of reflectance spectra of the plants. The airborne spectroradiometer system and waveform analysis remains the most sensitive technique for biogeochemical surveys.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10110 , NASA-CR-175210 , NAS 1.26:175210
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  • 259
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    Argentina corn yield model (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A model based on multiple regression was developed to estimate corn yields for the country of Argentina. A meteorological data set was obtained for the country by averaging data for stations within the corn-growing area. Predictor variables for the model were derived from monthly total precipitation, average monthly mean temperature, and average monthly maximum temperature. A trend variable was included for the years 1965 to 1980 since an increasing trend in yields due to technology was observed between these years.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10105 , NASA-CR-173374 , YM-N4-04456 , JSC-18908 , NAS 1.26:173374
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  • 260
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    Argentina wheat yield model (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Five models based on multiple regression were developed to estimate wheat yields for the five wheat growing provinces of Argentina. Meteorological data sets were obtained for each province by averaging data for stations within each province. Predictor variables for the models were derived from monthly total precipitation, average monthly mean temperature, and average monthly maximum temperature. Buenos Aires was the only province for which a trend variable was included because of increasing trend in yield due to technology from 1950 to 1963.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10101 , NASA-CR-173370 , YM-N4-04457 , JSC-18909 , NAS 1.26:173370
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  • 261
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    Brazil soybean yield covariance model (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A model based on multiple regression was developed to estimate soybean yields for the seven soybean-growing states of Brazil. The meteorological data of these seven states were pooled and the years 1975 to 1980 were used to model since there was no technological trend in the yields during these years. Predictor variables were derived from monthly total precipitation and monthly average temperature.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10104 , NASA-CR-173373 , YM-N4-04455 , JSC-18907 , NAS 1.26:173373
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  • 262
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    An inventory of state natural resources information systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Data bases and information systems developed and maintained by state agencies to support planning and management of environmental and nutural resources were inventoried for all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. The information obtained is assembled into a computerized data base catalog which is throughly cross-referecence. Retrieval is possible by code, state, data base name, data base acronym, agency, computer, GIS capability, language, specialized software, data category name, geograhic reference, data sources, and level of reliability. The 324 automated data bases identified are described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10072 , NASA-CR-173222 , NAS 1.26:173222
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  • 263
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    In-flight absolute radiometric calibration of the thematic mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: In order to determine temporal changes of the absolute radiometric calibration of the entire TM system in flight spectroradiometric measurements of the ground and the atmosphere were made simultaneously with TM image collections over the White Sands, New Mexico area. By entering the measured values in an atmospheric radiative transfer program, the radiance levels in four of the spectral bands of the TM were determined, band 1:0.45 to 0.52 micrometers, band 2:0.53 to 0.61 micrometers band 3:0.62 to 0.70 micrometers and 4:0.78 to 0.91 micrometers. These levels were compared to the output digital counts from the detectors that sampled the radiometrically measured ground area, thus providing an absolute radiometric calibration of the entire TM system utilizing those detectors.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10064 , NASA-CR-173144 , NAS 1.26:173144
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  • 264
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    Passive microwave remote sensing of the atmosphere from satellites (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Present and future satellite atmospheric sounding is discussed. Although present systems sound principally the temperature profile and the water vapor and precipitation abundances over ocean, future systems will measure other constituents such as O3, H2O2, and ClO, and will provide improved spatial resolution, retrieval accuracy, and altitude coverage for temperature and humidity. Present systems with only a few channels will be replaced by systems with 20 or more, and larger antennas with more sensitive radiometers will permit horizontal resolutions of 15 to 50 km or less, even from geosynchronous orbit. The success of imaging microwave spectrometers in penetrating clouds and in yielding uniquely accurate measurements ensure a growing role in operational and research systems for these remote sensing techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 413-415
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  • 265
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    Estimating net rainfall, evaporation and water storage of a bare soil from sequential L-band emissivities (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A general method to use a time series of L-band emissivities as an input to a hydrological model for continuously monitoring the net rainfall and evaporation as well as the water content over the entire soil profile is proposed. The model requires a sufficiently accurate and general relation between soil emissivity and surface moisture content. A model which requires the soil hydraulic properties as an additional input, but does not need any weather data was developed. The method is shown to be numerically consistent.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 197-202
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  • 266
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    Correlation of microwave sensor returns with soil moisture (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Microwave sensor soil data were collected by aircraft over agricultural croplands. Multiple incident angle scatterometer data (13.3, 4.75, 1.6 and 0.4 GHz), passive radiometer data (L and C-band), and soil moisture ground truth measurements were collected coincidentally. Each sensor and angle of incidence was linearly analyzed against the measured soil moisture. For bare agricultural soils, the optimal single sensor for soil moisture preduction is the L-band passive radiometer. The effects of vegetation and differing surface roughness prove significant. When both bare and vegetated surfaces were studied, the masking due to the vegetation renders the single sensor approach ineffective in soil moisture prediction. Multisensor techniques are necessary to remotely measure soil moisture when a priori knowledge of vegetation is not available.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 251-256
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  • 267
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    Utilization of active microwave roughness measurements to improve passive microwave soil moisture estimates over bare soils (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Multisensor aircraft data were used to establish the potential of the active microwave sensor response to be used to compensate for roughness in the passive microwave sensor's response to soil moisture. Only bare fields were used. It is found that the L-band radiometer's capability to estimate soil moisture significantly improves when surface roughness is accounted for with the scatterometers.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 257-262
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  • 268
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    LANDSAT-4 MSS and Thematic Mapper data quality and information content analysis (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper (TM) and multispectral scanner (MSS) data were analyzed to obtain information on data quality and information content. Geometric evaluations were performed to test band-to-band registration accuracy. Thematic mapper overall system resolution was evaluated using scene objects which demonstrated sharp high contrast edge responses. Radiometric evaluation included detector relative calibration, effects of resampling, and coherent noise effects. Information content evaluation was carried out using clustering, principal components, transformed divergence separability measure, and supervised classifiers on test data. A detailed spectral class analysis (multispectral classification) was carried out to compare the information content of the MSS and TM for a large number of scene classes. A temperature-mapping experiment was carried out for a cooling pond to test the quality of thermal-band calibration. Overall TM data quality is very good. The MSS data are noisier than previous LANDSAT results.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 85-92
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  • 269
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    LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) evaluation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Results of MTF analysis of imagery of the San Mateo Bridge are consistent on two TM image dates for bands 4,5, and 7. There are indications that bands 1, 2, and 3 suffer from low image contrast, and consequently low signal to noise in the derived MTFs. The two image analysis produced reasonable results along +45 deg and -45 deg azimuths in the 2-D MTF, but poor results along the 0 deg and 90 deg azimuths. The effective instantaneous field of view is given for each band, and the image contrast for water and the bridge are compared. Graphs show overall TM system MTFs.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10188 , NASA-CR-173883 , NAS 1.26:173883
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  • 270
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    Spectral characterization of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper sensors (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The spectral coverage characteristics of the two thematic mapper instruments were determined by analyses of spectral measurements of the optics, filters, and detectors. The following results are presented: (1) band 2 and 3 flatness was slightly below specification, and band 7 flatness was below specification; (2) band 5 upper-band edge was higher than specifications; (3) band 2 band edges were shifted upward about 9 nm relative to nominal; and (4) band 4, 5, and 7 lower band edges were 16 to 18 nm higher then nominal.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10184 , NASA-TM-85621 , NAS 1.15:85621
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  • 271
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    Prelaunch absolute radiometric calibration of LANDSAT-4 protoflight Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Results are summarized and analyzed from several prelaunch tests with a 122 cm integrating sphere used as part of the absolute radiometric calibration experiments for the protoflight TM sensor carried on the LANDSAT-4 satellite. The calibration procedure is presented and the radiometric sensitivity of the TM is assessed. The internal calibrator and dynamic range after calibration are considered. Tables show dynamic range after ground processing, spectral radiance to digital number and digital number to spectral radiance values for TM bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and for channel 4 of band 6.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10181 , NASA-TM-85601 , NAS 1.15:85601
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  • 272
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    TM digital image products for applications (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Computer compatible tapes (CCTs) of LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper (TM) digital image products are compared and reviewed. The following tape formats are discussed: (1) raw band-sequential data (CCT-BT); (2) calibrated data (CCT-AT); and (3) geometrically resampled data (CCT-PT). Each format represents different steps in the process of producing fully corrected TM data. The CCT-BT images are uncorrected radiometrically or geometrically, CCT-AT data are radiometrically calibrated, and CCT-PT images are both radiometrically and geometrically corrected.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10178 , NASA-TM-85598 , NAS 1.15:85598
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  • 273
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    Activities of the Remote Sensing Information Sciences Research Group (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Topics on the analysis and processing of remotely sensed data in the areas of vegetation analysis and modelling, georeferenced information systems, machine assisted information extraction from image data, and artificial intelligence are investigated. Discussions on support field data and specific applications of the proposed technologies are also included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10177 , NASA-CR-173856 , NAS 1.26:173856
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  • 274
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    MAGSAT correlations with geoid anomalies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The MAGSAT data of the Gulf of Mexico were analyzed to define better the possible relation of the negative MAGSAT anomaly there to the negative residual geoid anomaly in the western Gulf of Mexico. The estimated magnetic crystal anomaly pattern has a magnetic low in the region of the residual geoid low, but the shape of the anomalies are different. Since the shape and location of the negative magnetic anomaly are variable depending upon the particular polynomial and curve orders used, the degree of correspondance between the residual geoid and MAGSAT lithosphere anomalies was not established definitively.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10174 , NASA-CR-173853 , NAS 1.26:173853
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  • 275
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    Characterization of the LANDSAT sensors' spatial responses (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The characteristics of the thematic mapper (TM) and multispectral scanner (MSS) sensors on LANDSATs 4 and 5 affecting their spatial responses are described, and functions defining the response of the system to an arbitrary input spatial pattern are derived, i.e., transfer functions (TF) and line spread functions (LSF). These design LSF's and TF's were modified based on prelaunch component and system measurements to provide improved estimates. Prelaunch estimates of LSF/FT's are compared to in-orbit estimates. For the MSS instruments, only limited prelaunch scan direction square-wave response (SWR) data were available. Design estimates were modified by convolving in Gaussian blur till the derived LSF/TF's produced SWR's comparable to the measurements. The two MSS instruments were comparable at their temperatures of best focus; separate calculations were performed for bands 1 and 3, band 2 and band 4. The pre-sample nadir effective instantaneous field's of view (EIFOV's) based on the .5 modulation transfer function (MTF) criteria vary from 70 to 75 meters in the track direction and 79 to 82 meters in the scan direction. For the TM instruments more extensive prelaunch measurements were available. Bands 1 to 4, 5 and 7, and 6 were handled separately as were the two instruments. Derived MTF's indicate nadir pre-sample EIFOV's of 32 to 33 meter track (bands 1 to 5, 7) and 36 meter scan (bands 1 to 5, 7) and 1245 meter track (band 6) and 141 meter scan (band 6) for both TM's.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10171 , NASA-TM-86130 , NAS 1.15:86130
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  • 276
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    A method to combine remotely sensed and in situ measurements: Program documentation (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: All user and programmer information required for using the correlation area method (CAM) program is presented. This program combines measurements of hydrologic variables from all measurement technologies to produce estimated areal mean values. The method accounts for sampling geometries and measurement accuracies and provides a measure of the accuracy of the estimated mean areal value.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10172 , NASA-CR-175270 , NAS 1.26:175270
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  • 277
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    Radiometric calibration and processing procedure for reflective bands on LANDSAT-4 protoflight Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The radiometric subsystem of NASA's LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor is described. Special emphasis is placed on the internal calibrator (IC) pulse shapes and timing cycle. The procedures for the absolute radiometric calibration of the TM channels with a 122-centimeter integrating sphere and the transfer of radiometric calibration from the channels to the IC are reviewed. The use of the IC to calibrate TM data in the ground processing system consists of pulse integration, pulse averaging, IC state identification, linear regression analysis, and histogram equalization. An overview of the SCROUNGE-era (before August 1983) method is presented. Procedural differences between SCROUNGE and the TIPS-era (after July 1983) and the implications of these differences are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10056 , NASA-TM-85597 , NAS 1.15:85597
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  • 278
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    Evaluation of solar angle variation over digital processing of LANDSAT imagery (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The effects of the seasonal variation of illumination over digital processing of LANDSAT images are evaluated. Original images are transformed by means of digital filtering to enhance their spatial features. The resulting images are used to obtain an unsupervised classification of relief units. After defining relief classes, which are supposed to be spectrally different, topographic variables (declivity, altitude, relief range and slope length) are used to identify the true relief units existing on the ground. The samples are also clustered by means of an unsupervised classification option. The results obtained for each LANDSAT overpass are compared. Digital processing is highly affected by illumination geometry. There is no correspondence between relief units as defined by spectral features and those resulting from topographic features.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10140 , NASA-CR-172813 , NAS 1.26:172813 , INPE-3101-PRE/500
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  • 279
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    A SEASAT SASS simulation experiment to quantify the errors related to a + or - 3 hour intermittent assimilation technique (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A series of SEASAT repeat orbits over a sequence of best Low center positions is simulated by using the Seatrak satellite calculator. These Low centers are, upon appropriate interpolation to hourly positions, Located at various times during the + or - 3 hour assimilation cycle. Error analysis for a sample of best cyclone center positions taken from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans reveals a minimum average error of 1.1 deg of Longitude and a standard deviation of 0.9 deg of Longitude. The magnitude of the average error seems to suggest that by utilizing the + or - 3 hour window in the assimilation cycle, the quality of the SASS data is degraded to the Level of the background. A further consequence of this assimilation scheme is the effect which is manifested as a result of the blending of two or more more juxtaposed vector winds, generally possessing different properties (vector quantity and time). The outcome of this is to reduce gradients in the wind field and to deform isobaric and frontal patterns of the intial field.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10129 , NASA-CR-3799 , NAS 1.26:3799
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  • 280
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    Investigation of several aspects of LANDSAT-4 data quality (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The Thematic Mapper scene of Sacramento, CA acquired during the TDRSS test was received in TIPS format. Quadrants for both scenes were tested for band-to-band registration using reimplemented block correlation techniques. Summary statistics for band-to-band registrations of TM band combinations for Quadrant 4 of the NE Arkansas scene in TIPS format are tabulated as well as those for Quadrant 1 of the Sacramento scene. The system MTF analysis for the San Francisco scene is completed. The thermal band did not have sufficient contrast for the targets used and was not analyzed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10122 , NASA-CR-172797 , NAS 1.26:172797
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  • 281
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    Identifying environmental features for land management decisions (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Multivariate statistical analysis and imaging processing techniques are being applied to the study of arid/semiarid environments, with emphasis on desertification. Field level indicators of land-soil biota degradation are being sifted out with staging up to the low aircraft reconnaissance level, to LANDSAT TM & MSS, and even to the AVHRR level. Three completed projects are reviewed: riparian habitat on the Humboldt River floodplain, Salt Lake County Urban expansion detection, and salinization/desertification detection in the delta area. Beginning projects summarized include: comparative condition of rangeland in Rush Valley; modeling a GIS/remote sensing data base for Cache County; universal soil loss equation applied to Pinyon-Juniper; relating MSS to ground radiometry near Battle Mountain; and riparian habitat mapping on Mary's River, Nevada.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10125 , NASA-CR-172800 , NAS 1.26:172800
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  • 282
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    Enviropod handbook: A guide to preparation and use of the Environmental Protection Agency's light-weight aerial camera system (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The use of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Enviropod camera system is detailed in this handbook which contains a step-by-step guide for mission planning, flights, film processing, indexing, and documentation. Information regarding Enviropod equipment and specifications is included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10123 , NASA-CR-172798 , NAS 1.26:172798 , CRSC-84-1
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  • 283
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    Interpreting Michigan forest cover types from color infrared aerial photographs (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The characteristics of 17 cover types (13 forest types or tree species and 4 nonforest cover types) in Michigan are discussed as well as their interpretation from medium scale color infrared photography. The occurrence of each type is described by region and site requirements. Those attributes of a tree or stand which are helpful when attempting to interpret the type from a vertical perspective are discussed as well as common crown types. The identification of the forest type or tree species by using image characteristics (size, shape, shadow, color, texture, pattern, or association) is discussed. Ground photographs and sketches of individual trees are included. Stereograms of typical stands are available.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10097 , NASA-CR-173346 , NAS 1.26:173346
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  • 284
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    Evaluation of a native vegetation masking technique (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A crop masking technique based on Ashburn's vegetative index (AVI) was used to evaluate native vegetation as an indicator of crop moisture condition. A mask of the range areas (native vegetation) was generated for each of thirteen Great Plains LANDSAT MSS sample segments. These masks were compared to the digitized ground truth and accuracies were computed. An analysis of the types of errors indicates a consistency in errors among the segments. The mask represents a simple quick-look technique for evaluating vegetative cover.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10108 , NASA-CR-171767 , EW-L4-04452 , JSC-18903 , NAS 1.26:171767 , LEMSCO-20206
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  • 285
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    Demonstration of angular anisotropy in the output of Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: There is a dependence of TM output (proportional to scene radiance in a manner which will be discussed) upon season, upon cover type and upon view angle. The existence of a significant systematic variation across uniform scenes in p-type (radiometrically and geometrically pre-processed) data is demonstrated. Present pre-processing does remove the effects and the problem must be addressed because the effects are large. While this is in no way attributable to any shortcomings in the thematic mapper, it is an effect which is sufficiently important to warrant more study, with a view to developing suitable pre-processing correction algorithms.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10095 , NASA-CR-175387 , NAS 1.26:175387
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  • 286
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    Radar response from vegetation with nodal structure (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Radar images from the SEASAT synthetic aperture radar (SAR) produced unusually high returns from corn and sorghum fields, which seem to indicate a correlation between nodal separation in the stalk and the wavelength of the radar. These images also show no difference in return from standing or harvested corn. Further investigation using images from the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) substantiated these observations and showed a degradation of the high return with time after harvest. From portions of corn and sweet sorghum stalks that were sampled to measure stalk water content, it was determined that near and after maturity the water becomes more concentrated in the stalk nodes. The stalk then becomes a linear sequence of alternating dielectrics as opposed to a long slender cylinder with uniform dielectric properties.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10085 , NASA-TM-86066 , NAS 1.15:86066
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  • 287
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    L band push broom microwave radiometer: Soil moisture verification and time series experiment Delmarva Peninsula (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The verification of a multi-sensor aircraft system developed to study soil moisture applications is discussed. This system consisted of a three beam push broom L band microwave radiometer, a thermal infrared scanner, a multispectral scanner, video and photographic cameras and an onboard navigational instrument. Ten flights were made of agricultural sites in Maryland and Delaware with little or no vegetation cover. Comparisons of aircraft and ground measurements showed that the system was reliable and consistent. Time series analysis of microwave and evaporation data showed a strong similarity that indicates a potential direction for future research.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10084 , NASA-TM-86068 , NAS 1.15:86068
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  • 288
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    Inversion algorithms for the microwave remote sensing of soil moisture. Experiments with swept frequency microwaves (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Two experiments were performed employing swept frequency microwaves for the purpose of investigating the reflectivity from soil volumes containing both discontinuous and continuous changes in subsurface soil moisture content. Discontinuous moisture profiles were artificially created in the laboratory while continuous moisture profiles were induced into the soil of test plots by the environment of an agricultural field. The reflectivity for both the laboratory and field experiments was measured using bi-static reflectometers operated over the frequency ranges of 1.0 to 2.0 GHz and 4.0 to 8.0 GHz. Reflectivity models that considered the discontinuous and continuous moisture profiles within the soil volume were developed and compared with the results of the experiments. This comparison shows good agreement between the smooth surface models and the measurements. In particular the comparison of the smooth surface multi-layer model for continuous moisture profiles and the yield experiment measurements points out the sensitivity of the specular component of the scattered electromagnetic energy to the movement of moisture in the soil.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA-CR-173323 , NAS 1.26:173323
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  • 289
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    Data documentation for the bare soil experiment at the University of Arkansas, June - August 1980 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the relationships between soil moisture and reflectivity of a bare soil, using microwave techniques. A drainage experiment was conducted on a Captina silt loam in cooperation with personnel in the Electrical Engineering Department. Measurements included soil moisture pressures at various depths, neutron probe measurements, gravimetric moisture samples, and reflectivity of the soil surface at selected frequencies including 1.5 and 6.0 GHz and at the incident angle of 45 deg. All measurements were made in conjuction with that of reflectivity data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA-CR-173325 , NAS 1.26:173325
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  • 290
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    Comparison of the information content of data from the LANDSAT 4 Thematic Mapper and the multispectral scanner (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Evaluation of information contained in data from the visible and near-IR channels of LANDSAT 4 TM and MSS for five agricultural scenes shows that the TM provides a significant advance in information gathering capability as expressed in terms of bits per pixel or bits per unit area. The six reflective channels of the TM acquire 18 bits of information per pixel out of a possible 48 bits, while the four MSS channels acquire 10 bits of information per pixel out of a possible 28 bits. Thus the TM and MSS are equally efficient in gathering information (18/48 to approximately 10/28), contrary to the expected tendency toward lower efficiency as spatial resolution is improved and spectral channels are added to an observing system. The TM thermal IR data appear to be of interest mainly for mapping water bodies, which do not change temperature during the day, for assessing surface moisture, and for monitoring thermal features associated with human activity.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10081 , NASA-CR-173231 , NAS 1.26:173231
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  • 291
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    LANDSAT-4 horizon scanner performance evaluation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Representative data spans covering a little more than a year since the LANDSAT-4 launch were analyzed to evaluate the flight performance of the satellite's horizon scanner. High frequency noise was filtered out by 128-point averaging. The effects of Earth oblateness and spacecraft altitude variations are modeled, and residual systematic errors are analyzed. A model for the predicted radiance effects is compared with the flight data and deficiencies in the radiance effects modeling are noted. Correction coefficients are provided for a finite Fourier series representation of the systematic errors in the data. Analysis of the seasonal dependence of the coefficients indicates the effects of some early mission problems with the reference attitudes which were computed by the onboard computer using star trackers and gyro data. The effects of sun and moon interference, unexplained anomalies in the data, and sensor noise characteristics and their power spectrum are described. The variability of full orbit data averages is shown. Plots of the sensor data for all the available data spans are included.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E84-10079 , NASA-CR-173229 , NAS 1.26:173229
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  • 292
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    Calibration or inverse regression: Which is appropriate for crop surveys using LANDSAT data? (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Calibration and inverse regression estimators of crop proportions are investigated where the auxiliary variable is obtained from binary classification of multivariate LANDSAT data. The appropriate model relating classifier proportions and ground observed proportions for a given crop type is the calibration model. Under this model the inverse regression estimator is superior to the calibration estimator in estimating the crop acreage or proportion for a region of interest.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis Program; p 205-243
    Format: text
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  • 293
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    A geographic information system for resource managers based on multi-level remote sensing data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Procedures followed in developing a test case geographic information system derived primarily from remotely sensed data for the North Cache Soil Conservation District (SCD) in northern Utah are outlined. The North Cache SCD faces serious problems regarding water allocation, flood and geologic hazards, urban encroachment into prime farmland, soil erosion, and wildlife habitat. Four fundamental data planes were initially entered into the geo-referenced data base: (1) land use/land cover information for the agricultural and built-up areas of the valley obtained from various forms of aerial photography; (2) vegetation/land cover in mountains classified digitally from LANDSAT; (3) geomorphic terrain units derived from aerial photography and soil maps; and (4) digital terrain maps obtained from DMA digital data. The land use/vegetation/land cover information from manual photographic and LANDSAT interpretation were joined digitally into a single data plane with an integrated legend, and segmented into quadrangle units. These were merged with the digitized geomorphic units and the digital terrain data using a Prime 400 minicomputer. All data planes were geo-referenced to a UTM coordinate grid.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10047 , NASA-CR-174223 , NAS 1.26:174223
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  • 294
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    On gravity from SST, geoid from Seasat, and plate age and fracture zones in the Pacific (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A composite map produced by combining 90 passes of SST data show good agreement with conventional GEM models. The SEASAT altimeter data were deduced and found to agree with both the SST and GEM fields. The maps are dominated (especially in the east) by a pattern of roughly east-west anomalies with a transverse wavelength of about 2000 km. Comparison with regional bathymetric data shows a remarkedly close correlation with plate age. Most anomalies in the east half of the Pacific could be partly caused by regional differences in plate age. The amplitude of these geoid or gravity anomalies caused by age differences should decrease with absolute plate age, and large anomalies (approximately 3 m) over old, smooth sea floor may indicate a further deeper source within or perhaps below the lithosphere. The possible plume size and ascent velocity necessary to supply deep mantle material to the upper mantle without complete thermal equilibration was considered. A plume emanating from a buoyant layer 100 km thick and 10,000 times less viscous than the surrounding mantle should have a diameter of about 400 km and must ascend at about 10 cm/yr to arrive still anomalously hot in the uppermost mantle.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10020 , NASA-TM-87387 , NAS 1.15:87387
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  • 295
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    Active microwave measurements of sea ice under fall conditions: The RADARSAT/FIREX fall experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A series of measurements of the active microwave properties of sea ice under fall growing conditions was conducted. Ice in the inland waters of Mould Bay, Crozier Channel, and intrepid inlet and ice in the Arctic Ocean near Hardinge Bay was investigated. Active microwave data were acquired using a helicopter borne scatterometer. Results show that multiyear ice frozen in grey or first year ice is easily detected under cold fall conditions. Multiyear ice returns were dynamic due to response to two of its scene constituents. Floe boundaries between thick and thin ice are well defined. Multiyear pressure ridge returns are similar in level to background ice returns. Backscatter from homogeneous first year ice is seen to be primarily due to surface scattering. Operation at 9.6 GHz is more sensitive to the detailed changes in scene roughness, while operation at 5.6 GHz seems to track roughness changes less ably.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10019 , NASA-CR-168576 , NAS 1.26:168576 , RSL-TR-331-30/578-FINAL
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  • 296
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    Development and testing of a rural credit supervision system at the level of counties and rural properties utilizing remote sensing techniqes (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Remote sensing techniques for supporting the rural credit supervision system were developed and tested. The test area comprised the counties of Aracatuba and Guararapes, located in the State of Sao Paulo. Aerial photography, LANDSAT images and topographic charts were used. Aerial photographs were extremely useful for the out lining of properties boundaries with financing of sugarcane plantations by the Banco do Brasil S.A.. The percentage of correctly interpreted sugarcane on LANDSAT images, considering the 85 analyzed properties, was of 63.12%. The occurrence of atypical conditions such as excessive raining, sugarcane in bloom, and wind damaged sugarcane and sugarcane not harvested due to planning failures verified during the period the images were obtained, were some of the contributing factors associated with a low interpretation performance. An alternative approach was developed using several LANDSAT overpasses and auxiliary field data, which resulted in 91.77 percent correct.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10018 , NASA-CR-168575 , NAS 1.26:168575 , INPE-3239-RPE/462
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  • 297
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    Basic principles, methodology, and applications of remote sensing in agriculture (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The basic principles of remote sensing applied to agriculture and the methods used in data analysis are described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of developing a methodology that may help crop forecast, basic concepts of spectral signatures of vegetation, the methodology of the LANDSAT data utilization in agriculture, and the remote sensing program application of INPE (Institute for Space Research) in agriculture.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10016 , NASA-CR-168573 , NAS 1.26:168573 , INPE-3199-MD/027
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  • 298
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    Water resources by orbital remote sensing: Examples of applications (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Selected applications of orbital remote sensing to water resources undertaken by INPE are described. General specifications of Earth application satellites and technical characteristics of LANDSAT 1, 2, 3, and 4 subsystems are described. Spatial, temporal and spectral image attributes of water as well as methods of image analysis for applications to water resources are discussed. Selected examples are referred to flood monitoring, analysis of water suspended sediments, spatial distribution of pollutants, inventory of surface water bodies and mapping of alluvial aquifers.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10015 , NASA-CR-168572 , NAS 1.26:168572 , INPE-3157-RPE/457
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  • 299
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    A system for the management of requests at an image data bank (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: An automated system was implemented to supersede existing manual procedures in fulfilling user requests made to a remote sensing data bank, concerning specifically LANDSAT imagery. The system controls the several production steps from request entry to the shipment of each final product. Special solutions and techniques were employed due to the severe limitations, in both hardware and software of the host minicomputer system.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10014 , NASA-CR-168571 , NAS 1.26:168571 , INPE-3151-TDL/168
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  • 300
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    Systematic data interpretation of remote sensing in the reception of hydrocarbons, volume 1 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The utilization of MSS-LANDSAT and RADAR imagery in the definition of morphostructural anomalies, which are indicative of hydrocarbon entrapment sites in the limit of the Middle and Lower Amazons basins was systemized. The identification and classification of the morphostructural anomalies were accomplished by means of the drainage network interpretation, based on the criteria previously proposed. Thirty anomalies were recognized, being subdivided into twenty domes, two fault controlled domes, six structural depressions, one fault controlled structural depression and one structure developed on a tilted fault block. Many anomalies are not randomly located. Rather, they seem to be aligned according to directions ENE and NNW, suggesting the presence of morphstructural trends in this part of the Amazons Basin. Significant orientations of lineaments were determined through statistical analysis, which defined many regional trends. The directions coincide with morphostructural trends orientations and with the directions of important structures in the Precambrian basement.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: E85-10008 , NASA-CR-168560 , NAS 1.26:168560 , INPE-3087-TDL/162-VOL-1
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